Exercise as Medicine for Mental and Substance Use Disorders: A Meta-review of the Benefits for Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes

Sports Medicine

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 151-170

  Ashdown Franks, Garcia ^a,b,c   Firth, Joseph ^d,e,f   Carney, Rebekah ^g   Carvalho, Andre F ^h   Hallgren, Mats ⁱ   Koyanagi, Ai ^j   Rosenbaum, Simon ^k,l   Schuch, Felipe B ^m   Smith, Lee ⁿ   Solmi, Marco ^o   Vancampfort, Davy ^p   Stubbs, Brendon ^a,b,c  

^a SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d WESTERN SYDNEY UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^g GREATER MANCHESTER MENTAL HEALTH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^h CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

ⁱ KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^j UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^k UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^l BLACK DOG INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^m FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTA MARIA   (Brazil)

ⁿ ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^o UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^p UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRUG DEPENDENCE; EATING DISORDER; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

EXERCISE THERAPY; FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AS TOPIC;

EID: 85073942761     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: 11792035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01187-6     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep (Washington, DC: 1974). 1985;100(2):126–31.
2. Daskalopoulou C, Stubbs B, Kralj C, Koukounari A, Prince M, Prina AM. Physical activity and healthy ageing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;38:6–17.
3. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Exercise and sleep: a systematic review of previous meta-analyses. J Evid Based Med. 2017;10(1):26–36.
4. Lederman O, Ward PB, Firth J, et al. Does exercise improve sleep quality in individuals with mental illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;109:96–106.
5. Lubans D, Richards J, Hillman C, et al. Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: a systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3):e20161642.
6. Lubans D, Plotnikoff R, Lubans N. A systematic review of the impact of physical activity programmes on social and emotional well-being in at-risk youth. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2011;17(1):2–13.
7. Hamer M, Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med. 2009;39(1):3–11.
8. Firth J, Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroimage. 2018;166:230–8.
9. Voss MW, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, et al. Neurobiological markers of exercise-related brain plasticity in older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;28:90–9.
10. Voss MW, Vivar C, Kramer AF, van Praag H. Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013;17(10):525–44.
11. Prakash RS, Voss MW, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Physical activity and cognitive vitality. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66(1):769–97.
12. Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007;11(8):342–8.
13. Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Lennert Veerman J. Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1036–61.
14. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(7):3017–22.
15. Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, et al. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(6 Suppl 3):S197–239.
16. Hamer M, Stamatakis E, Steptoe A. Dose-response relationship between physical activity and mental health: the Scottish health survey. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(14):1111–4.
17. Biddle SJ, Asare M. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):886–95.
18. Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Firth J, et al. Physical activity and incident depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2018:appiajp201817111194.
19. Harvey SB, Overland S, Hatch SL, Wessely S, Mykletun A, Hotopf M. Exercise and the prevention of depression: results of the HUNT cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 2017:appiajp201716111223.
20. McDowell CP, Dishman RK, Vancampfort D, et al. Physical activity and generalized anxiety disorder: results from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(5):1443–53.
21. LeardMann CA, Kelton ML, Smith B, et al. Prospectively assessed posttraumatic stress disorder and associated physical activity. Public Health Rep. 2011;126(3):371–83.
22. Chastin SFM, De Craemer M, De Cocker K, et al. How does light-intensity physical activity associate with adult cardiometabolic health and mortality? Systematic review with meta-analysis of experimental and observational studies. Br J Sports Med. 2018;53(6):370–6.
23. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1435–45.
24. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2020–8.
25. Vancampfort D, Firth J, Correll CU, et al. The impact of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to improve physical health outcomes in people with schizophrenia: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry. 2019;18(1):53–66.
26. Vancampfort D, Correll CU, Galling B, et al. Diabetes mellitus in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and large scale meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):166–74.
27. Vancampfort D, Stubbs B, Mitchell AJ, et al. Risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2015;14(3):339–47.
28. Correll CU, Solmi M, Veronese N, et al. Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(2):163–80.
29. Solmi M, Veronese N, Correll CU, et al. Bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and fractures among people with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133(5):341–51.
30. Galling B, Roldan A, Nielsen RE, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth exposed to antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(3):247–59.
31. Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):724–31.
32. Firth J, Cotter J, Carney R, Yung AR. The pro-cognitive mechanisms of physical exercise in people with schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(19):3161–72.
33. Firth J, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016;43(3):546–56.
34. Firth J, Cotter J, Elliott R, French P, Yung AR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in schizophrenia patients. Psychol Med. 2015;45(7):1343–61.
35. Correll CU, Rubio JM, Kane JM. What is the risk-benefit ratio of long-term antipsychotic treatment in people with schizophrenia? World Psychiatry. 2018;17(2):149–60.
36. Jorm AF, Patten SB, Brugha TS, Mojtabai R. Has increased provision of treatment reduced the prevalence of common mental disorders? Review of the evidence from four countries. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(1):90–9.
37. Cuijpers P, Cristea IA, Karyotaki E, Reijnders M, Huibers MJ. How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(3):245–58.
38. Bighelli I, Salanti G, Huhn M, et al. Psychological interventions to reduce positive symptoms in schizophrenia: systematic review and network meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):316–29.
39. Kahn RS, Keefe RS. Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness: time for a change in focus. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1107–12.
40. Elias LR, Miskowiak KW, Vale AM, et al. Cognitive impairment in euthymic pediatric bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(4):286–96.
41. Bortolato B, Miskowiak KW, Kohler CA, Vieta E, Carvalho AF. Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:3111–25.
42. Bortolato B, Carvalho AF, McIntyre RS. Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder: a state-of-the-art clinical review. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2014;13(10):1804–18.
43. Hirst RB, Beard CL, Colby KA, Quittner Z, Mills BM, Lavender JM. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a meta-analysis of executive functioning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;83:678–90.
44. Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Hallgren M, et al. EPA guidance on physical activity as a treatment for severe mental illness: a meta-review of the evidence and Position Statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the International Organization of Physical Therapists in Mental Health (IOPTMH). Eur Psychiatry. 2018;54:124–44.
45. Rosenbaum S, Hobson-Powell A, Davison K, Stanton R, Craft LL, Duncan M, Elliot C, Ward PB. The role of sport, exercise, and physical activity in closing the life expectancy gap for people with mental illness: an international consensus statement by Exercise and Sports Science Australia, American College of Sports Medicine, British Association of Sport and Exercise Science, and Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand. Transl J Am Coll Sports Med. 2018;3(10):72–3.
46. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders—DSM-IV-TR. 4th edition. In: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
47. World Health Organisation. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders—Diagnostic criteria for research. 1993.
48. Bridle C, Spanjers K, Patel S, Atherton NM, Lamb SE. Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2012;201(3):180–5.
49. Nyer M, Nauphal M, Roberg R, Streeter C. Applications of yoga in psychiatry: what we know. FOCUS. 2018;16(1):12–8.
50. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60.
51. Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. In. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2011. http://www.cochrane-handbook.org. Accessed Mar 2011.
52. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 1997;315(7109):629–34.
53. Shea BJ, Hamel C, Wells GA, et al. AMSTAR is a reliable and valid measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1013–20.
54. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:10–7.
55. Sharif MO, Janjua-Sharif FN, Ali H, Ahmed F. Systematic reviews explained: AMSTAR—how to tell the good from the bad and the ugly. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2013;12(1):9–16.
56. Correll CU, Rubio JM, Inczedy-Farkas G, Birnbaum ML, Kane JM, Leucht S. Efficacy of 42 Pharmacologic cotreatment strategies added to antipsychotic monotherapy in schizophrenia: systematic overview and quality appraisal of the aeta-analytic evidence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(7):675–84.
57. Bailey AP, Hetrick SE, Rosenbaum S, Purcell R, Parker AG. Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2018;48(7):1068–83.
58. Carter T, Morres ID, Meade O, Callaghan P. The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(7):580–90.
59. Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, et al. Exercise for depression in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials adjusting for publication bias. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2016;38(3):247–54.
60. Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Richards J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;77:42–51.
61. Kvam S, Kleppe CL, Nordhus IH, Hovland A. Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:67–86.
62. Cooney GM, Dwan K, Greig CA, et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;9:CD004366.
63. Krogh J, Hjorthoj C, Speyer H, Gluud C, Nordentoft M. Exercise for patients with major depression: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e014820.
64. Brondino N, Rocchetti M, Fusar-Poli L, et al. A systematic review of cognitive effects of exercise in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;135(4):285–95.
65. Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, et al. An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2017;249:102–8.
66. Bartley CA, Hay M, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: aerobic exercise for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;45:34–9.
67. Aylett E, Small N, Bower P. Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice—a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559.
68. Cerrillo-Urbina AJ, Garcia-Hermoso A, Sanchez-Lopez M, Pardo-Guijarro MJ, Santos Gomez JL, Martinez-Vizcaino V. The effects of physical exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Child Care Health Dev. 2015;41(6):779–88.
69. Dauwan M, Begemann MJ, Heringa SM, Sommer IE. Exercise improves clinical symptoms, quality of life, global functioning, and depression in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(3):588–99.
70. Pearsall R, Smith DJ, Pelosi A, Geddes J. Exercise therapy in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):1–28.
71. Melo MC, Daher Ede F, Albuquerque SG, de Bruin VM. Exercise in bipolar patients: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2016;198:32–8.
72. Moola FJGS, Amara CE. Exercise in the care of patients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review of the literature. Ment Health Phys Act. 2013;6(2):59–68.
73. Blanchet C, Mathieu ME, St-Laurent A, Fecteau S, St-Amour N, Drapeau V. A systematic review of physical activity interventions in individuals with binge eating disorders. Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7(1):76–88.
74. Vancampfort D, Vanderlinden J, De Hert M, et al. A systematic review of physical therapy interventions for patients with anorexia and bulemia nervosa. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(8):628–34.
75. Rosenbaum S, Vancampfort D, Steel Z, Newby J, Ward PB, Stubbs B. Physical activity in the treatment of Post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2015;230(2):130–6.
76. Carter T, Bastounis A, Guo B, Jane Morrell C. The effectiveness of exercise-based interventions for preventing or treating postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018;22:37–53.
77. Poyatos-Leon R, Garcia-Hermoso A, Sanabria-Martinez G, Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Martinez-Vizcaino V. Effects of exercise-based interventions on postpartum depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Birth. 2017;44(3):200–8.
78. Davenport MH, McCurdy AP, Mottola MF, et al. Impact of prenatal exercise on both prenatal and postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(21):1376–85.
79. Hallgren M, Vancampfort D, Giesen ES, Lundin A, Stubbs B. Exercise as treatment for alcohol use disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(14):1058–64.
80. Colledge F, Gerber M, Puhse U, Ludyga S. Anaerobic exercise training in the therapy of substance use disorders: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:644.
81. Wang D, Wang Y, Li R, Zhou C. Impact of physical exercise on substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110728.
82. Ng LW, Ng DP, Wong WP. Is supervised exercise training safe in patients with anorexia nervosa? A meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2013;99(1):1–11.
83. Schuch FB, Deslandes AC, Stubbs B, Gosmann NP, Silva CT, Fleck MP. Neurobiological effects of exercise on major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;61:1–11.
84. Kallies G, Rapp MA, Fydrich T, et al. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at rest and after acute aerobic exercise in major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;102:212–5.
85. Kerling A, Kuck M, Tegtbur U, et al. Exercise increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017;215:152–5.
86. Dinoff A, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Gallagher D, Lanctot KL. The effect of exercise on resting concentrations of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;105:123–31.
87. Pajonk FG, Wobrock T, Gruber O, et al. Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(2):133–43.
88. Gross J, Vancampfort D, Stubbs B, Gorczynski P, Soundy A. A narrative synthesis investigating the use and value of social support to promote physical activity among individuals with schizophrenia. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(2):123–50.
89. Liu M, Wu L, Ming Q. How does physical activity intervention improve self-esteem and self-concept in children and adolescents? Evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134804.
90. Bassett-Gunter R, McEwan D, Kamarhie A. Physical activity and body image among men and boys: a meta-analysis. Body Image. 2017;22:114–28.
91. Herring M. Exercise for the management of anxiety and stress-related disorders. In: Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S, editors. Exercise based interventions for mental illness: physical activity as part of clinical treatment. London: Elsevier; 2018.
92. Naci H, Ioannidis JPA. Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 2013;347:f5577.
93. Naci H, Salcher-Konrad M, Dias S, et al. How does exercise treatment compare with antihypertensive medications? A network meta-analysis of 391 randomised controlled trials assessing exercise and medication effects on systolic blood pressure. Br J Sports Med. 2018;53(14):859–69.
94. Vancampfort D, Firth J, Schuch FB, et al. Sedentary behavior and physical activity levels in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(3):308–15.
95. Yates T, Khunti K, Wilmot EG, et al. Self-Reported sitting time and markers of inflammation, insulin resistance, and adiposity. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42(1):1–7.
96. Yates T, Davies MJ, Gray LJ, et al. Levels of physical activity and relationship with markers of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in 5474 white European and South Asian adults screened for type 2 diabetes. Prev Med. 2010;51(3/4):290–4.
97. Firth J, Siddiqi N, Koyanagi A, et al. The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on improving physical health in people with mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(8):675–712.
98. Bora E, Akdede BB, Alptekin K. The relationship between cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017;47(6):1030–40.
99. Hryhorczuk C, Sharma S, Fulton SE. Metabolic disturbances connecting obesity and depression. Front Neurosci. 2013;7:177.
100. Volkert J, Kopf J, Kazmaier J, et al. Evidence for cognitive subgroups in bipolar disorder and the influence of subclinical depression and sleep disturbances. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(2):192–202.
101. Kittel R, Brauhardt A, Hilbert A. Cognitive and emotional functioning in binge-eating disorder: a systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(6):535–54.
102. Ekkekakis P. Honey, I shrunk the pooled SMD! Guide to critical appraisal of systematic reviews and meta-analyses using the Cochrane review on exercise for depression as example. Ment Health Phys Act. 2015;8:21–36.
103. Morres ID, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Stathi A, et al. Aerobic exercise for adult patients with major depressive disorder in mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2019;36(1):39–53.
104. Mitchell AJ, Yadegarfar M, Gill J, Stubbs B. Case finding and screening clinical utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 and PHQ-2) for depression in primary care: a diagnostic meta-analysis of 40 studies. BJPsych Open. 2016;2(2):127–38.
105. Hallgren M, Helgadottir B, Herring MP, et al. Exercise and internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression: multicentre randomised controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(5):414–20.
106. Gordon BR, McDowell CP, Hallgren M, Meyer JD, Lyons M, Herring MP. Association of efficacy of resistance exercise training with depressive symptoms: meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(6):566–76.
107. Stubbs B, Chen LJ, Chang CY, Sun WJ, Ku PW. Accelerometer-assessed light physical activity is protective of future cognitive ability: a longitudinal study among community dwelling older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2017;91:104–9.
108. Firth JA, Stubbs B, et al. Association between muscular strength and cognition in people with major depression or bipolar disorder and healthy controls. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(7):740–6.
109. Firth J, Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, et al. Grip strength is associated with cognitive performance in schizophrenia and the general population: a UK Biobank study of 476,559 participants. Schizophrenia Bull. 2018;44(4):728–36.
110. Li Z, Peng X, Xiang W, Han J, Li K. The effect of resistance training on cognitive function in the older adults: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;30(11):1259–73.
111. Northey JM, Cherbuin N, Pumpa KL, Smee DJ, Rattray B. Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(3):154–60.
112. Gregory A, Mallikarjun P, Upthegrove R. Treatment of depression in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;211(4):198–204.
113. Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Schuch FB, Ward PB, Probst M, Stubbs B. Prevalence and predictors of treatment dropout from physical activity interventions in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;39:15–23.
114. Gordon BR, McDowell CP, Lyons M, Herring MP. The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med. 2017;47(12):2521–32.
115. Lees C, Hopkins J. Effect of aerobic exercise on cognition, academic achievement, and psychosocial function in children: a systematic review of randomized control trials. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E174.
116. Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, et al. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(1):21–31.
117. Slade SC, Dionne CE, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Consensus on exercise reporting template (CERT): explanation and elaboration statement. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(23):1428–37.
118. Cipriani A, Zhou X, Del Giovane C, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;388(10047):881–90.
119. Czosnek L, Lederman O, Cormie P, Zopf E, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S. Health benefits, safety and cost of physical activity interventions for mental health conditions: a meta-review to inform translation efforts. Ment Health Phys Act. 2018. 10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.11.001.
120. Stubbs B, Koyanagi A, Hallgren M, et al. Physical activity and anxiety: a perspective from the World Health Survey. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:545–52.
121. Vancampfort D, De Hert M, Stubbs B, et al. A systematic review of physical activity correlates in alcohol use disorders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2015;29(4):196–201.
122. Vancampfort D, Vanderlinden J, Stubbs B, et al. Physical activity correlates in persons with binge eating disorder: a systematic review. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014;22(1):1–8.
123. Gummer R, Giel KE, Schag K, et al. High levels of physical activity in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23(5):333–44.
124. Choi KW, Chen CY, Stein MB, et al. Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults: a 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;74(4):399–408.