Noradrenergic dysfunction in depression and suicide

The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 29-63

  Chandley, Michelle J ^a   Ordway, Gregory A ^a  

^a East Tennessee State University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85055808772     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b12215     Document Type: Chapter

References (250)

1. Dahlström A, Fuxe K. Localization of monoamines in the lower brain stem. Experientia. 1964;20(7):398-399. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5856530
2. Aston-Jones G, Ennis M, Pieribone VA, Nickell WT, Shipley MT. The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: Restricted afferent control of a broad effer-ent network. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1986;234(4777):734-737. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3775363
3. Cedarbaum JM, Aghajanian GK. Afferent projections to the rat locus coeruleus as determined by a retrograde tracing technique. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1978;178(1):1-16. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/632368
4. Mantyh PW, Hunt SP, Maggio JE. Substance P receptors: Localization by light micro-scopic autoradiography in rat brain using [3H]SP as the radioligand. Brain Research. 1984;307(1-2):147-165. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6087984
5. Sutherland RJ. The dorsal diencephalic conduction system: A review of the anatomy and functions of the habenular complex. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 1982;6(1):1-13. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7041014
6. Curtis AL, Lechner SM, Pavcovich LA, Valentino RJ. Activation of the locus coeru-leus noradrenergic system by intracoerulear microinfusion of corticotropin-releasing factor: Effects on discharge rate, cortical norepinephrine levels and cortical electroen-cephalographic activity. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1997;281(1):163-172. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103494
7. Date Y, Ueta Y, Yamashita H et al. Orexins, orexigenic hypothalamic peptides, inter-act with autonomic, neuroendocrine and neuroregulatory systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999;96(2):748-753. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=15208&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
8. Ennis M, Aston-Jones G. A potent excitatory input to the nucleus locus coeruleus from the ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience Letters. 1986;71(3):299-305. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3025783
9. Ennis M, Aston-Jones G. GABA-mediated inhibition of locus coeruleus from the dorsomedial rostral medulla. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1989;9(8):2973-2981. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769374
10. Fodor M, Görcs TJ, Palkovits M. Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of neuropeptides within the pontine tegmentum-Particularly the parabrachial nuclei and the locus coeruleus of the human brain. Neuroscience. 1992;46(4):891-908. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1542421
11. Jodo E, Aston-Jones G. Activation of locus coeruleus by prefrontal cortex is mediated by excitatory amino acid inputs. Brain Research. 1997;768(1-2):327-332. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9369332
12. Luppi PH, Charlety PJ, Fort P et al. Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence for a glycinergic inhibitory innervation of the rat locus coeruleus. Neuroscience Letters. 1991;128(1):33-36. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1717896
13. Pickel VM, Joh TH, Reis DJ. A serotonergic innervation of noradrenergic neurons in nucleus locus coeruleus: Demonstration by immunocytochemical localization of the transmitter specific enzymes tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase. Brain Research. 1977;131(2):197-214. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125
14. Sakai K. Physiological properties and afferent connections of the locus coe-ruleus and adjacent tegmental neurons involved in the generation of paradoxi-cal sleep in the cat. Progress in Brain Research. 1991;88:31-45. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1687620
15. Valentino RJ, Rudoy C, Saunders A, Liu XB, Van Bockstaele EJ. Corticotropin-releasing factor is preferentially colocalized with excitatory rather than inhibitory amino acids in axon terminals in the peri-locus coeruleus region. Neuroscience. 2001;106(2):375-384. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11566507
16. Aston-Jones G, Shipley MT, Chouvet G et al. Afferent regulation of locus coeru-leus neurons: Anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Progress in Brain Research. 1991;88:47-75. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1687622
17. Van Bockstaele EJ, Reyes BAS, Valentino RJ. The locus coeruleus: A key nucleus where stress and opioids intersect to mediate vulnerability to opiate abuse. Brain Research. 2010;1314:162-174. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765557
18. Cooper JR, Bloom FE, Roth RH. The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 181-224.
19. Goldman-Rakic PS, Lidow MS, Gallager DW. Overlap of dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotoninergic receptors and complementarity of their sub-types in primate prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1990;10(7):2125-2138. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2165520
20. Rainbow TC, Biegon A. Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]prazosin bind-ing sites in rat forebrain. Neuroscience Letters. 1983;40(3):221-226. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6316208
21. Rajkowska G. Histopathology of the prefrontal cortex in major depression: What does it tell us about dysfunctional monoaminergic circuits? Progress in Brain Research. 2000;126:397-412. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11105659
22. Stone EA, John SM. Further evidence for a glial localization of rat cortical beta-adre-noceptors: Studies of in vivo cyclic AMP responses to catecholamines. Brain Research. 1991;549(1):78-82. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1654173
23. Young WS, Kuhar MJ. Noradrenergic alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors: Light microscopic autoradiographic localization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1980;77(3):1696-1700. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=348564&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
24. Pavcovich LA, Cancela LM, Volosin M, Molina VA, Ramirez OA. Chronic stress-induced changes in locus coeruleus neuronal activity. Brain Research Bulletin. 1990;24(2):293-296. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2157529
25. Mann JJ, Currier DM. Stress, genetics and epigenetic effects on the neurobiology of sui-cidal behavior and depression. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2010;25(5):268-271. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2896004&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
26. Mundt C, Reck C, Backenstrass M, Kronmüller K, Fiedler P. Reconfirming the role of life events for the timing of depressive episodes. A two-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000;59(1):23-30. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10814767
27. Makino S, Smith MA, Gold PW. Regulatory role of glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels on tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the locus coeruleus during repeated immobilization stress. Brain Research. 2002;943(2):216-223. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12101044
28. Melia KR, Rasmussen K, Terwilliger RZ et al. Coordinate regulation of the cyclic AMP system with firing rate and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat locus coeruleus: Effects of chronic stress and drug treatments. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1992;58(2):494-502. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1345939
29. Ordway G, Klimek V, Mann JJ. Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. In: Davis KL, Charney D, Coyle JT and Nemeroff C, eds. Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, pp. 1051-1064.
30. Osterhout CA, Sterling CR, Chikaraishi DM, Tank AW. Induction of tyrosine hydroxy-lase in the locus coeruleus of transgenic mice in response to stress or nicotine treatment: Lack of activation of tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2005;94(3):731-741. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033421
31. Wang P, Kitayama I, Nomura J. Tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the locus coeruleus of depression-model rats and rats exposed to short-and long-term forced walking stress. Life Sciences. 1998;62(23):2083-2092. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9627087
32. Van Bockstaele EJ, Colago EE, Valentino RJ. Corticotropin-releasing factor-contain-ing axon terminals synapse onto catecholamine dendrites and may presynaptically modulate other afferents in the rostral pole of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the rat brain. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1996;364(3):523-534. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8820881
33. Van Bockstaele EJ, Colago EE, Valentino RJ. Amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor targets locus coeruleus dendrites: Substrate for the co-ordination of emotional and cog-nitive limbs of the stress response. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 1998;10(10):743-757. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9792326
34. Valentino RJ, Foote SL, Aston-Jones G. Corticotropin-releasing factor activates nor-adrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus. Brain Research. 1983;270(2):363-367. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6603889
35. Valentino RJ, Van Bockstaele E. Convergent regulation of locus coeruleus activity as an adaptive response to stress. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2008;583(2-3):194-203. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2349983&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
36. Curtis AL, Grigoriadis DE, Page ME, Rivier J, Valentino RJ. Pharmacological com-parison of two corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists: In vivo and in vitro studies. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1994;268(1):359-365. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8301577
37. Curtis AL, Bello NT, Connolly KR, Valentino RJ. Corticotropin-releasing factor neu-rones of the central nucleus of the amygdala mediate locus coeruleus activation by car-diovascular stress. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2002;14(8):667-682. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12153469
38. Heinsbroek RP, Haaren F van, Feenstra MG, Boon P, Poll NE van de. Controllable and uncontrollable footshock and monoaminergic activity in the frontal cortex of male and female rats. Brain Research. 1991;551(1-2):247-255. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1913155
39. Jedema HP, Grace AA. Corticotropin-releasing hormone directly activates noradrener-gic neurons of the locus ceruleus recorded in vitro. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2004;24(43):9703-9713. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15509759
40. Kollack-Walker S, Watson SJ, Akil H. Social stress in hamsters: Defeat activates specific neurocircuits within the brain. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1997;17(22):8842-8855. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9348352
41. Melia KR, Duman RS. Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in chronic stress regulation of the brain noradrenergic system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1991;88(19):8382-8386. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=52512&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
42. Valentino RJ, Page ME, Curtis AL. Activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by hemodynamic stress is due to local release of corticotropin-releasing factor. Brain Research. 1991;555(1):25-34. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1933327
43. Weiss JM, Glazer HI, Pohorecky LA, Brick J, Miller NE. Effects of chronic exposure to stressors on avoidance-escape behavior and on brain norepi-nephrine. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1975;37(6):522-534. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/711
44. Weiss JM, Bailey WH, Pohorecky LA, Korzeniowski D, Grillione G. Stress-induced depression of motor activity correlates with regional changes in brain norepineph-rine but not in dopamine. Neurochemical Research. 1980;5(1):9-22. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7366796
45. Melia KR, Nestler EJ, Duman RS. Chronic imipramine treatment nor-malizes levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus of chroni-cally stressed rats. Psychopharmacology. 1992;108(1-2):23-26. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1357707
46. Schultzberg M, Austin MC, Crawley JN, Paul SM. Repeated administra-tion of desmethylimipramine blocks the reserpine-induced increase in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in locus coeruleus neurons of the rat. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 1991;10(4):307-314. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1717808
47. Szabo ST, Blier P. Effect of the selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibi-tor reboxetine on the firing activity of noradrenaline and serotonin neurons. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;13(11):2077-2087. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11422448
48. Grant MM, Weiss JM. Effects of chronic antidepressant drug admin-istration and electroconvulsive shock on locus coeruleus electrophysi-ologic activity. Biological Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):117-129. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11164758
49. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW. Central noradrenergic pathways for the integration of hypothalamic neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1981;214(4521):685-687. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7292008
50. Herman JP, Cullinan WE. Neurocircuitry of stress: Central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends in Neurosciences. 1997;20(2):78-84. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9023876
51. Cunningham ET, Sawchenko PE. Anatomical specificity of noradrener-gic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothala-mus. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1988;274(1):60-76. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2458397
52. Boundy VA, Cincotta AH. Hypothalamic adrenergic receptor changes in the meta-bolic syndrome of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2000;279(2):R505-R514. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10938239
53. Capuano CA, Leibowitz SF, Barr GA. The pharmaco-ontogeny of the paraventricular alpha 2-noradrenergic receptor system mediating norepinephrine-induced feeding in the rat. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research. 1992;68(1):67-74. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1325877
54. Szafarczyk A, Malaval F, Laurent A, Gibaud R, Assenmacher I. Further evidence for a central stimulatory action of catecholamines on adrenocorticotropin release in the rat. Endocrinology. 1987;121(3):883-892. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3040380
55. Cole R, Sawchenko P. Neurotransmitter regulation of cellular activation and neuropep-tide gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002;22(3):959-969.
56. Gibson A, Hart SL, Patel S. Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the paraventricular nucleus, and of prazosin, on the corticosterone response to restraint in rats. Neuropharmacology. 1986;25(3):257-260. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2871514
57. Curtis AL, Pavcovich LA, Valentino RJ. Long-term regulation of locus ceru-leus sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing factor by swim stress. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999;289(3):1211-1219. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10336508
58. Swinny JD, O’Farrell E, Bingham BC et al. Neonatal rearing conditions distinctly shape locus coeruleus neuronal activity, dendritic arborization, and sensitivity to corticotro-phin-releasing factor. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology/Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP). 2010;13(4):515-525. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2857591&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
59. Knight RT, Staines WR, Swick D, Chao LL. Prefrontal cortex regulates inhibition and excitation in distributed neural networks. Acta Psychologica. 1999;101(2-3):159-178. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10344184
60. Ramos BP, Arnsten AFT. Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: Focus on the pre-frontal cortex. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;113(3):523-536. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2151919&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
61. Arnsten AF, Cai JX, Goldman-Rakic PS. The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine improves memory in aged monkeys without sedative or hypotensive side effects: Evidence for alpha-2 receptor subtypes. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1988;8(11):4287-4298. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2903226
62. Rämä P, Linnankoski I, Tanila H, Pertovaara A, Carlson S. Medetomidine, ati-pamezole, and guanfacine in delayed response performance of aged monkeys. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1996;55(3):415-422. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8951983
63. Tanila H, Rämä P, Carlson S. The effects of prefrontal intracortical microinjections of an alpha-2 agonist, alpha-2 antagonist and lidocaine on the delayed alternation per-formance of aged rats. Brain Research Bulletin. 1996;40(2):117-119. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8724429
64. Li BM, Mao ZM, Wang M, Mei ZT. Alpha-2 adrenergic modulation of prefrontal cortical neu-ronal activity related to spatial working memory in monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;21(5):601-610. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10516956
65. Mao ZM, Arnsten AF, Li BM. Local infusion of an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist into the prefron-tal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance in monkeys. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;46(9):1259-1265. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10560031
66. Usher M, Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D, Rajkowski J, Aston-Jones G. The role of locus coeruleus in the regulation of cognitive performance. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1999;283(5401):549-554. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915705
67. Savitz J, Drevets WC. Bipolar and major depressive disorder: Neuroimaging the developmental-degenerative divide. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2009;33(5):699-771. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2858318&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
68. Keilp JG, Sackeim HA, Brodsky BS et al. Neuropsychological dysfunction in depressed suicide attempters. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158(5):735-741. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11329395
69. Paelecke-Habermann Y, Pohl J, Leplow B. Attention and executive functions in remit-ted major depression patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2005;89(1-3):125-135. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16324752
70. Veiel HO. A preliminary profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with major depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 1997;19(4):587-603. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9342691
71. McKinney WT, Eising RG, Moran EC, Suomi SJ, Harlow HF. Effects of reserpine on the social behavior of rhesus monkeys. Diseases of the Nervous System. 1971;32(11):735-741. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5002259
72. Cai JX, Ma YY, Xu L, Hu XT. Reserpine impairs spatial working memory performance in monkeys: Reversal by the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine. Brain Research. 1993;614(1-2):191-196. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8102313
73. Fu CH, Reed LJ, Meyer JH et al. Noradrenergic dysfunction in the prefron-tal cortex in depression: An [15O]H2O PET study of the neuromodulatory effects of clonidine. Biological Psychiatry. 2001;49(4):317-325. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239902
74. Patsiokas AT, Clum GA, Luscomb RL. Cognitive characteristics of suicide attempt-ers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1979;47(3):478-484. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/528716
75. Pollock LR, Williams JMG. Problem-solving in suicide attempters. Psychological Medicine. 2004;34(1):163-167. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14971637
76. Roskar S, Zorko M, Bucik V, Marusic A. Problem solving for depressed suicide attempters and depressed individuals without suicide attempt. Psychiatria Danubina. 2007;19(4):296-302. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000480
77. Bartfai A, Winborg IM, Nordström P, Asberg M. Suicidal behavior and cognitive flexibility: Design and verbal fluency after attempted suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 1990;20(3):254-266. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2238017
78. King DA, Conwell Y, Cox C et al. A neuropsychological comparison of depressed suicide attempters and nonattempters. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000;12(1):64-70. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10678515
79. Malloy-Diniz LF, Neves FS, Abrantes SSC, Fuentes D, Corrêa H. Suicide behavior and neuropsychological assessment of type I bipolar patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009;112(1-3):231-236. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18485487
80. Jollant F, Lawrence NS, Olie E et al. Decreased activation of lateral orbitofrontal cor-tex during risky choices under uncertainty is associated with disadvantageous deci-sion-making and suicidal behavior. NeuroImage. 2010;51(3):1275-1281. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20302946
81. Amen DG, Prunella JR, Fallon JH, Amen B, Hanks C. A comparative analysis of completed suicide using high resolution brain SPECT imaging. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2009;21(4):430-439. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996252
82. Armitage R. Microarchitectural findings in sleep EEG in depression: Diagnostic implications. Biological Psychiatry. 1995;37(2):72-84. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7718683
83. Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA, Gillin JC. Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49(8):651-668; discussion 669-670. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1386215
84. Chang PP, Ford DE, Mead LA, Cooper-Patrick L, Klag MJ. Insomnia in young men and subsequent depression. The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997;146(2):105-114. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9230772
85. Ford DE, Kamerow DB. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psy-chiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989;262(11):1479-1484. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769898
86. Gregory AM, Rijsdijk FV, Lau JYF, Dahl RE, Eley TC. The direction of longitudinal associations between sleep problems and depression symptoms: A study of twins aged 8 and 10 years. Sleep. 2009;32(2):189-199. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2635583&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
87. Holsboer-Trachsler E, Seifritz E. Sleep in depression and sleep deprivation: A brief con-ceptual review. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry. 2000;1(4):180-186. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12607213
88. Ohayon MM. Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of insomnia: Distinguishing insomnia related to mental disorders from sleep disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1997;31(3):333-346. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9306291
89. Ohayon MM, Roth T. Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003;37(1):9-15. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12482465
90. Breslau N, Roth T, Rosenthal L, Andreski P. Sleep disturbance and psychiatric dis-orders: A longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;39(6):411-418. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8679786
91. Johnson EO, Roth T, Breslau N. The association of insomnia with anxiety disorders and depression: Exploration of the direction of risk. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2006;40(8):700-708. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16978649
92. Pigeon WR, Hegel M, Unützer J et al. Is insomnia a perpetuating factor for late-life depression in the IMPACT cohort? Sleep. 2008;31(4):481-488. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2279755&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
93. Ağargün MY, Kara H, Solmaz M. Sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior in patients with major depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997;58(6):249-251. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9228889
94. Fawcett J, Scheftner WA, Fogg L et al. Time-related predictors of suicide in major affec-tive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;147(9):1189-1194. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2104515
95. Krakow B, Ribeiro JD, Ulibarri VA, Krakow J, Joiner TE. Sleep disturbances and sui-cidal ideation in sleep medical center patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211850
96. Li SX, Lam SP, Yu MWM, Zhang J, Wing YK. Nocturnal sleep disturbances as a predic-tor of suicide attempts among psychiatric outpatients: A clinical, epidemiologic, pro-spective study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010;71(11):1440-1446. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114949
97. Aston-Jones G, Bloom FE. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neu-rons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1981;1(8):876-886. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7346592
98. Hobson JA, McCarley RW, Freedman R, Pivik RT. Time course of discharge rate changes by cat pontine brain stem neurons during sleep cycle. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1974;37(6):1297-1309. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4436702
99. Aston-Jone G, Gonzalez M, Doran S. Role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in arousal and circadian regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. In: Ordway G, Schwartz M, Frazer A, eds. Brain Norepinephrine. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 157-195.
100. Gottesmann C. Noradrenaline involvement in basic and higher integrated REM sleep processes. Progress in Neurobiology. 2008;85(3):237-272. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18514380
101. Müller HU, Riemann D, Berger M, Müller WE. The influence of total sleep deprivation on urinary excretion of catecholamine metabolites in major depres-sion. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1993;88(1):16-20. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8396844
102. Schreiber W, Opper C, Dickhaus B et al. Alterations of blood platelet MAO-B activity and LSD-binding in humans after sleep deprivation and recov-ery sleep. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1997;31(3):323-331. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9306290
103. Gillin JC, Buchsbaum M, Wu J, Clark C, Bunney W. Sleep depriva-tion as a model experimental antidepressant treatment: Findings from func-tional brain imaging. Depression and Anxiety. 2001;14(1):37-49. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11568981
104. Gonzalez MMC, Aston-Jones G. Light deprivation damages monoamine neurons and produces a depressive behavioral phenotype in rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008;105(12):4898-4903. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2290795&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
105. Bunney WE, Davis JM. Norepinephrine in depressive reactions. A review. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1965;13(6):483-494. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5320621
106. Prange AJ. The pharmacology and biochemistry of depres-sion. Diseases of the Nervous System. 1964;25:217-221. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14140032
107. Schildkraut JJ. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of sup-porting evidence. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1965;122(5):509-522. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5319766
108. Gibbons RD, Mann JJ. Strategies for quantifying the relationship between medica-tions and suicidal behaviour: What has been learned? Drug Safety: An International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2011;34(5):375-395. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21513361
109. Danysz W, Kostowski W, Hauptmann M. Evidence for the locus coeru-leus involvement in desipramine action in animal models of depression. Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy. 1985;37(6):855-864. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3938536
110. Biegon A, Israeli M. Regionally selective increases in beta-adrenergic receptor density in the brains of suicide victims. Brain Research. 1988;442(1):199-203. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2834015
111. Klimek V, Stockmeier C, Overholser J et al. Reduced levels of norepinephrine trans-porters in the locus coeruleus in major depression. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1997;17(21):8451-8458. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334417
112. Klimek V, Roberson G, Stockmeier CA, Ordway GA. Serotonin transporter and MAO-B levels in monoamine nuclei of the human brainstem are normal in major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003;37(5):387-397. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12849931
113. Richards JG, Saura J, Ulrich J, Da Prada M. Molecular neuroanatomy of monoamine oxidases in human brainstem. Psychopharmacology. 1992;106(Suppl):S21-S23. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546134
114. West CHK, Ritchie JC, Boss-Williams KA, Weiss JM. Antidepressant drugs with differing pharmacological actions decrease activity of locus coeruleus neurons. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology/Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP). 2009;12(5):627-641. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2700044&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
115. Morilak DA, Fornal CA, Jacobs BL. Effects of physiological manipu-lations on locus coeruleus neuronal activity in freely moving cats. I. Thermoregulatory challenge. Brain Research. 1987;422(1):17-23. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3676779
116. Pacak K, Palkovits M, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pituitary-adrenocortical and sympa-thoadrenal activity: In vivo microdialysis studies. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 1995;16(2):89-150. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7621982
117. Page ME, Akaoka H, Aston-Jones G, Valentino RJ. Bladder distention activates norad-renergic locus coeruleus neurons by an excitatory amino acid mechanism. Neuroscience. 1992;51(3):555-563. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1336819
118. Berman RM, Narasimhan M, Miller HL et al. Transient depressive relapse induced by catecholamine depletion: Potential phenotypic vulnerability marker? Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999;56(5):395-403. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232292
119. Hasler G, Fromm S, Carlson PJ et al. Neural response to catecholamine deple-tion in unmedicated subjects with major depressive disorder in remission and healthy subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008;65(5):521-531. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2676777&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
120. Krahn LE, Lin SC, Klee GG et al. The effect of presynaptic catecholamine deple-tion on 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate: A double blind study of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;9(1-2):61-66. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082229
121. Berman RM, Sanacora G, Anand A et al. Monoamine depletion in unmedicated depressed subjects. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;51(6):469-473. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11922881
122. Miller HL, Delgado PL, Salomon RM, Heninger GR, Charney DS. Effects of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) in drug-free depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;14(3):151-157. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8866698
123. Anand A, Darnell A, Miller HL et al. Effect of catecholamine depletion on lithium-induced long-term remission of bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;45(8):972-978. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386179
124. Longhurst JG, Carpenter LL, Epperson CN, Price LH, McDougle CJ. Effects of catecholamine depletion with AMPT (alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine) in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;46(4):573-576. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10459409
125. Bremner JD, Vythilingam M, Ng CK et al. Regional brain metabolic cor-relates of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine-induced depressive symptoms: Implications for the neural circuitry of depression. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289(23):3125-3134. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12813118
126. Miller HL, Delgado PL, Salomon RM et al. Clinical and biochemical effects of catecholamine depletion on antidepressant-induced remission of depres-sion. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1996;53(2):117-128. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8629887
127. Hasler G, Luckenbaugh DA, Snow J et al. Reward processing after catecholamine depletion in unmedicated, remitted subjects with major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2009;66(3):201-205. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3073352&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
128. Hasler G, Mondillo K, Drevets WC, Blair JR. Impairments of probabilistic response reversal and passive avoidance following catecholamine depletion. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(13):2691-2698. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2783713&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
129. Booij L, Van der Does AJW, Riedel WJ. Monoamine depletion in psychiatric and healthy populations: Review. Molecular Psychiatry. 2003;8(12):951-973. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14647394
130. Delgado PL. Depression: The case for a monoamine deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000;61(Suppl 6):7-11. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775018
131. Ruhé HG, Mason NS, Schene AH. Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, nor-epinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: A meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies. Molecular Psychiatry. 2007;12(4):331-359. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17389902
132. Engelman K, Horwitz D, Jéquier E, Sjoerdsma A. Biochemical and pharmaco-logic effects of alpha-methyltyrosine in man. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1968;47(3):577-594. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=297204&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
133. Widerlöv E, Lewander T. Inhibition of the in vivo biosynthesis and changes of catechol-amine levels in rat brain after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine; time- and dose-response rela-tionships. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology. 1978;304(2):111-123. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/703854
134. Beskow J. Suicide in mental disorder in Swedish men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1979;(277):1-138. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/286500
135. Rich CL, Young D, Fowler RC. San Diego suicide study. I. Young vs old sub-jects. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986;43(6):577-582. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3707290
136. Ordway GA. Pathophysiology of the locus coeruleus in suicide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997;836:233-252. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616802
137. Ordway GA, Klimek V. Noradrenergic pathology in psychiatric disor-ders: Postmortem studies. CNS Spectrums. 2001;6(8):697-703. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520616
138. Ordway GA. Neuropathology of central norepinephrine in psychiatric disorders: Postmortem research. In: Ordway GA, Schwartz M, Frazer A, eds. Brain Norepinephrine, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 341-362.
139. Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y. Noradrenergic function in suicide. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research. 2007;11(3):235-246. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17558608
140. Arango V, Ernsberger P, Sved AF, Mann JJ. Quantitative autoradiography of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the cerebral cortex of controls and suicide victims. Brain Research. 1993;630(1-2):271-282. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8118693
141. Callado LF, Meana JJ, Grijalba B et al. Selective increase of alpha2A-adrenoceptor agonist binding sites in brains of depressed suicide victims. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1998;70(3):1114-1123. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9489732
142. De Paermentier F, Mauger JM, Lowther S et al. Brain alpha-adrenocep-tors in depressed suicides. Brain Research. 1997;757(1):60-68. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9200499
143. Gross-Isseroff R, Weizman A, Fieldust SJ, Israeli M, Biegon A. Unaltered alpha(2)-noradrenergic/imidazoline receptors in suicide victims: A postmortem brain auto-radiographic analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;10(4):265-271. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10871708
144. Klimek V, Rajkowska G, Luker SN et al. Brain noradrenergic receptors in major depression and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;21(1):69-81. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10379521
145. Escribá PV, Ozaita A, García-Sevilla JA. Increased mRNA expression of alpha2A-adrenoceptors, serotonin receptors and mu-opioid receptors in the brains of sui-cide victims. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(8):1512-1521. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15199368
146. García-Sevilla JA, Escribá PV, Ozaita A et al. Up-regulation of immunolabeled alpha2A-adrenoceptors, Gi coupling proteins, and regulatory receptor kinases in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicides. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1999;72(1):282-291. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9886080
147. González-Maeso J, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Meana JJ, García-Sevilla JA, Guimón J. Neurotransmitter receptor-mediated activation of G-proteins in brains of sui-cide victims with mood disorders: Selective supersensitivity of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors. Molecular Psychiatry. 2002;7(7):755-767. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12192620
148. Valdizán EM, Díez-Alarcia R, González-Maeso J et al. α2-Adrenoceptor functional-ity in postmortem frontal cortex of depressed suicide victims. Biological Psychiatry. 2010;68(9):869-872. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864091
149. Ordway GA. Effect of noradrenergic lesions on subtypes of alpha 2-adrenocep-tors in rat brain. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1995;64(3):1118-1126. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7861142
150. U’Prichard DC, Bechtel WD, Rouot BM, Snyder SH. Multiple apparent alpha-noradrenergic receptor binding sites in rat brain: Effect of 6-hydroxy-dopamine. Molecular Pharmacology. 1979;16(1):47-60. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39248
151. Ribas C, Miralles A, Busquets X, García-Sevilla JA. Brain alpha(2)-adrenocep-tors in monoamine-depleted rats: Increased receptor density, G coupling pro-teins, receptor turnover and receptor mRNA. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001;132(7):1467-1476. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1572698&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
152. Mann JJ, Stanley M, McBride PA, McEwen BS. Increased serotonin2 and beta-adrenergic receptor binding in the frontal cortices of suicide vic-tims. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986;43(10):954-959. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3019268
153. De Paermentier F, Cheetham SC, Crompton MR, Katona CL, Horton RW. Brain beta-adrenoceptor binding sites in antidepressant-free depressed suicide victims. Brain Research. 1990;525(1):71-77. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2173963
154. Little KY, Clark TB, Ranc J, Duncan GE. Beta-adrenergic receptor binding in frontal cortex from suicide victims. Biological Psychiatry. 1993;34(9):596-605. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8292688
155. Stockmeier CA, Meltzer HY. Beta-adrenergic receptor binding in frontal cor-tex of suicide victims. Biological Psychiatry. 1991;29(2):183-191. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1847309
156. Crow TJ, Cross AJ, Cooper SJ et al. Neurotransmitter receptors and monoamine metabolites in the brains of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia and depres-sion, and suicides. Neuropharmacology. 1984;23(12B):1561-1569. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6084823
157. Ordway GA, Widdowson PS, Smith KS, Halaris A. Agonist binding to alpha 2-adrenoceptors is elevated in the locus coeruleus from victims of suicide. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1994;63(2):617-624. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8035185
158. Zhu MY, Klimek V, Dilley GE et al. Elevated levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus in major depression. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;46(9):1275-1286. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10560033
159. Sanchez-Bahillo A, Bautista-Hernandez V, Barcia Gonzalez C et al. Increased mRNA expression of cytochrome oxidase in dorsal raphe nucleus of depressive suicide vic-tims. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2008;4(2):413-416. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2518385&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
160. Arango V, Underwood MD, Mann JJ. Fewer pigmented locus coeruleus neurons in sui-cide victims: Preliminary results. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;39(2):112-120. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8717609
161. Baumann B, Danos P, Diekmann S et al. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus is reduced in depressed non-suicidal patients but normal in depressed suicide patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1999;249(4):212-219. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10449597
162. Syed A, Chatfield M, Matthews F et al. Depression in the elderly: Pathological study of raphe and locus coeruleus. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2005;31(4):405-413. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16008824
163. Ordway GA, Schenk J, Stockmeier CA, May W, Klimek V. Elevated agonist binding to alpha2-adrenoceptors in the locus coeruleus in major depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2003;53(4):315-323. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586450
164. Lee CM, Javitch JA, Snyder SH. Recognition sites for norepinephrine uptake: Regulation by neurotransmitter. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1983;220(4597):626-629. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6301013
165. Weinshenker D, White SS, Javors MA, Palmiter RD, Szot P. Regulation of norepineph-rine transporter abundance by catecholamines and desipramine in vivo. Brain Research. 2002;946(2):239-246. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12137927
166. Nybäck HV, Walters JR, Aghajanian GK, Roth RH. Tricyclic antidepressants: Effects on the firing rate of brain noradrenergic neurons. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1975;32(02):302-312. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1149813
167. Szabo ST, Montigny C de, Blier P. Progressive attenuation of the firing activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons by sustained administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology/Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP). 2000;3(1):1-11. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343573
168. Giaroni C, Canciani L, Zanetti E et al. Effects of chronic desipramine treatment on alpha2-adrenoceptors and mu-opioid receptors in the guinea pig cortex and hippocam-pus. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2008;579(1-3):116-125. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028907
169. Nestler EJ, McMahon A, Sabban EL, Tallman JF, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant administration decreases the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat locus coeru-leus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1990;87(19):7522-7526. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=54779&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
170. Subhash MN, Nagaraja MR, Sharada S, Vinod KY. Cortical alpha-adrenoceptor down-regulation by tricyclic antidepressants in the rat brain. Neurochemistry International. 2003;43(7):603-609. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892647
171. Gilsbach R, Faron-Górecka A, Rogóz Z et al. Norepinephrine transporter knockout-induced up-regulation of brain alpha2A/C-adrenergic receptors. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2006;96(4):1111-1120. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417582
172. Dazzi L, Seu E, Cherchi G, Biggio G. Antagonism of the stress-induced increase in cortical norepinephrine output by the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2003;476(1-2):55-61. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12969749
173. Berod A, Chat M, Paut L, Tappaz M. Catecholaminergic and GABAergic anatomical relationship in the rat substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, and hypothalamic median eminence: Immunocytochemical visualization of biosynthetic enzymes on serial semi-thin plastic-embedded sections. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 1984;32(12):1331-1338. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6150057
174. Shefner SA, Osmanović SS. GABAA and GABAB receptors and the ionic mecha-nisms mediating their effects on locus coeruleus neurons. Progress in Brain Research. 1991;88:187-195. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1667544
175. Belujon P, Baufreton J, Grandoso L et al. Inhibitory transmission in locus coeru-leus neurons expressing GABAA receptor epsilon subunit has a number of unique properties. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2009;102(4):2312-2325. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625540
176. Hellsten KS, Sinkkonen ST, Hyde TM et al. Human locus coeruleus neurons express the GABA(A) receptor gamma2 subunit gene and produce benzo-diazepine binding. Neuroscience Letters. 2010;477(2):77-81. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20417252
177. Waldvogel HJ, Baer K, Eady E et al. Differential localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptor subunits and gephyrin in the human pons, medulla oblongata and uppermost cervical segment of the spinal cord: An immunohistochemi-cal study. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2010;518(3):305-328. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950251
178. Gervasoni D, Darracq L, Fort P et al. Electrophysiological evidence that norad-renergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus are tonically inhibited by GABA during sleep. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 1998;10(3):964-970. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9753163
179. Kaur S, Saxena RN, Mallick BN. GABAergic neurons in prepositus hypoglossi regulate REM sleep by its action on locus coeruleus in freely moving rats. Synapse (New York, N.Y.). 2001;42(3):141-150. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11746711
180. Zhu H, Karolewicz B, Nail E et al. Normal [3H]flunitrazepam binding to GABAA receptors in the locus coeruleus in major depression and suicide. Brain Research. 2006;1125(1):138-146. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1783976&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
181. Luscher B, Shen Q, Sahir N. The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of major depressive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. 2011;16(4):383-406. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079608
182. Petty F, Kramer GL, Gullion CM, Rush AJ. Low plasma gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in male patients with depression. Biological Psychiatry. 1992;32(4):354-363. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1420649
183. Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL et al. Reduced cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in depressed patients determined by proton magnetic resonance spec-troscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999;56(11):1043-1047. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10565505
184. Sanacora G, Gueorguieva R, Epperson CN et al. Subtype-specific alterations of gamma-amino-butyric acid and glutamate in patients with major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004;61(7):705-713. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15237082
185. Ye Z-Y, Zhou K-Q, Xu T-L, Zhou J-N. Fluoxetine potentiates GABAergic IPSCs in rat hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience Letters. 2008;442(1):24-29. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18606211
186. Bhagwagar Z, Wylezinska M, Taylor M et al. Increased brain GABA concen-trations following acute administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibi-tor. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161(2):368-370. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754790
187. Robinson RT, Drafts BC, Fisher JL. Fluoxetine increases GABA(A) receptor activity through a novel modulatory site. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003;304(3):978-984. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604672
188. Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL, Krystal JH. Increased occipital cortex GABA concentrations in depressed patients after therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159(4):663-665. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11925309
189. Crestani F, Lorez M, Baer K et al. Decreased GABAA-receptor clustering results in enhanced anxiety and a bias for threat cues. Nature Neuroscience. 1999;2(9):833-839. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10461223
190. Earnheart JC, Schweizer C, Crestani F et al. GABAergic control of adult hippo-campal neurogenesis in relation to behavior indicative of trait anxiety and depres-sion states. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2007;27(14):3845-3854. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2441879&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
191. Shen Q, Lal R, Luellen BA et al. Gamma-aminobutyric acid-type A receptor deficits cause hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and antidepressant drug sensitivity reminiscent of melancholic forms of depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2010;68(6):512-520. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2930197&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
192. Herkenham M, Nauta WJ. Efferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1979;187(1):19-47. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/226566
193. Sartorius A, Henn FA. Deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenula in treatment resistant major depression. Medical Hypotheses. 2007;69(6):1305-1308. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498883
194. Somogyi J, Llewellyn-Smith IJ. Patterns of colocalization of GABA, glutamate and gly-cine immunoreactivities in terminals that synapse on dendrites of noradrenergic neurons in rat locus coeruleus. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;14(2):219-228. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11553275
195. Anon. Allen Brain Atlas Resources [Internet]. Allen Institute for Brain Science. 2009. Available at: http://www.brain-map.org, ed.
196. Noriega NC, Garyfallou VT, Kohama SG, Urbanski HF. Glutamate receptor subunit expression in the rhesus macaque locus coeruleus. Brain Research. 2007;1173:53-65. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2067256&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
197. Olpe HR, Steinmann MW, Brugger F, Pozza MF. Excitatory amino acid receptors in rat locus coeruleus. An extracellular in vitro study. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology. 1989;339(3):312-314. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2566932
198. Page ME, Szeliga P, Gasparini F, Cryan JF. Blockade of the mGlu5 receptor decreases basal and stress-induced cortical norepinephrine in rodents. Psychopharmacology. 2005;179(1):240-246. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15717212
199. Ennis M, Aston-Jones G, Shiekhattar R. Activation of locus coeruleus neurons by nucleus paragigantocellularis or noxious sensory stimulation is mediated by intracoeru-lear excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Brain Research. 1992;598(1-2):185-195. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1336704
200. Rasmussen K, Hsu M-A, Vandergriff J. The selective mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 exacerbates behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal and morphine-withdrawal-induced activation of locus coeruleus neurons. Neuropharmacology. 2004;46(5):620-628. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14996539
201. Auer DP, Pütz B, Kraft E et al. Reduced glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex in depres-sion: An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biological Psychiatry. 2000;47(4):305-313. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10686265
202. Hashimoto K, Sawa A, Iyo M. Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 2007;62(11):1310-1316. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574216
203. Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P et al. Metabolic changes within the left dorsolat-eral prefrontal cortex occurring with electroconvulsive therapy in patients with treat-ment resistant unipolar depression. Psychological Medicine. 2003;33(7):1277-1284. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14580081
204. Bernard R, Kerman IA, Thompson RC et al. Altered expression of gluta-mate signaling, growth factor, and glia genes in the locus coeruleus of patients with major depression. Molecular Psychiatry. 2011;16:634-646. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2927798&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
205. Choudary PV, Molnar M, Evans SJ et al. Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005;102(43):15653-15658. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1257393&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
206. Singewald N, Zhou GY, Schneider C. Release of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids from the locus coeruleus of conscious rats by cardiovascular stimuli and various forms of acute stress. Brain Research. 1995;704(1):42-50. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8750960
207. Timmerman W, Cisci G, Nap A, de Vries JB, Westerink BH. Effects of handling on extracellular levels of glutamate and other amino acids in various areas of the brain measured by microdialysis. Brain Research. 1999;833(2):150-160. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10375690
208. Zarate CA, Singh JB, Carlson PJ et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2006;63(8):856-864. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16894061
209. Diazgranados N, Ibrahim LA, Brutsche NE et al. Rapid resolution of suicidal ide-ation after a single infusion of an N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010;71(12):1605-1611. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3012738&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
210. Price RB, Nock MK, Charney DS, Mathew SJ. Effects of intravenous ketamine on explicit and implicit measures of suicidality in treatment-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2009;66(5):522-526. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2935847&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
211. Maeng S, Zarate CA, Du J et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepres-sant effects of ketamine: Role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biological Psychiatry. 2008;63(4):349-352. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17643398
212. Sanacora G, Kendell SF, Levin Y et al. Preliminary evidence of riluzole efficacy in anti-depressant-treated patients with residual depressive symptoms. Biological Psychiatry. 2007;61(6):822-825. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2754299&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
213. Zarate CA, Payne JL, Quiroz J et al. An open-label trial of riluzole in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161(1):171-174. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14702270
214. Witkin JM, Marek GJ, Johnson BG, Schoepp DD. Metabotropic glutamate recep-tors in the control of mood disorders. CNS and Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. 2007;6(2):87-100. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17430147
215. Karolewicz B, Stockmeier CA, Ordway GA. Elevated levels of the NR2C subunit of the NMDA receptor in the locus coeruleus in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(8):1557-1567. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2921564&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
216. Karolewicz B, Szebeni K, Stockmeier CA et al. Low nNOS protein in the locus coeruleus in major depression. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2004;91(5):1057-1066. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2923201&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
217. Bartanusz V, Aubry JM, Pagliusi S et al. Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience. 1995;66(2):247-252. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477869
218. Fitzgerald LW, Ortiz J, Hamedani AG, Nestler EJ. Drugs of abuse and stress increase the expression of GluR1 and NMDAR1 glutamate receptor subunits in the rat ventral tegmental area: Common adaptations among cross-sensitizing agents. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1996;16(1):274-282. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8613793
219. Schwendt M, Jezová D. Gene expression of two glutamate receptor subunits in response to repeated stress exposure in rat hippocampus. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 2000;20(3):319-329. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10789831
220. Watanabe Y, Weiland NG, McEwen BS. Effects of adrenal steroid manipulations and repeated restraint stress on dynorphin mRNA levels and excitatory amino acid recep-tor binding in hippocampus. Brain Research. 1995;680(1-2):217-225. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7663979
221. Autry AE, Adachi M, Nosyreva E et al. NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses. Nature. 2011;475(7354):91-95. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21677641
222. Liprando LA, Miner LH, Blakely RD, Lewis DA, Sesack SR. Ultrastructural interactions between terminals expressing the norepinephrine transporter and dopamine neurons in the rat and monkey ventral tegmental area. Synapse (New York, N.Y.). 2004;52(4):233-244. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15103690
223. Bekar LK, He W, Nedergaard M. Locus coeruleus alpha-adrenergic-mediated activation of cortical astrocytes in vivo. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991). 2008;18(12):2789-2795. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2583159&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
224. Hösli L, Hösli E, Zehntner C, Lehmann R, Lutz TW. Evidence for the exis-tence of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors on cultured glial cells-An electro-physiological study. Neuroscience. 1982;7(11):2867-2872. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6296723
225. Mantyh PW, Rogers SD, Allen CJ et al. Beta 2-adrenergic receptors are expressed by glia in vivo in the normal and injured central nervous system in the rat, rabbit, and human. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1995;15(1 Pt 1):152-164. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7823126
226. Papay R, Gaivin R, Jha A et al. Localization of the mouse alpha1A-adrenergic recep-tor (AR) in the brain: Alpha1AAR is expressed in neurons, GABAergic interneu-rons, and NG2 oligodendrocyte progenitors. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2006;497(2):209-222. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705673
227. Peng L, Li B, Du T et al. Astrocytic transactivation by alpha2A-adrenergic and 5-HT2B serotonergic signaling. Neurochemistry International. 2010;57(4):421-431. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20450946
228. Tanaka KF, Kashima H, Suzuki H, Ono K, Sawada M. Existence of functional beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors on microglia. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2002;70(2):232-237. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12271472
229. Cambray-Deakin M, Pearce B, Morrow C, Murphy S. Effects of neurotransmitters on astrocyte glycogen stores in vitro. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1988;51(6):1852-1857. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2903222
230. Hertz L, Chen Y, Gibbs ME, Zang P, Peng L. Astrocytic adrenoceptors: A major drug target in neurological and psychiatric disorders? Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders. 2004;3(3):239-267. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180484
231. Porter JT, McCarthy KD. Astrocytic neurotransmitter receptors in situ and in vivo. Progress in Neurobiology. 1997;51(4):439-455. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9106901
232. Fahrig T. Receptor subtype involved and mechanism of norepinephrine-induced stimulation of glutamate uptake into primary cultures of rat brain astrocytes. Glia. 1993;7(3):212-218. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8095921
233. Hansson E, Rönnbäck L. Regulation of glutamate and GABA transport by adrenocep-tors in primary astroglial cell cultures. Life Sciences. 1989;44(1):27-34. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2563301
234. Bezzi P, Gundersen V, Galbete JL et al. Astrocytes contain a vesicular com-partment that is competent for regulated exocytosis of glutamate. Nature Neuroscience. 2004;7(6):613-620. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15156145
235. Ongür D, Drevets WC, Price JL. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998;95(22):13290-13295. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=23786&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
236. Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Wei J et al. Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;45(9):1085-1098. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10331101
237. Altshuler LL, Abulseoud OA, Foland-Ross L et al. Amygdala astrocyte reduction in subjects with major depressive disorder but not bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2010;12(5):541-549. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712756
238. Bowley MP, Drevets WC, Ongür D, Price JL. Low glial numbers in the amygdala in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;52(5):404-412. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242056
239. Stockmeier CA, Mahajan GJ, Konick LC et al. Cellular changes in the postmortem hip-pocampus in major depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;56(9):640-650. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov//articlerender.fcgi?artid=2929806&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
240. Johnston-Wilson NL, Sims CD, Hofmann JP et al. Disease-specific alterations in frontal cortex brain proteins in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. The Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Molecular Psychiatry. 2000;5(2):142-149. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10822341
241. Si X, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, O’Dwyer G, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G. Age-dependent reductions in the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(11):2088-2096. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15238995
242. Steiner J, Bielau H, Brisch R et al. Immunological aspects in the neurobiology of suicide: Elevated microglial density in schizophrenia and depression is associated with suicide. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2008;42(2):151-157. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174336
243. Hercher C, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Through the looking glass: Examining neuroanatom-ical evidence for cellular alterations in major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2009;43(11):947-961. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19233384
244. Samuel D, Blin O, Dusticier N, Nieoullon A. Effects of riluzole (2-amino-6-trifluoro-methoxy benzothiazole) on striatal neurochemical markers in the rat, with special refer-ence to the dopamine, choline, GABA and glutamate synaptosomal high affinity uptake systems. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1992;6(4-5):177-184. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1385285
245. Azbill RD, Mu X, Springer JE. Riluzole increases high-affinity glutamate uptake in rat spinal cord synaptosomes. Brain Research. 2000;871(2):175-180. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10899284
246. Gourley SL, Espitia JW, Sanacora G, Taylor JR. Antidepressant-like proper-ties of oral riluzole and utility of incentive disengagement models of depres-sion in mice. Psychopharmacology. 2012;219(3):805-14. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21779782
247. Valentine GW, Sanacora G. Targeting glial physiology and glutamate cycling in the treatment of depression. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2009;78(5):431-439. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2801154&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
248. Alexander GM, Grothusen JR, Gordon SW, Schwartzman RJ. Intracerebral microdialysis study of glutamate reuptake in awake, behaving rats. Brain Research. 1997;766(1-2):1-10. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9359581
249. Hansson E, Rönnbäck L. Adrenergic receptor regulation of amino acid neurotransmit-ter uptake in astrocytes. Brain Research Bulletin. 1992;29(3-4):297-301. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1356597
250. Ordway GA, Szebeni A, Chandley MJ et al. Reduced gene expression of bone morphoge-netic protein 7 in brain astrocytes in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 September 6:1-14 [epub ahead of print] PMID:21896235.