Novel approach to control pathogenic and harmful microorganisms in nonthermal way: Photosensitization

Novel Food Preservation and Microbial Assessment Techniques

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 184-217

  Luksiene, Zivile ^a  

^a VILNIUS UNIVERSITY   (Lithuania)

Author keywords

Aminolevulinic acid; Chlorophyllin; Food pathogens; Hypericin; Inactivation; Photooxidative reactions; Photosensitization; Photosensitizers

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTICS; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASES; MICROORGANISMS; PHOTOSENSITIZERS;

AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; CHLOROPHYLLIN; FOOD PATHOGENS; HYPERICINS; INACTIVATION; PHOTOOXIDATIVE REACTIONS; PHOTOSENSITIZATION;

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY;

EID: 85049675179     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b16758     Document Type: Chapter

References (115)

1. Aider, M. 2010. Chitosan application for active bio-based films production and potential in the food industry: Review. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 43: 837-842.
2. 2) on health promoting compounds and shelf-life of strawberries. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 46: 201-211.
3. Anon. 2008. Measurement of sunshine duration. In: CIMO Guide. World Meteorological Organization, Chapter 8.
4. Ayala-Zavala, F.J., W.Y. Shiow, W.Y. Chien and G.A. Gonzalez-Aguilar. 2007. High oxygen treatment increases antioxidant capacity and postharvest life of strawberry fruit. Food Technol. Biotech. 45: 166-173.
5. Bailly, C. 2004. Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Sci. Res. 14: 93-107.
6. Bernal, C., J. Rodrigues, A. Guimaraes, A. Ribeiro, K. Oliveira, H. Imasato and J. Perussi. 2011. Selective photoinactivation of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis with hypericin. Laser Phys. 21: 245-249.
7. Bertoloni, G., F.M. Lauro, G. Cortella and M. Merchat. 2000. Photosensitizing activity of hematoporphyrin on Staphylococcus aureus cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1475: 169-174.
8. Bialka, K.L. and A. Demirci. 2008. Efficacy of pulsed UV-light for the decontamination of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella spp. on raspberries and strawberries. J. Food Sci. 73: 201-207.
9. Biel, M.A. 2010. Photodynamic therapy of bacterial and fungal biofilm infections. In: C.J. Gomer [ed.]. Photodynamic Therapy: Methods and Protocols. Methods Mol. Biol. 635: 175-194.
10. Brancaleon, L. and H. Moseley. 2002. Laser and non-laser light sources for photodynamic therapy. Laser. Med. Sci. 17: 173-186.
11. Brovko, L. 2010. Photodynamic treatment: a new effective alternative for surface sanitation. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 61: 119-147.
12. Brovko, L., A. Meyer, A. Tiwana, W. Chen, H. Liu, C. Filipe and M.W. Griffiths. 2009. Photodynamic treatment-A novel method for sanitation of food handling and food processing surfaces. J. Food Protect. 72: 1020-1024.
13. Buchovec, I., Z. Vaitonis and Z. Luksiene. 2009. Novel approach to control Salmonella enterica by modern biophotonic technology: photosensitization. J. Appl. Microbiol. 106: 748-754.
14. Buchovec, I., E. Paskeviciute and Z. Luksiene. 2010a. Photodynamic inactivation of food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by non-thermal treatment. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 48: 207-213.
15. Buchovec, I., E. Paskeviciute and Z. Luksiene. 2010b. Photosensitization-based inactivation of food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in vitro and on the surface of packaging material. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 99: 9-14.
16. Buchovec, I., R. Kokstaite, V. Pamedytyte, R. Makuska and Z. Luksiene. 2012. Antimicrobial efficiency of photoactivated chlorophyllin-chitosan complex against Gram (-) bacteria Salmonella enterica. Chem. Technol. 3: 54-57.
17. Chen, H. and H. Neetoo. 2010. Antimicrobial packaging. Encyclopedia of Biotechnol. in Agric. Food. 1: 43-46.
18. Cordenunsi, B., M. Genovese, J. Nascimento, N. Hassimotto, R. Dos Santos and F. Lajolo. 2005. Effects of temperature on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of three strawberry cultivars. Food Chem. 91: 113-121.
19. Devlieghere, F., L. Vermeiren and J. Debevere. 2004. New preservation technologies. Possibilities and limitations. Int. Dairy J. 14: 273-285.
20. Dionisio, A.P., R.T. Gomes and M. Oetterer. 2009. Ionizing Radiation Effects on Food Vitamins -A Review. Braz. Arch. Biol. Tech. 52: 1267-1278.
21. Donnelly, R.F., P.A. McCarron and M.M. Tunney. 2008. Antifungal photodynamic therapy. Microbiol. Res. 163: 1-12.
22. Eberhardt, M.V., C.Y. Lee and R.H. Liu. 2000. Antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature 405: 903-904.
23. [ECDC] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2010. Annual Epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe. Prevention and Control. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/Lists/News/ECDC_DispForm.aspx?List=32e43ee8-e230-4424-a783-85742124029a&ID=402.
24. Economic Research Service. 2005. Foodborne illness cost calculator. Available at: http://www.cspinet.org/foodsafety/outbreak.alert.pdf. Accessed 22 August 2007.
25. Elmnasser, N., S. Guillou, F. Leroi, A. Orange, A. Bakhrouf and M. Federighi. 2007. Pulsedlight system as novel food decontamination technology: A review. Can. J. Microbiol. 53: 813-821.
26. Ergaieg, K., M. Chevanne, J. Cillard and R. Seux. 2008. Involvement of both Type I and Type II mechanisms in Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria photosensitization by a meso-substituted cationic porphyrin. Sol. energy 82: 1107-1117.
27. [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2000. Food and Drug Administration issues approval for pulsed UV light in the production, processing and handling of food. Code 21CFR179.41, 438.
28. Food and Drug Administration. 1999. FDA survey of imported fresh produce. Available from: http:// www.cfsan.fda.gov/dms/prodsir6/html. Accessed September 13, 2004.
29. Funnes, M.D., D.A. Caminos, M.G. Alvarez, F. Fungo, L.A. Otero and E.N. Durantini. 2009. Photodynamic properties and photodynamic action of electrochemically generated porphyrin polymeric films. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43: 902-908.
30. Gaedcke, F. 2003. St. John’s wort herb extracts: manufacturing, standardization and characterization. In: E. Ernst [ed.]. The genus Hypericum (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles). Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK, pp. 49-64.
31. George, S., M.R. Hamblin and A. Kishen. 2009. Uptake pathways of anionic and cationic photosensitizers into bacteria. Photochem. Photobio. Sc. 8: 788-795.
32. Gil, M.I., D.M. Holcroft and A.A. Kader. 1997. Changes in strawberry anthocyanins and other polyphenols in response to carbon dioxide treatments. J. Agr. Food Chem. 45: 1662-1667.
33. Girotti, A.W. 2001. Photosensitized oxidation of membrane lipids: reaction pathways, cytotoxic effects, and cytoprotective mechanisms. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 63: 103-113.
34. Gomez-Lopez, V.M., P. Ragaert, J. Devebere and F. Devlieghere. 2007. Pulsed light for food decontamination. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 18: 464-473.
35. Gould, G.W. 2001. New processing technologies: an overview. P. Nutr. Soc. 60: 463-474.
36. Granick, S. 1961. Magnesium protoporphyrin monoester and protoporphyrin monomethyl ester in chlorophyll biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 236: 1168-1172.
37. Guerrero-Beltran, J.A. and G.V. Barbosa-Canova. 2004. Advantages and limitations on processing foods by UV light. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 10: 137-147.
38. Harris, F. and L. Pierpoint. 2011. Photodynamic Therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Med. Res. Rev. Wiley Periodicals 1-36.
39. Hotta, Y., T. Tanaka, H. Tanaka, Y. Takeuchi, M. Konnai and H. Al-Khateeb. 2002. Promotive effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid on the yield of several crops. Plant Growth Regul. 2: 109-114.
40. Huang, L., T. Dai and M.R. Hamblin. 2010. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation and photodynamic therapy for infections. Methods Mol. Biol. 635: 155-73.
41. Johannessen, G.S., S. Loncarevic and H. Kruse. 2002. Bacteriological analysis of fresh produce in Norway. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 77: 199-204.
42. Jori, G., C. Fabris, M. Soncin, S. Ferro, O. Coppelotti, D. Dei, L. Fantetti, G. Chiti and G. Roncucci. 2006. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of microbial infections: basic principles and perspective applications. Laser. Surg. Med. 38: 468-481.
43. Kähkönen, M.P., A.I. Hopia and M. Heinonen. 2001. Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. J. Agr. Food Chem. 49: 4076-4082.
44. Kairyte, K., S. Lapinskas, V. Gudelis and Z. Luksiene. 2012. Effective inactivation of food pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica by combined treatment of hypericin-based photosensitization and high power pulsed light. J. Appl. Microbiol. 112: 1144-1151.
45. Knudsen, D.M., S.A. Yamamoto and L.J. Harris. 2001. Survival of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli 0157: H7 on fresh and frozen strawberries. J. Food Protect. 64: 1438-1488.
46. Komerik, N., M. Wilson and S. Poole. 2000. The effect of photodynamic action on two virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria. Photochem. Photobiol. 72: 676-680.
47. Le Marc, Y., I. Buchovec, J. Baranyi and Z. Luksiene. 2009. Modeling the photosensitizationbased inactivation of Bacillus cereus. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107: 1006-1011.
48. Leistner, L. and G.W. Gould. 2002. Hurdle Technologies: Combination Treatments for Food Stability, Safety and Quality. Kluwner Academic Premium Publishers, New York. USA.
49. Lopez-Carballo, G., P. Hernandez-Munoz, R. Gavara and M.J. Ocio. 2008. Photoactivated chlorophyllin-based gelatin films and coatings to prevent microbial contamination of food products. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 126: 65-70.
50. Luksiene, Z., I. Bagdoniene, V. Smilgevicius, A. Piskarskas and B. Juodka. 1989. Action of sensitizers and light on biomolecules and cells: inactivation of S. cerevissiae growth after laser and porphyrin treatment. Biology 27: 161-169.
51. Luksiene, Z. and P. de Witte. 2002. Hypericin-based photodynamic therapy: comparative antiproliferative activity and uptake studies in murine Ehrlich ascite carcinoma. J. Photosci. 9: 524-526.
52. Luksiene, Z., D. Peciulyte and A. Lukauskas. 2004a. Photodynamic inactivation of harmful and pathogenic microorganisms. Vet. Medicine and Zootechnics 26: 58-60.
53. Luksiene, Z., D. Peciulyte and A. Lugauskas. 2004b. Inactivation of fungi in vitro by photosensitization: Preliminary results. Ann. Agr. Env. Med. 11: 215-220.
54. Luksiene, Z. 2005. New approach to inactivate harmful and pathogenic microorganisms: photosensitization. Food Technol. Biotech. 43: 411-418.
55. Luksiene, Z., D. Peciulyte, S. Jurkoniene and R. Puras. 2005a. Inactivation of possible fungal food contaminants by photosensitization. Food Technol. Biotech. 43: 1-8.
56. Luksiene, Z., V. Rutkoviene and D. Sileikiene. 2005b. Biophotonic technology for decontamination of organic cereals from fungi. State-of-the-art and problems of agricultural science and education jubilee scientific conference with international participation. Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Scientific Works 1: 125-130.
57. Luksiene, Z., H. Danilcenko, Z. Taraseviciene and V. Baliukoniene. 2006. Several experimental evidences to develop biophotonic technology for inactivation for decontamination of germinated seeds. Chem. Technol. 4: 64-68.
58. Luksiene, Z., H. Danilcenko, Z. Taraseviciene, Z. Anusevicius, A. Maroziene and H. Nivinskas. 2007. New approach to the decontamination of germinated wheat from microfungi: effects of aminolevulinic acid. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 116: 153-158.
59. Luksiene, Z. and A. Zukauskas. 2009. Prospects of photosensitization in control of pathogenic and harmful microorganisms. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107: 1415-1424.
60. Luksiene, Z., I. Buchovec and E. Paskeviciute. 2009. Inactivation of food pathogen Bacillus cereus by photosensitization. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107: 2037-2046.
61. Luksiene, Z., I. Buchovec and E. Paskeviciute. 2010a. Inactivation of Bacillus cereus by Nachlorophyllin-based photosensitization on the surface of packaging. J. Appl. Microbiol. 109: 1540-1548.
62. Luksiene, Z., I. Buchovec and E. Paskeviciute. 2010b. Inactivation of several strains of Listeria monocytogenes attached to the surface of packaging material by Na-Chlorophyllin based photosensitization. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 101: 326-331.
63. Luksiene, Z. and E. Paskeviciute. 2011a. Novel approach to the microbial decontamination of strawberries: chlorophyllin-based photosensitization. J. Appl. Microbiol. 110: 1274-1283.
64. Luksiene, Z. and E. Paskeviciute. 2011b. Novel approach to decontaminate food packaging from pathogens in non-thermal and not-chemical way: chlorophyllin-based photosensitization. J. Food Eng. 101: 326-331.
65. Luksiene, Z., R. Kokstaite, P. Katauskis and V. Skakauskas. 2013. Novel approach for effective and uniform inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria treated by photosensitization. Food Technol. Biotechnol., accepted.
66. Maisch, T. 2007. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: useful in the future. Laser. Med. Sci. 22: 83-91.
67. Malik, R., A. Manocha and D. Suresh. 2010. Photodynamic therapy-A strategic review. Indian J. Dent. Res. 21: 285-291.
68. Manas, P. and R. Pagan. 2005. Microbial inactivation by new technologies of food preservation. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98: 1387-1399.
69. Marquenie, D., C.W. Michiels, J.F. Impe, E. Schrevens and B.N. Nicolaï. 2003. Pulsed white light in combination with UV-C and heat to reduce storage rot of strawberry. Postharvest Biol. Tec. 28: 455-461.
70. Mašković, P.Z., J.D. Mladenović, M.S. Cvijović, G. Aćamović-Ðoković, S.R. Solujić and M.M. Radojković. 2011. Phenolic content, antioxidant and antifungal activities of acetonic, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. Hem. Ind. 65: 159-164.
71. McCaughan, J.S. 1999. Photodynamic therapy: a review. Drugs & Aging 15: 49-68.
72. Mead, P.S., L. Slutsker, V. Dietz, L.F. McCaig, J.S. Bresee, C. Shapiro, M. Griffin and V. Tauxe. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5: 607-625.
73. Milanesio, M.E., M.G. Alvarez, E. Yslas, C.D. Borsarelli, J.J. Silber, V. Rivarola and E.N. Durantini. 2001. Photodynamic studies of metallo 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (4-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin: photochemical characterization and biological consequences in a human carcinoma cell line. Photochem. Photobiol. 74: 14-21.
74. Moan, J. 1990. On the diffusion lenght of singlet oxygen in cells and tissues. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 6: 343-344.
75. Neyssen, P.J.G. 2000. Practical implications of developments in legislation on food irradiation in the European Union. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 57: 215-217.
76. Nicholson, W.L., N. Munakata, G. Horneck, H.J. Melosh and P. Setlow. 2000. Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. R. 64: 548-572.
77. Nielsen, T. and A. Leufven. 2008. The effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the quality of Honeoye and Korona strawberries. Food Chem. 107: 1053-1063.
78. Nikaido, H. 1994. Prevention of drug access to bacterial targets: permeability barrier and active efflux. Science 264: 362-368.
79. Nillian, E., Ch. Ching, P. Fung, T. Robin, U. Anyi, T. Zainazor Tuan Chilek, S. Radu and M. Nishibuchi. 2011. Simultaneous Detection of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in Raw Salad Vegetables and Vegetarian Burger Patties. Food Nutr. Sc. 2: 1077-1081.
80. Nitzan, Y. and I. Pechatnikov. 2011. Approaches to kill gram-negative bacteria by photosensitized processes. In: M.R. Hamblin and G. Jori [eds.]. Photodynamic inactivation of microbial pathogens: medical and environmental applications. Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, 45-65.
81. Nitzan, Y., M. Salmon-Divon, E. Shporen and Z. Malik. 2004. ALA induced photodynamic effects on Gram positive and negative bacteria. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 3: 430-439.
82. No, H.K., N.Y. Park, S.H. Lee and S. Meyers. 2002. Antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 74: 65-72.
83. Nowis, D., M. Makowski, T. Stoklosa, M. Legat, T. Issat and J. Golab. 2005. Direct tumor damage mechanisms of photodynamic therapy. Acta Biochim. Pol. 52: 339-352.
84. Nunes, M.C.N., J.K. Brecht, A.M. Morais and S.A. Sargent. 1995. Physical and chemical quality characteristics of strawberries after storage are reduced by a short delay to cooling. Postharvest Biol. Tec. 6(1): 17-28.
85. Odriozola-Serrano, I., R. Soliva-Fortuny and O. Martín-Belloso. 2008. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity of strawberry juices processed by highintensity pulsed electric fields or heat treatments. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 228: 239-248.
86. Olsson, M.E., J. Ekvall, K.E. Gustavsson, J. Nilsson, D. Pillai, I. Sjoholm, U. Svensson, B. Akesson and M.G.L. Nyman. 2004. Antioxidants, low molecular weight carbohydrates, and total antioxidant capacity in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa): effects of cultivar, ripening, and storage. J. Agr. Food Chem. 52: 2490-2498.
87. Parr, A.J. and G.P. Bolwell. 2000. Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile. J. Sci. Food Agr. 80: 985-1012.
88. Pirttijarvi, T.S.M., T.H. Graeffe and M.S. Salkinoja-Salonen. 1996. Bacterial contaminants in liquid packaging boards: assessment of potential for food spoilage. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 81: 445-458.
89. Plaetzer, K., B. Krammer, J. Berlanda, F. Berr and T. Kiesslich. 2009. Photophysics and photochemistry of photodynamic therapy: fundamental aspects. Laser. Med. Sci. 24: 259-268.
90. Polio, L., G. Valduga, G. Jori and E. Reddi. 2002. Low density lipoprotein receptors in the uptake of tumour photosensitizers by human and rat transformed fibroblasts. Int. J. Biochem. Cell B. 34: 10-23.
91. Reddi, E., M. Ceccon, G. Valduga, G. Jori, J. Bommer, F. Elisei, L. Latterini and U. Mazzucato. 2002. Photophysical properties and antibacterial activity of meso-substituted cationic porphyrins. Photochem. Photobiol. 75: 462-470.
92. Sandhya. 2010. Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce: current status and future needs. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 43: 381-392.
93. Satin, M. 1996. The prevention of food losses after harvesting. In: Food Irradiation/2nd edition. Technomic, Lancaster, USA, pp. 81-94.
94. Scallan, E., R.M. Hoekstra, F.J. Angulo, R.V. Tauxe, M.A. Widdowson, S.L. Roy, J.L. Jones and P.M. Griffin. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17: 7-15.
95. Senorans, F.J., E. Ibanez and A. Cifuentes. 2003. New trends in food processing. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 43: 507-526.
96. Sharma, R.R., D. Singh and R. Singh. 2009. Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables by microbial antagonists: A review. Biol. Control 50: 205-221.
97. Street, C.N., A. Gibbs, L. Pedigo, D. Andersen and N.G. Loebel. 2009. In vitro photodynamic eradication of Pseudomonas aeroginosa in planktonic and biofilm culture. Photochem. Photobiol. 85: 137-143.
98. Tanaka, Y., A. Tanaka and H. Tsuji. 1992. Stabilization of apoproteins of light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b protein complex by feeding 5-aminolevulinic acid under intermittent illumination. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 30: 365-370.
99. Tavares, A., C. Carvalho, M. Faustino, M. Neves, J. Tome, A. Tome, J. Cavaleiro, A. Cunha, N. Gomes, E. Alves and A. Almeda. 2010. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: study of bacterial recovery viability and potential development of resistance after treatment. Mar. Drugs 8: 91-105.
100. Tayel, A.A., S. Moussa, K. Opwis, D. Knittel, E. Schollmeyer and A. Nickisch-Hartfiel. 2010. Inhibition of microbial pathogens by fungal chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 47: 10-14.
101. Tegos, G.P., K. Masago, F. Aziz, A. Higginbotham, F.R. Stermitz and M.R. Hamblin. 2008. Inhibitors of bacterial multidrug efflux pumps potentiate antimicrobial photoinactivation. Antimicrob. Agents Ch. 52: 3202-3209.
102. Tiwari, B.K., C.P. O’Donnell, A. Patras, N. Brunton and P.J. Cullen. 2009. Effect of ozone processing on anthocyanins and ascorbic acid degradation of strawberry juice. Food Chem. 113: 1119-1126.
103. Tulipani, S., B. Mezzetti, F. Capocasa, S. Bompadre, J. Beekwilder, C.H. Ric De Vos, E. Capanoglu, A. Bovy and M. Battino. 2008. Antioxidants, phenolic compounds, and nutritional quality of different strawberry genotypes. J. Agr. Food Chem. 56: 696-704.
104. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Antimicrobial pesticide products. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/antimic.htm (accessed 22 December 2008).
105. Wainwright, M. 1998. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemoth. 42: 13-28.
106. Wainwright, M. 2004. Photoinactivation of viruses. Photoch. Photobio. Sci. 3: 406-411.
107. Wang, W.D. and S.Y. Xu. 2007. Degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in blackberry juice and concentrate. J. Food Eng. 82: 271-275.
108. Wirtanen, G., M. Saarela and T. Mattila-Sandholm. 2000. Biofilms-impact on hygiene in food industries. In: J. Bryers [ed.]. Biofilms II: Process analysis and application, Wiley-Liss, New York, USA, 327-372.
109. [WHO] World Health Organization. 2007. Food safety and food borne illness. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/en/ (last accessed 08.12.10).
110. Wood, O.B. and C.M. Bruhn. 2000. Position of the American dietetic association: food irradiation. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100: 246-253.
111. Yu, L., C.A. Reitmeier, M.L. Gleason, G.R. Nonnecke, D.G. Olson and R.J. Gladon. 1995. Quality of electron beam irradiated strawberries. J. Food Sci. 60: 1084-1087.
112. Yuk, H., J. Bartz and K. Schneider. 2006. The effectiveness of sanitizer treatment in inactivation of Salmonella spp. from bell pepper, cucumber, and strawberry. J. Food Sci. 71: 95-99.
113. Zafra-Stone, S., T. Yasmin, M. Bagchi, A. Chatterjee, J.A. Vinson and D. Bagchi. 2007. Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51: 675-683.
114. Zheng, Y., Z. Yang and X. Chen. 2008. Effect of high oxygen atmospheres on fruit decay and quality. Food Control 19: 470-474.
115. Zukauskas, A., M.S. Shur and R. Gaska. 2002. Introduction to Solid-State Lighting. Wiley, New York. USA.