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Causal inference in public health
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Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men
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Use of vitamin, mineral, nonvitamin, and nonmineral supplements in the United States: the 1987, 1992, and 2000 National Health Interview Survey results
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Millen, A. E., Dodd, K. W. & Subar, A. F. Use of vitamin, mineral, nonvitamin, and nonmineral supplements in the United States: the 1987, 1992, and 2000 National Health Interview Survey results. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 104, 942–950 (2004)
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Millen, A.E.1
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Randomized trials of vitamin E in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease
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Eidelman, R. S., Hollar, D., Hebert, P. R., Lamas, G. A. & Hennekens, C. H. Randomized trials of vitamin E in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 1552–1556 (2004)
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Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference
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Imai, K., King, G. & Stuart, E. A. Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference. J. Royal Stat. Soc. A Stat. Methodol. 171, 481–502 (2008)
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The implications of genotype-environment correlation for establishing causal processes in psychopathology
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Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of R&D costs
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DiMasi, J. A., Grabowski, H. G. & Hansen, R. W. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of R&D costs. J. Health Econ. 47, 20–33 (2016)
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Causal inference and observational research: the utility of twins
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McGue, M., Osler, M. & Christensen, K. Causal inference and observational research: the utility of twins. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5, 546–556 (2010).This study is an introduction to the twin model from a causal inference perspective. It includes a discussion of concepts, estimations and limitations
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McGue, M.1
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What can Mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures?
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Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies
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Davey Smith, G.1
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Mendelian randomization: where are we now and where are we going?
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A comprehensive 1,000 Genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease
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UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age
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An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits
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A definition of causal effect for epidemiological research
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Hernán, M. A. A definition of causal effect for epidemiological research. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 58, 265–271 (2004). This study is a pedagogical introduction to the counterfactual or potential outcomes framework for causal inference. It includes mathematical notations and a discussion of key concepts, such as association, causation and exchangeability
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Integrating social science and behavioral genetics: testing the origin of socioeconomic disparities in depression using a genetically informed design
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Concurrent and longitudinal contribution of exposure to bullying in childhood to mental health: the role of vulnerability and resilience
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