British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017

Journal of Psychopharmacology

Volumn 31, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 519-552

  Mcallister Williams, R Hamish ^a,b,x   Baldwin, David S ^c,d   Cantwell, Roch ^e   Easter, Abby ^f   Gilvarry, Eilish ^a,b   Glover, Vivette ^g   Green, Lucian ^h   Gregoire, Alain ^c,i   Howard, Louise M ^f,j   Jones, Ian ^k   Khalifeh, Hind ^f,j   Lingford Hughes, Anne ^g   McDonald, Elizabeth ^l,m,n   Micali, Nadia ^o   Pariante, Carmine M ^f,j   Peters, Lesley ^p   Roberts, Ann ^p,q,r   Smith, Natalie C ^s   Taylor, David ^j,t   Wieck, Angelika ^u,v   Yates, Laura M ^a,w   Young, Allan H ^f,j   more..

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b TYNE AND WEAR NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^e NHS GREATER GLASGOW AND CLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^f KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^g IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^h WEST LONDON MENTAL HEALTH NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ Hampshire Perinatal Mental Health Service   (United Kingdom)

^j SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^k CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^l ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS   (United Kingdom)

^m EAST LONDON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ TAVISTOCK CLINIC   (United Kingdom)

^o UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^p CIC   (United Kingdom)

^q HERTFORDSHIRE PARTNERSHIP UNIVERSITY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^r UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^s Woodside Resource Centre   (United Kingdom)

^t KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^u GREATER MANCHESTER MENTAL HEALTH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^v UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^w NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^x Academic Psychiatry   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Antidepressants; antipsychotics; anxiolytics; birth defects; breastfeeding; child development; conception; fertility; hypnotics; mood stabilisers; neonatal problems; postpartum; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; psychiatric illness; psychotropics; teratogenicity

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ATOMOXETINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BUSPIRONE; CANNABIS; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOMIPRAMINE; GABAPENTIN; HYPNOTIC AGENT; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OPIATE DERIVATIVE; PAROXETINE; PREGABALIN; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VARENICLINE; VENLAFAXINE; ZALEPLON; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE;

ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BENZODIAZEPINE DEPENDENCE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRADYCARDIA; BREAST FEEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DRUG DEPENDENCE; EATING DISORDER; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FETOTOXICITY; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HIGH RISK PREGNANCY; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOTENSION; INSOMNIA; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MATERNAL HYPERTENSION; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NEWBORN DISEASE; OPIATE ADDICTION; PERINATAL PERIOD; POSTNATAL DEPRESSION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURE LABOR; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL CARE; PREPREGNANCY CARE; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOSIS; PUERPERIUM; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SMOKING; TERATOGENICITY; UNITED KINGDOM; DRUG EFFECTS; FEMALE; PREGNANCY; STANDARDS;

FEMALE; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; POSTPARTUM PERIOD; PREGNANCY; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS;

EID: 85018451904     PISSN: 02698811     EISSN: 14617285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269881117699361     Document Type: Article

References (296)

1. Abel EL, Hannigan JH, (1995) Maternal risk factors in fetal alcohol syndrome: Provocative and permissive influences. Neurotoxicol Teratol 17: 445-462.
2. Abel KM, Howard LM, (2014) Schizophrenia, psychopharmacology and pregnancy. In: Galbally M, (eds) Psychopharmacology and pregnancy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 119-138.
3. Ackerman JP, Riggins T, Black MM, (2010) A review of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure among school-aged children. Pediatrics 125: 554-565.
4. Akasheh G, Sirati L, Noshad Kamran AR, et al. (2014) Comparison of the effect of sertraline with behavioral therapy on semen parameters in men with primary premature ejaculation. Urology 83: 800-804.
5. Alder J, Fink N, Bitzer J, et al. (2007) Depression and anxiety during pregnancy: A risk factor for obstetric, fetal and neonatal outcome? A critical review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 20: 189-209.
6. Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Botto LD, et al. (2010) Maternal use of bupropion and risk for congenital heart defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203: 52-56.
7. Anderson EL, Reti IM, (2009) ECT in pregnancy: A review of the literature from 1941 to 200. 7. Psychosom Med 71: 235-242.
8. Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. (2014) Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 28: 403-439.
9. Ban L, Fleming KM, Doyle P, et al. (2015) Congenital anomalies in children of mothers taking antiepileptic drugs with and without periconceptional high dose folic acid use: A population-based cohort study. PLoS One 10: e0131130.
10. Ban L, West J, Gibson JE, et al. (2014) First trimester exposure to anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs and the risks of major congenital anomalies: A United Kingdom population-based cohort study. PLoS One 9: e100996.
11. Bateman BT, Patorno E, Desai RJ, et al. (2016) Late pregnancy beta blocker exposure and risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Pediatrics 138: pii: e20160731.
12. BC Reproductive Mental Health Programme and Perinatal Services BC (2014) Best practice guidelines for mental health disorders in the perinatal period. Vancouver, BC: BC Reproductive Mental Health.
13. Bech BH, Kjaersgaard MI, Pedersen HS, et al. (2014) Use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth: Population based cohort study. Brit Med J 349: g5159.
14. Bennedsen BE, Mortensen PB, Olesen AV, et al. (1999) Preterm birth and intra-uterine growth retardation among children of women with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 175: 239-245.
15. Bennedsen BE, Mortensen PB, Olesen AV, et al. (2001) Congenital malformations, stillbirths, and infant deaths among children of women with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 674-679.
16. Berard A, Zhao JP, Sheehy O, (2016) Success of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 215: 611.
17. Bergman K, Sarkar P, O'Connor TG, et al. (2007) Maternal stress during pregnancy predicts cognitive ability and fearfulness in infancy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 1454-1463.
18. Berle JO, Spigset O, (2011) Antidepressant use during breastfeeding. Curr Womens Health Rev 7: 28-34.
19. Besag FM, (2014) ADHD treatment and pregnancy. Drug Saf 37: 397-408.
20. Blais MA, Becker AE, Burwell RA, et al. (2000) Pregnancy: Outcome and impact on symptomatology in a cohort of eating-disordered women. Int J Eat Disord 27: 140-149.
21. Boden R, Lundgren M, Brandt L, et al. (2012 a) Risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes in women treated or not treated with mood stabilisers for bipolar disorder: Population based cohort study. Brit Med J 345: e7085.
22. Boden R, Lundgren M, Brandt L, et al. (2012 b) Antipsychotics during pregnancy: Relation to fetal and maternal metabolic effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69: 715-721.
23. Boden R, Lundgren M, Brandt L, et al. (2012 c) Antipsychotics during pregnancy: Relation to fetal and maternal metabolic effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69: 715-721.
24. Bogen DL, Sit D, Genovese A, et al. (2012) Three cases of lithium exposure and exclusive breastfeeding. Arch Womens Ment Health 15: 69-72.
25. Bolea-Alamanac BM, Green A, Verma G, et al. (2014) Methylphenidate use in pregnancy and lactation: A systematic review of evidence. Br J Clin Pharmacol 77: 96-101.
26. Boukhris T, Sheehy O, Mottron L, et al. (2016) Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in children. JAMA Pediatr 170: 117-124.
27. Boyle B, Garne E, Loane M, et al. (2016) The changing epidemiology of Ebstein's anomaly and its relationship with maternal mental health conditions: A European registry-based study. Cardiol Young [Epub ahead of print 30 August 2016].
28. Bradley R, Slade P, (2011) A review of mental health problems in fathers following the birth of a child. J Reprod Infant Psychol 29: 19-42.
29. Bricelj V, (1999) Use of adrenergic beta-blockers in pregnancy. Heart Views 1: 130-132.
30. Bro SP, Kjaersgaard MI, Parner ET, et al. (2015) Adverse pregnancy outcomes after exposure to methylphenidate or atomoxetine during pregnancy. Clin Epidemiol 7: 139-147.
31. Bromley R, Weston J, Adab N, et al. (2014) Treatment for epilepsy in pregnancy: Neurodevelopmental outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 10. Article No.: CD010236.
32. Bruning AH, Heller HM, Kieviet N, et al. (2015) Antidepressants during pregnancy and postpartum hemorrhage: A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 189: 38-47.
33. Brunton RJ, Dryer R, Saliba A, et al. (2015) Pregnancy anxiety: A systematic review of current scales. J Affect Disord 176: 24-34.
34. Bulik CM, Hoffman ER, Von HA, et al. (2010) Unplanned pregnancy in women with anorexia nervosa. Obstet Gynecol 116: 1136-1140.
35. Bulik CM, Von HA, Hamer R, et al. (2007) Patterns of remission, continuation and incidence of broadly defined eating disorders during early pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Psychol Med 37: 1109-1118.
36. Burke L, (2003) The impact of maternal depression on familial relationships. Int Rev Psychiatry 15: 243-255.
37. Burns L, Mattick RP, Lim K, et al. (2007) Methadone in pregnancy: Treatment retention and neonatal outcomes. Addiction 102: 264-270.
38. Cannon M, Jones PB, Murray RM, (2002) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: Historical and meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry 159: 1080-1092.
39. Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, et al. (2011) Saving mothers' lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 118 (Suppl. 1): 1-203.
40. Castro VM, Kong SW, Clements CC, et al. (2016) Absence of evidence for increase in risk for autism or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder following antidepressant exposure during pregnancy: A replication study. Transl Psychiatry 6: e708.
41. Caton AR, Bell EM, Druschel CM, et al. (2009) Antihypertensive medication use during pregnancy and the risk of cardiovascular malformations. Hypertension 54: 63-70.
42. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2008) Medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction during pregnancy. In: SAHMSA/CSAT treatment improvement protocols. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
43. Chamberlain C, O'Mara-Eves A, Oliver S, et al. (2013) Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 10. Article No.: CD001055.
44. Chambers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, Van Marter LJ, et al. (2006) Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 354: 579-587.
45. Chomchai C, Na MN, Watanarungsan P, et al. (2004) Methamphetamine abuse during pregnancy and its health impact on neonates born at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35: 228-231.
46. Christensen J, Gronborg TK, Sorensen MJ, et al. (2013) Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism. JAMA 309: 1696-1703.
47. Chun-Fai-Chan B, Koren G, Fayez I, et al. (2005) Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to bupropion during pregnancy: A prospective comparative study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192: 932-936.
48. Chung TK, Lau TK, Yip AS, et al. (2001) Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psychosom Med 63: 830-834.
49. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. (2015) Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 29: 459-525.
50. Clements CC, Castro VM, Blumenthal SR, et al. (2015) Prenatal antidepressant exposure is associated with risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder but not autism spectrum disorder in a large health system. Mol Psychiatry 20: 727-734.
51. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al. (2006) Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. JAMA 295: 499-507.
52. Cohen LS, Nonacs RM, Bailey JW, et al. (2004) Relapse of depression during pregnancy following antidepressant discontinuation: A preliminary prospective study. Arch Womens Ment Health 7: 217-221.
53. Cohen LS, Viguera AC, McInerney KA, et al. (2016) Reproductive safety of second-generation antipsychotics: Current data from the Massachusetts general hospital national pregnancy registry for atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry 173: 263-270.
54. Coleman T, Chamberlain C, Davey MA, et al. (2015) Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 12. Article No.: CD010078.
55. Coughlin CG, Blackwell KA, Bartley C, et al. (2015) Obstetric and neonatal outcomes after antipsychotic medication exposure in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 125: 1224-1235.
56. Croen LA, Grether JK, Yoshida CK, et al. (2011) Antidepressant use during pregnancy and childhood autism spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68: 1104-1112.
57. Crow SJ, Agras WS, Crosby R, et al. (2008) Eating disorder symptoms in pregnancy: A prospective study. Int J Eat Disord 41: 277-279.
58. Dalman C, Allebeck P, Cullberg J, et al. (1999) Obstetric complications and the risk of schizophrenia: A longitudinal study of a national birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 234-240.
59. Darwish M, Martin PT, Cevallos WH, et al. (1999) Rapid disappearance of zaleplon from breast milk after oral administration to lactating women. J Clin Pharmacol 39: 670-674.
60. Davalos DB, Yadon CA, Tregellas HC, (2012) Untreated prenatal maternal depression and the potential risks to offspring: A review. Arch Womens Ment Health 15: 1-14.
61. Davanzo R, Copertino M, De CA, et al. (2011) Antidepressant drugs and breastfeeding: A review of the literature. Breastfeed Med 6: 89-98.
62. Davis RL, Eastman D, McPhillips H, et al. (2011) Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 20: 138-145.
63. De RM, Zarrilli S, Di SA, et al. (2003) Hyperprolactinemia in men: Clinical and biochemical features and response to treatment. Endocrine 20: 75-82.
64. De Asis SJ, Helgeson L, Ostroff R, (2013) The use of propofol to prevent fetal deceleration during electroconvulsive therapy treatment. J ECT 29: e57-e58.
65. Debooy VD, Seshia MM, Tenenbein M, et al. (1993) Intravenous pentazocine and methylphenidate abuse during pregnancy: Maternal lifestyle and infant outcome. Am J Dis Child 147: 1062-1065.
66. DeVido J, Bogunovic O, Weiss RD, (2015) Alcohol use disorders in pregnancy. Harv Rev Psychiatry 23: 112-121.
67. Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Arnon J, et al. (2016) Methylphenidate in pregnancy: A multicenter, prospective, comparative, observational study. J Clin Psychiatry 77: 1176-1181.
68. Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Ornoy S, et al. (2005) Safety of haloperidol and penfluridol in pregnancy: A multicenter, prospective, controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 317-322.
69. Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Tahover E, et al. (2014) Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to lithium: A prospective, comparative, observational study. Am J Psychiatry 171: 785-794.
70. Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, et al. (2009) Prenatal depression restricts fetal growth. Early Hum Dev 85: 65-70.
71. Dolk H, Wang H, Loane M, et al. (2016) Lamotrigine use in pregnancy and risk of orofacial cleft and other congenital anomalies. Neurology 86: 1716-1725.
72. Dolovich LR, Addis A, Vaillancourt JM, et al.(1998) Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. Brit Med J 317: 839-843.
73. Drugs and Lactation Database (2016) LactMed. https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/lactmed.htm
74. Easter A, Bye A, Taborelli E, et al. (2013) Recognising the symptoms: How common are eating disorders in pregnancy? Eur Eat Disord Rev 21: 340-344.
75. Easter A, Solmi F, Bye A, et al. (2015) Antenatal and postnatal psychopathology among women with current and past eating disorders: Longitudinal patterns. Eur Eat Disord Rev 23: 19-27.
76. Easter A, Treasure J, Micali N, (2011) Fertility and prenatal attitudes towards pregnancy in women with eating disorders: Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. BJOG 118: 1491-1498.
77. El MH, White T, Verhulst FC, et al. (2014) Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23: 973-992.
78. Ennis ZN, Damkier P, (2015) Pregnancy exposure to olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole and risk of congenital malformations: A systematic review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 116: 315-320.
79. Eryilmaz G, Sayar GH, Ozten E, et al. (2015) Follow-up study of children whose mothers were treated with transcranial magnetic stimulation during pregnancy: Preliminary results. Neuromodulation 18: 255-260.
80. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, (2006) Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and newborn: A review. Infant Behav Dev 29: 445-455.
81. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, et al. (2008) Chronic prenatal depression and neonatal outcome. Int J Neurosci 118: 95-103.
82. Figueroa R, (2010) Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the offspring. J Dev Behav Pediatr 31: 641-648.
83. Fontein-Kuipers YJ, Nieuwenhuijze MJ, Ausems M, et al. (2014) Antenatal interventions to reduce maternal distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BJOG 121: 389-397.
84. Forray A, Foster D, (2015) Substance use in the perinatal period. Curr Psychiatry Rep 17: 91.
85. Fox CH, (1994) Cocaine use in pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Pract 7: 225-228.
86. Frank DA, Augustyn M, Knight WG, et al. (2001) Growth, development, and behavior in early childhood following prenatal cocaine exposure: A systematic review. JAMA 285: 1613-1625.
87. Franko DL, Blais MA, Becker AE, et al. (2001) Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1461-1466.
88. Freizinger M, Franko DL, Dacey M, et al. (2010) The prevalence of eating disorders in infertile women. Fertil Steril 93: 72-78.
89. Geddes JR, Gardiner A, Rendell J, et al. (2016) Comparative evaluation of quetiapine plus lamotrigine combination versus quetiapine monotherapy (and folic acid versus placebo) in bipolar depression (CEQUEL): A 2 × 2 factorial randomised trial. Lancet Psychiatry 3: 31-39.
90. Gentile S, (2008) Infant safety with antipsychotic therapy in breast-feeding: A systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 666-673.
91. Gentile S, (2010) Antipsychotic therapy during early and late pregnancy: A systematic review. Schizophr Bull 36: 518-544.
92. Glasheen C, Richardson GA, Fabio A, (2010) A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children. Arch Womens Ment Health 13: 61-74.
93. Glover V, (2014) Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 28: 25-35.
94. Goodman JH, (2009) Women's attitudes, preferences, and perceived barriers to treatment for perinatal depression. Birth 36: 60-69.
95. Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, et al. (2016) Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 30: 495-553.
96. Goodwin RD, Keyes K, Simuro N, (2007) Mental disorders and nicotine dependence among pregnant women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 109: 875-883.
97. Gray TR, Choo RE, Concheiro M, et al. (2010) Prenatal methadone exposure, meconium biomarker concentrations and neonatal abstinence syndrome. Addiction 105: 2151-2159.
98. Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, et al. (2013) The effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on neonatal adaptation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 74: e309-e320.
99. Grote NK, Bridge JA, Gavin AR, et al. (2010) A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67: 1012-1024.
100. Grzeskowiak LE, Morrison JL, Henriksen TB, et al. (2015) Prenatal antidepressant exposure and child behavioural outcomes at 7 years of age: A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG 123: 1919-1928.
101. GSK (2013) Paroxetine and pregnancy. Available at: http://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/resource-centre/paroxetine-information/paroxetine-and-pregnancy/.
102. Habermann F, Fritzsche J, Fuhlbruck F, et al. (2013) Atypical antipsychotic drugs and pregnancy outcome: A prospective, cohort study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 33: 453-462.
103. Haddad PM, Talbot PS, Anderson IM, et al. (2015) Managing inadequate antidepressant response in depressive illness. Br Med Bull 115: 183-201.
104. Haddad PM, Wieck A, (2004) Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: Mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs 64: 2291-2314.
105. Haervig KB, Mortensen LH, Hansen AV, et al. (2014) Use of ADHD medication during pregnancy from 1999 to 2010: A Danish register-based study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 23: 526-533.
106. Hamed SA, Moussa EM, Tohamy AM, et al. (2015) Seminal fluid analysis and testicular volume in adults with epilepsy receiving valproate. J Clin Neurosci 22: 508-512.
107. Hanley GE, Smolina K, Mintzes B, et al. (2016) Postpartum hemorrhage and use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 127: 553-561.
108. Hartz SC, Heinonen OP, Shapiro S, et al. (1975) Antenatal exposure to meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide in relation to malformations, mental development, and childhood mortality. N Engl J Med 292: 726-728.
109. Hay DF, Pawlby S, Waters CS, et al. (2008) Antepartum and postpartum exposure to maternal depression: Different effects on different adolescent outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49: 1079-1088.
110. Hizli SG, Ozten E, Tufan E, et al. (2014) Transcranial magnetic stimulation during pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health 17: 311-315.
111. Houser MV, Hennessy MD, Howard BC, (2010) Vagal nerve stimulator use during pregnancy for treatment of refractory seizure disorder. Obstet Gynecol 115: 417-419.
112. Howard LM, (2005) Fertility and pregnancy in women with psychotic disorders. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 119: 3-10.
113. Howard LM, Bekele D, Rowe M, et al. (2013) Smoking cessation in pregnant women with mental disorders: A cohort and nested qualitative study. BJOG 120: 362-370.
114. Howard LM, Goss C, Leese M, et al. (2003) Medical outcome of pregnancy in women with psychotic disorders and their infants in the first year after birth. Br J Psychiatry 182: 63-67.
115. Hu X, Wang J, Dong W, et al. (2011) A meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome in women taking valproate for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 97: 73-82.
116. Husain MM, Stegman D, Trevino K, (2005) Pregnancy and delivery while receiving vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of major depression: A case report. Ann Gen Psychiatry 4: 16.
117. Huybrechts KF, Bateman BT, Palmsten K, et al. (2015) Antidepressant use late in pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. JAMA 313: 2142-2151.
118. Huybrechts KF, Hernandez-Diaz S, Avorn J, (2014 a) Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med 371: 1168-1169.
119. Huybrechts KF, Hernandez-Diaz S, Avorn J, (2014 b) Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med 371: 1168-1169.
120. Huybrechts KF, Hernandez-Diaz S, Patorno E, et al. (2016) Antipsychotic use in pregnancy and the risk for congenital malformations. JAMA Psychiatry 73: 938-946.
121. Ito S, Blajchman A, Stephenson M, et al. (1993) Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 1393-1399.
122. Jablensky AV, Morgan V, Zubrick SR, et al. (2005) Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications in a population cohort of women with schizophrenia and major affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 162: 79-91.
123. Jentink J, Dolk H, Loane MA, et al. (2010 a) Intrauterine exposure to carbamazepine and specific congenital malformations: Systematic review and case-control study. Brit Med J 341: c6581.
124. Jentink J, Loane MA, Dolk H, et al. (2010 b) Valproic acid monotherapy in pregnancy and major congenital malformations. N Engl J Med 362: 2185-2193.
125. Johnson KC, LaPrairie JL, Brennan PA, et al. (2012) Prenatal antipsychotic exposure and neuromotor performance during infancy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69: 787-794.
126. Jones HE, Kaltenbach K, Heil SH, et al. (2010) Neonatal abstinence syndrome after methadone or buprenorphine exposure. N Engl J Med 363: 2320-2331.
127. Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, et al. (2014) Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period. Lancet 384: 1789-1799.
128. Juric S, Newport DJ, Ritchie JC, et al. (2009) Zolpidem (Ambien) in pregnancy: Placental passage and outcome. Arch Womens Ment Health 12: 441-446.
129. Kallen B, Borg N, Reis M, (2013) The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 6: 1221-1286.
130. Kallen BA, Otterblad OP, (2007) Maternal use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and infant congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 79: 301-308.
131. Kaplan YC, Keskin-Arslan E, Acar S, et al. (2016) Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 66: 31-43.
132. Kelly LE, Poon S, Madadi P, et al. (2012) Neonatal benzodiazepines exposure during breastfeeding. J Pediatr 161: 448-451.
133. Khoshnood B, Loane M, de WH, et al. (2015) Long term trends in prevalence of neural tube defects in Europe: population based study. Brit Med J 351: h5949.
134. Kim DR, Epperson N, Pare E, et al. (2011 a) An open label pilot study of transcranial magnetic stimulation for pregnant women with major depressive disorder. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 20: 255-261.
135. Kim DR, Snell JL, Ewing GC, et al. (2015) Neuromodulation and antenatal depression: A review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 11: 975-982.
136. Kim DR, Sockol L, Barber JP, et al. (2011 b) A survey of patient acceptability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during pregnancy. J Affect Disord 129: 385-390.
137. Kim HG, Mandell M, Crandall C, et al. (2006) Antenatal psychiatric illness and adequacy of prenatal care in an ethnically diverse inner-city obstetric population. Arch Womens Ment Health 9: 103-107.
138. Kim JJ, Silver RK, (2016) Perinatal suicide associated with depression diagnosis and absence of active treatment in 15-year UK national inquiry. Evid Based Ment Health 19: 122.
139. King-Hele S, Webb RT, Mortensen PB, et al. (2009) Risk of stillbirth and neonatal death linked with maternal mental illness: a national cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 94: F105-F110.
140. Kjaersgaard MI, Parner ET, Vestergaard M, et al. (2013) Prenatal antidepressant exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion-a population-based study. PLoS One 8: e72095.
141. Knapp WP, Soares BG, Farrel M, et al. (2007) Psychosocial interventions for cocaine and psychostimulant amphetamines related disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 7. Article No.: CD003023.
142. Knight M, Tuffnell D, Kenyon S, et al. (eds) on behalf of MBRRACE-UK (2015) Saving Lives, Improving Mothers' Care-Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2011-13 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009-13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford.
143. Kraljevic M, Warnock FF, (2013) Early educational and behavioral RCT interventions to reduce maternal symptoms of psychological trauma following preterm birth: A systematic review. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 27: 311-327.
144. Kuhn L, Kline J, Ng S, et al. (2000) Cocaine use during pregnancy and intrauterine growth retardation: New insights based on maternal hair tests. Am J Epidemiol 152: 112-119.
145. Laegreid L, Hagberg G, Lundberg A, (1992) Neurodevelopment in late infancy after prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines-a prospective study. Neuropediatrics 23: 60-67.
146. Lancaster CA, Gold KJ, Flynn HA, et al. (2010) Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202: 5-14.
147. Langley K, Heron J, Smith GD, et al. (2012) Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring: Testing for intrauterine effects. Am J Epidemiol 176: 261-268.
148. Larsen ER, Damkier P, Pedersen LH, et al. (2015) Use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 445: 1-28.
149. Laugesen K, Olsen MS, Telen Andersen AB, et al. (2013) In utero exposure to antidepressant drugs and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A nationwide Danish cohort study. BMJ Open 3: e003507.
150. Lawson A, Murphy KE, Sloan E, et al. (2015) The relationship between sleep and postpartum mental disorders: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 176: 65-77.
151. Leiknes KA, Cooke MJ, Jarosch-von SL, et al. (2015) Electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy: A systematic review of case studies. Arch Womens Ment Health 18: 1-39.
152. Li D, Liu L, Odouli R, (2009) Presence of depressive symptoms during early pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery: A prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 24: 146-153.
153. Lin HC, Chen IJ, Chen YH, et al. (2010) Maternal schizophrenia and pregnancy outcome: Does the use of antipsychotics make a difference? Schizophr Res 116: 55-60.
154. Lin S, Leonard D, Co MA, et al. (2015) Pre-eclampsia has an adverse impact on maternal and fetal health. Transl Res 165: 449-463.
155. Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, et al. (2012) BAP updated guidelines: Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: Recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol 26: 899-952.
156. Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, et al. (2014) Pregnancy, obstetric, and perinatal health outcomes in eating disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol 211: 392-398.
157. Louik C, Kerr S, Mitchell AA, (2014) First-trimester exposure to bupropion and risk of cardiac malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 23: 1066-1075.
158. Mactier H, Shipton D, Dryden C, et al. (2014) Reduced fetal growth in methadone-maintained pregnancies is not fully explained by smoking or socio-economic deprivation. Addiction 109: 482-488.
159. Magee LA, Duley L, (2003) Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 3. Article No.: CD002863.
160. Makarechian N, Agro K, Devlin J, et al. (1998) Association between moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and premature birth: A meta-analysis. Can J Clin Pharmacol 5: 169-176.
161. Malm H, Artama M, Gissler M, et al. (2011) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for major congenital anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 118: 111-120.
162. Man KK, Tong HH, Wong LY, et al. (2015) Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 49: 82-89.
163. McCorry D, Bromley R, (2015) Does in utero exposure of antiepileptic drugs lead to failure to reach full cognitive potential? Seizure 28: 51-56.
164. McGuinness M, Blissett J, Jones C, (2011) OCD in the perinatal period: is postpartum OCD (ppOCD) a distinct subtype? A review of the literature. Behav Cogn Psychother 39: 285-310.
165. McKenna K, Koren G, Tetelbaum M, et al. (2005) Pregnancy outcome of women using atypical antipsychotic drugs: A prospective comparative study. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 444-449.
166. McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, et al. (2012) Lithium toxicity profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 379: 721-728
167. Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S, et al. (2008) Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res 81: 1-13.
168. Meidahl PK, Jimenez-Solem E, Andersen JT, et al. (2012) β-Blocker treatment during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2: pii: e001185.
169. Metz TD, Stickrath EH, (2015) Marijuana use in pregnancy and lactation: A review of the evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 213: 761-778.
170. Micali N, dos-Santos-Silva I, De SB, et al. (2014) Fertility treatment, twin births, and unplanned pregnancies in women with eating disorders: Findings from a population-based birth cohort. BJOG 121: 408-416.
171. Micali N, Hagberg KW, Petersen I, et al. (2013) The incidence of eating disorders in the UK in 2000-2009: Findings from the General Practice Research Database. BMJ Open 3: pii: e002646.
172. Micali N, Simonoff E, Stahl D, et al. (2011 a) Maternal eating disorders and infant feeding difficulties: Maternal and child mediators in a longitudinal general population study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52: 800-807.
173. Micali N, Simonoff E, Treasure J, (2011 b) Pregnancy and post-partum depression and anxiety in a longitudinal general population cohort: The effect of eating disorders and past depression. J Affect Disord 131: 150-157.
174. Micali N, Stemann LP, Strandberg-Larsen K, et al. (2016 a) Size at birth and preterm birth in women with lifetime eating disorders: A prospective population-based study. BJOG 123: 1301-1310.
175. Micali N, Stemann LP, Strandberg-Larsen K, et al. (2016 b) Size at birth and preterm birth in women with lifetime eating disorders: A prospective population-based study. BJOG 123: 1301-1310.
176. Miller LJ, (1994) Use of electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. Hosp Community Psychiatry 45: 444-450.
177. Minozzi S, Amato L, Bellisario C, et al. (2013) Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate-dependent pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 12. Article No.: CD006318.
178. Moretti ME, (2009) Psychotropic drugs in lactation-Motherisk Update 2008. Can J Clin Pharmacol 16: e49-e57.
179. Morgan JF, Lacey JH, Chung E, (2006) Risk of postnatal depression, miscarriage, and preterm birth in bulimia nervosa: Retrospective controlled study. Psychosom Med 68: 487-492.
180. Mortensen JT, Olsen J, Larsen H, et al. (2003) Psychomotor development in children exposed in utero to benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics, and anti-epileptics. Eur J Epidemiol 18: 769-771.
181. Moses-Kolko EL, Bogen D, Perel J, et al. (2005) Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Literature review and implications for clinical applications. JAMA 293: 2372-2383.
182. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Mendelson T, et al. (2009) Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder during the postpartum period. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 189-195.
183. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, et al. (2006) New parents and mental disorders: A population-based register study. JAMA 296: 2582-2589.
184. Murray L, Arteche A, Fearon P, et al. (2010) The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: A developmental approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51: 1150-1159.
185. Nanovskaya TN, Oncken C, Fokina VM, et al. (2016) Bupropion sustained release for pregnant smokers: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol pii: S0002-9378(16)32062-2.
186. Nast I, Bolten M, Meinlschmidt G, et al. (2013) How to measure prenatal stress? A systematic review of psychometric instruments to assess psychosocial stress during pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 27: 313-322.
187. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2004) Eating disorders in over 8s: Management. NICE Guidelines CG9. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg9
188. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2007) Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance TA114. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA114
189. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2008) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis and management. NICE Guidelines CG72. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg72.
190. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2009) Depression: The treatment and management of depression in adults (update). NICE Clinical Guideline 91. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg91
191. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2010 a) Pregnancy and complex social factors: A model for service provision for pregnant women with complex social factors. NICE Guidelines CG110. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg110
192. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2010 b) Smoking: Stopping in pregnancy and after childbirth. NICE Guidelines PH26. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/PH26
193. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2010 c) Weight management before, during and after pregnancy. NICE Guidelines PH27. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/PH27
194. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011) Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. NICE Guidelines CG115.
195. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012) Epilepsies: Diagnosis and management. NICE Guidelines CG137. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG137
196. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2013) Fertility problems: Assessment and treatment. NICE Guidelines CG156. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG156
197. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2014) Bipolar disorder: Assessment and management. NICE Guidelines CG185. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG185
198. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2015 a) Antenatal and postnatal mental health: Clinical management and service guidance. NICE Guidelines CG192. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG192
199. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2015 b) Diabetes in pregnancy: Management from preconception to the postnatal period. NICE Guidelines NG3. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG3
200. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2015 c) Violence and aggression: Short-term management in mental health, health and community settings. NICE Guidelines NG10. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG10
201. Newham JJ, Thomas SH, MacRitchie K, et al. (2008) Birth weight of infants after maternal exposure to typical and atypical antipsychotics: Prospective comparison study. Br J Psychiatry 192: 333-337.
202. Newport DJ, Calamaras MR, DeVane CL, et al. (2007 a) Atypical antipsychotic administration during late pregnancy: Placental passage and obstetrical outcomes. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1214-1220.
203. Newport DJ, Calamaras MR, DeVane CL, et al. (2007 b) Atypical antipsychotic administration during late pregnancy: Placental passage and obstetrical outcomes. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1214-1220.
204. Newport DJ, Pennell PB, Calamaras MR, et al. (2008) Lamotrigine in breast milk and nursing infants: Determination of exposure. Pediatrics 122: e223-e231.
205. Newport DJ, Viguera AC, Beach AJ, et al. (2005) Lithium placental passage and obstetrical outcome: Implications for clinical management during late pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 162: 2162-2170.
206. Oberlander TF, Warburton W, Misri S, et al. (2006) Neonatal outcomes after prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and maternal depression using population-based linked health data. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 898-906.
207. O'Connor TG, Heron J, Golding J, et al. (2003) Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: A test of a programming hypothesis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44: 1025-1036.
208. O'Donnell KJ, Glover V, Barker ED, et al. (2014) The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 26: 393-403.
209. Olde E, van der Hart O, Kleber R, et al. (2006) Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: A review. Clin Psychol Rev 26: 1-16.
210. O'Leary CM, Nassar N, Kurinczuk JJ, et al. (2009) The effect of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal growth and preterm birth. BJOG 116: 390-400.
211. O'Reardon JP, Cristancho MA, von Andreae CV, et al. (2011) Acute and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of severe major depression during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy with infant follow-up to 18 months: Case report and review of the literature. J ECT 27: e23-e26.
212. Orsolini L, Bellantuono C, (2015) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: A systematic review. Hum Psychopharmacol 30: 4-20.
213. Paluzzi A, Bain PG, Liu X, et al. (2006) Pregnancy in dystonic women with in situ deep brain stimulators. Mov Disord 21: 695-698.
214. Parikh T, Goyal D, Scarff JR, et al. (2014) Antipsychotic drugs and safety concerns for breast-feeding infants. South Med J 107: 686-688.
215. Pawlby S, Hay D, Sharp D, et al. (2011) Antenatal depression and offspring psychopathology: The influence of childhood maltreatment. Br J Psychiatry 199: 106-112.
216. Pawlby S, Hay DF, Sharp D, et al. (2009) Antenatal depression predicts depression in adolescent offspring: Prospective longitudinal community-based study. J Affect Disord 113: 236-243.
217. Pedersen LH, Henriksen TB, Olsen J, (2010) Fetal exposure to antidepressants and normal milestone development at 6 and 19 months of age. Pediatrics 125: e600-e608
218. Peng M, Gao K, Ding Y, et al. (2013) Effects of prenatal exposure to atypical antipsychotics on postnatal development and growth of infants: A case-controlled, prospective study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 228: 577-584.
219. Pennell PB, Klein AM, Browning N, et al. (2012) Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on neonatal outcomes. Epilepsy Behav 24: 449-456.
220. Petersen I, McCrea RL, Sammon CJ, et al. (2016) Risks and benefits of psychotropic medication in pregnancy: Cohort studies based on UK electronic primary care health records. Health Technol Assess 20: 1-176.
221. Plant DT, Barker ED, Waters CS, et al. (2013) Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and psychopathology: The role of antenatal depression. Psychol Med 43: 519-528.
222. Plant DT, Pariante CM, Sharp D, et al. (2015 a) Maternal depression during pregnancy and offspring depression in adulthood: Role of child maltreatment. Br J Psychiatry 207: 213-220
223. Plant DT, Pariante CM, Sharp D, et al. (2015 b) Maternal depression during pregnancy and offspring depression in adulthood: Role of child maltreatment. Br J Psychiatry 207: 213-220.
224. Pottegard A, Hallas J, Andersen JT, et al. (2014) First-trimester exposure to methylphenidate: A population-based cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry 75: e88-e93
225. Ramakrishnan A, Lee LJ, Mitchell LE, et al. (2015) Maternal hypertension during pregnancy and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Cardiol 36: 1442-1451.
226. Raoof NT, Pearson RM, Turner P, (1989) Lithium inhibits human sperm motility in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol 28: 715-717.
227. Rasmussen KM, Catalano PM, Yaktine AL, (2009) New guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy: What obstetrician/gynecologists should know. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 21: 521-526.
228. Reed P, Sermin N, Appleby L, et al. (1999) A comparison of clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy in puerperal and non-puerperal psychoses. J Affect Disord 54: 255-260.
229. Reimers A, (2014) New antiepileptic drugs and women. Seizure 23: 585-591.
230. Reis M, Kallen B, (2008) Maternal use of antipsychotics in early pregnancy and delivery outcome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28: 279-288.
231. Reis M, Kallen B, (2010) Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: An update using Swedish data. Psychol Med 40: 1723-1733
232. Reynolds-May MF, Kenna HA, Marsh W, et al. (2014) Evaluation of reproductive function in women treated for bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. Bipolar Disord 16: 37-47.
233. Richardson JL, Stephens S, Yates LM, et al. (2016) Pregnancy outcomes after maternal varenicline use; analysis of surveillance data collected by the European Network of Teratology Information Services. Reprod Toxicol 67: 26-34.
234. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, et al. (2004) Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 26: 289-295.
235. Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, et al. (2013) Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 70: 436-443.
236. Royal College of Physicians (2010) Passive smoking and children. A report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. London: Royal College of Physicians.
237. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2012) The ECT Handbook. 3rd edition. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
238. Ryan L, Ehrlich S, Finnegan L, (1987) Cocaine abuse in pregnancy: Effects on the fetus and newborn. Neurotoxicol Teratol 9: 295-299.
239. Sadowski A, Todorow M, Yazdani BP, et al. (2013) Pregnancy outcomes following maternal exposure to second-generation antipsychotics given with other psychotropic drugs: A cohort study. BMJ Open 3: pii: e003062.
240. Salisbury AL, O'Grady KE, Battle CL, et al. (2016) The roles of maternal depression, serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, and concomitant benzodiazepine use on infant neurobehavioral functioning over the first postnatal month. Am J Psychiatry 173: 147-157.
241. Sandman CA, Davis EP, Buss C, et al. (2011) Prenatal programming of human neurological function. Int J Pept 2011: 837596.
242. Schou M, (1976) What happened later to the lithium babies? A follow-up study of children born without malformations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 54: 193-197.
243. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2012) Management of perinatal mood disorders. SIGN National Clinical Guidelines 127. Available at: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/127/
244. Shah N, Howard L, (2006) Screening for smoking and substance misuse in pregnant women with mental illness. Psychiat Bull 30: 294-297.
245. Shen ZQ, Gao SY, Li SX, et al. (2016) Sertraline use in the first trimester and risk of congenital anomalies: A systemic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13161.
246. Skagerstrom J, Chang G, Nilsen P, (2011) Predictors of drinking during pregnancy: A systematic review. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 20: 901-913.
247. Slone D, Siskind V, Heinonen OP, et al. (1977) Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128: 486-488.
248. Smink FR, van HD, Hoek HW, (2012) Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep 14: 406-414.
249. Smith L, Yonekura ML, Wallace T, et al. (2003) Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on fetal growth and drug withdrawal symptoms in infants born at term. J Dev Behav Pediatr 24: 17-23.
250. Solmi F, Sallis H, Stahl D, et al. (2014) Low birth weight in the offspring of women with anorexia nervosa. Epidemiol Rev 36: 49-56
251. Soussan C, Gouraud A, Portolan G, et al. (2014) Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: A descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 70: 1361-1366.
252. Speisman BB, Storch EA, Abramowitz JS, (2011) Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 40: 680-690.
253. Stade BC, Bailey C, Dzendoletas D, et al. (2009) Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 2. Article No.: CD004228.
254. Steer RA, Scholl TO, Hediger ML, et al. (1992) Self-reported depression and negative pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol 45: 1093-1099.
255. Suri R, Altshuler L, Hendrick V, et al. (2004) The impact of depression and fluoxetine treatment on obstetrical outcome. Arch Womens Ment Health 7: 193-200.
256. Sutton C, Murray L, Glover V, (2012) Support from the start: Effective programmes from birth to two years. Journal of Children's Services 7: 18-29.
257. Svalheim S, Sveberg L, Mochol M, et al. (2015) Interactions between antiepileptic drugs and hormones. Seizure 28: 12-17.
258. Taborelli E, Easter A, Keefe R, et al. (2015) Transition to motherhood in women with eating disorders: A qualitative study. Psychol Psychother 89: 308-323.
259. Talge NM, Neal C, Glover V, (2007) Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48: 245-261.
260. Terplan M, Ramanadhan S, Locke A, et al. (2015) Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 4. Article No.: CD006037.
261. Terrana N, Koren G, Pivovarov J, et al. (2015) Pregnancy outcomes following in utero exposure to second-generation antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 35: 559-565.
262. Thyagarajan V, Robin CC, Wurst KE, et al. (2012) Bupropion therapy in pregnancy and the occurrence of cardiovascular malformations in infants. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 21: 1240-1242.
263. Tierney S, Fox JR, Butterfield C, et al. (2011) Treading the tightrope between motherhood and an eating disorder: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 48: 1223-1233.
264. Toh S, Li Q, Cheetham TC, et al. (2013) Prevalence and trends in the use of antipsychotic medications during pregnancy in the U.S., 2001-2007: A population-based study of 585,615 deliveries. Arch Womens Ment Health 16: 149-157.
265. Tomson T, Battino D, (2012) Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol 11: 803-813.
266. Tomson T, Landmark CJ, Battino D, (2013) Antiepileptic drug treatment in pregnancy: Changes in drug disposition and their clinical implications. Epilepsia 54: 405-414.
267. Uguz F, (2016) Second-generation antipsychotics during the lactation period: A comparative systematic review on infant safety. J Clin Psychopharmacol 36: 244-252.
268. UK Chief Medical Officer (2016) Alcohol Guidelines Review: Report from the Guidelines Development Group to the UK Chief Medical Officers. London: Department of Health. Availae at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment-data/file/545739/GDG-report-Jan2016.pdf
269. Vajda FJ, O'Brien TJ, Graham J, et al. (2016) Is carbamazepine a human teratogen? J Clin Neurosci 23: 34-37.
270. Veiby G, Daltveit AK, Engelsen BA, et al. (2014) Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol 261: 579-588.
271. Viale L, Allotey J, Cheong-See F, et al. (2015) Epilepsy in pregnancy and reproductive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 386: 1845-1852.
272. Viggedal G, Hagberg BS, Laegreid L, et al. (1993) Mental development in late infancy after prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines-a prospective study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 34: 295-305.
273. Vigod SN, Gomes T, Wilton AS, et al. (2015) Antipsychotic drug use in pregnancy: High dimensional, propensity matched, population based cohort study. Brit Med J 350: h2298.
274. Vigod SN, Kurdyak PA, Dennis CL, et al. (2014) Maternal and newborn outcomes among women with schizophrenia: A retrospective population-based cohort study. BJOG 121: 566-574.
275. Viguera AC, Newport DJ, Ritchie J, et al. (2007 a) Lithium in breast milk and nursing infants: Clinical implications. Am J Psychiatry 164: 342-345.
276. Viguera AC, Whitfield T, Baldessarini RJ, et al. (2007 b) Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: Prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1817-1824.
277. Wang LH, Lin HC, Lin CC, et al. (2010) Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women receiving zolpidem during pregnancy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 88: 369-374.
278. Warburton W, Hertzman C, Oberlander TF, (2010) A register study of the impact of stopping third trimester selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure on neonatal health. Acta Psychiatr Scand 121: 471-479.
279. Webb RT, Wicks S, Dalman C, et al. (2010) Influence of environmental factors in higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome linked with parental mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67: 69-77.
280. Weinstein MR, (1980) Lithium treatment of women during pregnancy and the post-delivery period. In: Johnson FN, (ed) Handbook of Lithium Therapy. Lancaster: MTP Press, pp. 421-429.
281. Wesseloo R, Kamperman AM, Munk-Olsen T, et al. (2016) Risk of postpartum relapse in bipolar disorder and postpartum psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 173: 117-127.
282. Whitworth M, Dowswell T, (2009) Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 10. Article No.: CD007536.
283. Wikner BN, Kallen B, (2011) Are hypnotic benzodiazepine receptor agonists teratogenic in humans? J Clin Psychopharmacol 31: 356-359.
284. Wikner BN, Stiller CO, Bergman U, et al. (2007) Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: Neonatal outcome and congenital malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 16: 1203-1210.
285. Wilens TE, (2003) Does the medicating ADHD increase or decrease the risk for later substance abuse? Rev Bras Psiquiatr 25: 127-128.
286. Winterfeld U, Merlob P, Baud D, et al. (2016) Pregnancy outcome following maternal exposure to pregabalin. call for concern. Neurology 86: 2251-2257.
287. Wisner KL, Sit DK, Hanusa BH, et al. (2009) Major depression and antidepressant treatment: Impact on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Am J Psychiatry 166: 557-566.
288. Wlodarczyk BJ, Palacios AM, George TM, et al. (2012) Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Med Genet A 158A: 2071-2090.
289. World Health Organisation, UNICEF (2003) Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
290. World Health Organisation (2014) Guidelines for the identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy. Geneva: World Health Organization.
291. Wurst KE, Zedler BK, Joyce AR, et al. (2016) A Swedish population-based study of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women treated with buprenorphine or methadone: Preliminary findings. Subst Abuse 10: 89-97.
292. Yakoob MY, Bateman BT, Ho E, et al. (2013) The risk of congenital malformations associated with exposure to beta-blockers early in pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Hypertension 62: 375-381.
293. Yonkers KA, Gotman N, Smith MV, et al. (2011) Does antidepressant use attenuate the risk of a major depressive episode in pregnancy? Epidemiology 22: 848-854.
294. Zedler BK, Mann AL, Kim MM, et al. (2016) Buprenorphine compared with methadone to treat pregnant women with opioid use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of safety in the mother, fetus and child. Addiction 111: 2115-2128.
295. Zhu SH, Valbo A, (2002) Depression and smoking during pregnancy. Addict Behav 27: 649-658.
296. Zuckerman B, Amaro H, Bauchner H, et al. (1989) Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: Relationship to poor health behaviors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160: 1107-1111.