Electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy: a systematic review of case studies

Archives of Women's Mental Health

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Leiknes, Kari Ann ^a   Cooke, Mary Jennifer ^b   Jarosch von Schweder, Lindy ^c   Harboe, Ingrid ^a   Høie, Bjørg ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN KNOWLEDGE CENTRE FOR THE HEALTH SERVICES   (Norway)

^b HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

Author keywords

Electroconvulsive therapy; Mental disorders; Pregnancy; Review; Systematic

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT;

ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS; ADULT; ADVERSE EFFECTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COMPLICATION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMAN; OBSTETRIC LABOR, PREMATURE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANT WOMAN; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY;

ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS; ADULT; ANESTHETICS, GENERAL; BIPOLAR DISORDER; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; OBSTETRIC LABOR, PREMATURE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANT WOMEN;

EID: 84937988572     PISSN: 14341816     EISSN: 14351102     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00737-013-0389-0     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. American Psychiatric Association (2001). Weiner RD (ed). The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging: a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
2. Anderson AJ (1968) The effects of electroconvulsive seizures during pregnancy on behavioral development of the offspring. DAI 29(6-B):2189
3. Anderson EL, Reti IM (2009) ECT in pregnancy: a review of the literature from 1941 to 2007. Psychosom Med 71(2):235–242
4. Anonymous (1997) Consult stat. Mom’s electric shock doesn’t affect the fetus. RN 60(10):79–80
5. Artama M, Ritvanen A, Gissler M, Isojarvi J, Auvinen A (2006) Congenital structural anomalies in offspring of women with epilepsy: a population-based cohort study in Finland. Int J Epidemiol 35(2):280–287
6. Bader A, Frisch U, Wirz-Justice A, Riecher-Rossler A (2010) Depression during pregnancy and its treatment. Nervenarzt 81(3):267–276
7. Balki M, Castro C, Ananthanarayan C (2006) Status epilepticus after electroconvulsive therapy in a pregnant patient. Int J Obstet Anesth J.(4):325–328
8. Barten JJ (1961) Shock therapy during pregnancy. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 105:1142–1146
9. Berle JØ (1999) Severe postpartum depression and psychosis - when is electroconvulsive therapy the treatment of choice? Tidsskrift for den Norske LaegeforeningJF - Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening 119(20):3000–3003
10. Berle JO, Spigset O (2003) Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and lactation. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 123(15):2037–2040
11. Berle JO, Solberg DK, Spigset O (2011) Treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 131(2):126–129
12. Bernardo M, Pintor L, Arrufat F, Salva J, Buisan E (1996) Delusion of pregnancy in psychotic depression and ECT response. Convuls Ther 12(1):39–40
13. Bertolin-Guillen JM, Peiro-Moreno S, Hernandez-de-Pablo ME (2006) Patterns of electroconvulsive therapy use in Spain. Eur Psychiatr 21(7):463–470
14. Bhatia SC, Baldwin SA, Bhatia SK (1999) Electroconvulsive therapy during the third trimester of pregnancy. J ECT 15(4):270–274
15. Block S (1948) Electric convulsive therapy during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 104(8):579
16. Boyd DA, Brown DW (1948) Electric convulsive therapy in mental disorders associated with childbearing. Mo Med 45:573–579
17. Bozkurt A, Karlidere T, Isintas M, Ozmenler NK, Ozsahin A, Yanarates O (2007) Acute and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of psychotic depression in a pregnant patient. J ECT 23(3):185–187
18. Brown NI, Mack PF, Mitera DM, Dhar P (2003) Use of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in a pregnant patient with a difficult airway during electroconvulsive therapy. Br J Anaesth 91(5):752–754
19. Bruggeman R, de Waart MJ (1994) Successful electroconvulsive therapy in a pregnant woman with malignant neuroleptic syndrome. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 138(19):977
20. Ceccaldi P-F, Dubertret C, Keita H, Mandelbrot L (2008) Use of sismotherapy during pregnancy for severe depression. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 36(7–8):773–775
21. Charatan FB, Oldham AJ (1954) Electroconvulsive treatment in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 61(5):665–667
22. Cohn CK, Rosenblatt S, Faillace LA (1977) Capgras’ syndrome presenting as postpartum psychosis. South Med J 70(8):942
23. Cooper HH (1952) Electroshock treatment of mental illness during pregnancy. S Afr Med J Afr (17):366–368
24. Cutajar P, Wilson D, Mukherjee T (1998) ECT used in depression following childbirth, in a woman with learning disabilities. Br J Learn Disabil 26(3):7
25. De Asis SJ, Helgeson L, Ostroff R (2013) The use of Propofol to prevent fetal deceleration during electroconvulsive therapy treatment. J ECT (in press)
26. DeBattista C, Cochran M, Barry JJ, Brock-Utne JG (2003) Fetal heart rate decelerations during ECT-induced seizures: is it important? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47(1):101–103
27. Doan DI, Huston PE (1948) Electric shock during pregnancy; a report of seven cases. Psychiatr Q 22(3):413–417
28. Dolk H, Loane M, Garne E (2010) The prevalence of congenital anomalies in Europe. Adv Exp Med Biol 686:349–364
29. Dorn JB (1985) Case report: electroconvulsive therapy with fetal monitoring in a bipolar pregnant patient. Convuls Ther 1(3):217–221
30. Echevarria MM, Martin MJ, Sanchez VJ, Vazquez GT (1998) Electroconvulsive therapy in the first trimester of pregnancy. J ECT 14(4):251–254
31. Enns MW, Reiss JP, Chan P (2010) Electroconvulsive therapy. [Position Paper 1992-27-R1]. Can J Psychiatry 55(6):Insert, 1–12
32. Ermis PR, Morales DL (2011) The adult Fontan patient: update for 2011. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 7(2):3–8
33. Eskes TK, Nijhuis JG (1994) Successful electroconvulsive therapy in a pregnant woman with malignant neuroleptic syndrome. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 138(19):976–977
34. Espínola-Nadurille M, Ramírez-Bermúdez J, Fricchione GL (2007) Pregnancy and malignant catatonia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 29(1):69–71
35. Evrard A (1961) Electroshock in pregnancy. Belg Tijdschr Geneesk 17:1136–1137
36. Ferrari B (1960) Electroshock in treatment of some psychoses of the pregnancy. Ann Ostet Ginecol 82:43–52
37. Finnerty M, Levin Z, Miller LJ (1996) Acute manic episodes in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 153(2):261–263
38. Forman GW, Kearby HD, Grimes ME (1952) Electroshock therapy during pregnancy. Mo Med 49(9):773–775
39. Forssman H (1954) 16 Normally developed children whose mothers were treated with electroshock in pregnancy. Nord Med 52(44):1515
40. Forssman H (1955) Follow-up study of sixteen children whose mothers were given electric convulsive therapy during gestation. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 30(3):437–441
41. Fried S, Kozer E, Nulman I, Einarson TR, Koren G (2004) Malformation rates in children of women with untreated epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf 27(3):197–202
42. Fukuchi T, Okada Y, Katayama H, Nishijima K, Kato S, Netsu S, Fukuda H (2003) A case of pregnant woman with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder successfully treated by modified-electroconvulsive therapy. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zassh 105(7):927–932
43. Gahr M, Blacha C, Connemann BJ, Freudenmann RW, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C (2012) Successful treatment of major depression with electroconvulsive therapy in a pregnant patient with previous non-response to prefrontal rTMS. Pharmacopsychiatry 45(2):79–80
44. Gazdag G, Palinska D, Kloszewska I, Sobow T (2009) Electroconvulsive therapy practice in Poland. J ECT 25(1):34–38
45. Gentile S (2010) Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal exposure to psychotropic medications. Depress Anxiety 27(7):675–686
46. Ghanizadeh A, Ghanizadeh MJ, Moini R, Ekramzadeh S (2009) Association of vaginal bleeding and electroconvulsive therapy use in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 35(3):569–571
47. Gilot B, Gonzalez D, Bournazeau JA, Barriere A, Van Lieferinghen P (1999) Case report: electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. Encéphale 25(6):590–594
48. Ginsberg DL (2007) Neonatal brain infarcts possibly due to electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy [Psychopharmacology reviews: October 2007]. Prim Psychiatry 14(10):20–21
49. Gralnick A (1946) Shock therapy in psychoses complicated by pregnancy; report of two cases. Am J Psychiatry 102:780–782
50. Griffiths EJ, Lorenz RP, Baxter S, Talon NS (1989) Acute neurohumoral response to electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 34(11):907–911
51. Howe GB, Srinivasan M (1999) A case study on the successful management of Cotard’s syndrome in pregnancy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 3(4):293–295
52. Impastato DJ, Gabriel AR (1957) Electroshock therapy during the puerperium. J Am Med Assoc 163(12):1017–1022
53. Impastato DJ, Gabriel AR, Lardaro HH (1964) Electric and insulin shock therapy during pregnancy. Dis Nerv Syst 25:542–546
54. Ishikawa T, Kawahara S, Saito T, Otsuka H, Kemmotsu O, Hirayama E, Ebina Y et al (2001) Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy - a case report. Masui 50(9):991–997
55. Iwasaki K, Sakamoto A, Hoshino T, Ogawa R (2002) Electroconvulsive therapy with thiamylal or propofol during pregnancy. Can J Anaesth 49(3):324–325
56. Jimenez-Solem E, Andersen JT, Petersen M, Broedbaek K, Lander AR, Afzal S, Torp-Pedersen C et al (2013) SSRI Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Stillbirth and Neonatal Mortality. Am J Psychiatry 170(3):299–304
57. Johnson I (1996) Steroid-induced prepartum psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 169(4):522
58. Kasar M, Saatcioglu O, Kutlar T (2007) Electroconvulsive therapy use in pregnancy. J ECT 23(3):183–184
59. Kent EM (1947) Shock therapy during pregnancy. Psychiatr Q 21(1):102–106
60. Kramer BA (1990) Electroconvulsive therapy use during pregnancy. West J Med 152(1):77
61. Kucukgoncu S, Bestepe E, Calikusu C, Takmaz O, Tunc S, Erkoc S (2009) Clozapine and ECT treatment for pregnant woman with schizophrenia: A case report. Klin Psikofarmakol B 19(SUPPL. 1):S173-S175
62. LaGrone D (1990) ECT in secondary mania, pregnancy, and sickle cell anemia. Convuls Ther 6(2):176–180
63. Laird DM (1955) Convulsive therapy in psychoses accompanying pregnancy. N Engl J Med 252(22):934–936
64. Le SY, Dubertret C, Le FB (2011) Prevalence and correlates of major depressive episode in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. J Affect Disord 135(1–3):128–138
65. Leiknes KA, Jarosh-von SL, Hoie B (2012) Contemporary use and practice of electroconvulsive therapy worldwide. Brain Behav 2(3):283–344
66. Levine R, Frost EA (1975) Arterial blood-gas analyses during electroconvulsive therapy in a parturient. Anesth Analg 54(2):203–205
67. Livingston JC, Johnstone WM Jr, Hadi HA (1994) Electroconvulsive therapy in a twin pregnancy: a case report. Am J Perinatol 11(2):116–118
68. Loke KH, Salleh R (1983) Electroconvulsive therapy for the acutely psychotic pregnant patient: a review of 3 cases. Med J Malays 38(2):131–133
69. Lovas A, Almos PZ, Peto Z, Must A, Horvath S (2011) Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy in Early Pregnancy. J ECT 27(4):328–330
70. Maletzky BM (2004) The first-line use of electroconvulsive therapy in major affective disorders. J ECT 20(2):112–117
71. Malhotra N, Vani, Malhotra P, Bhardwaj R (2008) Modified electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 24(3):351–352
72. Marcelino Da Silva L, Alexandre H (1950) Electroconvulsive therapy and pregnancy. J Bras Psiquiatr 1(7):91–96
73. McCauley-Elsom K, Gurvich C, Elsom SJ, Kulkarni J (2010) Antipsychotics in pregnancy. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 17(2):97–104
74. Miller LJ (1994) Use of electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. Hosp Community Psychiatry 45(5):444–450
75. Molina M, Vega O, Valero J, Rubio J, Povo A, Diago V, Perales A (2010) Electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med(var.pagings):539
76. Monod H (1955) Electric shock and pregnancy. Bull Fed Soc Gynecol Obstet Lang Fr 7(3):287–292
77. Mynors-Wallis LM (1989) Caution about sorcery. Br J Psychiatry 155:570, Oct
78. Nielsen RE, Stage KB, Christensen PM, Mortensen S, Andersen LL, Damkier P (2007) Medical treatment of depression during pregnancy and breastfeeding [Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger 169(16):1442–1444
79. Olafsson E, Hallgrimsson JT, Hauser WA, Ludvigsson P, Gudmundsson G (1998) Pregnancies of women with epilepsy: a population-based study in Iceland. Epilepsia 39(8):887–892
80. O’Reardon JP, Cristancho MA, Von Andreae CV, Cristancho P, Weiss D (2011) Acute and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of severe major depression during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy with infant follow-up to 18 months: case report and review of the literature. J ECT 27(1):e23–e26
81. Passov V (2010) Use of electro convulsive therapy for treatment resistant major depressive disorder in pregnant patients: case series [18th European Congress of Psychiatry]. Eur Psychiatry 25(Supp.1):1407
82. Pesiridou A, Baquero G, Cristancho P, Wakil L, Altinay M, Kim D, O’Reardon JP (2010) A case of delayed onset of threatened premature labor in association with electroconvulsive therapy in the third trimester of pregnancy. J ECT 26(3):228–230
83. Pinette MG, Wax JR (2010) The management of depression during pregnancy: a report from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 115(1):188–189
84. Pinette MG, Santarpio C, Wax JR, Blackstone J (2007) Electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 110(2 II):465–466
85. Plenter AM (1948) Electroshock therapy in pregnancy [Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 92(15):1079–1082
86. Polatin P and Hoch P (1945) Electroshock therapy in pregnant mental patients. N Y State J Med:1562–1563.
87. Polster DS, Wisner KL (1999) ECT-induced premature labor: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 60(1):53–54
88. Porot M (1949) Psychiatric shock treatments and pregnancy [French]. Presse Med 57(76):1118–1120
89. Prieto Martin RM, Palomero Rodriguez MA, de Miguel FP, Yusta MG, Alonso BB, Muriel VC (2006) Electroconvulsive therapy in the third trimester of pregnancy: a case report [Spanish]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 53(10):653–656
90. Protheroe C (1969) Puerperal psychoses: a long term study: 1927–1961. Br J Psychiatry 115(518):9–30
91. Ratan DA, Friedman T (1997) Capgras syndrome in postpartum depression. Ir J Psychol Med 14(3):117–118
92. Raty-Vohsen D (1982) Postpartum psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Belg 82(6):596–616
93. Remick RA, Maurice WL (1978) ECT in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 135(6):761–762
94. Repke JT, Berger NG (1984) Electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 63(3:Suppl):39S–41S
95. Reyes CB, Pena CH, Prieto MB, Llovera NF (2011) A systematic review of the use of ECT in pregnant women. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 26:e36–e37
96. Richards DS (2007) Is electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy safe? Obstet Gynecol 110(2 II):451–452
97. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2005) The ECT handbook: the third report of the Royal College of Psychiatrist’s Special Committee on ECT. Royal College of Psychiatrists, London
98. Russell RJ, Page LGM (1955) E.C.T in pregnancy. BMJ 1:1157
99. Saatcioglu O, Tomruk NB (2011) The use of electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy: a review. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 48(1):6–11
100. Salzbrenner S, Breeden A, Jarvis S, Rodriguez W (2011) A 48-year-old woman primigravid via in vitro fertilization with severe bipolar depression and preeclampsia treated successfully with electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 27(1):e1–e3
101. Schachter M (1960) Electric shock therapy during pregnancy and embryopathy. Electro-traumatic or viral embryopathy? Apropos of a clinical observation. Acta Paedopsychiatr 27:289–292
102. Serim B, Ulas H, Ozerdem A, Alkin T (2010) Electroconvulsive therapy in an adolescent pregnant patient. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34(3):546–547
103. Sherer DM, D’Amico ML, Warshal DP, Stern RA, Grunert HF, Abramowicz JS (1991) Recurrent mild abruptio placentae occurring immediately after repeated electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165(3):652–653
104. Simon JL (1948) Electric shock treatment in advanced pregnancy. J Nerv Ment Dis 107(6):579
105. Smith S (1956) The use of electroplexy (E.C.T.) in psychiatric syndromes complicating pregnancy. J Ment Sci 102(429):796–800
106. Sneddon J and Kerry RJ (1984) Puerperal psychosis: A suggested treatment model. American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 4(4), Fal 1984, pp 30-34(4):Fal-34
107. Sobel DE (1960) Fetal damage due to ECT, insulin coma, chlorpromazine, or reserpine. AMA Arch Gen Psychiatr 2:606–611
108. Stewart DE and Erlick Robinson G (2001) Psychotropic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy and lactation (pp.67-93). In: Stotland NL and Stewart DE (eds) Psychological aspects of women’s health care: The interface between psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology. xviii, 654 pp, 2nd. American Psychiatric Press, Inc, Washington, DC
109. Stone CP, Walker AH (1949) Note on modification of effects of electroconvulsive shocks on maternal behavior by ether anesthesia. J Comp Physiol Psychol 42(5):429–432
110. Thorpe FT (1942) Shock Treatment in Psychosis complicating Pregnancy. Br Med J 2(4261):281
111. Toh S, Li Q, Cheetham TC, Cooper WO, Davis RL, Dublin S, Hammad TA et al (2013) Prevalence and trends in the use of antipsychotic medications during pregnancy in the U.S., 2001–2007: a population-based study of 585,615 deliveries. Arch Womens Ment Health 16(2):149–157
112. Vanelle JM, Bouvet O, Brochier P, Allouche G, Rouillon F, Loo H (1991) Role of electroshock therapy in puerperal mental disorders. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 149(3):265–269
113. Varan LR, Gillieson MS, Skene DS, Sarwer-Foner GJ (1985) ECT in an acutely psychotic pregnant woman with actively aggressive (homicidal) impulses. Can J Psychiatr Rev Can Psychiatr 30(5):363–367
114. Verwiel JM, Verwey B, Heinis C, Thies JE, Bosch FH (1994) Successful electroconvulsive therapy in a pregnant woman with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 138(4):196–199
115. Walker R (1992) ECT and twin pregnancy. Convuls Ther 8(2):131–136
116. Wickes IG (1954) Foetal defects following insulin coma therapy in early pregnancy. Br Med J 2(4845):1029–1030
117. Wise MG, Ward SC, Townsend-Parchman W, Gilstrap LC III, Hauth JC (1984) Case report of ECT during high-risk pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 141(1):99–101
118. Yamamoto J, Hammes EM, Hammes EMJ (1953) Mental deficiency in a child whose mother was given electric convulsive therapy during gestation: a case report. Minn Med 36(12):1260–1261
119. Yang HS, Seo HJ, Lee YK (2011) Anesthetic care for electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. Korean J Anesthesiol 60(3):217–220
120. Yellowlees PM, Page T (1990) Safe use of electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy. Med J Aust 153(11–12):679–680
121. Yoong AF (1990) Electrical shock sustained in pregnancy followed by placental abruption. Postgrad Med J 66(777):563–564