Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: A systematic review

Human Psychopharmacology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 4-20

  Orsolini, Laura ^a   Bellantuono, Cesario ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Breastfeeding; lactation; Review; Selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs); Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs)

Indexed keywords

BILIRUBIN; CITALOPRAM; DULOXETINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; VENLAFAXINE; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

ABNORMAL FECES; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BENIGN NEONATAL SLEEP MYOCLONUS; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; BREAST FEEDING; BREATHING DISORDER; CHILD SAFETY; COLIC; CRYING; DEHYDRATION; DIZZINESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MILK LEVEL; DRUG SAFETY; FATIGUE; FEEDING DISORDER; GROWTH DISORDER; HUMAN; INFANT FEEDING; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; LACTATION; LETHARGY; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; MYOCLONUS; NAUSEA; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVOUSNESS; NEWBORN JAUNDICE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERINATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SOMNOLENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; BREAST FEEDING; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 84920517874     PISSN: 08856222     EISSN: 10991077     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hup.2451     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Altshuler LL, Burt VK, McMullen M, Hendrick V. 1995. Breastfeeding and sertraline: a 24-hour analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 56(6): 243-245.
2. American Academy of Paediatrics. 2012. Executive summary. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Paediatrics 129(3): 600-603.
3. American College of Obstetrician and Gynaecologists (ACOG). 2008. Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynaecologists. Use of psychiatric medications during pregnancy and lactation. ACOG Pract Bull VII(3): 385-400.
4. Arnold LM, Suckow RF, Lichtenstein PK. 2000. Fluvoxamine concentrations in breast milk and in maternal and infant sera. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20(4): 491-492.
5. Balestrieri M, Isola M, Bisoffi G, et al. 2012. Determinants of ante-partum depression: a multicenter study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47 (12): 1959-1965.
6. Banti S, Mauri M, Oppo A, et al. 2011. From the third month of pregnancy to 1 year postpartum. Prevalence, incidence, recurrence and new onset of depression. Results from the perinatal depression-research & screening unit study. Compr Psychiatry 52(4): 343-351.
7. Begg EJ, Duffull SB, Saunders DA, et al. 1999. Paroxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48(2): 142-147.
8. Bellantuono C, Bozzi F, Orsolini L. 2013. Safety of escitalopram in pregnancy: a case series. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 9: 1333-1337.
9. Berle JO, Steen VM, Aamo TO, Breilid H, Zahlsen K, Spigset O. 2004. Breastfeeding during maternal antidepressant treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors: infant exposure, clinical symptoms, and cytochrome p450 genotypes. J Clin Psychiatry 65(9): 1228-1234.
10. Birnbaum CS, Cohen LS, Bailey JW, Grush LR, Robertson LM, Stowe ZN. 1999. Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: a case series. Pediatrics 104(1): e11.
11. Boyce PM, Hackett LP, Ilett KF. 2011. Duloxetine transfer across the placenta during pregnancy and into milk during lactation. Arch Womens Ment Health 14(2): 169-172.
12. Brent NB, Wisner KL. 1998. Fluoxetine and carbamazepine concentrations in a nursing mother/infant pair. Clin Pediatr 37(1): 41-44.
13. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. 2008. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Foetal and Neonatal Risk, 8th edn. Lippincott Williams &Wilkins: Philadelphia.
14. Briggs GG, Ambrose PJ, Ilett KF, Nageotte MP, Padilla G. 2009. Use of duloxetine in pregnancy and lactation. Ann Pharmacother 43(11): 1898-1902.
15. Burch KJ, Wells BG. 1992. Fluoxetine/norfluoxetine concentrations in human milk. Pediatrics 89(4): 676-677.
16. Butt S, Borgquist S, Anagnostaki L, Landberg G, Manjer J. 2014. Breastfeeding in relation to risk of different breast cancer characteristics. BMC Res Notes 7(1): 216.
17. Castberg I, Spigset O. 2006. Excretion of escitalopram in breast milk. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26(5): 536-537.
18. Chambers CD, Anderson PO, Thomas RG, et al. 1999. Weight gain in infants breastfed by mothers who take fluoxetine. Pediatrics 104(5): e61.
19. Davanzo R, Copertino M, De Cunto A, Minen F, Amaddeo A. 2011. Antidepressant drugs and breastfeeding: a review of the literature. Breastfeed Med 6(2): 89-98.
20. Dietz PM, Williams SB, Vallaghan WM, Bachman DJ, Whitlock EP, Hornbrook MC. 2007. Clinically identified maternal depression before, during and after pregnancies ending in live births. Am J Psychiatry 164 (10): 1515-1520.
21. Dodd S, Stocky A, Buist A, Burrows GD, Maguire K, Norman TR. 2000. Sertraline in paired blood plasma and breast-milk samples from nursing mothers. Hum Psychopharmacol 15(4): 161-264.
22. Duijts L, Ramadhani MK, Moll HA. 2009. Breastfeeding protects against infectious diseases during infancy in industrialized countries. A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr 5(3): 199-210.
23. Einarson A, Ito S. 2007. Use of contemporary antidepressants during breastfeeding. Drug Saf 30(7): 643.
24. Elisei S, Lucarini E, Murgia N, Ferranti L, Attaderno L. 2013. Perinatal depression: a study of prevalence and if risk and protective factors. Psychiatr Danub 25(Suppl 2): S258-S262.
25. Epperson CN, Anderson GM, McDougle CJ. 1997. Sertraline and breastfeeding. New Engl J Med 336(16): 1189-1190.
26. Epperson CN, Carkowski KA, Ward-O'Brien D, et al. 2001. Maternal sertraline treatment and serotonin transport in breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 158(10): 1631-1637.
27. Epperson CN, Jatlow PI, Czarkowski K, Anderson GM. 2003. Maternal fluoxetine treatment in the postpartum period: effects on platelet serotonin and plasma drug levels in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. Pediatrics 112(5): e425.
28. Fortinguerra F, Clavenna A, Bonati M. 2009. Psychotropic drug use during breastfeeding: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics 124(4): e547-e556.
29. Franssen EJF, Meijs V, Ettaher F, Valerio PG, Keessen M, Lameijer W. 2006. Citalopram serum and milk levels in mother and infant during lactation. Ther Drug Monit 28(1): 2-4.
30. Gentile S. 2005a. The safety of newer antidepressants in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Drug Saf 28(2): 137-152.
31. Gentile S. 2005b. SSRIs in pregnancy and lactation. Emphasis on neurodevelopmental outcome. CNS Drugs 19(8): 1-11.
32. Gentile S. 2006a. Escitalopram late in pregnancy and while breast-feeding. Ann Pharmacother 40(9): 1696-1697.
33. Gentile S. 2006b. Quetiapine-fluvoxamine combination during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Arch Womens Ment Health 9(3): 158-159.
34. Gentile S. 2007. Use of contemporary antidepressants during breastfeeding: a proposal for a specific safety index. Drug Saf 30(2): 107-121.
35. Gentile S, Rossi A, Bellantuono C. 2007. SSRIs during breastfeeding: spotlight on milk-to-plasma ratio. Arch Womens Ment Health 10(2): 39-51.
36. Georgiopoulos AM, Bryan TL, Wollan P, Yawn BP. 2001. Routine screening for postpartum depression. J Fam Pract 50(2): 117-122.
37. Gorman JR, Kao K, Chambers CD. 2012. Breastfeeding among women exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy. J Hum Lact 28(2): 181-188.
38. Hackett LP, Ilett KF, Rampono J, Kristensen JH, Kohan R. 2006. Transfer of reboxetine into breastmilk, its plasma concentrations and lack of adverse effects in the breastfed infant. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62(8): 633-638.
39. Hagg S, Granberg K, Carleborg L. 2000. Excretion of fluvoxamine into breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 49(3): 286-288.
40. Halbreich U, Karkun S. 2006. Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 91(2-3): 97-111.
41. Hale TW. 2010. Medication and Mothers' Milk, 14th edn. Hale Publishing: Amarillo, TX.
42. Hale TW, Shum S, Grossberg M. 2001. Fluoxetine toxicity in a breastfed infant. Clin Pediatr 40(12): 681-684.
43. Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Kero P, Ekblad S, Laine K. 2002. Citalopram in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 72(2): 184-191.
44. Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, Palo P, Laine K. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 73(4): 330-337.
45. Hendrick V, Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, Hostetter A, Fukuchi A. 2000. Paroxetine use during breast-feeding. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20(5): 587-589.
46. Hendrick V, Altshuler LL, Wertheimer A, Dunn WA. 2001a. Venlafaxine and breastfeeding. Am J Psychiatry 158(12): 2089-2090.
47. Hendrick V, Fukuchi A, Altshuler L, Widawski M, Wertheimer A, Brunhuber MV. 2001b. Use of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine by nursing women. Br J Psychiatry 179: 163-166.
48. Hendrick V, Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, et al. 2001c. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in nursing infants and breast milk. Biol Psychiatry 50(10): 775-782.
49. Holland D. 2000. An observation of the effect of sertraline on breast milk supply. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 34(6): 1032.
50. Howell EA, Mora P, Leventhal H. 2006. Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms. Matern Child Health J 10(2): 149-157.
51. Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Dusci LJ, et al. 1998. Distribution and excretion of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 45(5): 459-462.
52. Ilett KF, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Paech M, Kohan R, Rampono J. 2002. Distribution of venlafaxine and its O-desmethyl metabolite in human milk and their effects in breastfed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 53(1): 17-22.
53. Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Rampono J, Kohan R. 2005. Estimation of infant dose and assessment of breastfeeding safety for escitalopram use in postnatal depression. Ther Drug Monit 27(2): 248.
54. Isenberg KE. 1990. Excretion of fluoxetine in human breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 51(4): 169.
55. Jensen PN, Olesen OV, Bertelsen A, Kristian L. 1997. Citalopram and desmethylcitalopram concentrations in breast milk and in serum of mother and infant. Ther Drug Monit 19(2): 236-239.
56. Kent LSW, Laidlaw JD. 1995. Suspected congenital sertraline dependence. Br J Psychiatry 167(3): 412-413.
57. Kim J, Misri S, Riggs KW, Ryana DM, Carter D, Rurak DW. 1997. Stereoselective excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in breast milk and neonatal exposure. Annual Meeting New Research Program and Abstracts. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
58. Kim J, Riggs W, Misri S, et al. 2005. Stereoselective disposition of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine during pregnancy and breastfeeding, Br J Clin Pharmacol 61(2): 155-163.
59. Koren G, Moretti M, Kapur B. 2006. Can venlafaxine in breast milk attenuate the norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake neonatal withdrawal syndrome? Drugs in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 28(4): 299-301.
60. Kozhimannil KB, Trinacty CM, Busch AB, Huskamp HA, Adams AS. 2011. Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum depression care among low-income women. Psychiatr Serv 62(6): 619-625.
61. Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, et al. 2008. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(5): 578-584.
62. Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Dusci LJ, et al. 1998. Distribution and excretion of sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline in human milk. BJCP 45(5): 453-457.
63. Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Yapp P, Paech M, Begg EJ. 1999. Distribution and excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48(4): 521-527.
64. Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Kohan R, Paech M, Ilett KF. 2002. The amount of fluvoxamine in milk is unlikely to be a cause of adverse effects in breastfed infants. J Hum Lact 18(2): 139-143.
65. LactMed database. 2010. TOXNET. Available at: http://www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/index.html [accessed on February 2014].
66. Lee A, Woo J, Ito S. 2004. Frequency of infant adverse events that are associated with citalopram use during breast-feeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190(1): 218-221.
67. Lepola U, Penttinen J, Koponen H, Nohr Poulsen M, Fredricson Overø K. 2000. Citalopram treatment and breastfeeding. NCDEU Poster Abstracts number 152. National Institute of Mental Health: Rockville.
68. Lester BM, Cucca J, Andreozzi L, Elanagan P, Oh W. 1993. Possible association between fluoxetine hydrochloride and colic in an infant. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32(6): 1253-1255.
69. Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. 2012. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-2010: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 379(9832): 2151-2161.
70. Lobo ED, Loghin C, Knadler MP, et al. 2008. Pharmacokinetics of duloxetine in breast milk and plasma of healthy postpartum women. Clin Pharmacokinet 47(2): 103-109.
71. Logsdon MC, Hines-Martin V, Rakestraw V. 2009. Barriers to depression treatment in low-income, unmarried, adolescent mothers in a southern urban area of the United States. Issues Ment Health Nurs 30(7): 451-455.
72. Malone K, Papagni K, Ramini S, Keltner NL. 2004. Antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and the breastfeeding dyad. Perspect Psychiatr Care 40(2): 73-85.
73. Mammen OK, Perel JM, Rudolph G, Foglia JP, Wheeler SB. 1997. Sertraline and norsertraline levels in three breastfed infants. J Clin Psychiatry 58(3): 100-103.
74. Merlob P, Stahl B, Sulkes J. 2004. Paroxetine during breast-feeding: infant weight gain and maternal adherence to counsel. Eur J Pediatr 163(3): 135-139.
75. Misri S, Kim J, Riggs KW, Kostaras X. 2000. Paroxetine levels in postpartum depressed women, breast milk and infant serum. J Clin Psychiatry 61(11): 828-832.
76. Misri S, Corral M, Wardrop AA, Kendrick K. 2006. Quetiapine augmentation in lactation: a series of case reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26(5): 508-511.
77. Moretti ME, Sharma A, Bar-Oz B, Koren G, Ito S. 1989. Fluoxetine and its effects on the nursing infant: a prospective cohort study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 65(2): 141.
78. Newport DJ, Ritchie JC, Knight BT, Glover BA, Zach EB, Stowe ZN. 2009. Venlafaxine in human breast milk and nursing infant plasma: determination of exposure. J Clin Psychiatry 70(9): 1304-1310.
79. Nielsen RE, Damkier P. 2012. Pharmacological treatment of unipolar depression during pregnancy and breastfeeding: a clinical overview. Nord J Psychiatry 66(3): 159-166.
80. Nordeng H, Bergsholm YK, Bohler E, Spigset O. 2001. The transfer of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to human milk. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 121(2): 199-203.
81. O'Hara MW, McCabe JE. 2013. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 9: 379-407.
82. Oberlander TF, Grunau RE, Fitzgerald C, Papsdorf M, Rurak D, Riggs W. 2005. Pain reactivity in 2-month-old infants after prenatal and postnatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication exposure. Pediatrics 115(2): 411-425.
83. Öhman I, Wikner BN, Vitols S. 1997. Citalopram and metabolite levels in plasma and breast milk in two nursing women. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52: A179.
84. Öhman R, Hagg S, Carleborg L, Spigset O. 1999. Excretion of paroxetine into breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 60(8): 519-523.
85. Panchaud A, Garcia-Bournissen F, Csajka C, et al. 2011. Prediction of infant drug-exposure through breastfeeding: population PK modelling and simulation of fluoxetine exposure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(6): 830-836.
86. Patil AS, Muller JA, Rhee EHJ. 2011. Antidepressants in pregnancy: a review of commonly prescribed medications. Obstet Gynecol Surv 66 (12): 777-787.
87. Pearlstein TB, Zlotnick C, Battle CL, et al. 2006. Patient choice of treatment for postpartum depression: a pilot study. Arch Womens Ment Health 9(6): 303-308.
88. Piontek CM, Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS. 2001. Serum fluvoxamine levels in breastfed infants. J Clin Psychiatry 62(2): 111-113.
89. Potts AL, Young KL, Carter BS, Shenai JP. 2007. Necrotizing enterocolitis associated with in utero and breast milk exposure to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram. J Perinatol 27(2): 120-122.
90. Rampono J, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Paech M, Kohan R, Ilett KF. 2000. Citalopram and demethylcitalopram in human milk; distribution, excretion and effects in breast fed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 50(3): 263-268.
91. Rampono J, Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Kohan R, Page-Sharp M, Ilett KF. 2006. Transfer of escitalopram and its metabolite demethylescitalopram into breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 62(3): 316-322.
92. Rampono J, Teoh S, Hackett LP, Kohan R, Ilett KF. 2011. Estimation of desvenlafaxine transfer into milk and infant exposure during its use in lactating women with postnatal depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 14(1): 49-53.
93. Ratan DA, Friedman T. 1995. Antidepressants in pregnancy and breastfeeding. BJP 167(6): 824.
94. Razurel C, Kaiser B, Sellenet C, Epiney M. 2013. Relation between perceived stress; social support and coping strategies and maternal well-being: a review of the literature. Women Health 53(1): 74-99.
95. Reck C, Stehle E, Reinig K, Mundt C. 2009. Maternity blues as a predictor of DSM-IV depression and anxiety disorders in the first three months postpartum. J Affect Disord 113(1-2): 77-87.
96. Sachs HC, Committee on drugs. 2013. The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topics. Pediatrics 132(3): e796-e809.
97. Schmidt K, Olesen OV, Jensen PN. 2000. Citalopram and breastfeeding: serum concentration and side effects in the infant. Biol Psychiatry 47 (2): 164-165.
98. Sidebottom AC, Hellerstedt WL, Harrison PA, Hennrikus D. 2014. An examination of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women served by urban community health centers. Arch Womens Ment Health 17(1): 27-40.
99. Sie SD, Wennick JMB, van Driel JJ, et al. 2013. Maternal use of SSRIs, SNRIs and NaSSAs: practical recommendations during pregnancy and lactation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 98(2): F181.
100. Spigset O, Carleborg L, Norstrom A, Sandlund M. 1996. Paroxetine level in breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 57(1): 39.
101. Spigset O, Carleborg L, Öhman R, Norstrom A. 1997. Excretion of citalopram in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 44(3): 295-298.
102. Stowe ZN, Owens MJ, Landry JC, et al. 1997. Sertraline and desmethylsertraline in human breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 154(9): 1255-1260.
103. Stowe ZN, Cohen LS, Hostetter A, Ritchie JC, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. 2000. Paroxetine in human breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 157(2): 185-189.
104. Stowe ZN, Hostetter AL, Owens MJ, et al. 2003. The pharmacokinetics of sertraline excretion into human breast milk: determinants of infant serum concentrations. J Clin Psychiatry 64(1): 73-80.
105. Suri R, Stowe ZN, Hendrick V, Hostetter A, Widawski M, Altshuler LL. 2002. Estimates of nursing infant daily dose of fluoxetine through breast milk. Biol Psychiatry 52(5): 446-451.
106. Taddio A, Ito S, Koren G. 1996. Excretion of fluoxetine and its metabolite, nor fluoxetine, in human breast milk. J Clin Pharmacol 36(1): 42-47.
107. Venkatesh KK, Zlotnick C, Triche EW, Ware C, Phipps MG. 2014. Accuracy of brief screening tools for identifying postpartum depression among adolescent mothers. Pediatrics 133(1): e45-e53.
108. Viguera AC, Tondo L, Koukopoulos AE, Reginaldi D, Lepri B, Baldessarini RJ. 2011. Episodes of mood disorders in 2,252 pregnancies and postpartum periods. Am J Psychiatry 168(11): 1179-1185.
109. Weissman AM, Levy BT, Hartz AJ, et al. 2004. Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breastmilk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 161(6): 1066-1078.
110. Werremeyer A. 2009. Ziprasidone and citalopram use in pregnancy and lactation in a woman with psychotic depression. Am J Psychiatry 166(11): 1298.
111. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Blumer J. 1998. Serum sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline levels in breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 155(5): 690-692.
112. Wisner KL, Hanusa BH, Perel JM, et al. 2006. Postpartum depression: a randomized trial of sertraline versus nortriptyline. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26(4): 353-360.
113. World Health Organization (WHO). 2003. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. WHO: Geneva. Available at: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/documents/9241562218/en/index.html [accessed on 2 March 2014].
114. World Health Organization (WHO). 2013a. Long-term Effects of Breastfeeding-A Systematic Review. WHO: Geneva. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79198/1/9789241505307-eng.pdf?ua=1 [accessed on 7 March 2014].
115. World Health Organization (WHO). 2013b. Short-term Effects of Breastfeeding-A Systematic Review. WHO: Geneva. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79198/1/9789241505307-eng.pdf?ua=1 [accessed on 7 March 2014].
116. Wright S, Dawling S, Ashford JJ. 1991. Excretion of fluvoxamine in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 31(2): 196-209.
117. Wynter K, Rowe H, Fisher J. 2013. Common mental disorders in women and men in the first six months after the birth of their infant: a community study in Victoria, Australia. J Affect Disord 151(3): 980-985.
118. Yoshida K, Smith B, Kumar RC. 1997. Fluvoxamine in breast-milk and infant development. Br J Clin Pharmacol 44(2): 210-211.
119. Yoshida Y, Smith B, Craggs M, Kumar KC. 1998. Fluoxetine in breastmilk and developmental outcome of breast-fed infants. Br J Psychiatry 172: 175-178.