메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue , 2006, Pages 444-465

Ion Channel Safety Issues in Drug Development

Author keywords

Genetic and acquired channelopathies; Ion channel safety issues in drug development; Regulatory industry relationship (ICH); Safety issues specific to the hERG channel; Safety pharmacology

Indexed keywords

CHANNELOPATHIES; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIP; ION CHANNEL; SAFETY ISSUES; SAFETY PHARMACOLOGY;

EID: 85018209751     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/3527608141.ch8c     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (9)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 85018709966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.ich.org and related links.
  • 2
    • 0035854839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Docket 00D-1407
    • M.M. Dotzel, Federal Register 66, 36791, 2001. Docket 00D-1407. Full text at http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/4461fnl.htm.
    • (2001) Federal Register , vol.66 , pp. 36791
    • Dotzel, M.M.1
  • 3
    • 85018693724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.safetypharmacology.org.
  • 5
    • 3142686803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Points to consider: the assessment of the potential for QT interval prolongation by non-cardiovascular medicinal products
    • The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, London
    • Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP). Points to consider: the assessment of the potential for QT interval prolongation by non-cardiovascular medicinal products. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, London. Human Medicines Evaluation Unit (1997). Full text at http://www.emea.eu.int.
    • (1997) Human Medicines Evaluation Unit
  • 7
    • 0030588931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsade de Pointes with an antihistamine metabolite: potassium channel blockade with desmethylastemizole
    • V. R. Vorperian, Z. Zhou, S. Mohammad, T.J. Hoon, C. Studenik, C.T. January. Torsade de Pointes with an antihistamine metabolite: potassium channel blockade with desmethylastemizole. J. Am. Coll. Cadiol (1996) 28, 1556-1561.
    • (1996) J. Am. Coll. Cadiol , vol.28 , pp. 1556-1561
    • Vorperian, V.R.1    Zhou, Z.2    Mohammad, S.3    Hoon, T.J.4    Studenik, C.5    January, C.T.6
  • 8
    • 0032995058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Block of HERG potassium channels by the antihistamine astemizole and its metabolites desmethylastemizole and norastemizole
    • Z. Zhou, V.R. Vorperian, Q. Gong, S. Zhang, C.T. January. Block of HERG potassium channels by the antihistamine astemizole and its metabolites desmethylastemizole and norastemizole. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophys. (1999) 10, 836-843.
    • (1999) J. Cardiovasc. Electrophys , vol.10 , pp. 836-843
    • Zhou, Z.1    Vorperian, V.R.2    Gong, Q.3    Zhang, S.4    January, C.T.5
  • 10
    • 0028936268 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac electrophysiological actions of the histamine H1 receptor antagonists astemizole and terfenadine compared to chlorpheniramine and pyrilamine
    • J.J. Salata, N.K. Jurkiewicz, A.A. Wallace, R.F. Stupienski, P.J. Guinoso, J.J. Lynch Jr. Cardiac electrophysiological actions of the histamine H1 receptor antagonists astemizole and terfenadine compared to chlorpheniramine and pyrilamine. Circ. Res. (1995) 76, 110-119.
    • (1995) Circ. Res , vol.76 , pp. 110-119
    • Salata, J.J.1    Jurkiewicz, N.K.2    Wallace, A.A.3    Stupienski, R.F.4    Guinoso, P.J.5    Lynch, J.J.6
  • 11
    • 0030844839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemistry underlying the cardiotoxicity of antihistamines
    • M.-Q. Zhang. Chemistry underlying the cardiotoxicity of antihistamines. Curr. Med. Chem. (1997) 4, 187-200.
    • (1997) Curr. Med. Chem , vol.4 , pp. 187-200
    • Zhang, M.-Q.1
  • 12
    • 0030011760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac actions of antihistamines
    • R.L. Woosley. Cardiac actions of antihistamines. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (1996) 36, 233-252.
    • (1996) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol , vol.36 , pp. 233-252
    • Woosley, R.L.1
  • 13
    • 0032803083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular safety of fexofenadine HCl
    • C. Pratt, A.M. Brown, D. Rampe. Cardiovascular safety of fexofenadine HCl. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1999) 29, 212-216.
    • (1999) Clin. Exp. Allergy , vol.29 , pp. 212-216
    • Pratt, C.1    Brown, A.M.2    Rampe, D.3
  • 14
    • 0035122839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of desloratadine as an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drug
    • D.K. Agrawal. Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of desloratadine as an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drug. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs (2001) 10, 547-560.
    • (2001) Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs , vol.10 , pp. 547-560
    • Agrawal, D.K.1
  • 15
    • 0033010428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone toxicity profiles: a review focusing on newer agents
    • B.A. Lipsky, C.A. Baker. Fluoroquinolone toxicity profiles: a review focusing on newer agents. Clin. Infectious Diseases (1999) 28, 352-364.
    • (1999) Clin. Infectious Diseases , vol.28 , pp. 352-364
    • Lipsky, B.A.1    Baker, C.A.2
  • 18
    • 0037309793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipsychotics and QT prolongation
    • D.M. Taylor. Antipsychotics and QT prolongation. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (2003) 107, 85-95.
    • (2003) Acta Psychiatr. Scand , vol.107 , pp. 85-95
    • Taylor, D.M.1
  • 19
    • 0037118903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the receptor binding and hERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs
    • S. Kongsamut, J. Kang, X.-L. Chen, J. Roehr, D. Rampe. A comparison of the receptor binding and hERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2002) 450, 37-41.
    • (2002) Eur. J. Pharmacol , vol.450 , pp. 37-41
    • Kongsamut, S.1    Kang, J.2    Chen, X.-L.3    Roehr, J.4    Rampe, D.5
  • 20
    • 4143104762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of myocardium to plasma concentration ratios of five antipsychotic drugs: comparison with their ability to induce arrhythmia and sudden death in clinical practice
    • K. Titier, M. Canal, E. Deridet, A. Abouelfath, S. Gromb, M. Molimard, N. Moore. Determination of myocardium to plasma concentration ratios of five antipsychotic drugs: comparison with their ability to induce arrhythmia and sudden death in clinical practice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (2004) 199, 52-60.
    • (2004) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , vol.199 , pp. 52-60
    • Titier, K.1    Canal, M.2    Deridet, E.3    Abouelfath, A.4    Gromb, S.5    Molimard, M.6    Moore, N.7
  • 21
    • 0033166783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT interval prolongation by non-cardiovascular drugs: issues and solutions for novel drug development
    • W. Crumb, I. Cavero. QT interval prolongation by non-cardiovascular drugs: issues and solutions for novel drug development. Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Today (1999) 2, 270-280.
    • (1999) Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Today , vol.2 , pp. 270-280
    • Crumb, W.1    Cavero, I.2
  • 22
    • 0030704669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanism for the proar-rhythmic effects of cisapride (Propulsid): high affinity blockade of the human cardiac potassium channel HERG
    • D. Rampe, M.-L. Roy, A. Dennis, A.M. Brown. A mechanism for the proar-rhythmic effects of cisapride (Propulsid): high affinity blockade of the human cardiac potassium channel HERG. FEBS Lett. (1997) 417, 28-32.
    • (1997) FEBS Lett , vol.417 , pp. 28-32
    • Rampe, D.1    Roy, M.-L.2    Dennis, A.3    Brown, A.M.4
  • 23
    • 0030801806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electro-physiological characterization of the pro-kinetic agents cisapride and mosapride in vivo and in vitro: implications for proar-rhythmic potential?
    • L. Carlsson, G.J. Amos, B. Andersson, L. Drews, G. Duker, G. Wadstedt. Electro-physiological characterization of the pro-kinetic agents cisapride and mosapride in vivo and in vitro: implications for proar-rhythmic potential? J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. (1997) 282, 220-227.
    • (1997) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap , vol.282 , pp. 220-227
    • Carlsson, L.1    Amos, G.J.2    Andersson, B.3    Drews, L.4    Duker, G.5    Wadstedt, G.6
  • 25
    • 0035989266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tegaserod: a new 5-HT4 agonist in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
    • M. Corsetti, J. Tack. Tegaserod: a new 5-HT4 agonist in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Exp. Opin. Pharmac-other. (2002) 3, 1211-1218.
    • (2002) Exp. Opin. Pharmac-other , vol.3 , pp. 1211-1218
    • Corsetti, M.1    Tack, J.2
  • 26
    • 0036089685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of human cardiac potassium channel human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) by macrolide antibiotics
    • W.A. Volberg, B.J. Koci, W. Su, J. Lin, J. Zhou. Blockade of human cardiac potassium channel human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) by macrolide antibiotics. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 302, 320-327.
    • (2002) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther , vol.302 , pp. 320-327
    • Volberg, W.A.1    Koci, B.J.2    Su, W.3    Lin, J.4    Zhou, J.5
  • 28
    • 0037105540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolongation of cardiac repolarization by arsenic trioxide
    • C.-E. Chiang, H.-N. Luk, T.-M. Wang, P.Y.-A. Ding. Prolongation of cardiac repolarization by arsenic trioxide. Blood (2002) 100, 2249-2252.
    • (2002) Blood , vol.100 , pp. 2249-2252
    • Chiang, C.-E.1    Luk, H.-N.2    Wang, T.-M.3    Ding, P.Y.-A.4
  • 30
    • 2442464375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the cytosolic chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the maturation of the cardiac potassium channel hERG
    • E. Ficker, A.T. Dennis, L. Wang, A.M. Brown. Role of the cytosolic chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the maturation of the cardiac potassium channel hERG. Circ. Res. (2003) 92, E87-E100.
    • (2003) Circ. Res , vol.92 , pp. E87-E100
    • Ficker, E.1    Dennis, A.T.2    Wang, L.3    Brown, A.M.4
  • 31
    • 0037085464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The binding site for channel blockers that rescue misprocessed human long QT syndrome type 2 ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) mutations
    • E. Ficker, C.A. Obejero-Paz, S. Zhao, A.M. Brown. The binding site for channel blockers that rescue misprocessed human long QT syndrome type 2 ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) mutations. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) 277, 4989-4998.
    • (2002) J. Biol. Chem , vol.277 , pp. 4989-4998
    • Ficker, E.1    Obejero-Paz, C.A.2    Zhao, S.3    Brown, A.M.4
  • 32
    • 3242717751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological rescue of trafficking defective HERG channels formed by coassembly of wild-type and long QT mutant N470D subunits
    • Q. Gong, C.L. Anderson, C.T. January, Z. Zhou. Pharmacological rescue of trafficking defective HERG channels formed by coassembly of wild-type and long QT mutant N470D subunits. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. (2004) 287, H652-658.
    • (2004) Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol , vol.287 , pp. H652-H658
    • Gong, Q.1    Anderson, C.L.2    January, C.T.3    Zhou, Z.4
  • 33
    • 2442562493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs, hERG and sudden death
    • A.M. Brown. Drugs, hERG and sudden death. Cell Calcium (2004) 35, 543-547.
    • (2004) Cell Calcium , vol.35 , pp. 543-547
    • Brown, A.M.1
  • 34
    • 0033553504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of block and identification of the verapamil binding domain to HERG potassium channels
    • S. Zhang, Z. Zhou, Q. Gong, J.C. Makielski, C.T. January. Mechanism of block and identification of the verapamil binding domain to HERG potassium channels. Circ. Res. (1999) 84, 989-998.
    • (1999) Circ. Res , vol.84 , pp. 989-998
    • Zhang, S.1    Zhou, Z.2    Gong, Q.3    Makielski, J.C.4    January, C.T.5
  • 38
    • 8444244427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High affinity HERG channel blockade by the antiarrhythmic agent dronedarone: resistance to mutations of the S6 residues Y652 and F656
    • J.M. Ridley, J.T. Milnes, H.J. Witchel, J.C. Hancox. High affinity HERG channel blockade by the antiarrhythmic agent dronedarone: resistance to mutations of the S6 residues Y652 and F656. (2004) 325, 883-891.
    • (2004) , vol.325 , pp. 883-891
    • Ridley, J.M.1    Milnes, J.T.2    Witchel, H.J.3    Hancox, J.C.4
  • 39
    • 3543145510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HERG binding specificity and binding site structure: evidence from a fragment-based evolutionary computing SAR study
    • W. Bains, A. Basman, C. White. HERG binding specificity and binding site structure: evidence from a fragment-based evolutionary computing SAR study. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. (2004) 86, 205-233.
    • (2004) Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol , vol.86 , pp. 205-233
    • Bains, W.1    Basman, A.2    White, C.3
  • 40
    • 1842686775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for identifying HERG K channel blockers
    • A.M. Aronov, B.B. Goldman. A model for identifying HERG K channel blockers. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2004) 12, 2307-2315.
    • (2004) Bioorg. Med. Chem , vol.12 , pp. 2307-2315
    • Aronov, A.M.1    Goldman, B.B.2
  • 44
    • 0035110216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods of collecting and evaluating non-clinical cardiac electrophysiology data in the pharmaceutical industry: results of an international survey
    • T.G. Hammond, L. Carlsson, A.S. Davis, WG. Lynch, I. MacKenzie, WS. Redfern, A.T. Sullivan, A.J. Camm. Methods of collecting and evaluating non-clinical cardiac electrophysiology data in the pharmaceutical industry: results of an international survey. Cardiovasc. Res. (2001) 49, 741-750.
    • (2001) Cardiovasc. Res , vol.49 , pp. 741-750
    • Hammond, T.G.1    Carlsson, L.2    Davis, A.S.3    Lynch, W.G.4    MacKenzie, I.5    Redfern, W.S.6    Sullivan, A.T.7    Camm, A.J.8
  • 45
    • 2542482516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New preclinical guidelines on drug effects on ventricular repolarizaton: Safety pharmacology comes of age
    • L.B. Kinter, P.K.S. Siegl, A.S. Bass. New preclinical guidelines on drug effects on ventricular repolarizaton: Safety pharmacology comes of age. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Method (2004) 49, 153-158.
    • (2004) J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Method , vol.49 , pp. 153-158
    • Kinter, L.B.1    Siegl, P.K.S.2    Bass, A.S.3
  • 46
    • 0344492207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between preclinical cardiac electrophysiology, clinical QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes for a broad range of drugs: evidence for a provisional safety margin in drug development
    • WS. Redfern, L. Carlsson, A.S. Davis, WG. Lynch, I. MacKenzie, S. Palethorpe, P.K.S. Siegl, I. Strang, A.T. Sullivan, R. Wallis, A.J. Camm, T.G. Hammond. Relationships between preclinical cardiac electrophysiology, clinical QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes for a broad range of drugs: evidence for a provisional safety margin in drug development. Cardiovasc. Res. (2003) 58, 32-45.
    • (2003) Cardiovasc. Res , vol.58 , pp. 32-45
    • Redfern, W.S.1    Carlsson, L.2    Davis, A.S.3    Lynch, W.G.4    MacKenzie, I.5    Palethorpe, S.6    Siegl, P.K.S.7    Strang, I.8    Sullivan, A.T.9    Wallis, R.10    Camm, A.J.11    Hammond, T.G.12
  • 47
    • 0034074402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT-interval prolongation by non-cardiac drugs: lessons to be learned from recent experience
    • F. De Ponti, E. Poluzzi, N. Montanaro. QT-interval prolongation by non-cardiac drugs: lessons to be learned from recent experience. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2000) 56, 1-18.
    • (2000) Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol , vol.56 , pp. 1-18
    • De Ponti, F.1    Poluzzi, E.2    Montanaro, N.3
  • 48
    • 0038471102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of drug-induced QT interval prolongation on drug discovery and development
    • B. Fermini, A. Fossa. The impact of drug-induced QT interval prolongation on drug discovery and development. Nat. Rev.: Drug Discov. (2003) 2, 439-447.
    • (2003) Nat. Rev.: Drug Discov , vol.2 , pp. 439-447
    • Fermini, B.1    Fossa, A.2
  • 50
    • 0036073975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of clinical QT prolongation to outcome in the conscious dog using a beat-to-beat QT-RR interval assessment
    • A.A. Fossa, M.J. DePasquale, D.L. Raunig, M.J. Avery, D.J. Leishman. The relationship of clinical QT prolongation to outcome in the conscious dog using a beat-to-beat QT-RR interval assessment. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. (2002) 202, 828-833.
    • (2002) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap , vol.202 , pp. 828-833
    • Fossa, A.A.1    DePasquale, M.J.2    Raunig, D.L.3    Avery, M.J.4    Leishman, D.J.5
  • 51
    • 0031739615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heart rate-corrected QT interval of conscious beagle dogs: a formula based on analysis of covariance
    • S. Spence, K. Soper, C. Hoe, J. Coleman. The heart rate-corrected QT interval of conscious beagle dogs: a formula based on analysis of covariance. Toxicol. Sci. (1998) 45, 247-258.
    • (1998) Toxicol. Sci , vol.45 , pp. 247-258
    • Spence, S.1    Soper, K.2    Hoe, C.3    Coleman, J.4
  • 52
    • 0041871022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rate-correction technique for QT interval in long-term telemetry ECG recording in beagle dogs
    • H. Miyazaki, M. Tagawa. Rate-correction technique for QT interval in long-term telemetry ECG recording in beagle dogs. Exp. Anim. (2002) 51, 465-475.
    • (2002) Exp. Anim , vol.51 , pp. 465-475
    • Miyazaki, H.1    Tagawa, M.2
  • 53
    • 11844276000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic beat-to-beat modeling of the QT-RR interval relationship: analysis of QT prolongation during alterations of autonomic state versus human ether a-go-go-related gene inhibition
    • A.A. Fossa, T Wisialowski, A. Magnano, E. Wolfgang, R. Winslow, W. Gorczyca, K. Crimin, D.L. Raunig. Dynamic beat-to-beat modeling of the QT-RR interval relationship: analysis of QT prolongation during alterations of autonomic state versus human ether a-go-go-related gene inhibition. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. (2005) 312, 1-11.
    • (2005) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap , vol.312 , pp. 1-11
    • Fossa, A.A.1    Wisialowski, T.2    Magnano, A.3    Wolfgang, E.4    Winslow, R.5    Gorczyca, W.6    Crimin, K.7    Raunig, D.L.8
  • 54
    • 0035038217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The canine Purkinje fiber: an in vitro model system for acquired long QT syndrome and drug-induced arrhythmogenesis
    • G.A. Gintant, J.T. Limberis, J.S. McDermott, C.D. Wegner, B.F. Cox. The canine Purkinje fiber: an in vitro model system for acquired long QT syndrome and drug-induced arrhythmogenesis. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (2001) 37, 607-618.
    • (2001) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol , vol.37 , pp. 607-618
    • Gintant, G.A.1    Limberis, J.T.2    McDermott, J.S.3    Wegner, C.D.4    Cox, B.F.5
  • 55
    • 1442306232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval
    • D.M. Roden. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N. England J Med (2004) 350, 1013-1022.
    • (2004) N. England J Med , vol.350 , pp. 1013-1022
    • Roden, D.M.1
  • 56
    • 0032066007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking the "idio" out of "idiosyncratic": predicting torsades de pointes
    • D.M. Roden. Taking the "idio" out of "idiosyncratic": predicting torsades de pointes. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. (1998) 21, 1029-1034.
    • (1998) Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol , vol.21 , pp. 1029-1034
    • Roden, D.M.1
  • 57
    • 1442301518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The utility of hERG and repolarization assays in evaluating delayed cardiac repolarization: influence of multi-channel block
    • R.L. Martin, J.S. McDermott, H.J. Salmen, J. Palmatier, B.F. Cox, G.A. Gintant. The utility of hERG and repolarization assays in evaluating delayed cardiac repolarization: influence of multi-channel block. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (2004) 43, 369-379.
    • (2004) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol , vol.43 , pp. 369-379
    • Martin, R.L.1    McDermott, J.S.2    Salmen, H.J.3    Palmatier, J.4    Cox, B.F.5    Gintant, G.A.6
  • 58
    • 0025333776 scopus 로고
    • QTU-prolongation and torsades de pointes induced by putative class III antiarrhythmic agents in the rabbit: etiology and interventions
    • L. Carlsson, O. Almgren, G. Duker. QTU-prolongation and torsades de pointes induced by putative class III antiarrhythmic agents in the rabbit: etiology and interventions. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1990) 16, 276-285.
    • (1990) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 276-285
    • Carlsson, L.1    Almgren, O.2    Duker, G.3
  • 59
    • 0027969015 scopus 로고
    • Computer aided development of antiarrhythmic agents with class IIIa properties
    • L.M. Hondeghem. Computer aided development of antiarrhythmic agents with class IIIa properties. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. (1994) 5, 711-721.
    • (1994) J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol , vol.5 , pp. 711-721
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1
  • 60
    • 0035901578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instability and triangulation of the action potential predict serious proarrhythmia, but action potential duration prolongation is antiarrhythmic
    • L.M. Hondeghem, L. Carlsson, G. Duker. Instability and triangulation of the action potential predict serious proarrhythmia, but action potential duration prolongation is antiarrhythmic. Circulation (2001) 103, 2004-2013.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 2004-2013
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Carlsson, L.2    Duker, G.3
  • 61
    • 0037215510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blinded test in isolated female rabbit heart reliably identifies action potential duration during prolongation and proarrhythmic drugs: importance of triangulation, reverse use dependence, and instability
    • L.M. Hondeghem, P. Hoffman. Blinded test in isolated female rabbit heart reliably identifies action potential duration during prolongation and proarrhythmic drugs: importance of triangulation, reverse use dependence, and instability. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (2003) 41, 14-24.
    • (2003) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol , vol.41 , pp. 14-24
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Hoffman, P.2
  • 63
    • 0042859844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cisapride-induced transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes in the canine left ventricular wedge preparation during epicardial stimulation
    • J.M. Di Diego, L. Belardinelli, C. Antzelevitch. Cisapride-induced transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes in the canine left ventricular wedge preparation during epicardial stimulation. Circulation (2003) 108, 1027-1033.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 1027-1033
    • Di Diego, J.M.1    Belardinelli, L.2    Antzelevitch, C.3
  • 66
    • 12344307070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced QT dispersion: does it predict the risk of torsade de pointes?
    • R.R. Shah. Drug-induced QT dispersion: does it predict the risk of torsade de pointes? J. Electrocard. (2005) 38, 10-18.
    • (2005) J. Electrocard , vol.38 , pp. 10-18
    • Shah, R.R.1
  • 67
    • 0032703764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution, mechanisms, and classification of antiarrhythmic drugs: focus on class III actions
    • S. Nattel, B.N. Singh. Evolution, mechanisms, and classification of antiarrhythmic drugs: focus on class III actions. Am.J. Cardiol. (1999) 84, 11R-19R.
    • (1999) Am.J. Cardiol , vol.84 , pp. 11R-19R
    • Nattel, S.1    Singh, B.N.2
  • 70
    • 0033983509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postural hypotension following N-type Ca + channel blockade is amplified in experimental hypertension
    • C. Wright, A. Hawkes, J. Angus. Postural hypotension following N-type Ca + channel blockade is amplified in experimental hypertension. J. Hypertension (2000) 18, 65-73.
    • (2000) J. Hypertension , vol.18 , pp. 65-73
    • Wright, C.1    Hawkes, A.2    Angus, J.3
  • 71
    • 0033810234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of intrathecal ziconotide for the treatment of chronic pain
    • K.K. Jain. An evaluation of intrathecal ziconotide for the treatment of chronic pain. Exp. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2000) 9, 2403-2410.
    • (2000) Exp. Opin. Investig. Drugs , vol.9 , pp. 2403-2410
    • Jain, K.K.1
  • 72
    • 8644236608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design, synthesis, and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 4-aminopyridine derivatives as N-type calcium channel blockers active on pain and neuropathic pain
    • E. Teodori, E. Baldi, S. Dei, F. Gualtieri, M.N. Romanelli, S. Scapecchi, C. Belluci, C. Ghelardini, R. Matucci. Design, synthesis, and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 4-aminopyridine derivatives as N-type calcium channel blockers active on pain and neuropathic pain. J. Med. Chem. (2004) 47, 6070-6081.
    • (2004) J. Med. Chem , vol.47 , pp. 6070-6081
    • Teodori, E.1    Baldi, E.2    Dei, S.3    Gualtieri, F.4    Romanelli, M.N.5    Scapecchi, S.6    Belluci, C.7    Ghelardini, C.8    Matucci, R.9
  • 76
    • 0142059887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potassium channels as therapeutic targets for autoimmune disorders
    • H. Wulff, C. Beeton, K.G. Chandy. Potassium channels as therapeutic targets for autoimmune disorders. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev. (2003) 6, 640-647.
    • (2003) Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev , vol.6 , pp. 640-647
    • Wulff, H.1    Beeton, C.2    Chandy, K.G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.