Clinical Perspective on Antihypertensive Drug Treatment in Adults With Grade 1 Hypertension and Low-to-Moderate Cardiovascular Risk: An International Expert Consultation

Current Problems in Cardiology

Volumn 42, Issue 7, 2017, Pages 198-225

  Morales Salinas, Alberto ^a   Coca, Antonio ^b   Olsen, Michael H ^c   Sanchez, Ramiro A ^d   Sebba Barroso, Weimar K ^e   Kones, Richard ^f   Bertomeu Martinez, Vicente ^g   Sobrino, Javier ^h   Alcocer, Luis ⁱ   Pineiro, Daniel J ^j   Lanas, Fernando ^k   Machado, Carlos A ^l   Aguirre Palacios, Fernando ^m   Ortellado, Jose ⁿ   Perez, Gonzalo ^o   Sabio, Rodrigo ^p   Landrove, Orlando ^q   Rodriguez Leyva, Delfin ^q   Duenas Herrera, Alfredo ^r   Rodriguez Portelles, Ayelen ^s   Parra Carrillo, Jose Z ^t   Piskorz, Daniel L ^u   Bryce Moncloa, Alfonso ^v   Waisman, Gabriel ^w   Yano, Yuichiro ^x   Ventura, Hector ^y   Orias, Marcelo ^z   Prabhakaran, Dorairaj ^aa   Sundstrom J ^ab   Wang, Jiguang ^ac   Burrell, Louise M ^ad   Schutte, Alta E ^ae   Lopez Jaramillo, Patricio ^af   Barbosa, Eduardo ^ag   Redon, Josep ^ah   Weber, Michael A ^ai   Lavie, Carl J ^y   Ramirez, Agustin ^d,aj   Ordunez, Pedro ^ak   Yusuf, Salim ^al   Zanchetti, Alberto ^am   more..

^a Cardiocentro Ernesto Che Guevara   (Cuba)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^c ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^d HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO FUNDACIÓN FAVALORO   (Argentina)

^e FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF GOIÁS   (Brazil)

^f Cardiometabolic Research Institute   (United States)

^g HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE SAN JUAN   (Spain)

^h HOSPITAL DE L ESPERIT SANT   (Spain)

ⁱ Instituto Mexicano de Salud Cardiovascular   (Mexico)

^j UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^k UNIVERSIDAD DE LA FRONTERA   (Chile)

^l Ministerio de Salud Muncipal Health Office Campos do Jordão   (Brazil)

^m Clinica Kennedy   (Ecuador)

ⁿ Ministerio de Salud   (Paraguay)

^o Servicio de Hemodinamia de la Clínica Olivos   (Argentina)

^p Hospital de Alta Complejidad El Calafate   (Argentina)

^q MINISTERIO DE SALUD PÚBLICA   (Cuba)

^r Universidad Médica de Holguín   (Cuba)

^s INSTITUTO DE CARDIOLOGÍA Y CIRUGÍA CARDIOVASCULAR   (Cuba)

^t UNIVERSITY OF GUADALAJARA   (Mexico)

^u Instituto de Cardiología ^*  (Argentina)

^v CARDIOGOLF Lima   (Peru)

^w HOSPITAL ITALIANO DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^x UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^y JOHN OCHSNER HEART AND VASCULAR INSTITUTE   (United States)

^z UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA   (Argentina)

^aa PUBLIC HEALTH FOUNDATION OF INDIA   (India)

^ab UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^ac SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (China)

^ad UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^ae NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^af School of Engineering Sciences and Industry   (Ecuador)

^ag Bairro Moinhos de Vento   (Brazil)

^ah UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA   (Spain)

^ai Downstate Health Sciences University   (United States)

^aj FAVALORO UNIVERSITY   (Argentina)

^ak PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (United States)

^al HAMILTON HEALTH SCIENCES   (Canada)

^am ISTITUTO AUXOLOGICO ITALIANO   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; GENERIC DRUG; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; ROSUVASTATIN;

ADULT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; OBESITY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SOCIOECONOMICS; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; HEART DISEASES; MALE; RISK;

ADULT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; FEMALE; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; RISK;

EID: 85017370272     PISSN: 01462806     EISSN: 15356280     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2017.03.001     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. 1 Forouzanfar, M.H., Liu, P., Roth, G.A., et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015. J Am Med Assoc 317 (2017), 165–182.
2. 2 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants. Lancet 389 (2017), 37–55.
3. 3 Law, M.R., Morris, J.K., Wald, N.J., Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. Br Med J, 338, 2009, b1665.
4. 4 Zanchetti, A., Do we over treat mild hypertension?. Expert Opin Pharmacother 16 (2015), 1121–1126.
5. 5 Anthony, J., Viera, A.J., Hawes, E.M., Management of mild hypertension in adults. Br Med J, 355, 2016, i5719.
6. 6 Zanchetti, A., Thomopoulos, C., Parati, G., Randomized controlled trials of blood pressure lowering in hypertension a critical reappraisal. Circ Res 116 (2015), 1058–1073.
7. 7 Ettehad, D., Emdin, C.A., Kiran, A., et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 387 (2016), 957–967.
8. 8 Diao, D., Wright, J.M., Cundiff, D.K., Gueyffier, F., Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8, 2012, CD006742 [pmid:22895954].
9. 9 Piepoli, M.F., Hoes, A.W., Agewall, S., et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 37 (2016), 2315–2381.
10. 10 D'Agostino, R.B. Sr., Vasan, R.S., Pencina, M.J., et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 117 (2008), 743–753.
11. 11 Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 129:suppl 2 (2014), S1–S45.
12. 12 Sundstrom, J., Arima, H., Jackson, R., et al. Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 162 (2015), 184–191.
13. 13 Thomopoulos, C., Parati, G., Zanchetti, A., Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 2. Effects at different baseline and achieved blood pressure levels—overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 32 (2014), 2296–2304, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000379.
14. 14 Thomopoulos, C., Parati, G., Zanchetti, A., Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 3. Effects in patients at different levels of cardiovascular risk—overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 32 (2014), 2305–2314, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000380.
15. 15 Zechmann, S., Senn, O., Valeri, F., et al. The impact of an individualized risk-adjusted approach on hypertension treatment in primary care. J Clin Hypertens, 2017, 1–9, 10.1111/jch.12958.
16. 16 Mancia, G., Strengths and limitations of the JNC 8 hypertension guidelines. Nat Rev Cardiol 11 (2014), 189–190.
17. 17 Morales Salinas, A., Coca, A., Wyss, F., Guidelines for managing high blood pressure. J Am Med Assoc 312 (2014), 293–294.
18. 18 Ford, I., Norrie, J., Pragmatic trials. N Engl J Med 375 (2016), 454–463.
19. 19 Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 34 (2013), 2159–2219.
20. 20 James, P.A., Oparil, S., Carter, B.L., et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). J Am Med Assoc 311 (2014), 507–520.
21. 21 Weber, M.A., Schiffrin, E.L., White, W.B., et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 3 (2013), 3–15.
22. 22 Weber, A., Poulter, N.R., Schutte, A.E., et al. Is it time to reappraise blood pressure thresholds and targets? A statement from the international society of hypertension—a global perspective. Hypertension 68 (2016), 266–268.
23. 23 López-Jaramillo, P., Coca, A., Sanchez, R., Zanchetti, A., Hypertension guidelines: is it time to reappraise blood pressure thresholds and targets? Position statement of the Latin American Society of Hypertension. On behalf of the Latin American Society of Hypertension. Hypertension 68 (2016), 257–262.
24. 24 Olsen, M.H., Angell, S.Y., Asma, S., et al. A call to action and a life course strategy to address the global burden of raised blood pressure on current and future generations: The Lancet Commission on Hypertension. Lancet 388 (2016), 2665–2712.
25. 25 Morales-Salinas, A., Wyss, F., Coca, A., et al. Posición de la Sociedad Centroamericana y del Caribe de Hipertensión y Prevención Cardiovascular. Rev Panam Salud Publica 37 (2015), 172–178.
26. 26 Patel, P., Ordunez, P., DiPette, D., et al. Improved blood pressure control to reduce cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: The Standardized Hypertension Treatment and Prevention Project. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 18 (2016), 1284–1294.
27. 27 Adler, A., Prabhakaran, D., Bovet, P., et al. Reducing cardiovascular mortality through prevention and management of raised blood pressure. A World Heart Federation Roadmap. Global Heart 10 (2015), 111–122.
28. 28 Goff, D.C. Jr., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Bennett, G., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2935–2959.
29. 29 Campbell, N.R.C., Lackland, D.T., Niebylski, M.L., et al. 2016 dietary salt fact sheet and call to action: The World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension, and the International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 18 (2016), 1082–1085.
30. 30 López-Jaramillo, P., Sánchez, R.A., Díaz, M., et al. Latin-American consensus of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens 31 (2013), 223–238.
31. 31 Sundström, J., Arima, H., Woodward, M., et al. Blood pressure-lowering treatment based on cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 384 (2014), 591–598.
32. 32 Working Group on the Summit on Combination Therapy for CVD. Combination pharmacotherapy to prevent cardiovascular disease: present status and challenges. Eur Heart J 35 (2014), 353–364.
33. 33 Elmer, P.J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W.M., et al. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on diet, weight, physical fitness and blood pressure control: 18-month results of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 144 (2006), 485–495.
34. 34 Kotseva, K., Wood, D., De Backer, G., De Bacquer, D., Pyorala, K., Keil, U., EUROASPIRE III: a survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from 22 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 16 (2009), 121–137.
35. 35 Dyrstad, S.M., Hansen, B.H., Holme, I.M., Anderssen, S.A., Comparison of self-reported versus accelerometer-measured physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exer 46 (2014), 99–106, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a0595f.
36. 36 Kotseva, K., Wood, D., De Bacquer, D., et al. EUROASPIRE IV: a European Society of Cardiology survey on the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of coronary patients from 24 European countries. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23 (2016), 636–648.
37. 37 Huffman, M.D., Capewell, S., Ning, H., et al. Cardiovascular health behavior and health factor changes (1988-2008) and projections to 2020. Circulation 125 (2012), 2595–2602.
38. 38 Miller, V., Yusuf, S., Chow, C.K., et al. Availability, affordability, and consumption of fruits and vegetables in 18 countries across income levels: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Lancet Glob Health, 2016, 10.1016/S2214–109X(16)30186–3.
39. 39 Kim, Y., Kong, K.A., Do hypertensive individuals who are aware of their disease follow lifestyle recommendations better than those who are not aware?. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0136858, 10.1371/journal.pone.0136858.
40. 40 Crouch, R., Wilson, A., Newbury, J., A systematic review of the effectiveness of primary health education or intervention programs in improving rural women's knowledge of heart disease risk factors and changing lifestylebehaviours. Int J Evid Based Healthc 9 (2011), 236–245, 10.1111/j.1744–1609.2011.00226.x.
41. 41 Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R., et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. J Am Med Assoc 289 (2003), 2560–2572.
42. 42 Elosua, R., Morales-Salinas, A., Determinación del riesgo cardiovascular global. Caracterización, modelización y objetivos de la prevención cardiovascular según el contexto socio-geográfico. Rev Esp Cardiol Supl 11 (2011), 2–12.
43. 43 Masana, L., ¿Qué tablas de riesgo cardiovascular debemos utilizar?. Rev Esp Cardiol 60 (2007), 690–692.
44. 44 Siontis, G.C.M., Tzoulaki, I., Siontis, K.C., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Comparisons of established risk prediction models for cardiovascular disease: systematic review. Br Med J, 344, 2012, e3318.
45. 45 Comín, E., Solanas, P., Cabezas, C., et al. Rendimiento de la estimación del riesgo cardiovascular en España utilizando distintas funciones. Rev Esp Cardiol 60 (2007), 693–702.
46. 46 Marrugat, J., Vila, J., Baena-Díez, J.M., et al. Validez relativa de la estimación del riesgo cardiovascular a 10 años en una cohorte poblacional del estudio REGICOR. Rev Esp Cardiol 64 (2011), 385–394.
47. 47 Marrugat, J., Subirana, I., Comin, E., et al. Validity of an adaptation of the Framingham cardiovascular risk function: the VERIFICA study. J Epidemiol Community Health 61 (2007), 40–47.
48. 48 Jung, Ko. M., Jung, Jo. A., Mi Park, C., et al. Level of blood pressure control and cardiovascular events: SPRINT criteria versus the 2014 hypertension recommendations. J Am Coll Cardiol 67 (2016), 2821–2831.
49. 49 Bazo-Alvarez, J.C., Quispe, R., Peralta, F., et al. Agreement between cardiovascular disease risk scores in resource-limited settings: Evidence from 5 Peruvian sites. Crit Pathw Cardiol 14 (2015), 74–80.
50. 50 World Health Organization. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Total Cardiovascular Risk. Geneva: WHO Library; 2007: Available at: http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/guidelines/Full%20text.pdf.
51. 51 Morales Salinas, A., Debajo del “Iceberg Clínico” en la evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular. Hipertensión (Madr) 23 (2006), 132–133.
52. 52 Zambon, A., Arfè, A., Corrao, G., Zanchetti, A., Relationships of different types of event to cardiovascular death in trials of antihypertensive treatment: an aid to the definition of total cardiovascular risk in hypertension. J Hypertens 32 (2014), 495–508.
53. 53 Jørstad, H.T., Colkesen, E.B., Boekholdt, S.M., et al. Estimated 10-year cardiovascular mortality seriously underestimates overall cardiovascular risk. Heart 102 (2016), 63–68.
54. 54 Morales Salinas, A., Martinez Espinosa, C., Comment on “comparison of the REGICOR and SCORE function charts…”. Rev Esp Cardiol 60 (2007), 1211–1215.
55. 55 Ramos, R., Solanas, P., Subirana, I., Vila, J., Comparación entre la tabla del SCORE y la función de Framingham-REGICOR en la estimación del riesgo cardiovascular. Med Clin (Barc), 128, 2007, 477.
56. 56 Marrugat, J., Sala, J., Nuevos instrumentos, y los riesgos de siempre. Rev Esp Cardiol 60 (2007), 464–467.
57. 57 Curtis, B.M., O'keefe, J.H., Autonomic tone as a cardiovascular risk factor: the dangers of chronic fight or flight. Mayo Clin Proc 77 (2002), 45–54.
58. 58 Chen, P.S., Chen, L.S., Fishbein, M.C., Lin, S.F., Nattel, S., Role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiology and therapy. Circ Res 114 (2014), 1500–1515.
59. 59 Zhang, K., Rao, F., Rana, B.K., Gayen, J.R., Calegari, F., King, A., Autonomic function in hypertension: role of genetic variation at the catecholamine storage vesicle protein at the chromogranin B. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2 (2009), 46–56.
60. 60 Li, T.Y., Rana, J.S., Manson, J.E., et al. Obesity as compared with physical activity in predicting risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation 113 (2006), 499–506.
61. 61 Weinstein, A.R., Sesso, H.D., Lee, I.M., et al. The joint effects of physical activity and body mass index on coronary heart disease risk in women. Arch Intern Med 168 (2008), 884–890.
62. 62 Morales, Salinas, Coca, A., Obesidad, actividad física y riesgo cardiovascular: clasificación ergo-antropométrica, variables farmacológicas, biomarcadores y “paradoja del obeso”. Med Clin (Barc), 134, 2010, 492–498.
63. 63 Morales Salinas, A., Ergo-anthropometrics: joining fit to fat to predict cardiovascular risk. MEDICC Rev, 13, 2011, 52.
64. 64 Grundy, S.M., Pasternak, R., Greenland, P., Smith, S., Fuster, V., Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 100 (1999), 1481–1492.
65. 65 Wilson, P.W., D'Agostino, R.B., Levy, D., Belanger, A.M., Silbershatz, H., Kannel, W.B., Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97 (1998), 1837–1847.
66. 66 Townsend, R.R., Wilkinson, I.B., Schiffrin, E.L., et al. Recommendations for improving and standardizing vascular research on arterial stiffness: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 66 (2015), 698–722.
67. 67 Brandão, A.A., Amodeo, C., Alcântara, C., et al. I Luso-Brazilian positioning on central arterial pressure. Arq Bras Cardiol, 2017, 10.5935/abc.20170011.
68. 68 Christen A, Miranda A, Graf S, et al. Velocidad de la onda de pulso: relevancia de la edad en normotensión, hipertensión limítrofe e hipertensión esencial. Rev Argent Cardiol 2015;83:112-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v83.i2.4619.
69. 69 Yano, Y., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Isolated systolic hypertension in young and middle-aged adults. Curr Hypertens Rep, 18, 2016, 78.
70. 70 Yano, Y., Stamler, J., Garside, D.B., et al. Isolated systolic hypertension in young and middle-aged adults and 31-year risk for cardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry study. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 327–335.
71. 71 Daskalopoulou, S.S., Rabi, D.M., Zarnke, K.B., et al. The 2015 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Can J Cardiol 31 (2015), 549–568.
72. 72 Parati, G., Stergiou, G.S., Asmar, R., et al. European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for home blood pressure monitoring. J Hum Hypertens 24 (2010), 779–785.
73. 73 Allen, N., Berry, J.D., Ning, H., Horn, L.V., Dyer, A., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Impact of blood pressure and blood pressure change during middle age on the remaining lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease: The Cardiovascular Lifetime Risk Pooling Project. Circulation 125 (2012), 37–44.
74. 74 Lonn, E.M., Bosch, J., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., et al. Blood-pressure lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Eng J Med 374 (2016), 2009–2020.
75. 75 Yusuf, S., Lonn, E.M., Pais, P., et al. Blood-pressure and cholesterol lowering in persons without cardiovascular disease. N Eng J Med 374 (2016), 2021–2031.
76. 76 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. NICE guideline CG181 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181 [Accessed 22.08.16].
77. 77 Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet, 2016, 10.1016/S0140–6736(16)31357–5.
78. 78 Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 380 (2012), 581–590.
79. 79 Cushman, W.C., Goff, D.C., More HOPE for prevention with statins. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 2085–2087.
80. 80 Law, M.R., Wald, N.J., Risk factor thresholds: their existence under scrutiny. Br Med J 324 (2002), 1570–1576.
81. 81 Marrugat, J., Elosua, R., Icaza, G., Morales-Salinas, A., Dégano, I., Utilidad práctica de las funciones de riesgo cardiovascular. Medwave, 16(suppl 4), 2016, e6792, 10.5867/medwave.2016.6792.
82. 82 Carroll, M.D., Kit, B.K., Lacher, D.A., Shero, S.T., Mussolino, M.E., Trends in lipids and lipoproteins in US adults, 1988-2010. J Am Med Assoc 308 (2012), 1545–1554.
83. 83 Cuende, J.I., Vascular age versus cardiovascular risk: clarifying concepts. Rev Esp Cardiol 69 (2016), 243–246.
84. 84 Lopez-Gonzalez, A.A., Aguilo, A., Frontera, M., et al. Effectiveness of the heart age tool for improving modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in a Southern European population: a randomized trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 22 (2015), 389–396.
85. 85 Budoff, M.J., Nasir, K., McClelland, R.L., et al. Coronary calcium predicts events better with absolute calcium scores than age-sex-race/ethnicity percentiles MESA (multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009), 345–352.
86. 86 McEvoy, J.W., Martin, S.S., Dardari, Z.A., et al. Coronary artery calcium to guide a personalized risk-based approach to initiation and intensification of antihypertensive therapy. Circulation 135 (2017), 153–165.
87. 87 Vos, L.E., Oren, A., Uiterwaal, C., Gorissen, W.H., Grobbee, D.E., Bots, M.L., Adolescent blood pressure and blood pressure tracking into young adulthood are related to subclinical atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) study. Am J Hypertens 16 (2003), 549–555.
88. 88 Raitakari, O.T., Juonala, M., Kähönen, M., et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood. The cardiovascular risk in Young Finns study. J Am Med Assoc 290 (2003), 2277–2283.
89. 89 Eddy, D.M., Adler, J., Patterson, B., Lucas, D., Smith, K.A., Morris, M., Individualized guidelines: the potential for increasing quality and reducing costs. Ann Intern Med 154 (2011), 627–634.
90. 90 Sundstrom, J., Neal, B., Replacing the hypertension control paradigm with a strategy of cardiovascular risk reduction. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 1 (2015), 17–22.
91. 91 Hobbs, F.D.R., Jukema, J.W., Da Silva, P.M., Mccormack, T., Catapano, A.L., Barriers to cardiovascular disease risk scoring and primary prevention in Europe. Q J Med 103 (2010), 727–739.
92. 92 Litwin, M., Niemirska, A., Śladowska-Kozlowska, J., et al. Regression of target organ damage in children and adolescents with primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 25 (2010), 2489–2499.
93. 93 Reneman, R.S., Meinders, J.M., Hoeks, A.P.G., Non-invasive ultrasound in arterial wall dynamics in humans: what have we learned and what remains to be solved. Eur Heart J. 26 (2005), 960–966.
94. 94 Sekaran, N.K., Sussman, J.B., Xu, A., Hayward, R.A., Providing clinicians with a patient's 10-year cardiovascular risk improves their statin prescribing: a true experiment using clinical vignettes. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 13, 2013, 90.
95. 95 Shillinglaw, B., Viera, A.J., Edwards, T., Simpson, R., Sheridan, S.L., Use of global coronary heart disease risk assessment in practice: a cross-sectional survey of a sample of U.S. physicians. BMC Health Serv Res, 12, 2012, 20 http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-12-20.
96. 96 Hankey, G.J., The global and regional burden of stroke. Lancet Glob Health, 2013, 10.1016/S2214–109X(13)70095–0.
97. 97 Krishnamurthi, R.V., Feigin, V.L., Forouzanfar, M.H., et al. Global and regional burden of ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes in 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet Glob Health, 2013, 10.1016/S2214–109X(13)70089–5.
98. 98 Lebeau, J.P., Cadwallader, J.S., Aubin-Auger, I., et al. The concept and definition of therapeutic inertia in hypertension in primary care: a qualitative systematic review. BMC Fam Pract, 15, 2014, 130.
99. 99 Lavoie, K.L., Rash, J.A., Campbell, T.S., Changing provider behavior in the context of chronic disease management: focus on clinical inertia. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 57 (2017), 263–283, 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716–104952.
100. 100 Johnson, H.M., Thorpe, C.T., Bartels, C.M., et al. Antihypertensive medication initiation among young adults with regular primary care use. J Gen Intern Med 29 (2014), 723–731.
101. 101 Jaffe, M.G., Lee, G.A., Young, J.D., Sidney, S., Go, A.S., Improved blood pressure control associated with a large-scale hypertension program. J Am Med Assoc 310 (2013), 699–705.
102. 102 McAlister, F.A., Feldman, R.D., Wyard, K., Brant, R., Campbell, R.N.C., The impact of the Canadian Hypertension Education Programme in its first decade. Eur Heart J 30 (2009), 1434–1439.
103. 103 SPRINT Study Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood pressure control. N Engl J Med 373 (2015), 2103–2116, 10.1056/NEJMoa1511939.
104. 104 Narayan, V., Ali, M.K., Koplan, J.P., Global noncommunicable diseases—where worlds meet. N Engl J Med, 2010, 10.1056/ne jmp1002024.
105. 105 Unal, B., Critchley, J.A., Capewell, S., Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales, 1981-2000. Circulation 109 (2004), 1101–1107.
106. 106 Kones, R., Is prevention a fantasy, or the future of medicine? A panoramic view of recent data, status, and direction in cardiovascular prevention. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 5 (2011), 61–81.
107. 107 Khatib, R., McKee, M., Shannon, H., et al. Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data. Lancet 387 (2016), 61–69.
108. 108 Cameron, A., Ewen, M., Ross-Degnan, D., Ball, D., Laing, R., Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet, 2008, 10.1016/S0140–6736(08)61762–6.
109. 109 Marchant, I., Boissel, J.-P., Nony, P., Gueyffier, F., High risk versus proportional benefit: modelling equitable strategies in cardiovascular prevention. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0140793, 10.1371/journal.pone.0140793.
110. 110 Weintraub, W.S., Daniels, S.R., Burke, L.E., et al. Value of primordial and primary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 124 (2011), 967–990.
111. 111 Platt, J.M., Keyes, K.M., Galea, S., Efficiency or equity? Simulating the impact of high-risk and population intervention strategies for the prevention of disease. SSM—Population Health 3 (2017), 1–8.
112. 112 World Health Organization. Guidelines for implementation. WHO framework convention on tobacco control. Articles 5.3, 8-14. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2011.
113. 113 Mancia, G., Oparil, S., Whelton, P.K., et al. The technical report on sodium intake and cardiovascular disease in low- and middle income countries by the joint working group of the World Heart Federation, the European Society of Hypertension and the European Public Health Association. Eur Heart J. 38:10 (2017), 1–9.
114. 114 Smith, S.C., Jackson, R., Pearson, T.A., et al. Prevention: a scientific statement from the world heart and stroke forum principles for national and regional guidelines on cardiovascular disease. Circulation 109 (2004), 3112–3121.
115. 115 Smyth, A., Teo, K.K., Rangarajan, S., et al. Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease, cancer, injury, admission to hospital, and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 368 (2015), 1945–1954.
116. 116 World Health Organization. A global brief on hypertension: silent killer, global public health crisis. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79059/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2013.2_eng.pdf; 2015 Accessed 07.09.15.
117. 117 UN General Assembly. 2011 high level meeting on prevention and control of non-communicable diseases: political declaration of the high-level meeting of the general assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. DocumentA/66/L.1. New York, NY: United Nations General Assembly. http://www.un.org/en/ga/ncdmeeting2011; 2011 Accessed 11.06.16.
118. 118 Vedanthan, R., Bernabe-Ortiz, A., Herasme, O.I., et al. Innovative approaches to hypertension control in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiol Clin 35 (2017), 99–115.