Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Young and Middle-Aged Adults

Current Hypertension Reports

Volumn 18, Issue 11, 2016, Pages

  Yano, Yuichiro ^a   Lloyd Jones, Donald M ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aortic stiffness; Central blood pressure; Isolated systolic hypertension; Pressure amplification; Young and middle aged adults

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; NEBIVOLOL;

ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; BODY MASS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GOLD STANDARD; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW FAT DIET; NUTRITION; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SODIUM INTAKE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION; TONOMETRY; VEGETABLE; ADULT; AORTA; HYPERTENSION; MIDDLE AGED; SYSTOLE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AORTA; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; SYSTOLE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84991384409     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: 15343111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-016-0686-x     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133:e38–3602.
2. Ford ES, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in the U.S. from 1980 through 2002: concealed leveling of mortality rates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:2128–32.
3. Kissela BM, Khoury JC, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Woo D, Adeoye O, et al. Age at stroke: temporal trends in stroke incidence in a large, biracial population. Neurology. 2012;79:1781–7.
4. Kittner SJ, Singhal AB. Premature atherosclerosis: a major contributor to early-onset ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2013;80:1272–3.
5. US Renal Data System (USRDS) (2016) Annual data report: volume 1: chronic kidney disease in the United States and volume 2: end-stage renal disease in the United States. Available at http://www.usrds.org/2015/view/Default.aspx. Accessed 15 March 20116.
6. George MG, Tong X, Kuklina EV, Labarthe DR. Trends in stroke hospitalizations and associated risk factors among children and young adults, 1995–2008. Ann Neurol. 2011;70:713–21.
7. Falkner B. Recent clinical and translational advances in pediatric hypertension. Hypertension. 2015;65:926–31.
8. Nguyen QC, Tabor JW, Entzel PP, Lau Y, Suchindran C, Hussey JM, et al. Discordance in national estimates of hypertension among young adults. Epidemiology. 2011;22:532–41.
9. Parker ED, Sinaiko AR, Kharbanda EO, Margolis KL, Daley MF, Trower NK, et al. Change in weight status and development of hypertension. Pediatrics. 2016;137:1–9.
10. Suglia SF, Clark CJ, Gary-Webb TL. Adolescent obesity, change in weight status, and hypertension: racial/ethnic variations. Hypertension. 2013;61:290–5.
11. Rosner B, Cook NR, Daniels S, Falkner B. Childhood blood pressure trends and risk factors for high blood pressure: the NHANES experience 1988–2008. Hypertension. 2013;62:247–54.
12. Franklin SS, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM. Unusual hypertensive phenotypes: what is their significance? Hypertension. 2012;59:173–8.
13. O’Rourke MF, Adji A. Guidelines on guidelines: focus on isolated systolic hypertension in youth. J Hypertens. 2013;31:649–54.
14. McEniery CM, Franklin SS, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR. Isolated systolic hypertension in the young: a need for clarity. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1911–3.
15. McEniery CM, Franklin SS, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB. Isolated systolic hypertension in young people is not spurious and should be treated: pro side of the argument. Hypertension. 2016;68:269–75. This manuscript well summarizes clinical relevance of ISH in young adults.
16. Lurbe E, Redon J. Isolated systolic hypertension in young people is not spurious and should be treated: con side of the argument. Hypertension. 2016;68:276–80. This manuscript well summarizes clinical relevance of ISH in young adults.
17. Grebla RC, Rodriguez CJ, Borrell LN, Pickering TG. Prevalence and determinants of isolated systolic hypertension among young adults: the 1999–2004 US National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey. J Hypertens. 2010;28:15–23.
18. Liu X, Rodriguez CJ, Wang K. Prevalence and trends of isolated systolic hypertension among untreated adults in the United States. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015;9:197–205.
19. Franklin SS, Jacobs MJ, Wong ND, L’Italien GJ, Lapuerta P. Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle-aged and elderly US hypertensives: analysis based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Hypertension. 2001;37:869–74.
20. Franklin SS, Barboza MG, Pio JR, Wong ND. Blood pressure categories, hypertensive subtypes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens. 2006;24:2009–16.
21. Yano Y, Stamler J, Garside DB, Daviglus ML, Franklin SS, Carnethon MR, et al. Isolated systolic hypertension in young and middle-aged adults and 31-year risk for cardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:327–35. This is the strongest evidence so far revealing CVD risk associated with ISH in young and middle-aged adults.
22. Mallion JM, Hamici L, Chatellier G, Lang T, Plouin PF, De Gaudemaris R. Isolated systolic hypertension: data on a cohort of young subjects from a French working population (IHPAF). J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17:93–100.
23. Saladini F, Dorigatti F, Santonastaso M, Mos L, Ragazzo F, Bortolazzi A, et al. Natural history of hypertension subtypes in young and middle-age adults. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:531–7.
24. O’Rourke MF, Vlachopoulos C, Graham RM. Spurious systolic hypertension in youth. Vasc Med. 2000;5:141–5.
25. Avolio AP, Van Bortel LM, Boutouyrie P, Cockcroft JR, McEniery CM, Protogerou AD, et al. Role of pulse pressure amplification in arterial hypertension: experts’ opinion and review of the data. Hypertension. 2009;54:375–83.
26. McEniery CM, Cockcroft JR, Roman MJ, Franklin SS, Wilkinson IB. Central blood pressure: current evidence and clinical importance. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:1719–25. This is a well-written review describing clinical relevance of central BP.
27. Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, Cruickshank K, Stanton A, Collier D, et al. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation. 2006;113:1213–25.
28. Pini R, Cavallini MC, Palmieri V, Marchionni N, Di Bari M, Devereux RB, et al. Central but not brachial blood pressure predicts cardiovascular events in an unselected geriatric population: the ICARe Dicomano Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2432–9.
29. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Evans JC, O’Donnell CJ, Kannel WB, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1291–7.
30. Pimenta E, Oparil S. Prehypertension: epidemiology, consequences and treatment. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6:21–30.
31. Mahmud A, Feely J. Spurious systolic hypertension of youth: fit young men with elastic arteries. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:229–32.
32. McEniery CM, Yasmin, Wallace S, Maki-Petaja K, McDonnell B, Sharman JE, et al. Increased stroke volume and aortic stiffness contribute to isolated systolic hypertension in young adults. Hypertension. 2005;46:221–6.
33. Hulsen HT, Nijdam ME, Bos WJ, Uiterwaal CS, Oren A, Grobbee DE, et al. Spurious systolic hypertension in young adults; prevalence of high brachial systolic blood pressure and low central pressure and its determinants. J Hypertens. 2006;24(6):1027–33.
34. Higashino R, Miyaki A, Kumagai H, Choi Y, Akazawa N, Ra SG, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification on central blood pressure in overweight and obese men. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18:311–5.
35. Westerbacka J, Vehkavaara S, Bergholm R, Wilkinson I, Cockcroft J, Yki-Järvinen H. Marked resistance of the ability of insulin to decrease arterial stiffness characterizes human obesity. Diabetes. 1999;48:821–7.
36. Saladini F, Santonastaso M, Mos L, Benetti E, Zanatta N, Maraglino G, et al. Isolated systolic hypertension of young-to-middle-age individuals implies a relatively low risk of developing hypertension needing treatment when central blood pressure is low. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1311–9.
37. McEniery CM, Yasmin, McDonnell B, Munnery M, Wallace SM, Rowe CV, et al. Central pressure: variability and impact of cardiovascular risk factors: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial II. Hypertension. 2008;51:1476–82.
38. Protogerou AD, Blacher J, Mavrikakis M, Lekakis J, Safar ME. Increased pulse pressure amplification in treated hypertensive subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:127–33.
39. McEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, Qasem A, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR, et al. Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1753–60.
40. Camacho F, Avolio A, Lovell NH. Estimation of pressure pulse amplification between aorta and brachial artery using stepwise multiple regression models. Physiol Meas. 2004;25:879–89.
41. Vlachopoulos C, O’Rourke M. Diastolic pressure, systolic pressure, or pulse pressure? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2000;2:271–9.
42. Safar ME. Arterial aging—hemodynamic changes and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7:442–9.
43. Franklin SS, Gustin 4th W, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997;96:308–15.
44. Nichols WW, O’Rourke MF. McDonald’s blood flow in arteries. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1990.
45. Berne RM, Levy MN. Cardiovascular physiology. 6th ed. St Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1992. p. 135–51.
46. Messerli FH, Frohlich ED, Suarez DH, Reisin E, Dreslinski GR, Dunn FG, et al. Borderline hypertension: relationship between age, hemodynamics and circulating catecholamines. Circulation. 1981;64:760–4.
47. Julius S, Pascual AV, London R. Role of parasympathetic inhibition in the hyperkinetic type of borderline hypertension. Circulation. 1971;44:413–8.
48. Collis T, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, de Simone G, Yeh J, Howard BV, et al. Relations of stroke volume and cardiac output to body composition: the strong heart study. Circulation. 2001;103:820–5.
49. Mitchell GF, Conlin PR, Dunlap ME, Lacourcière Y, Arnold JM, Ogilvie RI, et al. Aortic diameter, wall stiffness, and wave reflection in systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2008;51:105–11.
50. Dysart JM, Treiber FA, Pflieger K, Davis H, Strong WB. Ethnic differences in the myocardial and vascular reactivity to stress in normotensive girls. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:15–22.
51. McCarron P, Smith GD, Okasha M, McEwen J. Blood pressure in young adulthood and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2000;355(9213):1430–1.
52. Sundström J, Neovius M, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F. Association of blood pressure in late adolescence with subsequent mortality: cohort study of Swedish male conscripts. BMJ. 2011;342:d643.
53. Franklin SS, Larson MG, Khan SA, Wong ND, Leip EP, Kannel WB, et al. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2001;103:1245–9.
54. Miura K, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, Liu K, Garside DB, Stamler J, et al. Relationship of blood pressure to 25-year mortality due to coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases, and all causes in young adult men: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1501–8.
55. Paffenbarger Jr RS, Wing AL. Chronic disease in former college students. XI. Early precursors of nonfatal stroke. Am J Epidemiol. 1971;94:524–30.
56. Gray L, Lee IM, Sesso HD, Batty GD. Blood pressure in early adulthood, hypertension in middle age, and future cardiovascular disease mortality: HAHS (Harvard Alumni Health Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2396–403.
57. Strandberg TE, Salomaa VV, Vanhanen HT, Pitkälä K, Miettinen TA. Isolated diastolic hypertension, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure as predictors of mortality during a follow-up of up to 32 years. J Hypertens. 2002;20:399–404.
58. Rutan GH, Kuller LH, Neaton JD, Wentworth DN, McDonald RH, Smith WM. Mortality associated with diastolic hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension among men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Circulation. 1988;77:504–14.
59. Pimenta E, Oparil S. Prehypertension: epidemiology, consequences and treatment. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6:21–30.
60. Shim CY, Park S, Choi D, Yang WI, Cho IJ, Choi EY, et al. Sex differences in central hemodynamics and their relationship to left ventricular diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1226–33.
61. Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2003;42:878–84.
62. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3–10.
63. Townsend RR, Wilkinson IB, Schiffrin EL, Avolio AP, Chirinos JA, Cockcroft JR, et al. Recommendations for improving and standardizing vascular research on arterial stiffness: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2015;66:698–722.
64. Dhakam Z, Yasmin, McEniery CM, Burton T, Brown MJ, Wilkinson IB. A comparison of atenolol and nebivolol in isolated systolic hypertension. J Hypertens. 2008;26:351–6.
65. Shahin Y, Khan JA, Chetter I. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors effect on arterial stiffness and wave reflections: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. 2012;221:18–33.