Endocrine Rhythms, the Sleep-Wake Cycle, and Biological Clocks

Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric

Volumn 1-2, Issue , 2015, Pages 147-173.e9

  Copinschi, Georges ^a,b   Challet, Etienne ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^b SAINT PIERRE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85013019923     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-18907-1.00009-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (384)

1. Aschoff J. Circadian rhythms: general features and endocrinological aspects. Endocrine Rhythms 1979, 1-61. Raven Press, New York. D.T. Krieger (Ed.).
2. Bonnefont X. Circadian timekeeping and multiple timescale neuroendocrine rhythms. J Neuroendocrinol 2010, 22:209-216.
3. Turek F.W., Dugovic C., Laposky A. Master Circadian Clock, Master Circadian Rhythm. Section 4-Chronobiology. Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine 2005, 318-320. WB Saunders, New York. M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, W.C. Dement (Eds.).
4. Dickmeis T., Weger B.D., Weger M. The circadian clock and glucocorticoids-interactions across many time scales. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013, 380:2-15.
5. Pevet P., Challet E. Melatonin: both master clock output and internal time-giver in the circadian clocks network. J Physiol Paris 2011, 105:170-182.
6. Kalsbeek A., Perreau-Lenz S., Buijs R.M. A network of (autonomic) clock outputs. Chronobiol Int 2006, 23:521-535.
7. Czeisler C.A., Duffy J.F., Shanahan T.L., et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 1999, 284:2177-2181.
8. Lehman M.N., Silver R., Bittman E.L. Anatomy of suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind's Clock 1991, 349-374. Oxford University Press, New York. D.C. Klein, R.Y. Moore, S.M. Reppert (Eds.).
9. Ralph M., Foster R.G., Davis F.C., et al. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 1990, 247:975-978.
10. Abe M., Herzog E.D., Yamazaki S., et al. Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions. J Neurosci 2002, 22:350-356.
11. Earnest D.J., Sladek C.D. Circadian vasopressin release from perifused rat suprachiasmatic explants in vitro: effects of acute stimulation. Brain Res. 1987, 422:398-402.
12. Gillette M.U. SCN electrophysiology in vitro: rhythmic activity and endogenous clock properties. Suprachiasmatic nucleus-the mind's clock 1991, Oxford University Press, New York. D.C. Klein, R.Y. Moore, S.M. Reppert (Eds.).
13. Panda S., Antoch M.P., Miller B.H., et al. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 2002, 109:307-320.
14. Welsh D.K., Logothetis D.E., Meister M., et al. Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron 1995, 14:697-706.
15. Lee H.S., Billings H.J., Lehman M.N. The suprachiasmatic nucleus: a clock of multiple components. J Biol Rhythms 2003, 18:435-449.
16. Zhang E.E., Kay S.A. Clocks not winding down: unravelling circadian networks. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010, 11:764-776.
17. Partch C.L., Green C.B., Takahashi J.S. Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Trends Cell Biol 2014, 24:90-99.
18. Yoo S.H., Yamazaki S., Lowrey P.L., et al. PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:5339-5346.
19. Yamazaki S., Straume M., Tei H., et al. Effects of aging on central and peripheral mammalian clocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:10801-10806.
20. Eckel-Mahan K., Sassone-Corsi P. Epigenetic regulation of the molecular clockwork. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2013, 119:29-50.
21. Asher G., Schibler U. Crosstalk between components of circadian and metabolic cycles in mammals. Cell Metab 2011, 13:125-137.
22. Gamble K.L., Young M.E. Metabolism as an integral cog in the mammalian circadian clockwork. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013, 48:317-331.
23. Delezie J., Challet E. Interactions between metabolism and circadian clocks: reciprocal disturbances. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011, 1243:30-46.
24. Miller B.H., Olson S.L., Turek F.W., et al. Circadian Clock mutation disrupts estrous cyclicity and maintenance of pregnancy. Curr Biol 2004, 14:1367-1373.
25. Turek F.W., Joshu C., Kohsaka A., et al. Obesity and metabolic syndrome in circadian Clock mutant mice. Science 2005, 308:1043-1045.
26. Arble D.M., Ramsey K.M., Bass J., et al. Circadian disruption and metabolic disease: findings from animal models. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 24:785-800.
27. Feillet C.A., Mendoza J., Albrecht U., et al. Forebrain oscillators ticking with different clock hands. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008, 37:209-221.
28. Guilding C., Hughes A.T., Brown T.M., et al. A riot of rhythms: neuronal and glial circadian oscillators in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Mol Brain 2009, 2:28.
29. Balsalobre A., Damiola F., Schibler U. A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells. Cell 1998, 93:929-937.
30. Oster H., Damerow S., Kiessling S., et al. The circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids is regulated by a gating mechanism residing in the adrenal cortical clock. Cell Metab 2006, 4:163-173.
31. Herzog E.D., Aton S.J., Numano R., et al. Temporal precision in the mammalian circadian system: a reliable clock from less reliable neurons. J Biol Rhythms 2004, 19:35-46.
32. Nagoshi E., Saini C., Bauer C., et al. Circadian gene expression in individual fibroblasts: cell-autonomous and self-sustained oscillators pass time to daughter cells. Cell 2004, 119:693-705.
33. Christ E., Pfeffer M., Korf H.W., et al. Pineal melatonin synthesis is altered in Period1 deficient mice. Neuroscience 2010, 171:398-406.
34. Yamanaka Y., Suzuki Y., Todo T., et al. Loss of circadian rhythm and light-induced suppression of pineal melatonin levels in Cry1 and Cry2 double-deficient mice. Genes Cells 2010, 15:1063-1071.
35. Otway D.T., Frost G., Johnston J.D. Circadian rhythmicity in murine pre-adipocyte and adipocyte cells. Chronobiol Int 2009, 26:1340-1354.
36. Russell W., Harrison R.F., Smith N., et al. Free triiodothyronine has a distinct circadian rhythm that is delayed but parallels thyrotropin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:2300-2306.
37. Mannic T., Meyer P., Triponez F., et al. Circadian clock characteristics are altered in human thyroid malignant nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013, 98:4446-4456.
38. Balsalobre A., Brown S.A., Marcacci L., et al. Resetting of circadian time in peripheral tissues by glucocorticoid signaling. Science 2000, 289:2344-2347.
39. Segall L.A., Perrin J.S., Walker C.D., et al. Glucocorticoid rhythms control the rhythm of expression of the clock protein, Period2, in oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala in rats. Neuroscience 2006, 140:753-757.
40. Malek Z.S., Sage D., Pevet P., et al. Daily rhythm of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 messenger ribonucleic acid within raphe neurons is induced by corticoid daily surge and modulated by enhanced locomotor activity. Endocrinology 2007, 148:5165-5172.
41. Meijer J.H., Schwartz W.J. In search of the pathways for light-induced pacemaker resetting in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Biol Rhythms 2003, 18:235-249.
42. Wright K.P., Hughes R.J., Kronauer R.E., et al. Intrinsic near-24-h pacemaker period determines limits of circadian entrainment to a weak synchronizer in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:14027-14032.
43. Card J.P., Moore R.Y. The organization of visual circuits influencing the circadian activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the mind's clock 1991, 51-76. Oxford University Press, New York. D.C. Klein, R.Y. Moore, S.M. Reppert (Eds.).
44. Underwood H. Circadian organization in nonmammalian vertebrates. Handbook of behavioral neurobiology 2001, Kluwer. T. J.S., F.W. Turek, R.Y. Moore (Eds.).
45. Foster R.G., Provencio I., Hudson D., et al. Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse (rd/rd). J Comp Physiol A 1991, 169:39-50.
46. Lucas R.J., Lall G.S., Allen A.E., et al. How rod, cone, and melanopsin photoreceptors come together to enlighten the mammalian circadian clock. Prog Brain Res 2012, 199:1-18.
47. Schmidt T.M., Chen S.K., Hattar S. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: many subtypes, diverse functions. Trends Neurosci 2011, 34:572-580.
48. Foster R.G. Seeing the light...in a new way. J Neuroendocrinol 2004, 16:179-180.
49. Klein T., Martens H., Dijk D.J., et al. Circadian sleep regulation in the absence of light perception: chronic non-24-hour circadian rhythm sleep disorder in a blind man with a regular 24-hour sleep-wake schedule. Sleep 1993, 16:333-343.
50. Smith R., Turek F.W., Takahashi J.S. Two families of phase-response curves characterize the resetting of the hamster circadian clock. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:R1149-R1153.
51. Lockley S.W., Brainard G.C., Czeisler C.A. High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:4502-4505.
52. Boivin D.B., Duffy J.F., Kronauer R.E., et al. Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light. Nature 1996, 379:540-542.
53. Minors D.S., Waterhouse J.M., Wirz-Justice A. A human phase-response curve to light. Neurosci. Lett 1991, 13:36-40.
54. Van Cauter E., Sturis J., Byrne M.M., et al. Demonstration of rapid light-induced advances and delays of the human circadian clock using hormonal phase markers. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:E953-E963.
55. Khalsa S.B., Jewett M.E., Cajochen C., et al. A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J Physiol 2003, 549:945-952.
56. Ishida A., Mutoh T., Ueyama T., et al. Light activates the adrenal gland: timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release. Cell Metab 2005, 2:297-307.
57. Leproult R., Colecchia E.F., L'Hermite-Baleriaux M., et al. Transition from dim to bright light in the morning induces an immediate elevation of cortisol levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:151-157.
58. Scheer F.A., Buijs R.M. Light affects morning salivary cortisol in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:3395-3398.
59. Turek F.W. Effects of stimulated physical activity on the circadian pacemaker of vertebrates. J Biol Rhythms 1989, 4:135-148.
60. Mrosovsky N. Locomotor activity and non-photic influences on the circadian clock. Biol Rev 1996, 71:343-372.
61. Hughes A.T., Piggins H.D. Feedback actions of locomotor activity to the circadian clock. Prog Brain Res 2012, 199:305-336.
62. Harrington M.E. The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet: interrelated structures in the visual and circadian systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997, 21:705-727.
63. Morin L.P., Allen C.N. The circadian visual system, 2005. Brain Res Rev 2006, 51:1-60.
64. Van Reeth O., Sturis J., Byrne M.M., et al. Nocturnal exercise phase delays circadian rhythms of melatonin and thyrotropin in normal men. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:E964-E974.
65. Buxton O.M., Frank S.A., L'Hermite-Balériaux M., et al. Roles of intensity and duration of nocturnal exercise in causing phase-shifts of human circadian rhythms. Am J Physiol (Endocrinol & Metab) 1997, 273:E536-E542.
66. Eastman C.I., Hoese E.K., Youngstedt S.D., et al. Phase-shifting human circadian rhythms with exercise during the night shift. Physiol Behav 1995, 58:1287-1291.
67. Barger L.K., Wright K.P., Hughes R.J., et al. Daily exercise facilitates phase delays of circadian melatonin rhythm in very dim light. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004, 286:R1077-R1084.
68. Baehr E.K., Eastman C.I., Revelle W., et al. Circadian phase-shifting effects of nocturnal exercise in older compared with young adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003, 284:R1542-1550.
69. Scheer F.A., Cajochen C., Turek F.W., et al. Melatonin in the Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms. Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine 2005, 395-404. WB Saunders, New York. M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, W.C. Dement (Eds.).
70. Turek F.W., Gillette M.U. Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms: rationale for development of specific melatonin agonists. Sleep Med 2004, 5:523-532.
71. Rosenthal N.E. Plasma melatonin as a measure of the human clock. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 73:225-226.
72. Kiessling S., Eichele G., Oster H. Adrenal glucocorticoids have a key role in circadian resynchronization in a mouse model of jet lag. J Clin Invest 2010, 120:2600-2609.
73. Sage D., Ganem J., Guillaumond F., et al. Influence of the corticosterone rhythm on photic entrainment of locomotor activity in rats. J Biol Rhythms 2004, 19:144-156.
74. Sage D., Maurel D., Bosler O. Involvement of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in diurnal ACTH and corticosterone responsiveness to stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 280:E260-E269.
75. Atkinson H.C., Wood S.A., Kershaw Y.M., et al. Diurnal variation in the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the male rat to noise stress. J Neuroendocrinol 2006, 18:526-533.
76. Damiola F., Le Minh N., Preitner N., et al. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev 2000, 14:2950-2961.
77. Stokkan K.A., Yamazaki S., Tei H., et al. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science 2001, 291:490-493.
78. Patton D.F., Mistlberger R.E. Circadian adaptations to meal timing: neuroendocrine mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2013, 7:185.
79. Mistlberger R.E. Neurobiology of food anticipatory circadian rhythms. Physiol Behav 2011, 104:535-545.
80. Davidson A.J. Lesion studies targeting food-anticipatory activity. Eur J Neurosci 2009, 30:1658-1664.
81. Evans J.A., Davidson A.J. Health consequences of circadian disruption in humans and animal models. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2013, 119:283-323.
82. Delezie J., Dumont S., Dardente H., et al. The nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha is required for the daily balance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. FASEB J 2012, 26:3321-3335.
83. Duez H., Staels B. Nuclear receptors linking circadian rhythms and cardiometabolic control. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010, 30:1529-1534.
84. Kohsaka A., Laposky A.D., Ramsey K.M., et al. High-fat diet disrupts behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in mice. Cell Metab 2007, 6:414-421.
85. Mendoza J., Pevet P., Challet E. High-fat feeding alters the clock synchronization to light. J Physiol 2008, 586:5901-5910.
86. Tahara Y., Shibata S. Chronobiology and nutrition. Neuroscience 2013, 253:78-88.
87. Rechtschaffen A., Kales A. A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects 1968, UCLA Brain Information Service/Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles.
88. Silber M.H., Ancoli-Israel S., Bonnet M.H., et al. The visual scoring of sleep in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2007, 3:121-131.
89. Jones B.E. Modulation of cortical activation and behavioral arousal by cholinergic and orexinergic systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1129:26-34.
90. Szymusiak R., McGinty D. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and arousal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1129:275-286.
91. Sherin J.E., Shiromani P.J., McCarley R.W., et al. Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 1996, 271:216-219.
92. Gallopin T., Fort P., Eggermann E., et al. Identification of sleep-promoting neurons in vitro. Nature 2000, 404:992-995.
93. Saper C.B., Chou T.C., Scammell T.E. The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci 2001, 24:726-731.
94. Sakurai T. Roles of orexin/hypocretin in regulation of sleep/wakefulness and energy homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 2005, 9:231-241.
95. Aschoff J. On the perception of time during prolonged temporal isolation. Hum Neurobiol 1985, 4:41-52.
96. Aschoff J., von Goetz C., Wildgruber C., et al. Meal timing in humans during isolation without time cues. J Biol Rhythms 1986, 1:151-162.
97. Aschoff J. On the dilatability of subjective time. Persp Biol Med 1992, 35:276-280.
98. Dijk D.J., Duffy J.F. Circadian regulation of human sleep and age-related changes in its timing, consolidation and EEG characteristics. Ann Med 1999, 31:130-140.
99. Borbely A.A. Processes underlying sleep regulation. Horm Res 1998, 49:114-117.
100. Chou T.C., Bjorkum A.A., Gaus S.E., et al. Afferents to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. J Neurosci 2002, 22:977-990.
101. Edgar D.M., Dement W.C., Fuller C.A. Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation. J Neurosci 1993, 13:1065-1079.
102. Mendelson W.B., Bergmann B.M., Tung A. Baseline and post-deprivation recovery sleep in SCN-lesioned rats. Brain Res 2003, 980:185-190.
103. Aston-Jones G., Chen S., Zhu Y., et al. A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4:732-738.
104. Naylor E., Bergmann B.M., Krauski K., et al. The circadian clock mutation alters sleep homeostasis in the mouse. J Neurosci 2000, 20:8138-8143.
105. Franken P., Thomason R., Heller H.C., et al. A non-circadian role for clock-genes in sleep homeostasis: a strain comparison. BMC Neurosci 2007, 8:87.
106. Viola A.U., Archer S.N., James L.M., et al. PER3 polymorphism predicts sleep structure and waking performance. Curr Biol 2007, 17:613-618.
107. Boivin D.B., Czeisler C.A., Dijk D.J., et al. Complex interaction of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian phase modulates mood in healthy subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54:145-152.
108. Monk T.H., Buysse D.J., Reynolds C.F., et al. Circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions. J Sleep Res 1997, 6:9-18.
109. Leproult R., Van Reeth O., Byrne M.M., et al. Sleepiness, performance and neuroendocrine function during sleep deprivation: Effects of exposure to bright light or exercise. J Biol Rhythms 1997, 12:245-258.
110. Dijk D.J., Czeisler C.A. Paradoxical timing of the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity serves to consolidate sleep and wakefulness in humans. Neurosc Lett 1994, 166:63-68.
111. Chellappa S.L., Gordijn M.C., Cajochen C. Can light make us bright? Effects of light on cognition and sleep. Prog Brain Res 2011, 190:119-133.
112. Hubbard J., Ruppert E., Gropp C.M., et al. Non-circadian direct effects of light on sleep and alertness: Lessons from transgenic mouse models. Sleep Med Rev 2013, 17:445-452.
113. Brandenberger G., Follenius M., Goichot B., et al. Twenty-four hour profiles of plasma renin activity in relation to the sleep-wake cycle. J of Hypertension 1994, 12:277-283.
114. Van Cauter E., Polonsky K.S., Scheen A.J. Roles of circadian rhythmicity and sleep in human glucose regulation. Endocr Rev 1997, 18:716-738.
115. Follenius M., Brandenberger G., Simon C., et al. REM sleep in humans begins during decreased secretory activity of the anterior pituitary. Sleep 1988, 11:546-555.
116. Van Cauter E., Spiegel K. Circadian and sleep control of endocrine secretions. Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 1999, 397-426. F.W. Turek, P.C. Zee (Eds.).
117. Kleitman N. Basic rest activity cycle: 22 years later. Sleep 1982, 5:311-317.
118. Chapotot F., Gronfier C., Jouny C., et al. Cortisol secretion is related to electroencephalographic alertness in human subjects during daytime wakefulness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:4263-4268.
119. Lang D.A., Matthews D.R., Peto J., et al. Cyclic oscillations of basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in human beings. N Engl J Med 1979, 301:1023-1027.
120. O'Meara N.M., Sturis J., Blackman J.D., et al. Analytical problems in detecting rapid insulin secretory pulses in normal humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993, 27:231-238.
121. Hucking K., Hamilton-Wessler M., Ellmerer M., et al. Burst-like control of lipolysis by the sympathetic nervous system in vivo. J Clin Invest 2003, 111:257-264.
122. Veldhuis J.D., Iranmanesh A., Johnson M.L., et al. Twenty-four-hour rhythms in plasma concentrations of adenohypophyseal hormones are generated by distinct amplitude and/or frequency modulation of underlying pituitary secretory bursts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 71:1616-1623.
123. Veldhuis J.D., Johnson M.L., Lizarralde G., Iranmanesh A. Rhythmic and nonrhythmic modes of anterior pituitary gland secretion. Chronobiol Int 1992, 9:371-379.
124. Van Cauter E., van Coevorden A., Blackman J.D. Modulation of neuroendocrine release by sleep and circadian rhythmicity. Advances in neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction 1990, 113-122. Serono Symposia USA, Norwell. S. Yen, W. Vale (Eds.).
125. Simon C., Brandenberger G., Saini J., et al. Slow oscillations of plasma glucose and insulin secretion rate are amplified during sleep in humans under continuous enteral nutrition. Sleep 1994, 17:333-338.
126. Polonsky K.S., Sturis J., Van Cauter E. Temporal profiles and clinical significance of pulsatile insulin secretion. Horm Res 1998, 49:178-184.
127. Knobil E., Hotchkiss J. The menstrual cycle and its neuroendocrine control. The Physiology of Reproduction 1988, 1971-1994. Raven Press, New York. J.D. Knobil EaN (Ed.).
128. Conn P.M., Crowley W.F. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs. Annu Rev Med 1994, 45:391-405.
129. Sturis J., Scheen A.J., Leproult R., et al. 24-hour glucose profiles during continuous or oscillatory insulin infusion. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:1464-1471.
130. van Coevorden A., Mockel J., Laurent E., et al. Neuroendocrine rhythms and sleep in aging men. Am J Physiol 1991, 260:E651-E661.
131. Czeisler C.A., Dumont M., Duffy J.F., et al. Association of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker. Lancet 1992, 340:933-936.
132. Van Cauter E., Plat L., Leproult R., et al. Alterations of circadian rhythmicity and sleep in aging: endocrine consequences. Horm Res 1998, 49:147-152.
133. Van Cauter E., Leproult R., Plat L. Age-related changes in slow-wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men. JAMA 2000, 284:861-868.
134. Ohayon M.M., Carskadon M.A., Guilleminault C., et al. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep 2004, 27:1255-1273.
135. Unruh M.L., Newman A.B., Larive B., et al. The Influence of Age on Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life over Three Years in a Cohort Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008.
136. Vitiello M.V., Larsen L.H., Moe K.E. Age-related sleep change: Gender and estrogen effects on the subjective-objective sleep quality relationships of healthy, noncomplaining older men and women. J Psychosom Res 2004, 56:503-510.
137. Groeger J.A., Zijlstra F.R., Dijk D.J. Sleep quantity, sleep difficulties and their perceived consequences in a representative sample of some 2000 British adults. J Sleep Res 2004, 13:359-371.
138. Mourtazaev M.S., Kemp B., Zwinderman A.H., et al. Age and gender affect different characteristics of slow waves in the sleep EEG. Sleep 1995, 18:557-564.
139. Latta F., Leproult R., Tasali E., et al. Sex differences in delta and alpha EEG activities in healthy older adults. Sleep 2005, 28:1525-1534.
140. Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep and aging: prevalence of disturbed sleep and treatment considerations in older adults. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66(Suppl 9):24-30. quiz 42-23.
141. Zee P.C., Rosenberg R.S., Turek F.W. Effects of aging on entrainment and rate of resynchronization of the circadian locomotor activity. Amer J Physiol 1992, 263:1099-1103.
142. Monk T.H. Aging human circadian rhythms: conventional wisdom may not always be right. J Biol Rhythms 2005, 20:366-374.
143. Pittendrigh C.S., Daan S. Circadian oscillations in rodents: A systematic increase of their frequency with age. Science 1974, 186:548-550.
144. Morin L.P. Age-related changes in hamster circadian period, entrainment and rhythm splitting. J Biol Rhythms 1988, 3:237-248.
145. Dijk D.J., Duffy J.F., Riel E., et al. Ageing and the circadian and homeostatic regulation of human sleep during forced desynchrony of rest, melatonin and temperature rhythms. J Physiol 1999, 516(Pt 2):611-627.
146. Duffy J.F., Czeisler C.A. Age-related change in the relationship between circadian period, circadian phase, and diurnal preference in humans. Neurosci Lett 2002, 318:117-120.
147. Zhang Y., Kornhauser J.M., Zee P.C., et al. Effects of aging on light-induced phase-shifting of circadian behavioral rhythms, Fos expression, and Creb phosphorylation in the hamster suprachiamatic nucleus. Neuroscience 1996, 70:951-961.
148. Van Reeth O., Zhang Y., Zee P.C., et al. Aging alters feedback effects of the activity-rest cycle in the circadian clock. Am J Physiol 1992, 263:R981-R986.
149. Van Reeth O., Zhang Y., Zee P.C., et al. Grafting fetal suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus of old hamsters restores responsiveness of the circadian clock to a phase shifting stimulus. Brain Res 1994, 643:338-342.
150. Campbell S.S., Kripke D.F., Gillin J.C., et al. Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and Alzheimer's patients. Physiol Behav 1988, 42:141-144.
151. Ehlers C.L., Frank E., Kupfer D.J. Social zeitgebers and biological rhythms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988, 45:948-952.
152. Ancoli-Israel S., Kripke D.F., Jones D.W., et al. 24-hour sleep and light rhythms in nursing home patients. Sleep Res 1991, 20A:410.
153. Brainard G.C., Rollag M.D., Hanifin J.P. Photic regulation of melatonin in humans: ocular and neural signal transduction. J Biol Rhythms 1997, 12:537-546.
154. Campbell S.S., Dawson D., Anderson M.W. Alleviation of sleep maintenance insomnia with timed exposure to bright light. J Am Geriatric Soc 1993, 41:829-836.
155. Mishima K., Okawa M., Shimizu T., et al. Diminished melatonin secretion in the elderly caused by insufficient environmental illumination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:129-134.
156. Benloucif S., Green K., L'Hermite-Baleriaux M., et al. Responsiveness of the aging circadian clock to light. Neurobiol Aging 2006, 27:1870-1879.
157. Veldhuis J.D. Mechanisms and biological significance of pulsatile hormone secretion. Symposium proceedings. Novartis Found Symp 2000, 227:1-4. London, United Kingdom, 2-4 March 1999.
158. Halberg F., Tong Y.L., Johson E.A. Circadian system phase: an aspect of temporal morphology; procedures and illustrative examples. Cellular aspects of biorhythms 1967, 20-48. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
159. Cleveland W.S. Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. J Am Stat Assoc 1979, 74:829-836.
160. Van Cauter E. Method for characterization of 24-h temporal variation of blood constituents. Am J Physiol 1979, 237:E255-E264.
161. Van Cauter E. Computer-assisted analysis of endocrine rhythms. Computers in Endocrinology 1990, 59-70. Raven Press, New York. D. Rodbard, G. Forti (Eds.).
162. Polonsky K.S., Licinio-Paixao J., Given B.D., et al. Use of biosynthetic human C-peptide in the measurement of insulin secretion rates in normal volunteers and type I diabetic patients. J Clin Invest 1986, 77:98-105.
163. Veldhuis J.D., Johnson M.L. A review and appraisal of deconvolution methods to evaluate in vivo neuroendocrine secretory events. J Neuroendocrinol 1990, 2:755-771.
164. Sturis J., Polonsky K.S., Shapiro E.T., et al. Abnormalities in the ultradian oscillations of insulin secretion and glucose levels in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1992, 35:681-689.
165. Urban R.J., Evans W.S., Rogol A.D., et al. Contemporary aspects of discrete peak-detection algorithms. I. The paradigm of the luteinizing hormone pulse signal in men. Endocr Rev 1988, 9:3-37.
166. Urban R.J., Kaiser D.L., Van Cauter E., et al. Comparative assessment of objective pulse detection algorithms. II. Studies in men. Am J Physiol 1988, 254:E113-E119.
167. Lewy A.J., Wehr T.A., Goodwin F.K., et al. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 1980, 210:1267-1269.
168. Van Cauter E., Moreno-Reyes R., Akseki E., et al. Rapid phase advance of the 24-h melatonin profile in response to afternoon dark exposure. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:E48-E54.
169. Buxton O.M., L'Hermite-Baleriaux M., Hirshfeld U., et al. Acute and delayed effects of exercise on human melatonin secretion. J Biol Rhythms 1997, 12:568-574.
170. Buijs R.M., Wortel J., Van Heerikhuize J.J., et al. Anatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway. Eur J Neurosci 1999, 11:1535-1544.
171. Lemos D.R., Downs J.L., Urbanski H.F. Twenty-four-hour rhythmic gene expression in the rhesus macaque adrenal gland. Mol Endocrinol 2006, 20:1164-1176.
172. Valenzuela F.J., Torres-Farfan C., Richter H.G., et al. Clock gene expression in adult primate suprachiasmatic nuclei and adrenal: is the adrenal a peripheral clock responsive to melatonin?. Endocrinology 2008, 149:1454-1461.
173. Veldhuis J.D., Iranmanesh A., Johnson M.L., et al. Amplitude, but not frequency, modulation of adrenocorticotropin secretory bursts gives rise to the nyctohemeral rhythm of the corticotropic axis in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989, 71:452-463.
174. Lejeune-Lenain C., Van Cauter E., Desir D., et al. Control of circadian and episodic variations of adrenal androgens secretion in man. J Endocrinol Invest 1987, 10:267-276.
175. Weitzman E.D., Zimmerman J.C., Czeisler C.A., et al. Cortisol secretion is inhibited during sleep in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983, 56:352-358.
176. Born J., Muth S., Fehm H.L. The significance of sleep onset and slow wave sleep for nocturnal release of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1988, 13:233-243.
177. Van Cauter E., Blackman J.D., Roland D., et al. Modulation of glucose regulation and insulin secretion by circadian rhythmicity and sleep. J Clin Invest 1991, 88:934-942.
178. Weibel L., Follenius M., Spiegel K., et al. Comparative effect of night and daytime sleep on the 24-hour cortisol secretory profile. Sleep 1995, 18:549-556.
179. Follenius M., Brandenberger G., Bardasept J., et al. Nocturnal cortisol release in relation to sleep structure. Sleep 1992, 15:21-27.
180. Gronfier C., Luthringer R., Follenius M., et al. Temporal relationships between pulsatile cortisol secretion and electroencephalographic activity during sleep in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997, 103:405-408.
181. Pruessner J.C., Wolf O.T., Hellhammer D.H., et al. Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci 1997, 61:2539-2549.
182. Caufriez A., Moreno-Reyes R., Leproult R., et al. Immediate effects of an 8-h advance shift of the rest-activity cycle on 24-h profiles of cortisol. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002, 282:E1147-E1153.
183. Ekstedt M., Akerstedt T., Soderstrom M. Microarousals during sleep are associated with increased levels of lipids, cortisol, and blood pressure. Psychosom Med 2004, 66:925-931.
184. Vgontzas A.N., Zoumakis M., Bixler E.O., et al. Impaired nighttime sleep in healthy old versus young adults is associated with elevated plasma interleukin-6 and cortisol levels: physiologic and therapeutic implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:2087-2095.
185. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Lin H.M., et al. Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:3787-3794.
186. Ruger M., Gordijn M.C., Beersma D.G., et al. Time-of-day-dependent effects of bright light exposure on human psychophysiology: comparison of daytime and nighttime exposure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006, 290:R1413-R1420.
187. Linkowski P., Van Onderbergen A., Kerkhofs M., et al. Twin study of the 24-h cortisol profile: evidence for genetic control of the human circadian clock. Am J Physiol 1993, 264:E173-E181.
188. Van Cauter E., Shapiro E.T., Tillil H., et al. Circadian modulation of glucose and insulin responses to meals: relationship to cortisol rhythm. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:E467-E475.
189. Born J., Hansen K., Marshall L., et al. Timing the end of nocturnal sleep. Nature 1999, 397:29-30.
190. Leproult R., Copinschi G., Buxton O., et al. Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening. Sleep 1997, 20:865-870.
191. Spiegel K., Leproult R., Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999, 354:1435-1439.
192. Sherman B., Wysham C., Pfohl B. Age-related changes in the circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 61:439-443.
193. Van Cauter E., Leproult R., Kupfer D.J. Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81:2468-2473.
194. McEwen B.S., Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Arch Intern Med 1993, 153:2093-2101.
195. McEwen B. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:171-179.
196. Dallman M.F., Strack A.L., Akana S.F., et al. Feast and famine: Critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 1993, 14:303-347.
197. Plat L., Féry F., L'Hermite-Balériaux M., et al. Metabolic effects of short-term physiological elevations of plasma cortisol are more pronounced in the evening than in the morning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:3082-3092.
198. Dennison E., Hindmarsh P., Fall C., et al. Profiles of endogenous circulating cortisol and bone mineral density in healthy elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:3058-3063.
199. Magiakou M.A., Mastorakos G., Rabin D., et al. The maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the third trimester of human pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996, 44:419-428.
200. Rosman P.M., Farag A., Benn R., et al. Modulation of pituitary-adrenal function: decreased secretory episodes and blunted circadian rhythmicity in patients with alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981, 55:709-717.
201. Boyar R.M., Hellman L.D., Roffwarg H., et al. Cortisol secretion and metabolism in anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med 1977, 296:190-193.
202. Kok P., Kok S.W., Buijs M.M., et al. Enhanced circadian ACTH release in obese premenopausal women: reversal by short-term acipimox treatment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004, 287:E848-856.
203. Iranmanesh A., Lizarralde G., Johnson M.L., et al. Dynamics of 24-hour endogenous cortisol secretion and clearance in primary hypothyroidism assessed before and after partial thyroid hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 70:155-161.
204. Gallagher T.F., Hellman L., Finkelstein J., et al. Hyperthyroidism and cortisol secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972, 34:919-927.
205. Van Cauter E., Refetoff S. Evidence for two subtypes of Cushing's Disease based on the analysis of episodic cortisol secretion. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:1343-1344.
206. van Aken M.O., Pereira A.M., van Thiel S.W., et al. Irregular and frequent cortisol secretory episodes with preserved diurnal rhythmicity in primary adrenal Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:1570-1577.
207. Linkowski P., Mendlewicz J., Leclercq R., et al. The 24-hour profile of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in major depressive illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 61:429-438.
208. Rubin R.T., Poland R.E., Lesser I.M., et al. Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression: I. Cortisol secretory dynamics in patients and matched controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987, 44:328-336.
209. Linkowski P., Mendlewicz J., Kerkhofs M., et al. 24-hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and growth hormone in major depressive illness: effect of antidepressant treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 65:141-152.
210. Whitaker M.J., Debono M., Huatan H., et al. An oral multiparticulate, modified-release, hydrocortisone replacement therapy that provides physiological cortisol exposure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014, 80:554-561.
211. van der Lely A.J., Tschop M., Heiman M.L., et al. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr Rev 2004, 25:426-457.
212. Van Cauter E., Plat L., Copinschi G. Interrelations between sleep and the somatotropic axis. Sleep 1998, 21:553-566.
213. Mendlewicz J., Linkowski P., Kerkhofs M., et al. Genetic control of 24-hour growth hormone secretion in man: a twin study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84(3):856-862.
214. Ho K.Y., Evans W.S., Blizzard R.M., et al. Effects of sex and age on the 24-hour profile of growth hormone secretion in man: importance of endogenous estradiol concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 64:51-58.
215. Shah N., Evans W.S., Veldhuis J.D. Actions of estrogen on pulsatile, nyctohemeral, and entropic modes of growth hormone secretion. Am J Physiol 1999, 1999:R1351-R1358.
216. A potential role of endogenous progesterone in modulation of GH, prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion during normal menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71:535-542.
217. Weibel L., Spiegel K., Gronfier C., et al. Twenty-four-hour melatonin and core body temperature rhythms: their adaptation in night workers. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:R948-R954.
218. Van Cauter E., Kerkhofs M., Caufriez A., et al. A quantitative estimation of GH secretion in normal man: reproducibility and relation to sleep and time of day. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 74:1441-1450.
219. Holl R.W., Hartmann M.L., Veldhuis J.D., et al. Thirty-second sampling of plasma growth hormone in man: correlation with sleep stages. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:854-861.
220. Vgontzas A.N., Mastorakos G., Bixler E.O., et al. Sleep deprivation effects on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and growth axes: potential clinical implications. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999, 51:205-215.
221. Obal F., Krueger J.M. Biochemical regulation of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. Front Biosci 2003, 8:d520-d550.
222. Ocampo-Lim B., Guo W., DeMott Friberg R., et al. Nocturnal growth hormone (GH) secretion is eliminated by infusion of GH-releasing hormone antagonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81:4396-4399.
223. Van Cauter E., Plat L., Scharf M., et al. Simultaneous stimulation of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in normal young men. J Clin Invest 1997, 100:745-753.
224. Gronfier C., Luthringer R., Follenius M., et al. A quantitative evaluation of the relationships between growth hormone secretion and delta wave electroencephalographic activity during normal sleep and after enrichment in delta waves. Sleep 1996, 19:817-824.
225. Van Cauter E., Caufriez A., Kerkhofs M., et al. Sleep, awakenings and insulin-like growth factor I modulate the growth hormone secretory response to growth hormone-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 74:1451-1459.
226. Jaffe C., Turgeon D., DeMott Friberg R., et al. Nocturnal augmentation of growth hormone (GH) secretion is preserved during repetitive bolus administration of GH-releasing hormone: potential involvement of endogenous somatostatin-A clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80:3321-3326.
227. Nass R., Farhy L.S., Liu J., et al. Evidence for acyl-ghrelin modulation of growth hormone release in the fed state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:1988-1994.
228. Steiger A., Herth T., Holsboer F. Sleep-electroencephalography and the secretion of cortisol and growth hormone in normal controls. Acta Endocrinol 1987, 116:36-42.
229. Spiegel K., Leproult R., Colecchia E.F., et al. Adaptation of the 24-h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000, 279:R874-R883.
230. Brandenberger G., Gronfier C., Chapotot F., et al. Effect of sleep deprivation on overall 24 h growth-hormone secretion. Lancet 2000, 356:1408.
231. Vermeulen A. Nyctohemeral growth hormone profiles in young and aged men: correlation with somatomedin-C levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 64:884-888.
232. Veldhuis J., Liem A., South S., et al. Differential impact of age, sex steroid hormones, and obesity on basal versus pulsatile growth hormone secretion in men as assessed in an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80:3209-3222.
233. Martin F.C., Yeo A.L., Sonksen P.H. Growth hormone secretion in the elderly: ageing and the somatopause. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 11:223-250.
234. Caufriez A., Frankenne F., Englert Y., et al. Placental growth hormone as a potential regulator of maternal IGF-I during human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1990, 258:E1014-E1019.
235. Caufriez A., Frankenne F., Hennen G., et al. Regulation of maternal IGF-I by placental GH in normal and abnormal human pregnancies. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:E572-E577.
236. Eriksson L., Frankenne F., Eden S., et al. Growth hormone 24-h serum profiles during pregnancy-lack of pulsatility for the secretion of the placental variant. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989, 96:949-953.
237. Copinschi G., De Laet M.H., Brion J.P., et al. Simultaneous study of cortisol, GH and PRL circadian variations of hourly integrated concentrations in normal and obese subjects. Clin Endocrinol 1978, 9:15-26.
238. Stoving R.K., Veldhuis J.D., Flyvbjerg A., et al. Jointly amplified basal and pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion and increased process irregularity in women with anorexia nervosa: indirect evidence for disruption of feedback regulation within the GH-insulin-like growth factor I axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:2056-2063.
239. Edge J.A., Dunger D.B., Matthews D.R., et al. Increased overnight growth hormone concentrations in diabetic compared with normal adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 71:1356-1362.
240. Laughlin G.A., Dominguez C.E., Yen S.S. Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:25-32.
241. Morales A.J., Laughlin G.A., Butzow T., et al. Insulin, somatotropic, and luteinizing hormone axes in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: common and distinct features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81:2854-2864.
242. Iranmanesh A., Lizarralde G., Johnson M.L., et al. Nature of altered growth hormone secretion in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:108-115.
243. Mendlewicz J., Linkowski P., Kerkhofs M., et al. Diurnal hypersecretion of growth hormone in depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 60:505-512.
244. Veldman R.G., Frolich M., Pincus S.M., et al. Growth hormone and prolactin are secreted more irregularly in patients with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000, 52:625-632.
245. Hartman M.L., Veldhuis J.D., Vance M.L., et al. Somatotropin pulse frequency and basal concentrations are increased in acromegaly and are reduced by successful therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 70:1375-1384.
246. Hartman M.L., Pincus S.M., Johnson M.L., et al. Enhanced basal and disorderly growth hormone secretion distinguish acromegalic from normal pulsatile growth hormone release. J Clin Invest 1994, 94:1277-1288.
247. Spiegel K., Follenius M., Simon C., et al. Prolactin secretion and sleep. Sleep 1994, 17:20-27.
248. Waldstreicher J., Duffy J.F., Brown E.N., et al. Gender differences in the temporal organization of prolactin (PRL) secretion: Evidence fort a sleep-independent circadian rhythm of circulating PRL levels-A Clinical Research Center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81:1483-1487.
249. Katznelson L., Riskind P.N., Saxe V.C., Klibanski A. Prolactin pulsatile characteristics in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:761-764.
250. Linkowski P., Spiegel K., Kerkhofs M., et al. Genetic and environmental influences on prolactin secretion during wake and during sleep. Am J Physiol 1998, 274:E909-E919.
251. Van Cauter E., Refetoff S. Multifactorial control of the 24-hour secretory profiles of pituitary hormones. J Endocrinol Invest 1985, 8:381-391.
252. Desir D., Van Cauter E., L'Hermite M., et al. Effects of "jet lag" on hormonal patterns. III. Demonstration of an intrinsic circadian rhythmicity in plasma prolactin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982, 55:849-857.
253. Copinschi G., Van Onderbergen A., L'Hermite-Balériaux M., et al. Effects of the short-acting benzodiazepine triazolam, taken at bedtime, on circadian and sleep-related hormonal profiles in normal men. Sleep 1990, 13:232-244.
254. Copinschi G., Akseki E., Moreno-Reyes R., et al. Effects of bedtime administration of zolpidem on circadian and sleep-related hormonal profiles in normal women. Sleep 1995, 18:417-424.
255. Spiegel K., Luthringer R., Follenius M., et al. Temporal relationship between prolactin secretion and slow-wave electroencephalographic activity during sleep. Sleep 1995, 18:543-548.
256. Greenspan S.L., Klibanski A., Rowe J.W., et al. Age alters pulsatile prolactin release: influence of dopaminergic inhibition. Am J Physiol 1990, 258:E799-E804.
257. Caufriez A., Désir D., Szyper M., et al. Prolactin secretion in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981, 53:843-846.
258. Iranmanesh A., Veldhuis J.D., Carlsen E.C., et al. Attenuated pulsatile release of prolactin in men with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 71:73-78.
259. Kok P., Roelfsema F., Frolich M., et al. Prolactin release is enhanced in proportion to excess visceral fat in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:4445-4449.
260. Groote Veldman R., van den Berg G., Pincus S.M., et al. Increased episodic release and disorderliness of prolactin secretion in both micro- and macroprolactinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 1999, 140:192-200.
261. Boyar R.M., Kapen S., Finkelstein J.W., et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary function in diverse hyperprolactinemic states. J Clin Invest 1974, 53:1588-1598.
262. Lanfranco F., Bonelli L., Baldi M., et al. Acylated ghrelin inhibits spontaneous luteinizing hormone pulsatility and responsiveness to naloxone but not that to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in young men: evidence for a central inhibitory action of ghrelin on the gonadal axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:3633-3639.
263. Bremner W.J., Vitiello M.V., Prinz P.N. Loss of circadian rhythmicity in blood testosterone levels with aging in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983, 56:1278-1280.
264. Luboshitzky R., Zabari Z., Shen-Orr Z., et al. Disruption of the nocturnal testosterone rhythm by sleep fragmentation in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:1134-1139.
265. Axelsson J., Ingre M., Akerstedt T., et al. Effects of acutely displaced sleep on testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:4530-4535.
266. Penev P.D. Association between sleep and morning testosterone levels in older men. Sleep 2007, 30:427-432.
267. Leproult R., Van Cauter E. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA 2011, 305:2173-2174.
268. Lejeune H., Dechaud H., Pugeat M. [Contribution of bioavailable testosterone assay for the diagnosis of androgen deficiency in elderly men]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2003, 64:117-125.
269. Tenover J.S., Matsumoto A.M., Clifton D.K., Bremner W.J. Age-related alterations in the circadian rhythms of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in healthy men. J Gerontol 1988, 43:M163-M169.
270. Mulligan T., Iranmanesh A., Gheorghiu S., et al. Amplified nocturnal luteinizing hormone (LH) secretory burst frequency with selective attenuation of pulsatile (but not basal) testosterone secretion in healthy aged men: possible Leydig cell desensitization to endogenous LH signaling-a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80:3025-3031.
271. Vermeulen A., Deslypere J.P., Kaufman J.M. Influence of antiopioids on luteinizing hormone pulsatility in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989, 68:68-72.
272. Veldhuis J.D., Iranmanesh A., Demers L.M., et al. Joint basal and pulsatile hypersecretory mechanisms drive the monotropic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) elevation in healthy older men: concurrent preservation of the orderliness of the FSH release process: a general clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:3506-3514.
273. Backstrom C.T., McNeilly A.S., Leask R.M., et al. Pulsatile secretion of LH, FSH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone during the human menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1982, 17:29-42.
274. Filicori M., Santoro N., Merriam G.R., et al. Characterization of the physiological pattern of episodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986, 62:1136-1144.
275. Caufriez A., Leproult R., L'Hermite-Baleriaux M., et al. A potential role of endogenous progesterone in modulation of GH, prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion during normal menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009, 71:535-542.
276. Hall J.E., Sullivan J.P., Richardson G.S. Brief wake episodes modulate sleep-inhibited luteinizing hormone secretion in the early follicular phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:2050-2055.
277. Klingman K.M., Marsh E.E., Klerman E.B., et al. Absence of circadian rhythms of gonadotropin secretion in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:1456-1461.
278. Reame N.E., Kelche R.P., Beitins I.Z., et al. Age effects of follicle-stimulating hormone and pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion across the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81:1512-1518.
279. Turek F.W., Van Cauter E. Rhythms in Reproduction. The Physiology of reproduction 1993, 1789-1830. Raven Press, New York. J.D. Knobil E, Neil (Ed.).
280. Bergendahl M., Aloi J.A., Iranmanesh A., et al. Fasting suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and enhances orderliness of LH release in young but not older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:1967-1975.
281. Brabant G., Prank K., Ranft U., et al. Physiological regulation of circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in normal man and woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 70:403-409.
282. Parker D.C., Rossman L.G., Pekary A.E., et al. Effect of 64-hour sleep deprivation on the circadian waveform of thyrotropin (TSH): further evidence of sleep-related inhibition of TSH release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 64:157-161.
283. Hirschfeld U., Moreno-Reyes R., Akseki E., et al. Progressive elevation of plasma thyrotropin during adaptation to simulated jet lag: effects of treatment with bright light or zolpidem. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81:3270-3277.
284. Goichot B., Brandenberger G., Saini J., et al. Nocturnal plasma thyrotropin variations are related to slow-wave sleep. J Sleep Res 1992, 1:186-190.
285. Gronfier C., Luthringer R., Follenius M., et al. Temporal link between plasma thyrotropin levels and electroencephalographic activity in man. Neurosci Lett 1995, 200:97-100.
286. Allan J.S., Czeisler C.A. Persistence of the circadian thyrotropin rhythm under constant conditions and after light-induced shifts of circadian phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 79:508-512.
287. Gary K.A., Winokur A., Douglas S.D., et al. Total sleep deprivation and the thyroid axis: Efects of sleep and waking activity. Aviat Space Environ Med 1996, 67:513-519.
288. Schmid S.M., Hallschmid M., Jauch-Chara K., et al. Partial sleep restriction modulates secretory activity of thyrotropic axis in healthy men. J Sleep Res 2013, 22:166-169.
289. Romijn J.A., Wiersinga W.M. Decreased nocturnal surge of thyrotropin in nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 70:35-42.
290. Bartalena F., Martino E., Petrini L., et al. The nocturnal serum thyrotropin surge is abolished in patients with ACTH-dependent or ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:1195-1199.
291. Caron P.J., Nieman L.K., Rose S.R., et al. Deficient nocturnal surge of thyrotropin in central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986, 62:960-964.
292. Bartalena L., Cossu E., Grasso L., et al. Relationship between nocturnal serum thyrotropin peak and metabolic control in diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993, 76:983-987.
293. Kok P., Roelfsema F., Langendonk J.G., et al. High circulating thyrotropin levels in obese women are reduced after body weight loss induced by caloric restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:4659-4663.
294. Simon C., Gronfier C., Schlienger J.L., et al. Circadian and ultradian variations of leptin in normal man under continuous enteral nutrition: relationship to sleep and body temperature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:1893-1899.
295. Maquet P. Positron emission tomography studies of sleep and sleep disorders. J Neurol 1997, 244:S23-S28.
296. Maquet P. Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography. J Sleep Res 2000, 9:207-231.
297. Dang-Vu T.T., Desseilles M., Laureys S., et al. Cerebral correlates of delta waves during non-REM sleep revisited. Neuroimage 2005, 28:14-21.
298. DeFronzo R.A. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 2004, 88:787-835. ix.
299. Magistretti P.J. Neuron-glia metabolic coupling and plasticity. J Exp Biol 2006, 209:2304-2311.
300. Plat L., Byrne M.M., Sturis J., et al. Effects of morning cortisol elevation on insulin secretion and glucose regulation in humans. Am J Physiol 1996, 270:E36-E42.
301. Scheen A.J., Byrne M.M., Plat L., et al. Relationships between sleep quality and glucose regulation in normal humans. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:E261-E270.
302. Jauch-Chara K., Hallschmid M., Schmid S.M., et al. Plasma glucagon decreases during night-time sleep in Type 1 diabetic patients and healthy control subjects. Diabet Med 2007, 24:684-687.
303. Simon C., Brandenberger G. Ultradian oscillations of insulin secretion in humans. Diabetes 2002, 51(Suppl 1):S258-S261.
304. Sturis J., Van Cauter E., Blackman J.D., et al. Entrainment of pulsatile insulin secretion by oscillatory glucose infusion. J Clin Invest 1991, 87:439-445.
305. Song S.H., Kjems L., Ritzel R., et al. Pulsatile insulin secretion by human pancreatic islets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:213-221.
306. Meneilly G.S., Veldhuis J.D., Elahi D. Disruption of the pulsatile and entropic modes of insulin release during an unvarying glucose stimulus in elderly individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:1938-1943.
307. Spiegel K., Leproult R., L'Hermite-Baleriaux M., et al. Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:5762-5771.
308. Knutson K.L., Van Cauter E. Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1129:287-304.
309. Reutrakul S., Van Cauter E. Interactions between sleep, circadian function and glucose metabolism: implications for risk and severity of diabetes. Ann NY Acad Sci 2014, 1311:151-173.
310. Tasali E., Leproult R., Ehrmann D.A., et al. Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:1044-1049.
311. Stamatakis K.A., Punjabi N.M. Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects. Chest 2010, 137:95-101.
312. Knutson K.L., Van Cauter E., Zee P., et al. Cross-sectional associations between measures of sleep and markers of glucose metabolism among subjects with and without diabetes: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Sleep Study. Diabetes Care 2011, 34:1171-1176.
313. Van Cauter E., Polonsky K.S., Blackman J.D., et al. Abnormal temporal patterns of glucose tolerance in obesity: relationship to sleep-related growth hormone and circadian cortisol rhythmicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 79:1797-1805.
314. Bolli G.B., Gerich J.E. The "dawn phenomenon"-a common occurrence in both non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1984, 310:746-750.
315. Campbell P.J., Bolli G.B., Cryer P.E., et al. Pathogenesis of the dawn phenomenon in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:1473-1479.
316. Davidson M.B., Harris M.D., Ziel F.H., et al. Suppression of sleep-induced growth hormone secretion by anticholinergic agent abolishes dawn phenomenon. Diabetes 1988, 37:166-171.
317. Shapiro E.T., Polonsky K.S., Copinschi G., et al. Nocturnal elevation of glucose levels during fasting in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:444-454.
318. Banarer S., Cryer P.E. Sleep-related hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in type 1 diabetes: reduced awakening from sleep during hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2003, 52:1195-1203.
319. Jauch-Chara K., Schmid S.M., Hallschmid M., et al. Altered neuroendocrine sleep architecture in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:1183-1188.
320. O'Meara N.M., Sturis J., Van Cauter E., et al. Lack of control by glucose of ultradian insulin secretory oscillations in impaired glucose tolerance and in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:262-271.
321. Kershaw E.E., Flier J.S. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:2548-2556.
322. Flier J.S. Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell 2004, 116:337-350.
323. Sinha M.K., Ohannesian J.P., Heiman M.L., et al. Nocturnal rise of leptin in lean, obese and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:1344-1347.
324. Saad M.F., Riad-Gabriel M.G., Khan A., et al. Diurnal and ultradian rhythmicity of plasma leptin: effects of gender and adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:453-459.
325. Schoeller D.A., Cella L.K., Sinha M.K., et al. Entrainment of the diurnal rhythm of plasma leptin to meal timing. J Clin Invest 1997, 100:1882-1887.
326. Shea S.A., Hilton M.F., Orlova C., et al. Independent circadian and sleep/wake regulation of adipokines and glucose in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:2537-2544.
327. Mullington J.M., Chan J.L., Van Dongen H.P., et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol 2003, 15:851-854.
328. Licinio J., Negrao A.B., Mantzoros C., et al. Sex differences in circulating human leptin pulse amplitude: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:4140-4147.
329. Kolaczynski J.W., Considine R.V., Ohannesian J., et al. Responses of leptin to short-term fasting and refeeding in humans: a link with ketogenesis but not ketones themselves. Diabetes 1996, 45:1511-1515.
330. Chin-Chance C., Polonsky K.S., Schoeller D.A. Twenty-four-hour leptin levels respond to cumulative short-term energy imbalance and predict subsequent intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:2685-2691.
331. Laughlin G.A., Yen S.S. Hypoleptinemia in women athletes: absence of a diurnal rhythm with amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:318-321.
332. Balligand J.L., Brichard S.M., Brichard V., et al. Hypoleptinemia in patients with anorexia nervosa: loss of circadian rhythm and unresponsiveness to short-term refeeding. Eur J Endocrinol 1998, 138:415-420.
333. Franceschini R., Corsini G., Cataldi A., et al. Twenty-four-hour variation in serum leptin in the elderly. Metabolism 1999, 48:1011-1014.
334. Spiegel K., Tasali E., Penev P., Van Cauter E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 2004, 141:846-850.
335. Taheri S., Lin L., Austin D., et al. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med 2004, 1:e62.
336. Chaput J.P., Despres J.P., Bouchard C., et al. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin levels and increased adiposity: Results from the Quebec family study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007, 15:253-261.
337. Purnell J.Q., Samuels M.H. Levels of leptin during hydrocortisone infusions that mimic normal and reversed diurnal cortisol levels in subjects with adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:3125-3128.
338. Leal-Cerro A., Considine R.V., Peino R., et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin levels are increased in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Horm Metab Res 1996, 28:711-713.
339. Masuzaki H., Ogawa Y., Hosoda K., et al. Glucocorticoid regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion in humans: elevated plasma leptin levels in Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:2542-2547.
340. Veldman R.G., Frolich M., Pincus S.M., et al. Hyperleptinemia in women with Cushing's disease is driven by high-amplitude pulsatile, but orderly and eurhythmic, leptin secretion. Eur J Endocrinol 2001, 144:21-27.
341. Kousta E., Chrisoulidou A., Lawrence N.J., et al. The circadian rhythm of leptin is preserved in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998, 48:685-690.
342. Pombo M., Herrera-Justiniano E., Considine R.V., et al. Nocturnal rise of leptin in normal prepubertal and pubertal children and in patients with perinatal stalk-transection syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:2751-2754.
343. Spiegel K., Tasali E., Leproult R., et al. Twenty-four-hour profiles of acylated and total ghrelin: relationship with glucose levels and impact of time of day and sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:486-493.
344. Yildiz B.O., Suchard M.A., Wong M.L., et al. Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:10434-10439.
345. Espelund U., Hansen T.K., Hojlund K., et al. Fasting unmasks a strong inverse association between ghrelin and cortisol in serum: studies in obese and normal-weight subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:741-746.
346. Cummings D.E., Weigle D.S., Frayo R.S., et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1623-1630.
347. McEwen B.S. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998, 840:33-44.
348. Spiegel K., Knutson K., Leproult R., et al. Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol 2005, 99:2008-2019.
349. Nedeltcheva A.V., Kilkus J.M., Imperial J., et al. Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89:126-133.
350. Nedeltcheva A.V., Kilkus J.M., Imperial J., et al. Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. Ann Intern Med 2010, 153:435-441.
351. Markwald R.R., Melanson E.L., Smith M.R., et al. Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110:5695-5700.
352. Greer S.M., Goldstein A.N., Walker M.P. The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain. Nat Commun 2013, 4:2259.
353. Van Cauter E., Knutson K. Sleep and the epidemic of obesity in children and adults. Eur J Endocrinol 2008, 159(Suppl 1):S59-S66.
354. Watson N.F., Harden K.P., Buchwald D., et al. Sleep duration and body mass index in twins: a gene-environment interaction. Sleep 2011, 35:597-603.
355. Cooper B.G., White J.E.S., Ashworth L.A., et al. Hormonal and metabolic profiles in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and the effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Sleep 1995, 18:172-179.
356. Saini J., Krieger J., Brandenberger G., et al. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment: Effects on growth hormone, insulin and glucose profiles in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Hormone Metab Res 1993, 25:375-381.
357. Spiegel K., Follenius M., Krieger J., et al. Prolactin secretion during sleep in obstructive sleep apnea patients. J Sleep Res 1995, 4:56-62.
358. Luboshitzky R., Lavie L., Shen-Orr Z., et al. Pituitary-gonadal function in men with obstructive sleep apnea. The effect of continuous positive airways pressure treatment. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2003, 24:463-467.
359. Chin K., Shimizu K., Nakamura T., et al. Changes in intra-abdominal visceral fat and serum leptin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome following nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Circulation 1999, 100:706-712.
360. Takahashi K., Chin K., Akamizu T., et al. Acylated ghrelin level in patients with OSA before and after nasal CPAP treatment. Respirology 2008, 13:810-816.
361. Tasali E., Mokhlesi B., Van Cauter E. Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: interacting epidemics. Chest 2008, 133:496-506.
362. Aronsohn R.S., Whitmore H., Van Cauter E., et al. Impact of untreated obstructive sleep apnea on glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181:507-513.
363. West S.D., Nicoll D.J., Stradling J.R. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in men with type 2 diabetes. Thorax 2006, 61:945-950.
364. Foster G, Kuna S, Sanders M, et al. Sleep apnea in obese adults with type 2 diabetes: baseline results from the Sleep Ahead Study. Sleep. 2008;25:abstract 066.
365. Kok S.W., Roelfsema F., Overeem S., et al. Dynamics of the pituitary-adrenal ensemble in hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic humans: blunted basal adrenocorticotropin release and evidence for normal time-keeping by the master pacemaker. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:5085-5091.
366. Overeem S., Kok S.W., Lammers G.J., et al. Somatotropic axis in hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic humans: altered circadian distribution of GH-secretory events. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003, 284:E641-E647.
367. Kok S.W., Meinders A.E., Overeem S., et al. Reduction of plasma leptin levels and loss of its circadian rhythmicity in hypocretin (orexin)-deficient narcoleptic humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:805-809.
368. Yamamoto N., Yamanaka G., Ishizawa K., et al. Insomnia increases insulin resistance and insulin secretion in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010, 58:801-804.
369. Rosenthal R.E., Vanderpool J.R.J., Levendosky A.A., et al. Phase-shifting effects of bright morning light as treatment for delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep 1990, 13:354-361.
370. Jones C.R., Campbell S.S., Zone S.E., et al. Familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome: A short-period circadian rhythm variant in humans. Nat Med 1999, 5:1062-1065.
371. Shanware N.P., Hutchinson J.A., Kim S.H., et al. Casein kinase 1-dependent phosphorylation of familial advanced sleep phase syndrome-associated residues controls PERIOD 2 stability. J Biol Chem 2011, 286:12766-12774.
372. Fonken L.K., Workman J.L., Walton J.C., et al. Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:18664-18669.
373. Scheer F.A., Hilton M.F., Mantzoros C.S., et al. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:4453-4458.
374. Buxton O.M., Cain S.W., O'Connor S.P., et al. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci Transl Med 2012, 4:129ra143.
375. Aschoff J., Hoffmann K., Pohl H., et al. Re-entrainment of circadian rhythms after phase-shifts of the zeitgeber. Chronobiologia 1975, 28:119-133.
376. Czeisler C.A., Johnson M.P., Duffy J.F., et al. Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night work. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1253-1259.
377. Knutsson A., Akerstedt T., Jonsson BG., Orth-Gomer K. Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers. Lancet 1986, 2:89-92.
378. Rosa R.R. Extended workshifts and excessive fatigue. J Sleep Res 1995, 4:51-56.
379. van Amelsvoort L.G., Schouten E.G., Kok F.J. Duration of shiftwork related to body mass index and waist to hip ratio. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999, 23:973-978.
380. Nagaya T., Yoshida H., Takahashi H., et al. Markers of insulin resistance in day and shift workers aged 30-59 years. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2002, 75:562-568.
381. Pan A., Schernhammer E.S., Sun Q., et al. Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women. PLoS Med 2011, 8:e1001141.
382. Roden M., Koller M., Pirich K., et al. The circadian melatonin and cortisol secretion pattern in permanent night shift workers. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:R261-R267.
383. Weibel L., Spiegel K., Follenius M., et al. Internal dissociation of the circadian markers of the cortisol rhythm in night workers. Am J Physiol 1996, 270:E608-E613.
384. Burgess H.J., Sharkey K.M., Eastman C.I. Bright light, dark and melatonin can promote circadian adaptation in night shift workers. Sleep Med Rev 2002, 6:407-420.