Depot dependent effects of dexamethasone on gene expression in human omental and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissues from obese women

PLoS ONE

Volumn 11, Issue 12, 2016, Pages

  Pickering, R Taylor ^a   Lee, Mi Jeong ^a   Karastergiou, Kalypso ^a   Gower, Adam ^a   Fried, Susan K ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEXAMETHASONE; JANUS KINASE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; STAT PROTEIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; DELAYED RELEASE FORMULATION; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 6; PCK1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP); SIGNAL PEPTIDE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TSC22D3 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ABDOMINAL SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; ADIPOGENESIS; ADULT; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOWN REGULATION; ESTERIFICATION; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GLUCONEOGENESIS; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; INTRAPERITONEAL FAT; LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION; LIPID STORAGE; LIPOGENESIS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UPREGULATION; ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGONISTS; CELL CULTURE; CHEMISTRY; CYTOLOGY; DELAYED RELEASE FORMULATION; DNA MICROARRAY; DRUG EFFECTS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; OMENTUM; PATHOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADIPOGENESIS; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; CELLS, CULTURED; DELAYED-ACTION PREPARATIONS; DEXAMETHASONE; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-6; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; OMENTUM; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP); RECEPTORS, GLUCOCORTICOID; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT, ABDOMINAL; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85007294646     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167337     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Tchernof A, Despres JP. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiol Rev. 2013; 93 (1):359-404. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2011 PMID: 23303913
2. Geer EB, Shen W, Strohmayer E, Post KD, Freda PU. Body composition and cardiovascular risk markers after remission of Cushing's disease: a prospective study using whole-body MRI. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97(5):1702-11. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3123 PMID: 22419708
3. Geer EB, Shen W, Gallagher D, Punyanitya M, Looker HC, Post KD, et al. MRI assessment of lean and adipose tissue distribution in female patients with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010; 73 (4):469-75. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC2962672.
4. Wajchenberg BL, Bosco A, Marone MM, Levin S, Rocha M, Lerario AC, et al. Estimation of body fat and lean tissue distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal body fat evaluation by computed tomography in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80(9):2791-4. doi: 10.1210/jcem.80.9.7673425 PMID: 7673425
5. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, et al. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science. 2001; 294(5549):2166-70. doi: 10.1126/science. 1066285 PMID: 11739957
6. Drolet R, Richard C, Sniderman AD, Mailloux J, Fortier M, Huot C, et al. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of abdominal adipose tissues in women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008; 32(2):283-91.
7. Tchernof A, Belanger C, Morisset AS, Richard C, Mailloux J, Laberge P, et al. Regional differences in adipose tissue metabolism in women: minor effect of obesity and body fat distribution. Diabetes. 2006; 55(5):1353-60. PMID: 16644692
8. Patel R, Williams-Dautovich J, Cummins CL. Minireview: new molecular mediators of glucocorticoid receptor activity in metabolic tissues. Mol Endocrinol. 2014; 28(7):999-1011. doi: 10.1210/me.2014-1062 PMID: 24766141
9. Chodankar R, Wu DY, Schiller BJ, Yamamoto KR, Stallcup MR. Hic-5 is a transcription coregulator that acts before and/or after glucocorticoid receptor genome occupancy in a gene-selective manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111(11):4007-12. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1400522111 PMID: 24591583
10. Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Libert C. Comprehensive overview of the structure and regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Endocr Rev. 2014; 35(4):671-93. doi: 10.1210/er.2014-1010 PMID: 24937701
11. Lee MJ, Wu Y, Fried SK. Adipose tissue heterogeneity: implication of depot differences in adipose tissue for obesity complications. Mol Aspects Med. 2013; 34(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.001 PMID: 23068073
12. Grandl G, Muller S, Moest H, Moser C, Wollscheid B, Wolfrum C. Depot specific differences in the adipogenic potential of precursors are mediated by collagenous extracellular matrix and Flotillin 2 dependent signaling. Mol Metab. 2016; 5(10):937-47. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.008 PMID: 27689006
13. Fried SK, Russell CD, Grauso NL, Brolin RE. Lipoprotein lipase regulation by insulin and glucocorticoid in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues of obese women and men. J Clin Invest. 1993; 92 (5):2191-8. doi: 10.1172/JCI116821 PMID: 8227334
14. Lee MJ, Gong DW, Burkey BF, Fried SK. Pathways regulated by glucocorticoids in omental and subcutaneous human adipose tissues: a microarray study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 300(3): E571-E80. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00231.2010 PMID: 21189358
15. Lee MJ, Wang Y, Ricci MR, Sullivan S, Russell CD, Fried SK. Acute and chronic regulation of leptin synthesis, storage, and secretion by insulin and dexamethasone in human adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 292(3):E858-E64. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2006 PMID: 17122089
16. Vockley CM, D'Ippolito AM, McDowell IC, Majoros WH, Safi A, Song L, et al. Direct GR Binding Sites Potentiate Clusters of TF Binding across the Human Genome. Cell. 2016; 166(5):1269-81 e19. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.049 PMID: 27565349
17. Roqueta-Rivera M, Esquejo RM, Phelan PE, Sandor K, Daniel B, Foufelle F, et al. SETDB2 Links Glucocorticoid to Lipid Metabolism through Insig2a Regulation. Cell Metab. 2016; 24(3):474-84. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC5023502. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.025 PMID: 27568546
18. Fried SK, Moustaid-Moussa N. Culture of adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes. Methods Mol Biol. 2001; 155:197-212. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-231-7:197 PMID: 11293072
19. Mootha VK, Lindgren CM, Eriksson KF, Subramanian A, Sihag S, Lehar J, et al. PGC-1alpha-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. Nat Genet. 2003; 34(3):267-73. doi: 10.1038/ng1180 PMID: 12808457
20. Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102(43):15545-50. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506580102 PMID: 16199517
21. Nye CK, Hanson RW, Kalhan SC. Glyceroneogenesis is the dominant pathway for triglyceride glycerol synthesis in vivo in the rat. J Biol Chem. 2008; 283(41):27565-74. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC2562054. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M804393200 PMID: 18662986
22. Yasmeen R, Jeyakumar SM, Reichert B, Yang F, Ziouzenkova O. The contribution of Vitamin A to autocrine regulation of fat depots. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012; 1821(1):190-7. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC3196743. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.004 PMID: 21704731
23. Catalan V, Gomez-Ambrosi J, Rodriguez A, Ramirez B, Rotellar F, Valenti V, et al. Increased tenascin C and Toll-like receptor 4 levels in visceral adipose tissue as a link between inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97(10):E1880-9. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC3462948. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1670 PMID: 22851489
24. Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998; 83(3):847-50. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.3.4660 PMID: 9506738
25. Hsu MH, Savas U, Griffin KJ, Johnson EF. Human cytochrome p450 family 4 enzymes: function, genetic variation and regulation. Drug Metab Rev. 2007; 39(2-3):515-38. doi: 10.1080/03602530701468573 PMID: 17786636
26. Tews D, Schwar V, Scheithauer M, Weber T, Fromme T, Klingenspor M, et al. Comparative gene array analysis of progenitor cells from human paired deep neck and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014; 395(1-2):41-50. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.011 PMID: 25102227
27. Nishimura S, Nagasaki M, Okudaira S, Aoki J, Ohmori T, Ohkawa R, et al. ENPP2 contributes to adipose tissue expansion and insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity. Diabetes. 2014; 63(12):4154-64. doi: 10.2337/db13-1694 PMID: 24969110
28. Rump A, Morikawa Y, Tanaka M, Minami S, Umesaki N, Takeuchi M, et al. Binding of ovarian cancer antigen CA125/MUC16 to mesothelin mediates cell adhesion. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279(10):9190-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M312372200 PMID: 14676194
29. Jeimy SB, Fuller N, Tasneem S, Segers K, Stafford AR, Weitz JI, et al. Multimerin 1 binds factor V and activated factor V with high affinity and inhibits thrombin generation. Thromb Haemost. 2008; 100 (6):1058-67. PMID: 19132231
30. Yang RZ, Lee MJ, Hu H, Pray J, Wu HB, Hansen BC, et al. Identification of omentin as a novel depotspecific adipokine in human adipose tissue: possible role in modulating insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 290(6):E1253-61. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00572.2004 PMID: 16531507
31. Shan D, Li JL, Wu L, Li D, Hurov J, Tobin JF, et al. GPAT3 and GPAT4 are regulated by insulin-stimulated phosphorylation and play distinct roles in adipogenesis. J Lipid Res. 2010; 51(7):1971-81. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC2882735. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M006304 PMID: 20181984
32. Yoo HJ, Hwang SY, Cho GJ, Hong HC, Choi HY, Hwang TG, et al. Association of glypican-4 with body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 98(7):2897-901. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-4297 PMID: 23633195
33. Regazzetti C, Dumas K, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Peraldi P, Tanti JF, Giorgetti-Peraldi S. Regulated in development and DNA damage responses -1 (REDD1) protein contributes to insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes. PLoS One. 2012; 7(12):e52154. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC3525563. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052154 PMID: 23272222
34. Shitaye HS, Terkhorn SP, Combs JA, Hankenson KD. Thrombospondin-2 is an endogenous adipocyte inhibitor. Matrix Biol. 2010; 29(6):549-56. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC2939302. doi: 10.1016/j. matbio.2010.05.006 PMID: 20561899
35. Matsuo Y, Tanaka M, Yamakage H, Sasaki Y, Muranaka K, Hata H, et al. Thrombospondin 1 as a novel biological marker of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2015; 64(11):1490-9. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC4936918. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.016 PMID: 26298466
36. Kong P, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Li N, Cavalera M, Lee DW, Frangogiannis NG. Thrombospondin-1 regulates adiposity and metabolic dysfunction in diet-induced obesity enhancing adipose inflammation and stimulating adipocyte proliferation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 305(3):E439-50. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC3742854. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00006.2013 PMID: 23757408
37. Nishizuka M, Koyanagi A, Osada S, Imagawa M. Wnt4 and Wnt5a promote adipocyte differentiation. FEBS Lett. 2008; 582(21-22):3201-5. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.08.011 PMID: 18708054
38. Robciuc MR, Kivela R, Williams IM, de Boer JF, van Dijk TH, Elamaa H, et al. VEGFB/VEGFR1-Induced Expansion of Adipose Vasculature Counteracts Obesity and Related Metabolic Complications. Cell Metab. 2016; 23(4):712-24. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.03.004 PMID: 27076080
39. Nie T, Hui X, Gao X, Li K, Lin W, Xiang X, et al. Adipose tissue deletion of Gpr116 impairs insulin sensitivity through modulation of adipose function. FEBS Lett. 2012; 586(20):3618-25. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet. 2012.08.006 PMID: 22971422
40. Magnusson B, Svensson PA, Carlsson LM, Sjoholm K. Activin B inhibits lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010; 395(3):373-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.022 PMID: 20382119
41. Garner JA. Differential turnover of tubulin and neurofilament proteins in central nervous system neuron terminals. Brain Res. 1988; 458(2):309-18. PMID: 2463048
42. Yamamoto Y, Gesta S, Lee KY, Tran TT, Saadatirad P, Kahn CR. Adipose depots possess unique developmental gene signatures. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010; 18(5):872-8. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC4377838.
43. Wu Q, Tang SG, Yuan ZM. Gremlin 2 inhibits adipocyte differentiation through activation of Wnt/betacatenin signaling. Mol Med Rep. 2015; 12(4):5891-6. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4117 PMID: 26239165
44. Hashimoto I, Wada J, Hida A, Baba M, Miyatake N, Eguchi J, et al. Elevated serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 and chronic inflammation in overweight subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14 (5):799-811.
45. Corradetti MN, Inoki K, Guan KL. The stress-inducted proteins RTP801 and RTP801L are negative regulators of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280(11):9769-72. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C400557200 PMID: 15632201
46. Gesta S, Bluher M, Yamamoto Y, Norris AW, Berndt J, Kralisch S, et al. Evidence for a role of developmental genes in the origin of obesity and body fat distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103 (17):6676-81. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601752103 PMID: 16617105
47. Lessard J, Laforest S, Pelletier M, Leboeuf M, Blackburn L, Tchernof A. Low abdominal subcutaneous preadipocyte adipogenesis is associated with visceral obesity, visceral adipocyte hypertrophy, and a dysmetabolic state. Adipocyte. 2014; 3(3):197-205. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC4110096. doi: 10.4161/adip.29385 PMID: 25068086
48. Arner P, Andersson DP, Thorne A, Wiren M, Hoffstedt J, Naslund E, et al. Variations in the size of the major omentum are primarily determined by fat cell number. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 98(5): E897-901. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-4106 PMID: 23543656
49. Zaragosi LE, Wdziekonski B, Villageois P, Keophiphath M, Maumus M, Tchkonia T, et al. Activin a plays a critical role in proliferation and differentiation of human adipose progenitors. Diabetes. 2010; 59 (10):2513-21. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC3279533. doi: 10.2337/db10-0013 PMID: 20530742
50. Du B, Cawthorn WP, Su A, Doucette CR, Yao Y, Hemati N, et al. The transcription factor paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1) inhibits adipogenesis by activating transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288(5):3036-47. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC3561528. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.440370 PMID: 23250756
51. Aluwihare P, Mu Z, Zhao Z, Yu D, Weinreb PH, Horan GS, et al. Mice that lack activity of alphavbeta6- and alphavbeta8-integrins reproduce the abnormalities of Tgfb1- and Tgfb3-null mice. J Cell Sci. 2009; 122(Pt 2):227-32. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC2714418. doi: 10.1242/jcs.035246 PMID: 19118215
52. Drews F, Knobel S, Moser M, Muhlack KG, Mohren S, Stoll C, et al. Disruption of the latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein-1 gene causes alteration in facial structure and influences TGF-beta bioavailability. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008; 1783(1):34-48. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.08.004 PMID: 17950478
53. Tang T, Thompson JC, Wilson PG, Nelson C, Williams KJ, Tannock LR. Decreased body fat, elevated plasma transforming growth factor-beta levels, and impaired BMP4-like signaling in biglycan-deficient mice. Connect Tissue Res. 2013; 54(1):5-13. doi: 10.3109/03008207.2012.715700 PMID: 22834985
54. Hara T, Yoshida E, Shinkai Y, Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Kumagai Y, et al. Biglycan Intensifies ALK5-Smad2/3 Signaling by TGF-beta1 and Downregulates Syndecan-4 in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. J Cell Biochem. 2016.
55. Berendsen AD, Fisher LW, Kilts TM, Owens RT, Robey PG, Gutkind JS, et al. Modulation of canonical Wnt signaling by the extracellular matrix component biglycan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011; 108 (41):17022-7. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC3193219. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1110629108 PMID: 21969569
56. Ward MG, Ajuwon KM. Biglycan deletion alters adiponectin expression in murine adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PLoS One. 2012; 7(11):e50554. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC3506581. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050554 PMID: 23189205
57. Yu CY, Mayba O, Lee JV, Tran J, Harris C, Speed TP, et al. Genome-wide analysis of glucocorticoid receptor binding regions in adipocytes reveal gene network involved in triglyceride homeostasis. PLoS One. 2010; 5(12):e15188. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015188 PMID: 21187916
58. Umemoto E, Takeda A, Jin S, Luo Z, Nakahogi N, Hayasaka H, et al. Dynamic changes in endothelial cell adhesion molecule nepmucin/CD300LG expression under physiological and pathological conditions. PLoS One. 2013; 8(12):e83681. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083681 PMID: 24376728
59. Arase T, Uchida H, Kajitani T, Ono M, Tamaki K, Oda H, et al. The UDP-glucose receptor P2RY14 triggers innate mucosal immunity in the female reproductive tract by inducing IL-8. J Immunol. 2009; 182 (11):7074-84. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900001 PMID: 19454705
60. Xu J, Morinaga H, Oh D, Li P, Chen A, Talukdar S, et al. GPR105 ablation prevents inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity in mice with diet-induced obesity. J Immunol. 2012; 189(4):1992-9. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103207 PMID: 22778393
61. Wellen KE, Fucho R, Gregor MF, Furuhashi M, Morgan C, Lindstad T, et al. Coordinated regulation of nutrient and inflammatory responses by STAMP2 is essential for metabolic homeostasis. Cell. 2007; 129(3):537-48. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.049 PMID: 17482547
62. Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Serrano M, Perez-Perez R, Sabater M, Ricart W, et al. Decreased STAMP2 expression in association with visceral adipose tissue dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96(11):E1816-E25. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0310 PMID: 21849520
63. Hashimoto I, Wada J, Hida A, Baba M, Miyatake N, Eguchi J, et al. Elevated serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 and chronic inflammation in overweight subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14 (5):799-811.
64. Darimont C, Avanti O, Blancher F, Wagniere S, Mansourian R, Zbinden I, et al. Contribution of mesothelial cells in the expression of inflammatory-related factors in omental adipose tissue of obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008; 32(1):112-20.
65. Hardy OT, Perugini RA, Nicoloro SM, Gallagher-Dorval K, Puri V, Straubhaar J, et al. Body mass indexindependent inflammation in omental adipose tissue associated with insulin resistance in morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011; 7(1):60-7. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2010.05.013 PMID: 20678967
66. Chau YY, Bandiera R, Serrels A, Martinez-Estrada OM, Qing W, Lee M, et al. Visceral and subcutaneous fat have different origins and evidence supports a mesothelial source. Nat Cell Biol. 2014; 16 (4):367-75. doi: 10.1038/ncb2922 PMID: 24609269
67. Huang DW, Sherman BT, Tan Q, Kir J, Liu D, Bryant D, et al. DAVID Bioinformatics Resources: expanded annotation database and novel algorithms to better extract biology from large gene lists. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007; 35(Web Server issue):W169-W75. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm415 PMID: 17576678
68. Huang DW, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA. Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009; 37(1):1-13. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn923 PMID: 19033363
69. Zhou S, Zhou J. Neuritin, a neurotrophic factor in nervous system physiology. Curr Med Chem. 2014; 21(10):1212-9. PMID: 24350851
70. Le JS, Le MN, Cazes A, Philippe J, Le CM, Leger J, et al. Characterization of the expression of the hypoxia-induced genes neuritin, TXNIP and IGFBP3 in cancer. FEBS Lett. 2006; 580(14):3395-400. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.011 PMID: 16723126
71. Lee MJ, Fried SK. The glucocorticoid receptor, not the mineralocorticoid receptor, plays the dominant role in adipogenesis and adipokine production in human adipocytes. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014; 38 (9):1228-33. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC4321810.
72. Singh P, Brock CO, Volden PA, Hernandez K, Skor M, Kocherginsky M, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor ChIP-sequencing of subcutaneous fat reveals modulation of inflammatory pathways. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015; 23(11):2286-93. Pub Med Central PMCID: PMCPMC4818951.
73. Chen W, Dang T, Blind RD, Wang Z, Cavasotto CN, Hittelman AB, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation differentially affects target gene expression. Mol Endocrinol. 2008; 22(8):1754-66. doi: 10.1210/me.2007-0219 PMID: 18483179