Impact of dietary fiber and fat on gut microbiota re-modeling and metabolic health

Trends in Food Science and Technology

Volumn 57, Issue , 2016, Pages 201-212

  Benítez Páez, Alfonso ^a   Gómez Del Pulgar, Eva M ^a   Kjølbæk, Louise ^b   Brahe, Lena Kirchner ^b   Astrup, Arne ^b   Larsen, LesliHingstrup ^b   Sanz, Yolanda ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE AGROQUÍMICA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE ALIMENTOS CSIC   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Diet related diseases; Fat; Fiber; Gut microbiota; Microbiome; Obesity

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; OILS AND FATS; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS;

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS; GUT MICROBIOTA; MECHANISTIC STUDIES; METABOLIC PHENOTYPE; MICROBIOME; OBESITY; SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE; SECONDARY METABOLIC PATHWAYS;

FIBERS;

EID: 85002202547     PISSN: 09242244     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Abell, G.C., Cooke, C.M., Bennett, C.N., Conlon, M.A., McOrist, A.L., Phylotypes related to Ruminococcus bromii are abundant in the large bowel of humans and increase in response to a diet high in resistant starch. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 66 (2008), 505–515.
2. Anastasovska, J., Arora, T., Sanchez Canon, G.J., Parkinson, J.R., Touhy, K., Gibson, G.R., et al. Fermentable carbohydrate alters hypothalamic neuronal activity and protects against the obesogenic environment. Obesity (Silver Spring) 20 (2012), 1016–1023.
3. Andersen, J.M., Barrangou, R., Abou Hachem, M., Lahtinen, S.J., Goh, Y.J., Svensson, B., et al. Transcriptional analysis of oligosaccharide utilization by Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04. BMC Genomics, 14, 2013, 312.
4. Benitez-Paez, A., Moreno, F., Sanz, M., Sanz, Y., Genome structure of the symbiont Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 and gene expression profiling in response to lactulose-derived oligosaccharides. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 2016, 624.
5. Bes-Rastrollo, M., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Sanchez-Villegas, A., de la Fuente Arrillaga, C., Martinez, J.A., Association of fiber intake and fruit/vegetable consumption with weight gain in a Mediterranean population. Nutrition 22 (2006), 504–511.
6. den Besten, G., Bleeker, A., Gerding, A., van Eunen, K., Havinga, R., van Dijk, et al. Short-chain fatty acids protect against high-fat diet-induced obesity via a PPARgamma-dependent switch from lipogenesis to fat oxidation. Diabetes 65 (2015), 2398–2408.
7. Blaut, M., Gut microbiota and energy balance: Role in obesity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74 (2014), 227–234.
8. Brahe, L.K., Le Chatelier, E., Prifti, E., Pons, N., Kennedy, S., Hansen, T., et al. Specific gut microbiota features and metabolic markers in postmenopausal women with obesity. Nutrition & Diabetes, 5, 2015, e159.
9. Brinkworth, G.D., Noakes, M., Clifton, P.M., Bird, A.R., Comparative effects of very low-carbohydrate, high-fat and high-carbohydrate, low-fat weight-loss diets on bowel habit and faecal short-chain fatty acids and bacterial populations. British Journal of Nutrition 101 (2009), 1493–1502.
10. Broekaert, W.F., Courtin, C.M., Verbeke, K., Van de Wiele, T., Verstraete, W., Delcour, J.A., Prebiotic and other health-related effects of cereal-derived arabinoxylans, arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 51 (2011), 178–194.
11. Caesar, R., Tremaroli, V., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Cani, P.D., Backhed, F., Crosstalk between gut microbiota and dietary lipids aggravates WAT inflammation through TLR signaling. Cell Metabolism 22 (2015), 658–668.
12. Cani, P.D., Bibiloni, R., Knauf, C., Waget, A., Neyrinck, A.M., Delzenne, N.M., et al. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 57 (2008), 1470–1481.
13. Cani, P.D., Delzenne, N.M., Amar, J., Burcelin, R., Role of gut microflora in the development of obesity and insulin resistance following high-fat diet feeding. Pathologie Biologie (Paris) 56 (2008), 305–309.
14. Cani, P.D., Joly, E., Horsmans, Y., Delzenne, N.M., Oligofructose promotes satiety in healthy human: A pilot study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60 (2006), 567–572.
15. Cani, P.D., Lecourt, E., Dewulf, E.M., Sohet, F.M., Pachikian, B.D., Naslain, D., et al. Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (2009), 1236–1243.
16. Cani, P.D., Neyrinck, A.M., Fava, F., Knauf, C., Burcelin, R.G., Tuohy, K.M., et al. Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia 50 (2007), 2374–2383.
17. Carvalho-Wells, A.L., Helmolz, K., Nodet, C., Molzer, C., Leonard, C., McKevith, B., et al. Determination of the in vivo prebiotic potential of a maize-based whole grain breakfast cereal: A human feeding study. British Journal of Nutrition 104 (2010), 1353–1356.
18. Chassard, C., Goumy, V., Leclerc, M., Del'homme, C., Bernalier-Donadille, A., Characterization of the xylan-degrading microbial community from human faeces. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 61 (2007), 121–131.
19. Chung, Y.C., Hsu, C.K., Ko, C.Y., Chan, Y.C., Dietary intake of xylooligosaccharides improves the intestinal microbiota, fecal moisture, an pH value in the elderly. Nutrition Research 27 (2007), 756–761.
20. Cipolletta, D., Cohen, P., Spiegelman, B.M., Benoist, C., Mathis, D., Appearance and disappearance of the mRNA signature characteristic of Treg cells in visceral adipose tissue: Age, diet, and PPARgamma effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (2015), 482–487.
21. Cloetens, L., Broekaert, W.F., Delaedt, Y., Ollevier, F., Courtin, C.M., Delcour, J.A., et al. Tolerance of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides and their prebiotic activity in healthy subjects: A randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study. British Journal of Nutrition 103 (2010), 703–713.
22. Closa-Monasterolo, R., Gispert-Llaurado, M., Luque, V., Ferre, N., Rubio-Torrents, C., Zaragoza-Jordana, M., et al. Safety and efficacy of inulin and oligofructose supplementation in infant formula: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 32 (2013), 918–927.
23. Conlon, M.A., Bird, A.R., The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients 1 (2015), 17–44.
24. Coppinger, T., Jeanes, Y.M., Dabinett, J., Vogele, C., Reeves, S., Physical activity and dietary intake of children aged 9-11 years and the influence of peers on these behaviours: A 1-year follow-up. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64 (2010), 776–781.
25. Costabile, A., Klinder, A., Fava, F., Napolitano, A., Fogliano, V., Leonard, C., et al. Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. British Journal of Nutrition 99 (2008), 110–120.
26. David, L.A., Maurice, C.F., Carmody, R.N., Gootenberg, D.B., Button, J.E., Wolfe, B.E., et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505 (2014), 559–563.
27. Davie, J.R., Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate. Journal of Nutrition 133 (2003), 2485S–2493S.
28. De Filippis, F., Pellegrini, N., Vannini, L., Jeffery, I.B., La Storia, A., Laghi, L., et al. High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut, 2015, 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309957.
29. De Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di Paola, M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J.B., Massart, S., et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (2010), 14691–14696.
30. Degirolamo, C., Rainaldi, S., Bovenga, F., Murzilli, S., Moschetta, A., Microbiota modification with probiotics induces hepatic bile acid synthesis via downregulation of the Fxr-Fgf15 axis in mice. Cell Reports 7 (2014), 12–18.
31. Delzenne, N.M., Neyrinck, A.M., Backhed, F., Cani, P.D., Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: Effects of prebiotics and probiotics. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 7 (2011), 639–646.
32. Delzenne, N.M., Neyrinck, A.M., Cani, P.D., Gut microbiota and metabolic disorders: How prebiotic can work?. British Journal of Nutrition 109:Suppl 2 (2013), S81–S85.
33. Devkota, S., Wang, Y., Musch, M.W., Leone, V., Fehlner-Peach, H., Nadimpalli, A., et al. Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice. Nature 487 (2012), 104–108.
34. Dewulf, E.M., Cani, P.D., Claus, S.P., Fuentes, S., Puylaert, P.G., Neyrinck, A.M., et al. Insight into the prebiotic concept: Lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women. Gut 62 (2013), 1112–1121.
35. Druart, C., Dewulf, E.M., Cani, P.D., Neyrinck, A.M., Thissen, J.P., Delzenne, N.M., Gut microbial metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids correlate with specific fecal bacteria and serum markers of metabolic syndrome in obese women. Lipids 49 (2014), 397–402.
36. Duncan, S.H., Belenguer, A., Holtrop, G., Johnstone, A.M., Flint, H.J., Lobley, G.E., Reduced dietary intake of carbohydrates by obese subjects results in decreased concentrations of butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria in feces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 (2007), 1073–1078.
37. EFSA, Scientific opinion on the substantation of a health claim related to non-digestible carbohydrates and a reduction of post-pandrial glycaemic responses pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal, 12, 2014, 3513.
38. EFSA NDA Panel, Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for carbohydrates and dietary fiber. EFSA Journal, 8, 2010, 1462.
39. Erridge, C., Attina, T., Spickett, C.M., Webb, D.J., A high-fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia: Evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 (2007), 1286–1292.
40. Everard, A., Belzer, C., Geurts, L., Ouwerkerk, J.P., Druart, C., Bindels, L.B., et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (2013), 9066–9071.
41. Fava, F., Gitau, R., Griffin, B.A., Gibson, G.R., Tuohy, K.M., Lovegrove, J.A., The type and quantity of dietary fat and carbohydrate alter faecal microbiome and short-chain fatty acid excretion in a metabolic syndrome 'at-risk' population. International Journal of Obesity (London) 37 (2013), 216–223.
42. Flint, H.J., Duncan, S.H., Scott, K.P., Louis, P., Links between diet, gut microbiota composition and gut metabolism. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74 (2015), 13–22.
43. Francois, I.E., Lescroart, O., Veraverbeke, W.S., Marzorati, M., Possemiers, S., Evenepoel, P., et al. Effects of a wheat bran extract containing arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on gastrointestinal health parameters in healthy adult human volunteers: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. British Journal of Nutrition 108 (2012), 2229–2242.
44. Garcia-Peris, P., Velasco, C., Lozano, M.A., Moreno, Y., Paron, L., de la Cuerda, C., et al. Effect of a mixture of inulin and fructo-oligosaccharide on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium intestinal microbiota of patients receiving radiotherapy: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrición Hospitalaria 27 (2012), 1908–1915.
45. Genta, S., Cabrera, W., Habib, N., Pons, J., Carillo, I.M., Grau, A., et al. Yacon syrup: Beneficial effects on obesity and insulin resistance in humans. Clinical Nutrition 28 (2009), 182–187.
46. Gibson, G.R., Fibre and effects on probiotics (the prebiotic concept). Clinical Nutrition Supplements 1 (2004), 25–31.
47. Gibson, D.L., Gill, S.K., Brown, K., Tasnim, N., Ghosh, S., Innis, S., et al. Maternal exposure to fish oil primes offspring to harbor intestinal pathobionts associated with altered immune cell balance. Gut Microbes 6 (2015), 24–32.
48. Gibson, G.R., Probert, H.M., Loo, J.V., Rastall, R.A., Roberfroid, M.B., Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews 17 (2004), 259–275.
49. Giovannini, M., Verduci, E., Gregori, D., Ballali, S., Soldi, S., Ghisleni, D., et al. Prebiotic effect of an infant formula supplemented with galacto-oligosaccharides: Randomized multicenter trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 33 (2014), 385–393.
50. Glozak, M.A., Sengupta, N., Zhang, X., Seto, E., Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins. Gene 363 (2005), 15–23.
51. Gregor, M.F., Hotamisligil, G.S., Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annual Review of Immunology 29 (2011), 415–445.
52. Haghikia, A., Jorg, S., Duscha, A., Berg, J., Manzel, A., Waschbisch, A., et al. Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine. Immunity 43 (2015), 817–829.
53. Hascoet, J.M., Hubert, C., Rochat, F., Legagneur, H., Gaga, S., Emady-Azar, S., et al. Effect of formula composition on the development of infant gut microbiota. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 52 (2011), 756–762.
54. Hildebrandt, M.A., Hoffmann, C., Sherrill-Mix, S.A., Keilbaugh, S.A., Hamady, M., Chen, Y.Y., et al. High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity. Gastroenterology 137:1716–1724 (2009), e1711–e1712.
55. Hippe, B., Zwielehner, J., Liszt, K., Lassl, C., Unger, F., Haslberger, A.G., Quantification of butyryl CoA:acetate CoA-transferase genes reveals different butyrate production capacity in individuals according to diet and age. FEMS Microbiology Letters 316 (2011), 130–135.
56. Holscher, H.D., Bauer, L.L., Gourineni, V., Pelkman, C.L., Fahey, G.C. Jr., Swanson, K.S., Agave inulin supplementation affects the fecal microbiota of healthy adults participating in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Journal of Nutrition 145 (2015), 2025–2032.
57. Hutkins, R.W., Krumbeck, J.A., Bindels, L.B., Cani, P.D., Fahey, G. Jr., Goh, Y.J., et al. Prebiotics: Why definitions matter. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 37 (2016), 1–7.
58. Islam, K.B., Fukiya, S., Hagio, M., Fujii, N., Ishizuka, S., Ooka, T., et al. Bile acid is a host factor that regulates the composition of the cecal microbiota in rats. Gastroenterology 141 (2011), 1773–1781.
59. Jia, G., DeMarco, V.G., Sowers, J.R., Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 12 (2016), 144–153.
60. Johnson, A.M., Olefsky, J.M., The origins and drivers of insulin resistance. Cell 152 (2013), 673–684.
61. Koh-Banerjee, P., Rimm, E.B., Whole grain consumption and weight gain: A review of the epidemiological evidence, potential mechanisms and opportunities for future research. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 (2003), 25–29.
62. Korpela, K., Flint, H.J., Johnstone, A.M., Lappi, J., Poutanen, K., Dewulf, E., et al. Gut microbiota signatures predict host and microbiota responses to dietary interventions in obese individuals. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e90702.
63. Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Nilsson, A., Akrami, R., Lee, Y.S., De Vadder, F., Arora, T., et al. Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella. Cell Metabolism 22 (2015), 971–982.
64. Lam, Y.Y., Ha, C.W., Campbell, C.R., Mitchell, A.J., Dinudom, A., Oscarsson, J., et al. Increased gut permeability and microbiota change associate with mesenteric fat inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e34233.
65. Lappi, J., Salojarvi, J., Kolehmainen, M., Mykkanen, H., Poutanen, K., de Vos, et al. Intake of whole-grain and fiber-rich rye bread versus refined wheat bread does not differentiate intestinal microbiota composition in Finnish adults with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Nutrition 143 (2013), 648–655.
66. Lecomte, V., Kaakoush, N.O., Maloney, C.A., Raipuria, M., Huinao, K.D., Mitchell, H.M., et al. Changes in gut microbiota in rats fed a high fat diet correlate with obesity-associated metabolic parameters. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0126931.
67. Liber, A., Szajewska, H., Effect of oligofructose supplementation on body weight in overweight and obese children: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 112 (2014), 2068–2074.
68. Liu, T., Hougen, H., Vollmer, A.C., Hiebert, S.M., Gut bacteria profiles of Mus musculus at the phylum and family levels are influenced by saturation of dietary fatty acids. Anaerobe 18 (2012), 331–337.
69. Liu, S., Manson, J.E., Stampfer, M.J., Rexrode, K.M., Hu, F.B., Rimm, E.B., et al. Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: A prospective study. Jama 284 (2000), 1534–1540.
70. Lombard, V., Golaconda Ramulu, H., Drula, E., Coutinho, P.M., Henrissat, B., The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Nucleic Acids Research 42 (2013), D490–D495.
71. Louis, P., Young, P., Holtrop, G., Flint, H.J., Diversity of human colonic butyrate-producing bacteria revealed by analysis of the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene. Environmental Microbiology 12 (2010), 304–314.
72. Ludwig, D.S., Pereira, M.A., Kroenke, C.H., Hilner, J.E., Van Horn, L., Slattery, M.L., et al. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. Jama 282 (1999), 1539–1546.
73. Ma, Z., Boye, J.I., Research advances on structural characterization of resistant starch and its structure-physiological function relationship: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 56, 2016, 10.1080/10408398.10402016.11230537.
74. Mahowald, M.A., Rey, F.E., Seedorf, H., Turnbaugh, P.J., Fulton, R.S., Wollam, A., et al. Characterizing a model human gut microbiota composed of members of its two dominant bacterial phyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (2009), 5859–5864.
75. Maki, K.C., Gibson, G.R., Dickmann, R.S., Kendall, C.W., Chen, C.Y., Costabile, A., et al. Digestive and physiologic effects of a wheat bran extract, arabino-xylan-oligosaccharide, in breakfast cereal. Nutrition 28 (2012), 1115–1121.
76. Martinez, I., Kim, J., Duffy, P.R., Schlegel, V.L., Walter, J., Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PLoS One, 5, 2010, e15046.
77. Martinez, I., Lattimer, J.M., Hubach, K.L., Case, J.A., Yang, J., Weber, C.G., et al. Gut microbiome composition is linked to whole grain-induced immunological improvements. ISME Journal 7 (2013), 269–280.
78. Mastrofrancesco, A., Kovacs, D., Sarra, M., Bastonini, E., Cardinali, G., Aspite, N., et al. Preclinical studies of a specific PPARgamma modulator in the control of skin inflammation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 134 (2014), 1001–1011.
79. Mattace Raso, G., Simeoli, R., Russo, R., Iacono, A., Santoro, A., Paciello, O., et al. Effects of sodium butyrate and its synthetic amide derivative on liver inflammation and glucose tolerance in an animal model of steatosis induced by high fat diet. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e68626.
80. McCleary, B.V., Dietary fibre analysis. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 (2003), 3–9.
81. Menezes, E.W., Grande, F., Giuntini, E.B., Lopes Tdo, V., Dan, M.C., Prado, S.B., et al. Impact of dietary fiber energy on the calculation of food total energy value in the Brazilian Food Composition Database. Food Chemistry 193 (2016), 128–133.
82. Moens, F., Weckx, S., De Vuyst, L., Bifidobacterial inulin-type fructan degradation capacity determines cross-feeding interactions between bifidobacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. International Journal of Food Microbiology 231 (2016), 76–85.
83. Moreira, A.P., Texeira, T.F., Ferreira, A.B., Peluzio Mdo, C., Alfenas Rde, C., Influence of a high-fat diet on gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and metabolic endotoxaemia. British Journal of Nutrition 108 (2012), 801–809.
84. Moya-Perez, A., Neef, A., Sanz, Y., Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 reduces obesity-associated inflammation by restoring the lymphocyte-macrophage balance and gut microbiota structure in high-fat diet-fed mice. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0126976.
85. Nichenametla, S.N., Weidauer, L.A., Wey, H.E., Beare, T.M., Specker, B.L., Dey, M., Resistant starch type 4-enriched diet lowered blood cholesterols and improved body composition in a double blind controlled cross-over intervention. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 58 (2014), 1365–1369.
86. Nilsson, A., Granfeldt, Y., Ostman, E., Preston, T., Bjorck, I., Effects of GI and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based evening meals on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardised breakfast. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60 (2006), 1092–1099.
87. O'Connell, K.J., O'Connell Motherway, M., O'Callaghan, J., Fitzgerald, G.F., Ross, R.P., Ventura, M., et al. Metabolism of four alpha-glycosidic linkage-containing oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79 (2013), 6280–6292.
88. O'Keefe, S.J., Li, J.V., Lahti, L., Ou, J., Carbonero, F., Mohammed, K., et al. Fat, fibre and cancer risk in african Americans and rural Africans. Nature Communications, 6, 2015, 6342.
89. Ou, J., Carbonero, F., Zoetendal, E.G., DeLany, J.P., Wang, M., Newton, K., et al. Diet, microbiota, and microbial metabolites in colon cancer risk in rural Africans and African Americans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98 (2013), 111–120.
90. Parnell, J.A., Reimer, R.A., Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (2009), 1751–1759.
91. Peters, H.P., Boers, H.M., Haddeman, E., Melnikov, S.M., Qvyjt, F., No effect of added beta-glucan or of fructo oligosaccharide on appetite or energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (2009), 58–63.
92. Petry, N., Egli, I., Chassard, C., Lacroix, C., Hurrell, R., Inulin modifies the bifidobacteria population, fecal lactate concentration, and fecal pH but does not influence iron absorption in women with low iron status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96 (2012), 325–331.
93. Rabot, S., Membrez, M., Bruneau, A., Gerard, P., Harach, T., Moser, M., et al. Germ-free C57BL/6J mice are resistant to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance and have altered cholesterol metabolism. FASEB Journal 24 (2010), 4948–4959.
94. Rajkumar, H., Mahmood, N., Kumar, M., Varikuti, S.R., Challa, H.R., Myakala, S.P., Effect of probiotic (VSL#3) and omega-3 on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory markers, and gut colonization in overweight adults: A randomized, controlled trial. Mediators of Inflammation, 2014, 2014, 348959.
95. Reeves, A.R., Wang, G.R., Salyers, A.A., Characterization of four outer membrane proteins that play a role in utilization of starch by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Journal of Bacteriology 179 (1997), 643–649.
96. Reichardt, N., Duncan, S.H., Young, P., Belenguer, A., McWilliam Leitch, C., Scott, K.P., et al. Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota. ISME Journal 8 (2014), 1323–1335.
97. Remely, M., Aumueller, E., Merold, C., Dworzak, S., Hippe, B., Zanner, J., et al. Effects of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria on epigenetic regulation of FFAR3 in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Gene 537 (2014), 85–92.
98. Ridlon, J.M., Kang, D.J., Hylemon, P.B., Bajaj, J.S., Bile acids and the gut microbiome. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 30 (2014), 332–338.
99. Rios-Covian, D., Gueimonde, M., Duncan, S.H., Flint, H.J., de los Reyes-Gavilan, C.G., Enhanced butyrate formation by cross-feeding between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium adolescentis. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 362, 2015.
100. Riviere, A., Selak, M., Lantin, D., Leroy, F., De Vuyst, L., Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon Bacteria: Importance and strategies for their stimulation in the human gut. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 2016, 979.
101. Roberfroid, M., Gibson, G.R., Hoyles, L., McCartney, A.L., Rastall, R., Rowland, I., et al. Prebiotic effects: Metabolic and health benefits. British Journal of Nutrition 104:Suppl 2 (2010), S1–S63.
102. Salazar, N., Dewulf, E.M., Neyrinck, A.M., Bindels, L.B., Cani, P.D., Mahillon, J., et al. Inulin-type fructans modulate intestinal Bifidobacterium species populations and decrease fecal short-chain fatty acids in obese women. Clinical Nutrition 34 (2015), 501–507.
103. Sanz, Y., Olivares, M., Moya-Perez, A., Agostoni, C., Understanding the role of gut microbiome in metabolic disease risk. Pediatric Research 77 (2015), 236–244.
104. Sanz, Y., Rastmanesh, R., Agostoni, C., Understanding the role of gut microbes and probiotics in obesity: How far are we?. Pharmacological Research 69 (2013), 144–155.
105. Schneeberger, M., Everard, A., Gomez-Valades, A.G., Matamoros, S., Ramirez, S., Delzenne, N.M., et al. Akkermansia muciniphila inversely correlates with the onset of inflammation, altered adipose tissue metabolism and metabolic disorders during obesity in mice. Scientific Reports, 5, 2015, 16643.
106. Schwiertz, A., Taras, D., Schafer, K., Beijer, S., Bos, N.A., Donus, C., et al. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18 (2010), 190–195.
107. Scott, K.P., Gratz, S.W., Sheridan, P.O., Flint, H.J., Duncan, S.H., The influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Pharmacological Research 69 (2013), 52–60.
108. Semova, I., Carten, J.D., Stombaugh, J., Mackey, L.C., Knight, R., Farber, S.A., et al. Microbiota regulate intestinal absorption and metabolism of fatty acids in the zebrafish. Cell Host & Microbe 12 (2012), 277–288.
109. Serino, M., Luche, E., Gres, S., Baylac, A., Berge, M., Cenac, C., et al. Metabolic adaptation to a high-fat diet is associated with a change in the gut microbiota. Gut 61 (2012), 543–553.
110. Simoes, C.D., Maukonen, J., Kaprio, J., Rissanen, A., Pietilainen, K.H., Saarela, M., Habitual dietary intake is associated with stool microbiota composition in monozygotic twins. Journal of Nutrition 143 (2013), 417–423.
111. Smith, P.M., Howitt, M.R., Panikov, N., Michaud, M., Gallini, C.A., Bohlooly, Y.M., et al. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 341 (2013), 569–573.
112. Sonnenburg, E.D., Smits, S.A., Tikhonov, M., Higginbottom, S.K., Wingreen, N.S., Sonnenburg, J.L., Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations. Nature 529 (2016), 212–215.
113. Staels, B., Prawitt, J., Soaping up type 2 diabetes with bile acids?: the link between glucose and bile acid metabolism in humans tightens: Quality matters!. Diabetes 62 (2013), 3987–3989.
114. Sulek, K., Vigsnaes, L.K., Schmidt, L.R., Holck, J., Frandsen, H.L., Smedsgaard, J., et al. A combined metabolomic and phylogenetic study reveals putatively prebiotic effects of high molecular weight arabino-oligosaccharides when assessed by in vitro fermentation in bacterial communities derived from humans. Anaerobe 28 (2014), 68–77.
115. Turnbaugh, P.J., Backhed, F., Fulton, L., Gordon, J.I., Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host & Microbe 3 (2008), 213–223.
116. Turnbaugh, P.J., Ley, R.E., Mahowald, M.A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E.R., Gordon, J.I., An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444 (2006), 1027–1031.
117. Ussar, S., Griffin, N.W., Bezy, O., Fujisaka, S., Vienberg, S., Softic, S., et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet modulate the predisposition to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Cell Metabolism 22 (2015), 516–530.
118. Verhoef, S.P., Meyer, D., Westerterp, K.R., Effects of oligofructose on appetite profile, glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY3-36 concentrations and energy intake. British Journal of Nutrition 106 (2011), 1757–1762.
119. Vital, M., Gao, J., Rizzo, M., Harrison, T., Tiedje, J.M., Diet is a major factor governing the fecal butyrate-producing community structure across Mammalia, Aves and Reptilia. ISME Journal 9 (2015), 832–843.
120. Vital, M., Howe, A.C., Tiedje, J.M., Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data. MBio, 5, 2014, e00889.
121. Vrieze, A., Holleman, F., Zoetendal, E.G., de Vos, W.M., Hoekstra, J.B., Nieuwdorp, M., The environment within: How gut microbiota may influence metabolism and body composition. Diabetologia 53 (2010), 606–613.
122. Vulevic, J., Juric, A., Tzortzis, G., Gibson, G.R., A mixture of trans-galactooligosaccharides reduces markers of metabolic syndrome and modulates the fecal microbiota and immune function of overweight adults. Journal of Nutrition 143 (2013), 324–331.
123. Walker, A.W., Ince, J., Duncan, S.H., Webster, L.M., Holtrop, G., Ze, X., et al. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME Journal 5 (2011), 220–230.
124. de Wit, N., Derrien, M., Bosch-Vermeulen, H., Oosterink, E., Keshtkar, S., Duval, C., et al. Saturated fat stimulates obesity and hepatic steatosis and affects gut microbiota composition by an enhanced overflow of dietary fat to the distal intestine. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 303 (2012), G589–G599.
125. World Health Organization, Fact sheets. In fact sheet N° 311. 2015.
126. Wu, X., Ma, C., Han, L., Nawaz, M., Gao, F., Zhang, X., et al. Molecular characterisation of the faecal microbiota in patients with type II diabetes. Current Microbiology 61 (2010), 69–78.
127. Xiao, S., Fei, N., Pang, X., Shen, J., Wang, L., Zhang, B., et al. A gut microbiota-targeted dietary intervention for amelioration of chronic inflammation underlying metabolic syndrome. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 87 (2014), 357–367.
128. Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F.E., Manary, M.J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M.G., Contreras, M., et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486 (2012), 222–227.
129. Ye, E.Q., Chacko, S.A., Chou, E.L., Kugizaki, M., Liu, S., Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and weight gain. Journal of Nutrition 142 (2012), 1304–1313.
130. Ze, X., Duncan, S.H., Louis, P., Flint, H.J., Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon. ISME Journal 6 (2012), 1535–1543.
131. Zhang-Sun, W., Augusto, L.A., Zhao, L., Caroff, M., Desulfovibrio desulfuricans isolates from the gut of a single individual: Structural and biological lipid A characterization. FEBS Letters 589 (2015), 165–171.
132. Zhang, C., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Han, R., Cao, Y., Hua, W., et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. ISME Journal 4 (2009), 232–241.
133. Zhernakova, A., Kurilshikov, A., Bonder, M.J., Tigchelaar, E.F., Schirmer, M., Vatanen, T., et al. Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science 352 (2016), 565–569.