Low-energy electron (LEE)-induced DNA damage: Theoretical approaches to modeling experiment

Handbook of Computational Chemistry

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1215-1256

  Kumar, Anil ^a   Sevilla, Michael D ^a  

^a OAKLAND UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTINUUM MECHANICS; DNA; ELECTRON SCATTERING; ELECTRONS; EXCITED STATES; GROUND STATE; IONIZATION OF GASES; MOLECULAR ORBITALS; NEGATIVE IONS; SOLUTIONS; SOLVATION;

INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING; INNER-SHELL ELECTRONS; INTERACTION WITH DNAS; POLARIZED CONTINUUM MODELS; PRESOLVATED ELECTRON; THEORETICAL TREATMENTS; TIME DEPENDENT DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY; VIBRATIONAL FESHBACH RESONANCES;

DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY;

EID: 84993538840     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0711-5_34     Document Type: Chapter

References (166)

1. Abdoul-Carime, H., Huels, M. A., Illenberger, E., & Sanche, L. (2001). Sensitizing DNA to secondary electron damage: Resonant formation of oxidative radicals from 5-halouracils. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123, 5354.
2. Abdoul-Carime, H., Gohlke, S., & Illenberger, E. (2004a). Site-specific dissociation of DNA bases by slow electrons at early stages of irradiation. Physical Review Letters, 92, 168103.
3. Abdoul-Carime, H., Gohlke, S., Fischbach, E., Scheike, J., & Illenberger, E. (2004b). Thymine excision from DNA by subexcitation electrons. Chemical Physics Letters, 387, 267.
4. Adhikary, A., Malkhasian, A. Y. S., Collins, S., Koppen, J., Becker, D., & Sevilla, M. D. (2005). UVA-visible photo-excitation of guanine radical cations produces sugar radicals in DNA and model structures. Nucleic Acids Research, 33, 5553.
5. ′-deoxyadenosine and its derivatives. Nucleic Acids Research, 34, 1501.
6. Adhikary, A., Kumar, A., & Sevilla, M. D. (2006b). Photo-induced hole transfer from base to sugar in DNA: Relationship to primary radiation damage. Radiation Research, 165, 479.
7. Adhikary, A., Collins, S., Khanduri, D., & Sevilla, M. D. (2007). Sugar radicals formed by photoexcitation of guanine cation radical in oligonucleotides. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111, 7415.
8. +] in the near UV-vis region produces sugar radicals in adenosine and in its nucleotides. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112, 15844.
9. Aflatooni, K., Gallup, G. A., & Burrow, P. D. (1998). Electron attachment energies of the DNA bases. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 102, 6205.
10. Allan, M. (1989). Study of triplet states and shortlived negative ions by means of electron impact spectroscopy. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 48, 219.
11. Anusiewicz, I., Berdys, J., Sobczyk, M., Skurski, P., & Simons, J. (2004). Effects of base π-stacking on damage to DNA by low-energy electrons. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 108, 11381.
12. Ashfold, M. N. R., Cronin, B., Devine, A. L., Dixon, R. N., & Nix, G. D. (2006). The role of pi sigma* excited states in the photodissociation of heteroaromatic molecules. Science, 312, 1637.
13. Baccarelli, I., Gianturco, F. A., Grandi, A., Sanna, N., Lucchese, R. R., Bald, I., et al. (2007). Selective bond breaking in β-D-ribose by gas-phase electron attachment around 8 eV. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129, 6269.
14. Bachorz, A. R., Klopper, W., & Gutowski, M. (2007). Coupled-cluster and explicitly correlated perturbation-theory calculations of the uracil anion. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 126, 085101.
15. Baker, J., Wolinski, K., Malagoli, M., Kinghorn, D., Wolinski, P., Magyarfalvi, G., et al. (2009). Quantum chemistry in parallel with PQS. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 30, 317.
16. Bald, I., Kopyra, J., & Illenberger, E. (2006). Selective excision of C5 from D-ribose in the gas phase by low-energy electrons (0-1 eV): Implications for the mechanism of DNA damage. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45, 4851.
17. Bald, I., Dąbkowska, I., & Illenberger, E. (2008). Probing biomolecules by laser-induced acoustic desorption: Electrons at near zero electron volts trigger sugar-phosphate cleavage. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47, 8518.
18. Bao, X., Wang, J., Gu, J., & Leszczynski, J. (2006). DNA strand breaks induced by near-zeroelectronvolt electron attachment to pyrimidine nucleotides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 5658.
19. Barrios, R., Skurski, P., & Simons, J. (2002). Mechanism for damage to DNA by low-energy electrons. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 106, 7991.
20. Becker, D., & Sevilla, M. D. (1993). The chemical consequences of radiation damage to DNA. Advances in Radiation Biology, 17, 121.
21. Becker, D., & Sevilla, M. D. (2008). EPR studies of radiation damage to DNA and related molecules. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, 21, 33.
22. 8+): Evidence for damage to the deoxyribose phosphate backbone. Radiation Research, 146, 361.
23. Becker, D., Bryant-Friedrich, A., Trzasko, C., & Sevilla, M. D. (2003). Electron spin resonance study ofDNA irradiated with an argon-ion beam: Evidence for formation of sugar phosphate backbone radicals. Radiation Research, 160, 174.
24. Becker, D., Adhikary, A., &Sevilla, M.D. (2007). The role of charge and spin migration in DNA radiation damage. In T. Chakraborty (Ed.), Charge migration in DNA (p. 139). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
25. Becker, D., Adhikary, A., & Sevilla, M. D. (2010). Mechanisms of radiation-induced DNA damage: Direct effects. In B. S.M. Rao & J.Wishart (Eds.), Recent trends in radiation chemistry (p. 509). Singapore/New Jersey/London: World Scientific Publishing.
26. Boudaiffa, B., Cloutier, P., Hunting, D., Huels, M. A., & Sanche, L. (2000). Resonant formation of DNA strand breaks by low-energy (3 to 20 eV) electrons. Science, 287, 1658.
27. Brun, E., Cloutier, P., Sicard-Roselli, C., Fromm, M.,& Sanche, L. (2009). Damage induced to DNA by low-energy (0-30 eV) electrons under vacuum and atmospheric conditions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113, 10008.
28. Burrow, P. D., Gallup, G. A., Scheer, A. M., Denifl, S., Ptasiʼnska, S., Mark, T., et al. (2006). Vibrational Feshbach resonances in uracil and thymine. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 124, 124310.
29. Burrow, P. D., Gallup, G. A., &Modelli, A. (2008). Are there π* shape resonances in electron scattering from phosphate groups? The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112, 4106.
30. Burrows, C. J., &Muller, J. G. (1998). Oxidative nucleobase modifications leading to strand scission. Chemical Reviews, 98, 1109.
31. Cadet, J., Douki, T., & Ravanat, J. L. (2008). Oxidatively generated damage to the guanine moiety of DNA: Mechanistic aspects and formation in cells. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 1075.
32. Caron, L., & Sanche, L. (2003). Low-energy electron diffraction and resonances in DNA and other helical macromolecules. Physical Review Letters, 91, 113201.
33. Caron, L., & Sanche, L. (2004). Diffraction in resonant electron scattering from helical macromolecules: A- and B-type DNA. Physical Review A, 70, 032719.
34. Caron, L., & Sanche, L. (2005). Diffraction in resonant electron scattering from helical macromolecules: Effects of the DNA backbone. Physical Review A, 72, 032726.
35. Caron, L., & Sanche, L. (2006). Temporary electron localization and scattering in disordered single strands of DNA. Physical Review A, 73, 062707.
36. Caron, L., Sanche, L., Tonzani, S., & Greene, C. H. (2008). Diffraction in low-energy electron scattering from DNA: Bridging gas-phase and solidstate theory. Physical Review A, 78, 042710.
37. Chen, D., & Gallup, G. A. (1990). The relationship of the virtual orbitals of self-consistent-field theory of temporary negative ions in electron scattering from molecules. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 93, 8893.
38. Colson, A. O., Besler, B., & Sevilla, M. D. (1992). Ab initio molecular orbital calculations on DNA base pair radical ions: Effect of base pairing on proton-transfer energies, electron affinities, and ionization potentials. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 96, 9787.
39. Compton, R. N., Yoshioka, Y., & Jordan, K. D. (1980). Comment on semi-empirical calculations of electron affinities. Theoretica Chimica Acta, 54, 259.
40. Crowell, R. A., & Bartels, D. M. (1996). Multiphoton ionization of liquid water with 3. 0-5. 0 eV photons. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100, 17940.
41. Dabkowska, I., Rak, J., & Gutowski, M. (2005). DNA strand breaks induced by concerted interaction of H radicals and low-energy electrons - A computational study on the nucleotide of cytosine. European Physical Journal D: Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics, 35, 429.
42. Denifl, S., Sulzer, P., Huber, D., Zappa, F., Probst, M., Mark, T. D., et al. (2007). Influence of functional groups on the site-selective dissociation of adenine upon low-energy electron attachment. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46, 5238.
43. Desfancois, C., Abdoul-Carime, H.,&Schermann, J. P. (1996). Electron attachment to isolated nucleic acid bases. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 104, 7792.
44. Desfancois, C., Periquet, V., Bouteiller, Y., & Schermann, J. P. (1998). Valence and dipole binding of electrons to uracil. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 102, 1274.
45. −). Faraday Discussion, 115, 395.
46. Domcke, W., & Sobolewski, A. L. (2003). Chemistryunraveling the molecular mechanisms of photoacidity. Science, 302, 1693.
47. Dora, A., Tennyson, J., Bryjko, L., & van Mourik, T. (2009). R-matrix calculation of low-energy electron collisions with uracil. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 130, 164307.
48. Dreuw, A., & Head-Gordon, M. (2005). Singlereference ab Initio methods for the calculation of excited states of large molecules. Chemical Reviews, 105, 4009.
49. Eustis, S., Wang, D., Lyapustina, S., & Bowen, K. H. (2007). Photoelectron spectroscopy of hydrated adenine anions. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 127, 224309.
50. Galduel, Y., Pommeret, S., Migus, A., & Antonetti, A. (1989). Femtosecond dynamics of qemhate pair recombination in pure liquid water. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 93, 3880.
51. Gianturco, F. A., & Lucchese, R. R. (2004). Radiation damage of biosystems mediated by secondary electrons: Resonant precursors for uracil molecules. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 120, 7446.
52. Gianturco, F. A., Sebastianelli, F., Lucchese, R. R., Baccarelli, I., & Sanna, N. (2008). Ring-breaking electron attachment to uracil: Following bond dissociations via evolving resonances. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 128, 174302.
53. Gregoli, S., Olast, M., & Bertinchamps, A. (1989). Radiolytic pathways in γ-irradiated DNA: Influence of chemical and conformational factors. Radiation Research, 89, 238.
54. Gu, J., Xie, Y., & Schaefer, H. F. (2005). glycosidic bond cleavage of pyrimidine nucleosides by lowenergy electrons: A theoretical rationale. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 1053.
55. 3′ σ-bond breaking of pyrimidine nucleotides predominates. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128, 9322.
56. Gu, J. D., Wang, J., & Leszczynski, J. (2010a). Electron attachment-induced DNA single-strand breaks at the pyrimidine sites. Nucleic Acids Research, 38, 5280.
57. Gu, J., Wang, J., & Leszczynski, J. (2010b). Comprehensive analysis of DNA strand breaks at the guanosine site induced by low-energy electron attachment. Chemphyschem, 11, 175.
58. Hanel, G., Gstir, B., Denifl, S., Scheier, P., Probst, M., Farizon, B., et al. (2003). Electron attachment to uracil: Effective destruction at subexcitation energies. Physical Review Letters, 90, 188104.
59. Haranczyk, M., & Gutowski, M. (2005). Valence and dipole-bound anions of the most stable tautomers of guanine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 699.
60. Hendricks, J. H., Lyapustina, S. A., de Clercq, H. L., Snodgrass, J. T., & Bowen, K. H. (1996). Dipole bound, nucleic acid base anions studied via negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 104, 7788.
61. Hendricks, J. H., Lyapustina, S. A., de Clercq, H. L., & Bowen, K. H. (1998). The dipole boundto-covalent anion transformation in uracil. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 108, 8.
62. Hotop, H., Ruf, M. W., Allan, M., & Fabrikant, I. I. (2003). Resonance and threshold phenomena in low-energy electron collisions with molecules and clusters. Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 49, 85.
63. Huels, M. A., Boudaiffa, B., Cloutier, P., Hunting, D., & Sanche, L. (2003). Single, double, and multiple double strand breaks induced in DNA by 3-100 eV electrons. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 4467.
64. Hush, N. S., & Cheung, A. S. (1975). Ionization potentials and donor properties of nucleic acid bases and related compounds. Chemical Physics Letters, 34, 11.
65. Illenberger, E. (1992). Electron-attachment reactions in molecular clusters. Chemical Reviews, 92, 1589.
66. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. (1979). ICRU Report No. 31. ICRU, Washington, DC.
67. Jordan, K. D., & Burrow, P. D. (1987). Temporary anion states of polyatomic hydrocarbons. Chemical Reviews, 87, 557.
68. Khanduri, D., Collins, S., Kumar, A., Adhikary, A., & Sevilla, M. D. (2008). Formation of sugar radicals in RNA model systems and oligomers via excitation of guanine cation radical. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112, 2168.
69. Kobyłecka, M., Leszczynski, J., & Rak, J. (2008). Valence anion of thymine in the DNA π-stack. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130, 15683.
70. Konig, C., Kopyra, J., Bald, I., & Illenberger, E. (2006). Dissociative electron attachment to phosphoric acid esters: The direct mechanism for single strand breaks in DNA. Physical Review Letters, 97, 018105.
71. ′-thymidine monophosphate: Modeling single strand breaks through dissociative electron attachment. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111, 5464.
72. Kumar, A., & Sevilla, M. D. (2008a). Radiation effects on DNA: Theoretical investigations of electron, hole and excitation pathways to DNA damage. In M. K. Shukla, J. Leszczynski (Eds.), & J. Leszczynski (Series Ed.), Radiation induced molecular phenomena in nucleic acids: Vol. 5. Challenges and advances in computational chemistry and physics (p. 577). Amsterdam: Springer.
73. Kumar, A., & Sevilla, M. D. (2008b). The role of πσ* excited states in electron-induced DNA strand break formation: A time-dependent density functional theory study. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130, 2130.
74. Kumar, A., & Sevilla, M. D. (2009). Role of excited states in low-energy electron (LEE) induced strand breaks in DNA model systems: Influence of aqueous environment. ChemPhysChem, 10, 1426.
75. Kumar, A., & Sevilla, M. D. (2010a). Protoncoupled electron transfer in DNA on formation of radiation-produced Ion radicals. Chemical Reviews, 110, 7002.
76. Kumar, A., & Sevilla, M. D. (2010b). Theoreticalmodeling of radiation-induced DNA damage. In M. Greenberg (Ed.), Radical and radical ion reactivity in nucleic acid chemistry (p. 1). Hoboken: Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-25558-2.
77. Lane, N. F. (1980). The theory of electron-molecule collisions. Reviews of Modern Physics, 52, 29.
78. Levesque, P. L., Michaud, M., Sanche, L. (2003). Cross sections for low energy (1-12 eV) inelastic electron scattering from condensed thymine. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 208, 225.
79. Li, X. F., Cai, Z. L., & Sevilla, M. D. (2002). DFT calculations of the electron affinities of nucleic acid bases: Dealing with negative electron affinities. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 106, 1596.
80. Li, X. F., Sevilla, M. D., & Sanche, L. (2004). Hydrogen atom loss in pyrimidine DNA bases induced by low-energy electrons: Energetics predicted by theory. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 19013.
81. Li, X., & Sevilla, M. D. (2007). DFT treatment of radiation produced radicals in DNA model systems. Advances in Quantum Chemistry, 52, 59.
82. Li, Z., Zheng, Y., Cloutier, P., Sanche, L., & Wagner, J. R. (2008). Low energy electron induced DNA damage: Effects of terminal phosphate and base moieties on the distribution of damage. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130, 5612.
83. Li, Z., Cloutier, P., Sanche, L., & Wagner, J. R. (2010). Low-energy electron-induced DNA damage effect of base sequence in oligonucleotide trimers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 5422.
84. Loos, P. F., Dumont, E., Laurent, A. D., & Assfeld, X. (2009). Important effects of neighbouring nucleotides on electron induced DNA single-strand breaks. Chemical Physics Letters, 475, 120.
85. Martin, F., Burrow, P. D., Cai, Z., Cloutier, P., Hunting, D., & Sanche, L. (2004). DNA strand breaks induced by 0-4 eV electrons: The role of shape resonances. Physical Review Letters, 93, 068101.
86. McConkey, J. W., Malone, C. P., Johnson, P. V., Winstead, C., McKoy, V., & Kanik, I. (2008). Electron impact dissociation of oxygen-containing molecules - A critical review. Physics Reports, 466, 1.
87. Modelli, A. (2003). Electron attachment and intramolecular electron transfer in unsaturated chloroderivatives. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 5, 2923.
88. Modelli, A., & Martin, H. D. (2002). Temporary anions and empty level structure in cyclobutanediones: Through-space and through-bond interactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 106, 7271.
89. Nabben, F. J., Karman, J. P.,&Loman, H. (1982). Inactivation of biologically active DNA by hydrated electrons. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 42, 23.
90. Neese, F., Hansen, A., Wennmohs, F., & Grimme, S. (2009). Accurate theoretical chemistry with coupled pair models. Accounts of Chemical Research, 42, 641.
91. Orlando, T. M., Oh, D., Chen, Y., & Aleksandrov, A. B. (2008). Low-energy electron diffraction and induced damage in hydrated DNA. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 128, 195102.
92. Orlov, V. M., Smirnov, A. N., & YaM, V. (1976). Ionization potentials and electron-donor ability of nucleic acid bases and their analogues. Tetrahedron Letters, 17, 4315.
93. Oyler, N. A., & Adamowicz, L. (1993). Electron attachment to uracil. Theoretical ab initio study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 97, 11122.
94. Oyler, N. A., & Adamowicz, L. (1994). Theoretical ab initio calculations of the electron affinity of thymine. Chemical Physics Letters, 219, 223.
95. Panajotovic, R., Martin, F., Cloutier, P. C., Hunting, D., & Sanche, L. (2006). Effective cross sections for production of single-strand breaks in plasmid DNA by 0. 1 to 4. 7 eV electrons. Radiation Research, 165, 452.
96. Park, Y., Li, Z., Cloutier, P., Sanche, L., & Wagner, J. R. (2011). DNA damage induced by low-energy electrons: Conversion of thymine to 5,6-dihydrothymine in the oligonucleotide trimer TpTpT. Radiation Research, 175, 240.
97. Periquet, V., Moreau, A., Carles, S., Schermann, J. P., & Desfrancois, C. (2000). Cluster size effects upon anion solvation of N-heterocyclic molecules and nucleic acid bases. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 106, 141.
98. Pimblott, S. M., & LaVerne, J. A. (2007). Production of low-energy electrons by ionizing radiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 76, 1244.
99. Pimblott, S. M., Laverne, J. A., & Mozumber, A. (1996). Monte Carlo simulation of range and energy deposition by electrons in gaseous and liquid water. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100, 8595.
100. Ptasiʼnska, S., & Sanche, L. (2007a). Dissociative electron attachment to a basic DNA. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 9, 1730.
101. Ptasiʼnska, S., & Sanche, L. (2007b). Dissociative electron attachment to hydrated single DNA strands. Physical Review E, 75, 031915.
102. Ptasiʼnska, S., Denifl, S., Scheier, P., Illenberger, E., & Mark, T. D. (2005a). Bond- and site-selective loss of H atoms from nucleobases by very-lowenergy electrons (<3 eV). Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44, 6941.
103. _ from pyrimidine bases. Physical Review Letters, 95, 093201.
104. − ion abstraction from thymine. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44, 1647.
105. Ptasiʼnska, S., Denifl, S., Gohlke, S., Scheier, P., Illenberger, E., & Mark, T. D. (2006). Decomposition of thymidine by low-energy electrons: Implications for the molecular mechanisms of singlestrand breaks in DNA. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45, 1893.
106. Puiatti, M., Vera, D. M. A., & Pierini, A. B. (2009). In search for an optimal methodology to calculate the valence electron affinities of temporary anions. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 11, 9013.
107. Rak, J., Mazurkiewicz, K., Kobyłecka, M., Storoniak, P., Haranczyk, M., Dąbkowska, I., Bachorz, R. A., Gutowski, M., Radisic, D., Stokes, S. T., Eustis, S. N., Wang, D., Li, X., Ko, Y. J., & Bowen, K. H. (2008). Stable valence anions of nucleic acid bases and DNA strand breaks induced by low energy electrons. In M. K. Shukla, J. Leszczynski (Eds.), & J. Leszczynski (Series Ed.) Radiation induced molecular phenomena in nucleic acids: Vol. 5. Challenges and advances in computational chemistry and physics (p. 619). Amsterdam: Springer.
108. Rak, J., Kobyzecka, M., & Storoniak, P. (2011). Single strand break in DNA coupled to the O-P bond cleavage. A computational study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 115, 1911.
109. Sanche, L. (1995). Interactions of low-energy electrons with atomic and molecular-solids. Scanning Microscopy, 9, 619.
110. Sanche, L. (2005). Low energy electron-driven damage in biomolecules. European Physical Journal D: Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics, 35, 367.
111. Sanche, L. (2008) Low energy electron damage to DNA. In M. K. Shukla, J. Leszczynski (Eds.), & J. Leszczynski (Series Ed.), Radiation induced molecular phenomena in nucleic acids: Vol. 5. Challenges and advances in computational chemistry and physics (p. 531). Amsterdam: Springer.
112. Sanche, L. (2009). Role of secondary low energy electrons in radiobiology and chemoradiation therapy of cancer. Chemical Physics Letters, 474, 1.
113. Sanche, L. (2010). Low-energy electron interaction with DNA: Bond dissociation and formation of transient anions, radicals, and radical anions. In M. Greenberg (Ed.), Radical and radical ion reactivity in nucleic acid chemistry (p. 239). Hoboken: Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-25558-2.
114. Scheer, A. M., Aflatooni, K., Gallup, G. A., & Burrow, P.D. (2004). Bond breaking and temporary anion states in uracil and halouracils: Implications for the DNA bases. Physical Review Letters, 92, 068102.
115. Schiedt, J., Weinkauf, R., Neumark, D. M., & Schlag, E. W. (1998). Anion spectroscopy of uracil, thymine and the amino-oxo and amino-hydroxy tautomers of cytosine and their water clusters. Chemical Physics, 239, 511.
116. Schulz, G. J. (1973a). Resonances in electron impact on atoms. Reviews of Modern Physics, 45, 378.
117. Schulz, G. J. (1973b). Resonances in electron impact on diatomic molecules. Reviews of Modern Physics, 45, 423.
118. Schwabe, T., & Grimme, S. (2008). Theoretical thermodynamics for large molecules: Walking the thin line between accuracy and computational cost. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 569.
119. Schyman, P., & Laaksonen, A. (2008). On the effect of low-energy electron induced DNA strand break in aqueous solution: A Theoretical study indicating guanine as a weak link in DNA. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130, 12254.
120. ′ cytosine monophosphate in aqueous environment and the effect of low-energy electron attachment: A Car-Parrinello QM/MM molecular dynamics study. Chemical Physics Letters, 462, 289.
121. Sevilla, M. D., & Bernhard, W. A. (2008). Mechanisms of direct radiation damage to DNA. In M. Spotheim-Maurizot, M. Mostafavi, T. Douki, & J. Belloni (Eds.), Mechanisms of direct radiation damage to DNA. In radiation chemistry from basics to applications in material and life sciences (p. 191). Cedex A, France: EDP Sciences.
122. Sevilla, M. D., Becker, D., Yan, M., & Summerfield, S. R. (1991). Relative abundances of primary ion radicals in γ-irradiated DNA: Cytosine vs. thymine anions and guanine vs. adenine cations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 95, 3409.
123. Sevilla, M. D., Besler, B., & Colson, A. O. (1994). Comment on “electron attachment to uracil. Theoretical ab Initio study. " The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98, 2215.
124. Sevilla, M. D., Besler, B., & Colson, A. O. (1995). Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of DNA radical ions. 5. Scaling of calculated electron affinities and ionization potentials to experimental values. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 99, 1060.
125. Shao, Y., Molnar, L. F., Jung, Y., Kussmann, J., Ochsenfeld, C., Brown, S. T., et al. (2006). Advances in methods and algorithms in a modern quantum chemistry program package. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 8, 3172.
126. Shukla, L. I., Pazdro, R., Huang, J., DeVreugd, C., Becker, D., & Sevilla, M. D. (2004). The formation of DNA sugar radicals from photoexcitation of guanine cation radicals. Radiation Research, 161, 582.
127. Shukla, L. I., Pazdro, R., Becker, D., & Sevilla, M. D. (2005). Sugar radicals in DNA: Isolation of neutral radicals in gamma-irradiated DNA by hole and electron scavenging. Radiation Research, 163, 591.
128. Simons, J. (2006). How do low-energy (0. 1-2 eV) electrons cause DNA-strand breaks? Accounts of Chemical Research, 39, 772.
129. Simons, J. (2008). Molecular anions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112, 6401.
130. Simons, J., & Jordan, K. D. (1987). Ab Initio electronic structure of anions. Chemical Reviews, 87, 535.
131. Sobolewski, A. L., & Domcke, W. (2002). On the mechanism of nonradiative decay of DNA bases: Ab initio and TDDFT results for the excited states of 9H-adenine. European Physical Journal D: Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics, 20, 369.
132. Solomun, T., & Skalicky, T. (2008). The interaction of a protein-DNA surface complex with low-energy electrons. Chemical Physics Letters, 453, 101.
133. Solomun, T., Seitz, H., & Sturm, H. (2009). DNA damage by low-energy electron impact: Dependence on guanine content. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113, 11557.
134. Staiey, S. W., & Strnad, J. T. (1994). Calculation of the energies of π* negative ion resonance states by the use of Koopmans’ theorem. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98, 116.
135. Steenken, S., & Jovanovic, S. V. (1997). How easily oxidizable is DNA? One-electron reduction potentials of adenosine and guanosine radicals in aqueous solution. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119, 617.
136. Sulzer, P., Ptasiʼnska, S., Zappa, F., Mielewska, B., Milosavljevic, A. R., Scheier, P., et al. (2006). Dissociative electron attachment to furan, tetrahydrofuran, and fructose. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 125, 044304.
137. Svozil, D., Frigato, T., Havlas, Z., & Jungwirth, P. (2005). Ab initio electronic structure of thymine anions. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 7, 840.
138. Swarts, S. G., Sevilla, M. D., Becker, D., Tokar, C. J., &Wheeler, K. T. (1992). Radiation-induced DNA damage as a function of hydration. I. Release of unaltered bases. Radiation Research, 129, 333.
139. Swiderek, P. (2006). Fundamental processes in radiation damage of DNA. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45, 4056.
140. Takayanagi, T., Asakura, T., & Motegi, H. (2009). Theoretical study on the mechanism of lowenergy dissociative electron attachment for uracil. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 113, 4795.
141. Tonzani, S., & Greene, C. H. (2006a). Low-energy electron scattering from DNA and RNA bases: Shape resonances and radiation damage. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 124, 054312.
142. Tonzani, S., & Greene, C. H. (2006b). Radiation damage to DNA: Electron scattering from the backbone subunits. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 125, 094504.
143. Vera, D. M. A., & Pierini, A. B. (2004). Species with negative electron affinity and standard DFT methods. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 6, 2899.
144. von Sonntag, C. (1987). The chemical basis of radiation biology. London: Taylor and Francis.
145. von Sonntag, C. (1991). The chemistry of freeradical-mediated DNA damage. In W. A. Glass & M. N. Varma (Eds.), Physical and chemical mechanisms in molecular radiation biology (p. 287). New York: Plenum.
146. Wagenknecht, H. A. (Ed.) (2005). Charge transfer in DNA. From mechanism to application. New York: Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH.
147. Wang, C. R., Nguyen, J., & Lu, Q. B. (2009). Bond breaks of nucleotides by dissociative electron transfer of nonequilibrium prehydrated electrons: A new molecular mechanism for reductive DNA damage. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131, 11320.
148. Wesolowski, S. S., Leininger, M. L., Pentchev, P. N., & Schaefer, H. F. (2001). Electron affinities of the DNA and RNA bases. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123, 4023.
149. Wetmore, S. D., Boyd, R. J., & Eriksson, L. A. (2000). Electron affinities and ionization potentials of nucleotide bases. Chemical Physics Letters, 322, 129.
150. Wetzel, D.M., & Brauman, J. I. (1987). Electron photodetachment spectroscopy of trapped negative ions. Chemical Reviews, 87, 607.
151. Winstead, C., &McKoy, V. (2006). Interaction of lowenergy electrons with the purine bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides of DNA. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 125, 244302.
152. Winstead, C., & McKoy, V. (2008). Resonant interactions of slow electrons with DNA constituents. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 77, 1258.
153. ′ -N-1 bond cleavages of pyrimidine nucleotides: A theoretical study. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 29, 2025.
154. Xi, L., Sevilla, M. D., & Sanche, L. (2003). Density functional theory studies of electron interaction with DNA: Can zero eV electrons induce strand breaks? Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 13668.
155. Xi, L., Sanche, L., & Sevilla, M. D. (2006). Base release in nucleosides induced by low-energy electrons: A DFT study. Radiation Research, 165, 721.
156. Yalunin, S., & Leble, S. B. (2007). Multiple-scattering and electron-uracil collisions at low energies. European Physical Journal, 144, 115.
157. Yang, X., Wang, X. B., Vorpagel, E. R., & Wang, L. S. (2004). Direct experimental observation of the low ionization potentials of guanine in free oligonucleotides by using photoelectron spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 17588.
158. Yokoya, A., Shikazono, N., Fujii, K., Urushibara, A., Akamatsu, K., &Watanabe, R. (2008). DNA damage induced by the direct effect of radiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 77, 1280.
159. Younkin, J.M., Smith, L. J., & Compton, R. N. (1976). Semi-empirical calculations of p-electron affinities for some conjugated organic molecules. Theoretica Chimica Acta, 41, 157.
160. Zewail, A. H. (2000). Femtochemistry: Atomic-scale dynamics of the chemical bond. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 104, 5660.
161. ′-uridine monophosphate induced by electron attachment. Chemistry A European Journal, 14, 2850.
162. Zhao, Y., & Truhlar, D. G. (2008). Density functionals with broad applicability in chemistry. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 157.
163. Zheng, Y., Cloutier, P., Hunting, D. J., Wagner, J. R., & Sanche, L. (2004). Glycosidic bond cleavage of thymidine by low-energy electrons. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126, 1002.
164. Zheng, Y., Cloutier, P., Hunting, D. J., Sanche, L., & Wagner, J. R. (2005). Chemical basis of DNA sugar-phosphate cleavage by low-energy electrons. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 16592.
165. Zheng, Y., Wagner, J. R., & Sanche, L. (2006). DNA damage induced by low-energy electrons: Electron transfer and diffraction. Physical Review Letters, 96, 208101.
166. Zheng, Y., Hunting, D. J., Ayotte, P., & Sanche, L. (2008). Role of secondary low-energy electrons in the concomitant chemoradiation therapy of cancer. Physical Review Letters, 100, 198101.