SiRNA and epigenetic aberrations in ovarian cancer

Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 498-508

  Mirzaei, Hamed ^a   Yazdi, Foad ^b   Salehi, Rasoul ^c   Mirzaei, Hamid ^d  

^a MASHHAD UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^c ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^d TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Epigenetics; ovarian cancer; small interfering RNA; therapy

Indexed keywords

BMI1 PROTEIN; BRCA1 PROTEIN; CLAUDIN 3; CLAUDIN 4; DNA; HISTONE; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2; HISTONE DEACETYLASE 3; MICRORNA; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; SOMATOMEDIN B; SYNUCLEIN;

CANCER GENE THERAPY; CANCER GENETICS; CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENETICS; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE SILENCING; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HUMAN; OVARY CANCER; REVIEW; RNAI THERAPEUTICS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; RNA INTERFERENCE;

CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HISTONES; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; RNA INTERFERENCE; RNA, SMALL INTERFERING;

EID: 84979993356     PISSN: 09731482     EISSN: 19984138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.153661     Document Type: Review

References (194)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59: 225-49.
2. Barnholtz Sloan JS, Schwartz AG, Qureshi F, Jacques S, Malone J, Munkarah AR. Ovarian cancer: Changes in patterns at diagnosis and relative survival over the last three decades. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189: 1120-7.
3. Hamilton AJ, Baulcombe DC. A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science 1999;286: 950-2.
4. Baylin SB, Herman JG. DNA hypermethylation in tumorigenesis: Epigenetics joins genetics. Trends Genet 2000;16: 168-74.
5. Martinowich K, Hattori D, Wu H, Fouse S, He F, Hu Y, et al. DNA methylation related chromatin remodeling in activity dependent BDNF gene regulation. Science 2003;302: 890-3.
6. Ng HH, Bird A. DNA methylation and chromatin modification. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1999;9: 158-63.
7. Bestor TH, Tycko B. Creation of genomic methylation patterns. Nat Genet 1996;12: 363-7.
8. Baylin SB, Herman JG, Graff JR, Vertino PM, Issa JP. Alterations in DNA methylation: A fundamental aspect of neoplasia. Adv Cancer Res 1998;72: 141-96.
9. Jones PA, Laird PW. Cancer epigenetics comes of age. Nat Genet 1999;21: 163-7.
10. Herman JG, Latif F, Weng Y, Lerman MI, Zbar B, Liu S, et al. Silencing of the VHL tumor suppressor gene by DNA methylation in renal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91: 9700-4.
11. Antequera F, Bird A. Number of CpG islands and genes in human and mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90: 11995-9.
12. Richardson B. Impact of aging on DNA methylation. Ageing Res Rev 2003;2: 245-61.
13. Jones PL, Veenstra GJ, Wade PA, Vermaak D, Kass SU, Landsberger N, et al. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat Genet 1998;19: 187-91.
14. Ng HH, Zhang Y, Hendrich B, Johnson CA, Turner BM, Erdjument Bromage H, et al. MBD2 is a transcriptional repressor belonging to the MeCP1 histone deacetylase complex. Nat Genet 1999;23: 58-61.
15. Wade PA, Gegonne A, Jones PL, Ballestar E, Aubry F, Wolffe AP. Mi 2 complex couples DNA methylation to chromatin remodelling and histone deacetylation. Nat Genet 1999;23: 62-6.
16. Ting AH, McGarvey KM, Baylin SB. The cancer epigenome-components and functional correlates. Genes Dev 2006;20: 3215-31.
17. Okano M, Bell DW, Haber DA, Li E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell 1999;99: 247-57.
18. Ting AH, Jair KW, Suzuki H, Yen RW, Baylin SB, Schuebel KE. CpG island hypermethylation is maintained in human colorectal cancer cells after RNAi mediated depletion of DNMT1. Nat Genet 2004;36: 582-4.
19. Ting AH, Jair KW, Schuebel KE, Baylin SB. Differential requirement for DNA methyltransferase 1 in maintaining human cancer cell gene promoter hypermethylation. Cancer Res 2006;66: 729-35.
20. Rhee I, Jair KW, Yen RW, Lengauer C, Herman JG, Kinzler KW, et al. CpG methylation is maintained in human cancer cells lacking DNMT1. Nature 2000;404: 1003-7.
21. Rhee I, Bachman KE, Park BH, Jair KW, Yen RW, Schuebel KE, et al. DNMT1 and DNMT3b cooperate to silence genes in human cancer cells. Nature 2002;416: 552-6.
22. Kornberg RD. Chromatin structure: A repeating unit of histones and DNA. Science 1974;184: 868-71.
23. Bird A. DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev 2002;16: 6-21.
24. Kouzarides T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 2007;128: 693-705.
25. Stanczyk J, Pedrioli DM, Brentano F, Sanchez Pernaute O, Kolling C, Gay RE, et al. Altered expression of MicroRNA in synovial fibroblasts and synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58: 1001-9.
26. Lujambio A, Calin GA, Villanueva A, Ropero S, Sánchez Céspedes M, Blanco D, et al. A microRNA DNA methylation signature for human cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105: 13556-61.
27. Lodygin D, Tarasov V, Epanchintsev A, Berking C, Knyazeva T, Korner H, et al. Inactivation of miR 34a by aberrant CpG methylation in multiple types of cancer. Cell Cycle 2008;7: 2591-600.
28. Press JZ, De Luca A, Boyd N, Young S, Troussard A, Ridge Y, et al. Ovarian carcinomas with genetic and epigenetic BRCA1 loss have distinct molecular abnormalities. BMC Cancer 2008;8: 17.
29. Potapova A, Hoffman AM, Godwin AK, Al Saleem T, Cairns P. Promoter hypermethylation of the PALB2 susceptibility gene in inherited and sporadic breast and ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68: 998-1002.
30. Clark SJ, Melki J. DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer: Which is the guilty party Oncogene 2002;21: 5380-7.
31. Das PM, Singal R. DNA methylation and cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22: 4632-42.
32. Arnold JM, Cummings M, Purdie D, Chenevix Trench G. Reduced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in ovarian adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer 2001;85: 1351-8.
33. Yuecheng Y, Hongmei L, Xiaoyan X. Clinical evaluation of E cadherin expression and its regulation mechanism in epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006;23: 65-74.
34. Backen AC, Cole CL, Lau SC, Clamp AR, McVey R, Gallagher JT, et al. Heparan sulphate synthetic and editing enzymes in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2007;96: 1544-8.
35. Staub J, Chien J, Pan Y, Qian X, Narita K, Aletti G, et al. Epigenetic silencing of HSulf 1 in ovarian cancer: Implications in chemoresistance. Oncogene 2007;26: 4969-78.
36. Esteller M, Corn PG, Baylin SB, Herman JG. A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer. Cancer Res 2001;61: 3225-9.
37. Gifford G, Paul J, Vasey PA, Kaye SB, Brown R. The acquisition of hMLH1 methylation in plasma DNA after chemotherapy predicts poor survival for ovarian cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10: 4420-6.
38. Cvetkovic D, Pisarcik D, Lee C, Hamilton TC, Abdollahi A. Altered expression and loss of heterozygosity of the LOT1 gene in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2004;95: 449-55.
39. Abdollahi A, Pisarcik D, Roberts D, Weinstein J, Cairns P, Hamilton TC. LOT1 (PLAGL1/ZAC1), the candidate tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 6q24-25, is epigenetically regulated in cancer. J BiolChem 2003;278: 6041-9.
40. Makarla PB, Saboorian MH, Ashfaq R, Toyooka KO, Toyooka S, Minna JD, et al. Promoter hypermethylation profile of ovarian epithelial neoplasms. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11: 5365-9.
41. Lu L, Katsaros D, de la Longrais IA, Sochirca O, Yu H. Hypermethylation of let 7a 3 in epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with low insulin like growth factor II expression and favorable prognosis. Cancer Res 2007;67: 10117-22.
42. Wiley A, Katsaros D, Fracchioli S, Yu H. Methylation of the insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 gene and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16: 210-8.
43. Bast RC Jr, Hennessy B, Mills GB. The biology of ovarian cancer: New opportunities for translation. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9: 415-28.
44. Sellar GC, Watt KP, Rabiasz GJ, Stronach EA, Li L, Miller EP, et al. OPCML at 11q25 is epigenetically inactivated and has tumor suppressor function in epithelial ovarian cancer. Nat Genet 2003;34: 337-43.
45. Socha MJ, Said N, Dai Y, Kwong J, Ramalingam P, Trieu V, et al. Aberrant promoter methylation of SPARC in ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 2009;11: 126-35.
46. Kikuchi R, Tsuda H, Kozaki K, Kanai Y, Kasamatsu T, Sengoku K, et al. Frequent inactivation of a putative tumor suppressor, angiopoietin like protein 2, in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68: 5067-75.
47. Kikuchi R, Tsuda H, Kanai Y, Kasamatsu T, Sengoku K, Hirohashi S, et al. Promoter hypermethylation contributes to frequent inactivation of a putative conditional tumor suppressor gene connective tissue growth factor in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2007;67: 7095-105.
48. Baldwin RL, Nemeth E, Tran H, Shvartsman H, Cass I, Narod S, et al. BRCA1 promoter region hypermethylation in ovarian carcinoma: A population based study. Cancer Res 2000;60: 5329-33.
49. Ibanez de Caceres I, Battagli C, Esteller M, Herman JG, Dulaimi E, Edelson MI, et al. Tumor cell specific BRCA1 and RASSF1A hypermethylation in serum, plasma, and peritoneal fluid from ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Res 2004;64: 6476-81.
50. Teodoridis JM, Hall J, Marsh S, Kannall HD, Smyth C, Curto J, et al. CpG island methylation of DNA damage response genes in advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2005;65: 8961-7.
51. Bol GM, Suijkerbuijk KP, Bart J, Vooijs M, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ. Methylation profiles of hereditary and sporadic ovarian cancer. Histopathology 2010;57: 363-70.
52. Hilton JL, Geisler JP, Rathe JA, Hattermann Zogg MA, DeYoung B, Buller RE. Inactivation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94: 1396-406.
53. Wilcox CB, Baysal BE, Gallion HH, Strange MA, DeLoia JA. High resolution methylation analysis of the BRCA1 promoter in ovarian tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2005;159: 114-22.
54. Gras E, Cortes J, Diez O, Alonso C, Matias Guiu X, Baiget M, et al. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 13q12-q14, BRCA 2 mutations and lack of BRCA 2 promoter hypermethylation in sporadic epithelial ovarian tumors. Cancer 2001;92: 787-95.
55. Su HY, Lai HC, Lin YW, Chou YC, Liu CY, Yu MH. An epigenetic marker panel for screening and prognostic prediction of ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2009;124: 387-93.
56. Fiegl H, Windbichler G, Mueller Holzner E, Goebel G, Lechner M, Jacobs IJ, et al. HOXA11 DNA methylation-a novel prognostic biomarker in ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2008;123: 725-9.
57. Wei SH, Chen CM, Strathdee G, Harnsomburana J, Shyu CR, Rahmatpanah F, et al. Methylation microarray analysis of late stage ovarian carcinomas distinguishes progression free survival in patients and identifies candidate epigenetic markers. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8: 2246-52.
58. Houshdaran S, Hawley S, Palmer C, Campan M, Olsen MN, Ventura AP, et al. DNA methylation profiles of ovarian epithelial carcinoma tumors and cell lines. PLoS One 2010;5: e9359.
59. Terasawa K, Sagae S, Toyota M, Tsukada K, Ogi K, Satoh A, et al. Epigenetic inactivation of TMS1/ASC in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10: 2000-6.
60. Akahira Ji, Sugihashi Y, Ito K, Niikura H, Okamura K, Yaegashi N. Promoter methylation status and expression of TMS1 gene in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci 2004;95: 40-3.
61. Akahira J, Sugihashi Y, Suzuki T, Ito K, Niikura H, Moriya T, et al. Decreased expression of 14-3-3is associated with advanced disease in human epithelial ovarian cancer: Its correlation with aberrant DNA methylation. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10: 2687-93.
62. Kaneuchi M, Sasaki M, Tanaka Y, Shiina H, Verma M, Ebina Y, et al. Expression and methylation status of 14 3 3 sigma gene can characterize the different histological features of ovarian cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;316: 1156-62.
63. Kaneuchi M, Sasaki M, Tanaka Y, Shiina H, Yamada H, Yamamoto R, et al. WT1 and WT1 AS genes are inactivated by promoter methylation in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2005;104: 1924-30.
64. Catteau A, Harris WH, Xu CF, Solomon E. Methylation of the BRCA1 promoter region in sporadic breast and ovarian cancer: Correlation with disease characteristics. Oncogene 1999;18: 1957-65.
65. Esteller M, Silva JM, Dominguez G, Bonilla F, Matias Guiu X, Lerma E, et al. Promoter hypermethylation and BRCA1 inactivation in sporadic breast and ovarian tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92: 564-9.
66. Chou JL, Su HY, Chen LY, Liao YP, Hartman Frey C, Lai YH, et al. Promoter hypermethylation of FBXO32, a novel TGF /SMAD4 target gene and tumor suppressor, is associated with poor prognosis in human ovarian cancer. Lab Invest 2010;90: 414-25.
67. Dai W, Teodoridis JM, Zeller C, Graham J, Hersey J, Flanagan JM, et al. Systematic CpG islands methylation profiling of genes in the wnt pathway in epithelial ovarian cancer identifies biomarkers of progression free survival. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17: 4052-62.
68. Asadollahi R, Hyde CA, Zhong XY. Epigenetics of ovarian cancer: From the lab to the clinic. Gynecol Oncol 2010;118: 81-7.
69. Keita M, Wang ZQ, Pelletier JF, Bachvarova M, Plante M, Gregoire J, et al. Global methylation profiling in serous ovarian cancer is indicative for distinct aberrant DNA methylation signatures associated with tumor aggressiveness and disease progression. Gynecol Oncol 2013;128: 356-63.
70. Chao TK, Yo YT, Liao YP, Wang YC, Su PH, Huang TS, et al. LIM homeobox transcription factor 1, alpha (LMX1A) inhibits tumourigenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem like properties of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2013;128: 475-82.
71. Ho CM, Lai HC, Huang SH, Chien TY, Lin MC, Chang SF. Promoter methylation of sFRP5 in patients with ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma. Eur J Clin Invest 2010;40: 310-8.
72. Agathanggelou A, Honorio S, Macartney DP, Martinez A, Dallol A, Rader J, et al. Methylation associated inactivation of RASSF1A from region 3p21. 3 in lung, breast and ovarian tumours. Oncogene 2001;20: 1509-18.
73. Barton CA, Hacker NF, Clark SJ, O'Brien PM. DNA methylation changes in ovarian cancer: Implications for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2008;109: 129-39.
74. Czekierdowski A, Czekierdowska S, Szymanski M, Wielgos M, Kaminski P, Kotarski J. Opioid binding protein/cell adhesion molecule like (OPCML) gene and promoter methylation status in women with ovarian cancer. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006;27: 609-13.
75. Balch C, Fang F, Matei DE, Huang TH, Nephew KP. Minireview: Epigenetic changes in ovarian cancer. Endocrinology 2009;150: 4003-11.
76. Liu XF, Zhu SG, Zhang H, Xu Z, Su HL, Li SJ, et al. The methylation status of the TMS1/ASC gene in cholangiocarcinoma and its clinical significance. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2006;5: 449-53.
77. Gloss BS, Patterson KI, Barton CA, Gonzalez M, Scurry JP, Hacker NF, et al. Integrative genome wide expression and promoter DNA methylation profiling identifies a potential novel panel of ovarian cancer epigenetic biomarkers. Cancer Lett 2012;318: 76-85.
78. Chen MY, Liao WS, Lu Z, Bornmann WG, Hennessey V, Washington MN, et al. Decitabine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cell lines and xenografts while inducing expression of imprinted tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis, G2/M arrest, and autophagy. Cancer 2011;117: 4424-38.
79. Feng W, Marquez RT, Lu Z, Liu J, Lu KH, Issa JP, et al. Imprinted tumor suppressor genes ARHI and PEG3 are the most frequently down regulated in human ovarian cancers by loss of heterozygosity and promoter methylation. Cancer 2008;112: 1489-502.
80. Chmelarova M, Krepinska E, Spacek J, Laco J, Beranek M, Palicka V. Methylation in the p53 promoter in epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2013;15: 160-3.
81. Peracchio C, Alabiso O, Valente G, Isidoro C. Involvement of autophagy in ovarian cancer: A working hypothesis. J Ovarian Res 2012;5: 22.
82. Gibson DA, Simitsidellis I, Collins F, Saunders PT. Evidence of androgen action in endometrial and ovarian cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014;21: T203-18.
83. Kwong J, Lee JY, Wong KK, Zhou X, Wong DT, Lo KW, et al. Candidate tumor suppressor gene DLEC1 is frequently downregulated by promoter hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 2006;8: 268-78.
84. Chien J, Staub J, Avula R, Zhang H, Liu W, Hartmann LC, et al. Epigenetic silencing of TCEAL7 [Bex 4] in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2005;24: 5089-100.
85. Müller HM, Millinger S, Fiegl H, Goebel G, Ivarsson L, Widschwendter A, et al. Analysis of methylated genes in peritoneal fluids of ovarian cancer patients: A new prognostic tool. Clin Chem 2004;50: 2171-3.
86. Sutherland KD, Lindeman GJ, Choong DY, Wittlin S, Brentzell L, Phillips W, et al. Differential hypermethylation of SOCS genes in ovarian and breast carcinomas. Oncogene 2004;23: 7726-33.
87. Liu MC, Choong DY, Hooi CS, Williams LH, Campbell IG. Genetic and epigenetic analysis of the TIMP 3 gene in ovarian cancer. Cancer Lett 2007;247: 91-7.
88. Cheung HH, Lee TL, Rennert OM, Chan WY. DNA methylation of cancer genome. Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today 2009;87: 335-50.
89. Matei DE, Nephew KP. Epigenetic therapies for chemoresensitization of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010;116: 195-201.
90. Socha MJ, Said N, Dai Y, Kwong J, Ramalingam P, Trieu V, et al. Aberrant promoter methylation of SPARC in ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 2009;11: 126-35.
91. Suzuki M, Hao C, Takahashi T, Shigematsu H, Shivapurkar N, Sathyanarayana UG, et al. Aberrant methylation of SPARC in human lung cancers. Br J Cancer 2005;92: 942-8.
92. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature 2011;474: 609-15.
93. Ehrlich M, Woods CB, Yu MC, Dubeau L, Yang F, Campan M, et al. Quantitative analysis of associations between DNA hypermethylation, hypomethylation, and DNMT RNA levels in ovarian tumors. Oncogene 2006;25: 2636-45.
94. Lopez Serra P, Esteller M. DNA methylation associated silencing of tumor suppressor microRNAs in cancer. Oncogene 2012;31: 1609-22.
95. Fang F, Balch C, Schilder J, Breen T, Zhang S, Shen C, et al. A phase 1 and pharmacodynamic study of decitabine in combination with carboplatin in patients with recurrent, platinum resistant, epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer 2010;116: 4043-53.
96. Kelly ZL, Michael A, Butler Manuel S, Pandha HS, Morgan RG. HOX genes in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2011;4: 16.
97. Despierre E, Lambrechts D, Neven P, Amant F, Lambrechts S, Vergote I. The molecular genetic basis of ovarian cancer and its roadmap towards a better treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2010;117: 358-65.
98. Takada T, Yagi Y, Maekita T, Imura M, Nakagawa S, Tsao SW, et al. Methylation associated silencing of the Wnt antagonist SFRP1 gene in human ovarian cancers. Cancer Sci 2004;95: 741-4.
99. Widschwendter M, Siegmund KD, Müller HM, Fiegl H, Marth C, Müller Holzner E, et al. Association of breast cancer DNA methylation profiles with hormone receptor status and response to tamoxifen. Cancer Res 2004;64: 3807-13.
100. Wei SH, Balch C, Paik HH, Kim YS, Baldwin RL, Liyanarachchi S, et al. Prognostic DNA methylation biomarkers in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12: 2788-94.
101. Dansonka Mieszkowska A, Kluska A, Moes J, Dabrowska M, Nowakowska D, Niwinska A, et al. A novel germline PALB2 deletion in Polish breast and ovarian cancer patients. BMC Med Genet 2010;11: 20.
102. Kawakami M, Staub J, Cliby W, Hartmann L, Smith D, Shridhar V. Involvement of H cadherin (CDH13) on 16q in the region of frequent deletion in ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol 1999;15: 715-20.
103. Imura M, Yamashita S, Cai LY, Furuta JI, Wakabayashi M, Yasugi T, et al. Methylation and expression analysis of 15 genes and three normally methylated genes in 13 Ovarian cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 2006;241: 213-20.
104. Ehrlich M. Cancer linked DNA hypomethylation and its relationship to hypermethylation. DNA Methylation: Development, Genetic Disease and Cancer: Springer; 2006. p. 251-74.
105. In: Feinberg AP, editor. The epigenetics of cancer etiology. Seminars in cancer biology. Oxford: Elsevier; 2004.
106. Gama Sosa MA, Midgett RM, Slagel VA, Githens S, Kuo KC, Gehrke CW, et al. Tissue specific differences in DNA methylation in various mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983;740: 212-9.
107. Strathdee G, Vass JK, Oien KA, Siddiqui N, Curto Garcia J, Brown R. Demethylation of the MCJ gene in stage III/IV epithelial ovarian cancer and response to chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2005;97: 898-903.
108. Czekierdowski A, Czekierdowska S, Wielgos M, Smolen A, Kaminski P, Kotarski J. The role of CpG islands hypomethylation and abnormal expression of neuronal protein synuclein [SNCG] in ovarian cancer. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006;27: 381-6.
109. Gupta A, Godwin AK, Vanderveer L, Lu A, Liu J. Hypomethylation of the synuclein gamma gene CpG island promotes its aberrant expression in breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003;63: 664-73.
110. Yao X, Hu JF, Li T, Yang Y, Sun Z, Ulaner GA, et al. Epigenetic regulation of the taxol resistance-associated gene TRAG 3 in human tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2004;151: 1-13.
111. Woloszynska Read A, James SR, Link PA, Yu J, Odunsi K, Karpf AR. DNA methylation dependent regulation of BORIS/CTCFL expression in ovarian cancer. Cancer Immun 2007;7: 21.
112. Murphy SK, Huang Z, Wen Y, Spillman MA, Whitaker RS, Simel LR, et al. Frequent IGF2/H19 domain epigenetic alterations and elevated IGF2 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2006;4: 283-92.
113. Litkouhi B, Kwong J, Lo CM, Smedley JG 3rd, McClane BA, Aponte M, et al. Claudin 4 overexpression in epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with hypomethylation and is a potential target for modulation of tight junction barrier function using a C terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Neoplasia 2007;9: 304-14.
114. Florl AR, Löwer R, Schmitz Dräger BJ, Schulz WA. DNA methylation and expression of LINE 1 and HERV K provirus sequences in urothelial and renal cell carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1999;80: 1312-21.
115. Lorincz MC, Schübeler D, Groudine M. Methylation mediated proviral silencing is associated with MeCP2 recruitment and localized histone H3 deacetylation. Mol Cell Biol 2001;21: 7913-22.
116. Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, et al. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001;409: 860-921.
117. Pattamadilok J, Huapai N, Rattanatanyong P, Vasurattana A, Triratanachat S, Tresukosol D, et al. LINE 1 hypomethylation level as a potential prognostic factor for epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008;18: 711-7.
118. Menendez L, Benigno BB, McDonald JF. L1 and HERV W retrotransposons are hypomethylated in human ovarian carcinomas. Mol Cancer 2004;3: 12.
119. Qu G, Dubeau L, Narayan A, Yu MC, Ehrlich M. Satellite DNA hypomethylation vs. overall genomic hypomethylation in ovarian epithelial tumors of different malignant potential. Mutat Res 1999;423: 91-101.
120. Widschwendter M, Jiang G, Woods C, Müller HM, Fiegl H, Goebel G, et al. DNA hypomethylation and ovarian cancer biology. Cancer Res 2004;64: 4472-80.
121. Wilson AS, Power BE, Molloy PL. DNA hypomethylation and human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1775: 138-62.
122. Woloszynska Read A, Zhang W, Yu J, Link PA, Mhawech Fauceglia P, Collamat G, et al. Coordinated cancer germline antigen promoter and global DNA hypomethylation in ovarian cancer: Association with the BORIS/CTCF expression ratio and advanced stage. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17: 2170-80.
123. Woloszynska Read A, James SR, Link PA, Yu J, Odunsi K, Karpf AR. DNA methylation dependent regulation of BORIS/CTCFL expression in ovarian cancer. Cancer Immun 2007;7: 21.
124. Woloszynska Read A, James SR, Song C, Jin B, Odunsi K, Karpf AR. BORIS/CTCFL expression is insufficient for cancer germline antigen gene expression and DNA hypomethylation in ovarian cell lines. Cancer Immun 2010;10: 6.
125. Czekierdowski A, Czekierdowska S, Wielgos M, Smolen A, Kaminski P, Kotarski J. The role of CpG islands hypomethylation and abnormal expression of neuronal protein synuclein gamma (SNCG) in ovarian cancer. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006;27: 381-6.
126. Gupta A, Godwin AK, Vanderveer L, Lu A, Liu J. Hypomethylation of the synuclein gene CpG island promotes its aberrant expression in breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003;63: 664-73.
127. Litkouhi B, Kwong J, Lot CM, Smedley JG 3rd, McClane BA, Aponte M, et al. Claudin 4 overexpression in epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with hypomethylation and is a potential target for modulation of tight junction barrier function using a C terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Neoplasia 2007;9: 304-14.
128. Lopez J, Percharde M, Coley H, Webb A, Crook T. The context and potential of epigenetics in oncology. Br J Cancer 2009;100: 571-7.
129. Schickel R, Boyerinas B, Park S, Peter M. MicroRNAs: Key players in the immune system, differentiation, tumorigenesis and cell death. Oncogene 2008;27: 5959-74.
130. Iorio MV, Visone R, Di Leva G, Donati V, Petrocca F, Casalini P, et al. MicroRNA signatures in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2007;67: 8699-707
131. Chao A, Lin C, Lee Y, Tsai C, Wei P, Hsueh S, et al. Regulation of ovarian cancer progression by microRNA 187 through targeting Disabled homolog 2. Oncogene 2012;31: 764-75.
132. Katoh Y, Katoh M. Hedgehog signaling, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and miRNA (review). Int J Mol Med 2008;22: 271-5.
133. Gregory PA, Bracken CP, Bert AG, Goodall GJ. MicroRNAs as regulators of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Cell Cycle 2008;7: 3112-8.
134. van Jaarsveld M, Helleman J, Boersma A, van Kuijk P, van Ijcken W, Despierre E, et al. miR 141 regulates KEAP1 and modulates cisplatin sensitivity in ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 2013;32: 4284-93.
135. Leskelä S, Leandro García LJ, Mendiola M, Barriuso J, Inglada Pérez L, Muñoz I, et al. The miR 200 family controls tubulin III expression and is associated with paclitaxel based treatment response and progression free survival in ovarian cancer patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010;18: 85-95.
136. Mateescu B, Batista L, Cardon M, Gruosso T, de Feraudy Y, Mariani O, et al. miR 141 and miR 200a act on ovarian tumorigenesis by controlling oxidative stress response. Nat Med 2011;17: 1627-35.
137. Hu X, Macdonald DM, Huettner PC, Feng Z, El Naqa IM, Schwarz JK, et al. A miR 200 microRNA cluster as prognostic marker in advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2009;114: 457-64.
138. Taylor DD, Gercel Taylor C. MicroRNA signatures of tumor derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008;110: 13-21.
139. Sorrentino A, Liu CG, Addario A, Peschle C, Scambia G, Ferlini C. Role of microRNAs in drug resistant ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2008;111: 478-86.
140. van Jaarsveld M, Helleman J, Berns EM, Wiemer EA. MicroRNAs in ovarian cancer biology and therapy resistance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010;42: 1282-90
141. Yang H, Kong W, He L, Zhao JJ, O'Donnell JD, Wang J, et al. MicroRNA expression profiling in human ovarian cancer: MiR 214 induces cell survival and cisplatin resistance by targeting PTEN. Cancer Res 2008;68: 425-33.
142. Lee CH, Subramanian S, Beck AH, Espinosa I, Senz J, Zhu SX, et al. MicroRNA profiling of BRCA1/2 mutation carrying and non mutation carrying high grade serous carcinomas of ovary. PLoS One 2009;4: e7314.
143. Corney DC, Hwang CI, Matoso A, Vogt M, Flesken Nikitin A, Godwin AK, et al. Frequent downregulation of miR 34 family in human ovarian cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16: 1119-28
144. Ye G, Fu G, Cui S, Zhao S, Bernaudo S, Bai Y, et al. MicroRNA 376c enhances ovarian cancer cell survival by targeting activin receptorlike kinase 7: Implications for chemoresistance. Journal of Cell Science 2011;124: 359-68.
145. Zhang B, Cai FF, Zhong XY. An overview of biomarkers for the ovarian cancer diagnosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;158: 119-23.
146. Yang N, Kaur S, Volinia S, Greshock J, Lassus H, Hasegawa K, et al. MicroRNA microarray identifies Let 7i as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68: 10307-14.
147. Zhang L, Volinia S, Bonome T, Calin GA, Greshock J, Yang N, et al. Genomic and epigenetic alterations deregulate microRNA expression in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105: 7004-9.
148. Wurz K, Garcia RL, Goff BA, Mitchell PS, Lee JH, Tewari M, et al. MiR 221 and MiR 222 alterations in sporadic ovarian carcinoma: Relationship to CDKN1B, CDKNIC and overall survival. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010;49: 577-84
149. Nam EJ, Yoon H, Kim SW, Kim H, Kim YT, Kim JH, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles in serous ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14: 2690-5.
150. Zhang K, Dent SY. Histone modifying enzymes and cancer: Going beyond histones. J Cell Biochem 2005;96: 1137-48.
151. Santos Rosa H, Caldas C. Chromatin modifier enzymes, the histone code and cancer. Eur J Cancer 2005;41: 2381-402.
152. LaVoie HA. Epigenetic control of ovarian function: The emerging role of histone modifications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005;243: 12-8.
153. Özda H, Teschendorff AE, Ahmed AA, Hyland SJ, Blenkiron C, Bobrow L, et al. Differential expression of selected histone modifier genes in human solid cancers. BMC Genomics 2006;7: 90.
154. Izutsu N, Maesawa C, Shibazaki M, Oikawa H, Shoji T, Sugiyama T, et al. Epigenetic modification is involved in aberrant expression of class III ß tubulin, TUBB3, in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2008;32: 1227-35.
155. Mirza A, McGuirk M, Hockenberry TN, Wu Q, Ashar H, Black S, et al. Human survivin is negatively regulated by wild type p53 and participates in p53 dependent apoptotic pathway. Oncogene 2002;21: 2613-22.
156. Fu Y, Campbell EJ, Shepherd TG, Nachtigal MW. Epigenetic regulation of proprotein convertase PACE4 gene expression in human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2003;1: 569-76.
157. Honda H, Pazin MJ, Ji H, Wernyj RP, Morin PJ. Crucial roles of Sp1 and epigenetic modifications in the regulation of the CLDN4 promoter in ovarian cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2006;281: 21433-44.
158. Caslini C, Capo Chichi C, Roland IH, Nicolas E, Yeung AT, Xu XX. Histone modifications silence the GATA transcription factor genes in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2006;25: 5446-61.
159. Jin KL, Pak JH, Park JY, Choi WH, Lee JY, Kim JH, et al. Expression profile of histone deacetylases 1, 2 and 3 in ovarian cancer tissues. J Gynecol Oncol 2008;19: 185-90.
160. Strait KA, Dabbas B, Hammond EH, Warnick CT, Ilstrup SJ, Ford CD. Cell cycle blockade and differentiation of ovarian cancer cells bythe histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A are associated with changes in p21, Rb, and Id Proteins. Mol Cancer Ther 2002;1: 1181-90.
161. Yuan Y, Wang Q, Paulk J, Kubicek S, Kemp MM, Adams DJ, et al. A small molecule probe of the histone methyltransferase G9a induces cellular senescence in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. ACS Chem Biol 2012;7: 1152-7.
162. Nakagawa M, Oda Y, Eguchi T, Aishima S, Yao T, Hosoi F, et al. Expression profile of class I histone deacetylases in human cancer tissues. Oncol Rep 2007;18: 769-74.
163. Kinzel O, Llauger Bufi L, Pescatore G, Rowley M, Schultz Fademrecht C, Monteagudo E, et al. Discovery of a potent class I selective ketone histone deacetylase inhibitor with antitumor activity in vivo and optimized pharmacokinetic properties. J Med Chem 2009;52: 3453-6.
164. Yoo CB, Jones PA. Epigenetic therapy of cancer: Past, present and future. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006;5: 37-50.
165. Jones PA, Baylin SB. The epigenomics of cancer. Cell 2007;128: 683-92.
166. Esteller M. Epigenetics in cancer. N Engl J Med 2008;358: 1148-59.
167. Laird PW. Cancer epigenetics. Hum Mol Genet 2005;14: R65-76.
168. Copeland RA, Olhava EJ, Scott MP. Targeting epigenetic enzymes for drug discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010;14: 505-10.
169. Takai N, Narahara H. Human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells: Histone deacetylase inhibitors exhibit antiproliferative activity, potently induce cell cycle arrest, and stimulate apoptosis. Curr Med Chem 2007;14: 2548-53.
170. Takai N, Kawamata N, Gui D, Said JW, Miyakawa I, Koeffler HP. Human ovarian carcinoma cells: Histone deacetylase inhibitors exhibit antiproliferative activity and potently induce apoptosis. Cancer 2004;101: 2760-70.
171. Modesitt SC, Sill M, Hoffman JS, Bender D. Gynecologic Oncology Group. A phase II study of vorinostat in the treatment of persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2008;109: 182-6.
172. Qian X, LaRochelle WJ, Ara G, Wu F, Petersen KD, Thougaard A, et al. Activity of PXD101, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in preclinical ovarian cancer studies. Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5: 2086-95.
173. Balch C, Huang TH, Brown R, Nephew KP. The epigenetics of ovarian cancer drug resistance and resensitization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191: 1552-72.
174. Lenzi R, Frost P, Abbruzzese JL. Modulation of cisplatin resistance by 2' deoxy 5 azacytidine in human ovarian tumor cell lines. Anticancer Res 1994;14: 247-51.
175. Balch C, Yan P, Craft T, Young S, Skalnik DG, Huang TH, et al. Antimitogenic and chemosensitizing effects of the methylation inhibitor zebularine in ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2005;4: 1505-14.
176. Bookman MA, Malmström H, Bolis G, Gordon A, Lissoni A, Krebs JB, et al. Topotecan for the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: An open label phase II study in patients treated after prior chemotherapy that contained cisplatin or carboplatin and paclitaxel. J Clin Oncol 1998;16: 3345-52.
177. Fishel ML, He Y, Smith ML, Kelley MR. Manipulation of base excision repair to sensitize ovarian cancer cells to alkylating agent temozolomide. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13: 260-7.
178. Mabuchi S, Altomare DA, Cheung M, Zhang L, Poulikakos PI, Hensley HH, et al. RAD001 inhibits human ovarian cancer cell proliferation, enhances cisplatin induced apoptosis, and prolongs survival in an ovarian cancer model. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13: 4261-70.
179. Stratton JF, Gayther SA, Russell P, Dearden J, Gore M, Blake P, et al. Contribution of BRCA1 mutations to ovarian cancer. New Engl J Med 1997;336: 1125-30.
180. Rubin SC, Blackwood MA, Bandera C, Behbakht K, Benjamin I, Rebbeck TR, et al. BRCA1, BRCA2, and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer gene mutations in an unselected ovarian cancer population: Relationship to family history and implications for genetic testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178: 670-7.
181. Annunziata CM, O'Shaughnessy J. Poly (ADP ribose) polymerase as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16: 4517-26.
182. Goldberg MS, Xing D, Ren Y, Orsulic S, Bhatia SN, Sharp PA. Nanoparticle mediated delivery of siRNA targeting Parp1 extends survival of mice bearing tumors derived from Brca1 deficient ovarian cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108: 745-50.
183. Sayer RA, Lancaster JM, Pittman J, Gray J, Whitaker R, Marks JR, et al. High insulin like growth factor 2 (IGF 2) gene expression is an independent predictor of poor survival for patients with advanced stage serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005;96: 355-61.
184. Huang GS, Brouwer Visser J, Ramirez MJ, Kim CH, Hebert TM, Lin J, et al. Insulin like growth factor 2 expression modulates Taxol resistance and is a candidate biomarker for reduced disease free survival in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16: 2999-3010.
185. Rangel LB, Agarwal R, D'Souza T, Pizer ES, Alò PL, Lancaster WD, et al. Tight junction proteins claudin 3 and claudin 4 are frequently overexpressed in ovarian cancer but not in ovarian cystadenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9: 2567-75.
186. Huang YH, Bao Y, Peng W, Goldberg M, Love K, Bumcrot DA, et al. Claudin 3 gene silencing with siRNA suppresses ovarian tumor growth and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106: 3426-30.
187. Backs J, Olson EN. Control of cardiac growth by histone acetylation/ deacetylation. Circ Res 2006;98: 15-24.
188. Glozak MA, Seto E. Histone deacetylases and cancer. Oncogene 2007;26: 5420-32.
189. de Ruijter AJ, van Gennip AH, Caron H, Kemp S, van Kuilenburg AB. Histone deacetylases [HDACs]: Characterization of the classical HDAC family. Biochem J 2003;370: 737-49.
190. Hayashi A, Horiuchi A, Kikuchi N, Hayashi T, Fuseya C, Suzuki A, et al. Type specific roles of histone deacetylase (HDAC) overexpression in ovarian carcinoma: HDAC1 enhances cell proliferation and HDAC3 stimulates cell migration with downregulation of E cadherin. Int J Cancer 2010;127: 1332-46.
191. Liang B, Wang XJ, Shen PH, Li XY, Cheng HW, Shan Q, et al. Synuclein suppression mediated by RNA interference inhibits the clonogenicity and invasiveness of MCF 7 cells. Oncol Lett 2013;5: 1347-52.
192. Alkema M, Wiegant J, Raap AK, Bems A, van Lohuizen M. Characterization and chromosomal localization of the human proto oncogene BMI J. Hum Mol Genet 1993;2: 1597-603.
193. Siddique HR, Saleem M. Role of BMI1, a stem cell factor, in cancer recurrence and chemoresistance: Preclinical and clinical evidences. Stem Cells 2012;30: 372-8.
194. Xin T, Zhang FB, Sui GJ, Jin XM. Bmi 1 siRNA inhibited ovarian cancer cell line growth and decreased telomerase activity. Br J Biomed Sci 2012;69: 62-6.