Nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery

Nanomedicine in Drug Delivery

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 287-335

  Barar, Jaleh ^a   Omidi, Yadollah ^b  

^a TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD; DRUG DOSAGE; MACHINERY; OPHTHALMOLOGY; TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY;

EPITHELIAL BARRIER; FUNCTIONAL BARRIERS; FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES; LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS; OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY; PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS; SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION; TRANSPARENT TISSUE;

CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY;

EID: 84979072881     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b14802     Document Type: Chapter

References (202)

1. Abdelkader, H., Ismail, S., Kamal, A., and Alany, R. G. 2011. Design and evaluation of controlled-release niosomes and discomes for naltrexone hydrochloride ocular delivery. J Pharm Sci 100: 1833-1846.
2. Abrishami, M., Zarei-Ghanavati, S., Soroush, D., et al. 2009. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of nanoliposomes-encapsulated bevacizumab (avastin) for intravitreal administration. Retina 29: 699-703.
3. Adibkia, K., Omidi, Y., Siahi, M. R., et al. 2007a. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced uveitis by methylprednisolone acetate nanosuspension in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 23: 421-432.
4. Adibkia, K., Siahi Shadbad, M. R., Nokhodchi, A. et al. 2007b. Piroxicam nanoparticles for ocular delivery: Physicochemical characterization and implementation in endotoxin-induced uveitis. J Drug Target 15: 407-416.
5. Afouna, M. I., Khattab, I. S., and Reddy, I. K. 2005. Preparation and characterization of demeclocycline liposomal formulations and assessment of their intraocular pressure-lowering effects. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 24: 111-124.
6. Aggarwal, D., Pal, D., Mitra, A. K., and Kaur, I. P. 2007. Study of the extent of ocular absorption of acetazolamide from a developed niosomal formulation, by microdialysis sampling of aqueous humor. Int J Pharm 338: 21-26.
7. Agnihotri, S. M. and Vavia, P. R. 2009. Diclofenac-loaded biopolymeric nanosuspensions for ophthalmic application. Nanomedicine 5: 90-95.
8. Ahmed, I. 2003. The noncorneal route in ocular drug delivery. In Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems, ed. A. K. Mitra, 335-363. New York: Marcel Dekker.
9. Ainscough, S. L., Feigl, B., Malda, J., and Harkin, D. G. 2009. Discovery and characterization of IGFBP-mediated endocytosis in the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Exp Eye Res 89: 629-637.
10. Ali, H. S., York, P., Ali, A. M., and Blagden, N. 2011. Hydrocortisone nanosuspensions for ophthalmic delivery: A comparative study between microfluidic nanoprecipitation and wet milling. J Control Release 149: 175-181.
11. Ali, R. R. 2012. Ocular gene therapy: Introduction to the special issue. Gene Ther 19: 119-120.
12. Alves, N. M. and Mano, J. F. 2008. Chitosan derivatives obtained by chemical modifications for biomedical and environmental applications. Int J Biol Macromol 43: 401-414.
13. Amaral, J., Fariss, R. N., Campos, M. M. et al. 2005. Transscleral-RPE permeability of PEDF and ovalbumin proteins: Implications for subconjunctival protein delivery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46: 4383-4392.
14. Ambati, J., Gragoudas, E. S., Miller, J. W. et al. 2000. Transscleral delivery of bioactive protein to the choroid and retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41: 1186-1191.
15. Ammar, H. O., Salama, H. A., Ghorab, M., and Mahmoud, A. A. 2010. Development of dorzolamide hydrochloride in situ gel nanoemulsion for ocular delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 36: 1330-1339.
16. Anand, B. S., Katragadda, S., Gunda, S., and Mitra, A. K. 2006. In vivo ocular pharmacokinetics of acyclovir dipeptide ester prodrugs by microdialysis in rabbits. Mol Pharm 3: 431-440.
17. Ashton, P. 2006. Retinal drug delivery. In Intraocular Drug Delivery, ed. G. J. Jaffe, P. Ashton, and P. A. Pearson, 1-25. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
18. Attar, M., Shen, J., Ling, K. H., and Tang-Liu, D. 2005. Ophthalmic drug delivery considerations at the cellular level: Drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2: 891-908.
19. Azeem, A., Anwer, M. K., and Talegaonkar, S. 2009. Niosomes in sustained and targeted drug delivery: Some recent advances. J Drug Target 17: 671-689.
20. Badawi, A. A., El-Laithy, H. M., El Qidra, R. K., El, M. H., and El, D. M. 2008. Chitosan based nanocarriers for indomethacin ocular delivery. Arch Pharm Res 31: 1040-1049.
21. Bakri, S. J. and Kaiser, P. K. 2004. Verteporfin ocular photodynamic therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5: 195-203.
22. Bando, H., Shadrach, K. G., Rayborn, M. E., Crabb, J. W., and Hollyfield, J. G. 2007. Clathrin and adaptin accumulation in drusen, Bruch’s membrane and choroid in AMD and non-AMD donor eyes. Exp Eye Res 84: 135-142.
23. Barar, J., Javadzadeh, A. R., and Omidi, Y. 2008. Ocular novel drug delivery: Impacts of membranes and barriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5: 567-581.
24. Barar, J. and Omidi, Y. 2011. Cellular trafficking and subcellular interactions of cationic gene delivery nanomaterials. J Pharm Nut Sci 1: 68-81.
25. Barza, M., Baum, J., Tremblay, C., Szoka, F., and D’amico, D. J. 1985. Ocular toxicity of intravitreally injected liposomal amphotericin B in rhesus monkeys. Am J Ophthalmol 100: 259-263.
26. Barza, M., Stuart, M., and Szoka, F., Jr. 1987. Effect of size and lipid composition on the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal liposomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28: 893-900.
27. Basaran, E., Demirel, M., Sirmagul, B., and Yazan, Y. 2010. Cyclosporine-A incorporated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery. J Microencapsul 27: 37-47.
28. Bu, H. Z., Gukasyan, H. J., Goulet, L. et al. 2007. Ocular disposition, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of nanoparticle-formulated ophthalmic drugs. Curr Drug Metab 8: 91-107.
29. Bucolo, C., Maltese, A., Maugeri, F. et al. 2004. Eudragit RL100 nanoparticle system for the ophthalmic delivery of cloricromene. J Pharm Pharmacol 56: 841-846.
30. Cai, X., Conley, S., and Naash, M. 2008. Nanoparticle applications in ocular gene therapy. Vision Res 48: 319-324.
31. Calvo, P., Sanchez, A., Martinez, J. et al. 1996. Polyester nanocapsules as new topical ocular delivery systems for cyclosporin A. Pharm Res 13: 311-315.
32. Camelo, S., Lajavardi, L., Bochot, A. et al. 2009. Protective effect of intravitreal injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide-loaded liposomes on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 25: 9-21.
33. Cao, Y., Zhang, C., Shen, W. et al. 2007. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan as thermosensitive in situ gel-forming system for ocular drug delivery. J Control Release 120: 186-194.
34. Cavalli, R., Gasco, M. R., Chetoni, P., Burgalassi, S., and Saettone, M. F. 2002. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as ocular delivery system for tobramycin. Int J Pharm 238: 241-245.
35. Cenedella, R. J., Neely, A. R., and Sexton, P. 2006. Multiple forms of 22 kDa caveolin-1 alpha present in bovine lens cells could reflect variable palmitoylation. Exp Eye Res 82: 229-235.
36. Chakravarti, S., Paul, J., Roberts, L. et al. 2003. Ocular and scleral alterations in gene-targeted lumican-fibromodulin double-null mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44: 2422-2432.
37. Choy, Y. B., Park, J. H., McCarey, B. E., Edelhauser, H. F., and Prausnitz, M. R. 2008. Mucoadhesive microdiscs engineered for ophthalmic drug delivery: Effect of particle geometry and formulation on preocular residence time. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49: 4808-4815.
38. Claro, C., Ruiz, R., Cordero, E. et al. 2009. Determination and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal foscarnet in rabbit ocular tissues after intravitreal administration. Exp Eye Res 88: 528-534.
39. Contreras-Ruiz, L., de la Fuente, M., Parraga, J. E. et al. 2011. Intracellular trafficking of hyaluronic acid-chitosan oligomer-based nanoparticles in cultured human ocular surface cells. Mol Vis 17: 279-290.
40. Dartt, D. A. 2004. Control of mucin production by ocular surface epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 78: 173-185.
41. Davies, N. M. 2000. Biopharmaceutical considerations in topical ocular drug delivery. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 27: 558-562.
42. de Campos, A. M., Diebold, Y., Carvalho, E. L., Sanchez, A., and Alonso, M. J. 2004. Chitosan nanoparticles as new ocular drug delivery systems: In vitro stability, in vivo fate, and cellular toxicity. Pharm Res 21: 803-810.
43. de Campos, A. M., Sanchez, A., and Alonso, M. J. 2001. Chitosan nanoparticles: A new vehicle for the improvement of the delivery of drugs to the ocular surface. Application to cyclosporin A. Int J Pharm 224: 159-168.
44. de la Fuente, M., Seijo, B., and Alonso, M. J. 2008. Novel hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles for ocular gene therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49: 2016-2024.
45. Delgado, D., Del Pozo-Rodriguez, A., Solinis, M. A. et al. 2012. Dextran and protamine-based solid lipid nanoparticles as potential vectors for the treatment of x-linked juvenile retinoschisis. Hum Gene Ther 23: 345-55.
46. Dey, S., Anand, B. S., Patel, J., and Mitra, A. K. 2003. Transporters/receptors in the anterior chamber: Pathways to explore ocular drug delivery strategies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 3: 23-44.
47. Diebold, Y. and Calonge, M. 2010. Applications of nanoparticles in ophthalmology. Prog Retin Eye Res 29: 596-609.
48. Diebold, Y., Jarrin, M., Saez, V. et al. 2007. Ocular drug delivery by liposome-chitosan nanoparticle complexes (LCS-NP). Biomaterials 28: 1553-1564.
49. du Toit, L. C., Pillay, V., Choonara, Y. E., Govender, T., and Carmichael, T. 2011. Ocular drug delivery-a look towards nanobioadhesives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 8: 71-94.
50. Duan, X. and Sheardown, H. 2006. Dendrimer crosslinked collagen as a corneal tissue engineering scaffold: Mechanical properties and corneal epithelial cell interactions. Biomaterials 27: 4608-4617.
51. Duvvuri, S., Majumdar, S., and Mitra, A. K. 2003. Drug delivery to the retina: Challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Biol Ther 3: 45-56.
52. Duvvuri, S., Majumdar, S., and Mitra, A. K. 2004. Role of metabolism in ocular drug delivery. Curr Drug Metab 5: 507-515.
53. Edelhauser, H. F., Rowe-Rendleman, C. L., Robinson, M. R. et al. 2010. Ophthalmic drug delivery systems for the treatment of retinal diseases: Basic research to clinical applications. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51: 5403-5420.
54. El Sanharawi, M., Kowalczuk, L., Touchard, E. et al. 2010. Protein delivery for retinal diseases: From basic considerations to clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 29: 443-465.
55. Eljarrat-Binstock, E., Orucov, F., Aldouby, Y., Frucht-Pery, J., and Domb, A. J. 2008. Charged nanoparticles delivery to the eye using hydrogel iontophoresis. J Control Release 126: 156-161.
56. Fenske, D. B., Chonn, A., and Cullis, P. R. 2008. Liposomal nanomedicines: An emerging field. Toxicol Pathol 36: 21-29.
57. Fenwick, B. W. and Cullis, P. R. 2008. Liposomal nanomedicines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5: 25-44.
58. Fialho, S. L., Behar-Cohen, F., and Silva-Cunha, A. 2008. Dexamethasone-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) intravitreal implants: A pilot study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 68: 637-646.
59. Fischbarg, J. 2006. The Biology of the Eye. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
60. Fischbarg, J., Diecke, F. P., Iserovich, P., and Rubashkin, A. 2006. The role of the tight junction in paracellular fluid transport across corneal endothelium. Electro-osmosis as a driving force. J Membr Biol 210: 117-130.
61. Freddo, T. F. 2001. Shifting the paradigm of the blood-aqueous barrier. Exp Eye Res 73: 581-592.
62. Friedberg, M. L., Pleyer, U., and Mondino, B. J. 1991. Device drug delivery to the eye. Collagen shields, iontophoresis, and pumps. Ophthalmology 98: 725-732.
63. Gan, L., Han, S., Shen, J. et al. 2010. Self-assembled liquid crystalline nanoparticles as a novel ophthalmic delivery system for dexamethasone: Improving preocular retention and ocular bioavailability. Int J Pharm 396: 179-187.
64. Gardner, T. W., Antonetti, D. A., Barber, A. J., Lieth, E., and Tarbell, J. A. 1999. The molecular structure and function of the inner blood-retinal barrier. Penn State Retina Research Group. Doc Ophthalmol 97: 229-237.
65. Gaudana, R., Ananthula, H. K., Parenky, A., and Mitra, A. K. 2010. Ocular drug delivery. AAPS J 12: 348-360.
66. Ghosh, F., Hansson, L. J., Bynke, G., and Bekassy, A. N. 2002. Intravitreal sustained-release ganciclovir implants for severe bilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis after stem cell transplantation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80: 101-104.
67. Giannavola, C., Bucolo, C., Maltese, A. et al. 2003. Influence of preparation conditions on acyclovir-loaded poly-d,l-lactic acid nanospheres and effect of PEG coating on ocular drug bioavailability. Pharm Res 20: 584-590.
68. Gilhotra, R. M., Gilhotra, N., and Mishra, D. N. 2009. Piroxicam bioadhesive ocular inserts: Physicochemical characterization and evaluation in prostaglandin-induced inflammation. Curr Eye Res 34: 1065-1073.
69. Gokce, E. H., Sandri, G., Egrilmez, S. et al. 2009. Cyclosporine a-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Ocular tolerance and in vivo drug release in rabbit eyes. Curr Eye Res 34: 996-1003.
70. Gupta, H., Aqil, M., Khar, R. K. et al. 2010. Sparfloxacin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for sustained ocular drug delivery. Nanomedicine 6: 324-333.
71. Hamalainen, K. M., Kananen, K., Auriola, S., Kontturi, K., and Urtti, A. 1997. Characterization of paracellular and aqueous penetration routes in cornea, conjunctiva, and sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38: 627-634.
72. Han, S. B., Baek, S. H., Park, J. S. et al. 2011. Effect of subconjunctivally injected liposome-encapsulated tissue plasminogen activator on the absorption rate of subconjunctival hemorrhages in rabbits. Cornea 30: 1455-1460.
73. Han, S., Shen, J. Q., Gan, Y. et al. 2010. Novel vehicle based on cubosomes for ophthalmic delivery of flurbiprofen with low irritancy and high bioavailability. Acta Pharmacol Sin 31: 990-998.
74. Hayashi, A., Naseri, A., Pennesi, M. E., and De Juan, E., Jr. 2009. Subretinal delivery of immunoglobulin G with gold nanoparticles in the rabbit eye. Jpn J Ophthalmol 53: 249-256.
75. Higashiyama, M., Tajika, T., Inada, K., and Ohtori, A. 2006. Improvement of the ocular bioavailability of carteolol by ion pair. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 22: 333-339.
76. Holden, C. A., Tyagi, P., Thakur, A. et al. 2012. Polyamidoamine dendrimer hydrogel for enhanced delivery of antiglaucoma drugs. Nanomedicine 8:776-783.
77. Hornof, M., Toropainen, E., and Urtti, A. 2005. Cell culture models of the ocular barriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 60: 207-225.
78. Hosny, K. M. 2010a. Ciprofloxacin as ocular liposomal hydrogel. AAPS PharmSciTech 11: 241-246.
79. Hosny, K. M. 2010b. Optimization of gatifloxacin liposomal hydrogel for enhanced transcorneal permeation. J Liposome Res 20: 31-37.
80. Hosoya, K., Lee, V. H., and Kim, K. J. 2005a. Roles of the conjunctiva in ocular drug delivery: A review of conjunctival transport mechanisms and their regulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm: Off J Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V 60: 227-240.
81. Hosoya, K., Lee, V. H., and Kim, K. J. 2005b. Roles of the conjunctiva in ocular drug delivery: A review of conjunctival transport mechanisms and their regulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 60: 227-240.
82. Hosoya, K., Tomi, M., and Tachikawa, M. 2011. Strategies for therapy of retinal diseases using systemic drug delivery: Relevance of transporters at the blood-retinal barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 8: 1571-1587.
83. Hsu, J. 2007. Drug delivery methods for posterior segment disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 18: 235-239.
84. Imayasu, M., Shiraishi, A., Ohashi, Y., Shimada, S., and Cavanagh, H. D. 2008. Effects of multipurpose solutions on corneal epithelial tight junctions. Eye Contact Lens 34: 50-55.
85. Jager, K., Bonisch, U., Risch, M., Worlitzsch, D., and Paulsen, F. 2009. Detection and regulation of cationic amino acid transporters in healthy and diseased ocular surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50: 1112-1121.
86. Jentsch, T. J., Janicke, I., Sorgenfrei, D., Keller, S. K., and Wiederholt, M. 1986a. The regulation of intracellular pH in monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1). Roles of Na+/H+ antiport, Na+-HCO3(-)-(NaCO3-) symport, and Cl-/HCO3- exchange. J Biol Chem 261: 12120-12127.
87. Jentsch, T. J., Schwartz, P., Schill, B. S. et al. 1986b. Kinetic properties of the sodium bicarbonate (carbonate) symport in monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1). Interactions between Na+, HCO-3, and pH. J Biol Chem 261: 10673-10679.
88. Jwala, J., Boddu, S. H., Shah, S. et al. 2011. Ocular sustained release nanoparticles containing stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 27: 163-172.
89. Kaiser, J. M., Imai, H., Haakenson, J. K. et al. 2013. Nanoliposomal minocycline for ocular drug delivery. Nanomedicine 9: 130-140.
90. Kaji, Y., Yamamoto, E., Hiraoka, T., and Oshika, T. 2009. Toxicities and pharmacokinetics of subconjunctival injection of liposomal amphotericin B. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247: 549-553.
91. Karla, P. K., Pal, D., and Mitra, A. K. 2007. Molecular evidence and functional expression of multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) in rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 84: 53-60.
92. Kaulen, P., Kahle, G., Keller, K., and Wollensak, J. 1991. Autoradiographic mapping of the glucose transporter with cytochalasin B in the mammalian eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32: 1903-1911.
93. Kaur, I. P. and Smitha, R. 2002. Penetration enhancers and ocular bioadhesives: Two new avenues for ophthalmic drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 28: 353-369.
94. Keam, S. J., Scott, L. J., and Curran, M. P. 2003. Verteporfin: A review of its use in the management of subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation. Drugs 63: 2521-2554.
95. Kean, T. and Thanou, M. 2010. Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62: 3-11.
96. Khanal, S. and Millar, T. J. 2010. Nanoscale phase dynamics of the normal tear film. Nanomedicine 6: 707-713.
97. Kimura, H. and Ogura, Y. 2001. Biodegradable polymers for ocular drug delivery. Ophthalmologica 215: 143-155.
98. Koevary, S. B. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of topical ocular drug delivery: Potential uses for the treatment of diseases of the posterior segment and beyond. Curr Drug Metab 4: 213-222.
99. Kompella, U. B., Sundaram, S., Raghava, S., and Escobar, E. R. 2006. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist and transferrin functionalizations enhance nanoparticle delivery in a novel bovine ex vivo eye model. Mol Vis 12: 1185-1198.
100. Kothuri, M. K., Pinnamaneni, S., Das, N. G., and Das, S. K. 2003. Microparticles and nanoparticles in ocular drug delivery. In Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems, ed. A. K. Mitra, 437-466. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
101. Kuehn, M. H., Wang, K., Roos, B. et al. 2011. Chromosome 7q31 POAG locus: Ocular expression of caveolins and lack of association with POAG in a US cohort. Mol Vis 17: 430-435.
102. Kumagai, A. K., Glasgow, B. J., and Pardridge, W. M. 1994. GLUT1 glucose transporter expression in the diabetic and nondiabetic human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35: 2887-2894.
103. Kyyronen, K. and Urtti, A. 1990. Improved ocular: Systemic absorption ratio of timolol by viscous vehicle and phenylephrine. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31: 1827-1833.
104. la Cour, M. and Ehinger, B. 2006. The Reina. In Advances in Organ Biology: The Biology of the Eye, ed. E. Edward Bittar, 195-254. Netherlands: Elsevier.
105. Lajavardi, L., Camelo, S., Agnely, F. et al. 2009. New formulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide using liposomes in hyaluronic acid gel for uveitis. J Control Release 139: 22-30.
106. Law, S. L., Huang, K. J., and Chiang, C. H. 2000. Acyclovir-containing liposomes for potential ocular delivery. Corneal penetration and absorption. J Control Release 63: 135-140.
107. Lee, S. S., Hughes, P., Ross, A. D., and Robinson, M. R. 2010. Biodegradable implants for sustained drug release in the eye. Pharm Res 27: 2043-2053.
108. Li, R., Jiang, S., Liu, D. et al. 2011. A potential new therapeutic system for glaucoma: Solid lipid nanoparticles containing methazolamide. J Microencapsul 28: 134-141.
109. Li, H., Tran, V. V., Hu, Y. et al. 2006. A PEDF N-terminal peptide protects the retina from ischemic injury when delivered in PLGA nanospheres. Exp Eye Res 83: 824-833.
110. Li, T., Zhang, M., Han, Y. et al. 2010. Targeting therapy of choroidal neovascularization by use of polypeptide- and PEDF-loaded immunoliposomes under ultrasound exposure. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 30: 798-803.
111. Li, N., Zhuang, C., Wang, M. et al. 2009. Liposome coated with low molecular weight chitosan and its potential use in ocular drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 379: 131-138.
112. Lian, T. and Ho, R. J. 2001. Trends and developments in liposome drug delivery systems. J Pharm Sci 90: 667-680.
113. Loutsch, J. M., Ong, D., and Hill, J. M. 2003. Dendrimers: An innovative and enhanced ocular drug delivery system. In Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems, ed. A. K. Mitra, 467-492. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
114. Ludwig, A. 2005. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57: 1595-1639.
115. Macha, S. and Mitra, A. K. 2003. Overview of ocular drug delivery. In Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems, ed. A. K. Mitra, 1-12. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
116. Marano, R. J., Toth, I., Wimmer, N., Brankov, M., and Rakoczy, P. E. 2005. Dendrimer delivery of an anti-VEGF oligonucleotide into the eye: A long-term study into inhibition of laser-induced CNV, distribution, uptake and toxicity. Gene Ther 12: 1544-1550.
117. Marshall, W. S. and Klyce, S. D. 1983. Cellular and paracellular pathway resistances in the “tight” Cl- -secreting epithelium of rabbit cornea. J Membr Biol 73: 275-282.
118. McCaa, C. S. 1982. The eye and visual nervous system: Anatomy, physiology and toxicology. Environ Health Perspect 44: 1-8.
119. Mishra, G. P., Bagui, M., Tamboli, V., and Mitra, A. K. 2011. Recent applications of liposomes in ophthalmic drug delivery. J Drug Deliv 2011: 863734.
120. Mitra, A. K., Anand, B. S., and Duvvuri, S. 2006a. Drug delivery to the eye. In The Biology of Eye, ed. J. Fischbarg, 307-351. New York: Academic Press.
121. Mitra, A. P., Lin, H., Datar, R. H., and Cote, R. J. 2006b. Molecular biology of bladder cancer: Prognostic and clinical implications. Clin Genitourin Cancer 5: 67-77.
122. Mo, Y., Barnett, M. E., Takemoto, D., Davidson, H., and Kompella, U. B. 2007. Human serum albumin nanoparticles for efficient delivery of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase gene. Mol Vis 13: 746-757.
123. Moghimi, S. M. and Szebeni, J. 2003. Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: Critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties. Prog Lipid Res 42: 463-478.
124. Montes-Mico, R. 2007. Role of the tear film in the optical quality of the human eye. J Cataract Refract Surg 33: 1631-1635.
125. Morand, K., Bartoletti, A. C., Bochot, A. et al. 2007. Liposomal amphotericin B eye drops to treat fungal keratitis: Physico-chemical and formulation stability. Int J Pharm 344: 150-153.
126. Moriyama, T., Tsuruta, Y., Shimizu, A. et al. 2011. The significance of caveolae in the glomeruli in glomerular disease. J Clin Pathol 64: 504-509.
127. Mozafari, M. R. 2010. Nanoliposomes: Preparation and analysis. Methods Mol Biol 605: 29-50.
128. Mruthyunjaya, P., Khalatbari, D., Yang, P. et al. 2006. Efficacy of low-release-rate fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implants to treat experimental uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 124: 1012-1018.
129. Natarajan, J. V., Ang, M., Darwitan, A. et al. 2012. Nanomedicine for glaucoma: Liposomes provide sustained release of latanoprost in the eye. Int J Nanomedicine 7: 123-131.
130. Ng, E. W., Shima, D. T., Calias, P. et al. 2006. Pegaptanib, a targeted anti-VEGF aptamer for ocular vascular disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5: 123-132.
131. Ni, Z. and Hui, P. 2009. Emerging pharmacologic therapies for wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica 223: 401-410.
132. Nishiyama, N., Iriyama, A., Jang, W. D. et al. 2005. Light-induced gene transfer from packaged DNA enveloped in a dendrimeric photosensitizer. Nat Mater 4: 934-941.
133. Nojehdehian, H., Moztarzadeh, F., Baharvand, H., Nazarian, H., and Tahriri, M. 2009. Preparation and surface characterization of poly-L-lysine-coated PLGA microsphere scaffolds containing retinoic acid for nerve tissue engineering: In vitro study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 73: 23-29.
134. Omidi, Y., Barar, J., Ahmadian, S., Heidari, H. R., and Gumbleton, M. 2008a. Characterization and astrocytic modulation of system L transporters in brain microvasculature endothelial cells. Cell Biochem Funct 26: 381-391.
135. Omidi, Y., Barar, J., and Akhtar, S. 2005. Toxicogenomics of cationic lipid-based vectors for gene therapy: Impact of microarray technology. Curr Drug Deliv 2: 429-441.
136. Omidi, Y., Barar, J., Heidari, H. R. et al. 2008b. Microarray analysis of the toxicogenomics and the genotoxic potential of a cationic lipid-based gene delivery nanosystem in human alveolar epithelial a549 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 18: 369-378.
137. Omidi, Y., Campbell, L., Barar, J. et al. 2003a. Evaluation of the immortalised mouse brain capillary endothelial cell line, b.End3, as an in vitro blood-brain barrier model for drug uptake and transport studies. Brain Res 990: 95-112.
138. Omidi, Y. and Davaran, S. 2011. Impacts of biodegradable polymers: Towards biomedical applications. In A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications, ed. S. K. Sharma, A. Mudhoo, and J. H. Clark, 388-418. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
139. Omidi, Y. and Gumbleton, M. 2005. Biological membranes and barriers. In Biomaterials for Delivery and Targeting of Proteins Nucleic Acids, ed. R. I. Mahato, 232-274. New York: CRC Press.
140. Omidi, Y., Hollins, A. J., Benboubetra, M. et al. 2003b. Toxicogenomics of non-viral vectors for gene therapy: A microarray study of lipofectin- and oligofectamine-induced gene expression changes in human epithelial cells. J Drug Target 11: 311-323.
141. Owens, D. E., 3rd and Peppas, N. A. 2006. Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 307: 93-102.
142. Parveen, S., Mitra, M., Krishnakumar, S., and Sahoo, S. K. 2010. Enhanced antiproliferative activity of carboplatin-loaded chitosan-alginate nanoparticles in a retinoblastoma cell line. Acta Biomater 6: 3120-3131.
143. Patravale, V. B., Date, A. A., and Kulkarni, R. M. 2004. Nanosuspensions: A promising drug delivery strategy. J Pharm Pharmacol 56: 827-840.
144. Pelkmans, L. and Helenius, A. 2002. Endocytosis via caveolae. Traffic 3: 311-320.
145. Peng, Y., Ang, M., Foo, S. et al. 2011. Biocompatibility and biodegradation studies of subconjunctival implants in rabbit eyes. PLoS One 6: e22507.
146. Perdue, N. and Yan, Q. 2006. Caveolin-1 is up-regulated in transdifferentiated lens epithelial cells but minimal in normal human and murine lenses. Exp Eye Res 83: 1154-1161.
147. Peyman, G. A., Khoobehi, B., Tawakol, M. et al. 1987. Intravitreal injection of liposome-encapsulated ganciclovir in a rabbit model. Retina 7: 227-229.
148. Pignatello, R., Bucolo, C., and Puglisi, G. 2002. Ocular tolerability of Eudragit RS100 and RL100 nanosuspensions as carriers for ophthalmic controlled drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 91: 2636-2641.
149. Pillai, O. and Panchagnula, R. 2001. Polymers in drug delivery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 5: 447-451.
150. Pleyer, U., Elkins, B., Ruckert, D. et al. 1994. Ocular absorption of cyclosporine A from liposomes incorporated into collagen shields. Curr Eye Res 13: 177-181.
151. Prausnitz, M. R. and Noonan, J. S. 1998. Permeability of cornea, sclera, and conjunctiva: A literature analysis for drug delivery to the eye. J Pharm Sci 87: 1479-1488.
152. Qaddoumi, M. G., Gukasyan, H. J., Davda, J. et al. 2003. Clathrin and caveolin-1 expression in primary pigmented rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells: Role in PLGA nanoparticle endocytosis. Mol Vis 9: 559-568.
153. Qazi, Y., Stagg, B., Singh, N. et al. 2012. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of shRNA. VEGF-A plasmids regresses corneal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53: 2837-2844.
154. Rajappa, M., Saxena, P., and Kaur, J. 2010. Ocular angiogenesis: Mechanisms and recent advances in therapy. Adv Clin Chem 50: 103-121.
155. Rajera, R., Nagpal, K., Singh, S. K., and Mishra, D. N. 2011. Niosomes: A controlled and novel drug delivery system. Biol Pharm Bull 34: 945-953.
156. Rocha, E. M., Cunha, D. A., Carneiro, E. M. et al. 2002. Insulin, insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor on the human ocular surface. Adv Exp Med Biol 506: 607-610.
157. Sabah, J. R., Schultz, B. D., Brown, Z. W. et al. 2007. Transcytotic passage of albumin through lens epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48: 1237-1244.
158. Saha, P., Kim, K. J., and Lee, V. H. 1996. A primary culture model of rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells exhibiting tight barrier properties. Curr Eye Res 15: 1163-1169.
159. Sahoo, S. K., Dilnawaz, F., and Krishnakumar, S. 2008. Nanotechnology in ocular drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 13: 144-151.
160. Sanders, N. N., Peeters, L., Lentacker, I., Demeester, J., and De Smedt, S. C. 2007. Wanted and unwanted properties of surface PEGylated nucleic acid nanoparticles in ocular gene transfer. J Control Release 122: 226-235.
161. Schepens, C. L. and Acosta, F. 1991. Scleral implants: An historical perspective. Surv Ophthalmol 35: 447-453.
162. Schlingemann, R. O., Hofman, P., Klooster, J. et al. 1998. Ciliary muscle capillaries have blood-tissue barrier characteristics. Exp Eye Res 66: 747-754.
163. Schmoll, T., Unterhuber, A., Kolbitsch, C. et al. 2012. Precise thickness measurements of bowman’s layer, epithelium, and tear film. Optom Vis Sci 89: E795-802.
164. Schoenwald, R. D., Deshpande, G. S., Rethwisch, D. G., and Barfknecht, C. F. 1997. Penetration into the anterior chamber via the conjunctival/scleral pathway. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 13: 41-59.
165. Schubert, W., Frank, P. G., Razani, B. et al. 2001. Caveolae-deficient endothelial cells show defects in the uptake and transport of albumin in vivo. J Biol Chem 276: 48619-48622.
166. Senthilkumari, S., Velpandian, T., Biswas, N. R., Sonali, N., and Ghose, S. 2008. Evaluation of the impact of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug efflux transporter blockade on the systemic and ocular disposition of P-gp substrate. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 24: 290-300.
167. Shah, S. S., Denham, L. V., Elison, J. R. et al. 2010. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye for pharmacologic therapy. Expert Rev Ophthalmol 5: 75-93.
168. Shan, X., Yuan, Y., Liu, C. et al. 2009. Influence of PEG chain on the complement activation suppression and longevity in vivo prolongation of the PCL biomedical nanoparticles. Biomed Microdevices 11: 1187-1194.
169. Shedden, A. H., Laurence, J., Barrish, A., and Olah, T. V. 2001. Plasma timolol concentrations of timolol maleate: Timolol gel-forming solution (TIMOPTIC-XE) once daily versus timolol maleate ophthalmic solution twice daily. Doc Ophthalmol 103: 73-79.
170. Shen, Y. and Tu, J. 2007. Preparation and ocular pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir liposomes. AAPS J 9: E371-377.
171. Shimazaki, H., Hironaka, K., Fujisawa, T. et al. 2011. Edaravone-loaded liposome eyedrops protect against light-induced retinal damage in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52: 7289-7297.
172. Singh, K. H. and Shinde, U. A. 2011. Chitosan nanoparticles for controlled delivery of brimonidine tartrate to the ocular membrane. Die Pharmazie 66: 594-599.
173. Smith, M., Omidi, Y., and Gumbleton, M. 2007. Primary porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells: Biochemical and functional characterisation as a model for drug transport and targeting. J Drug Target 15: 253-268.
174. Stewart, P. A. and Tuor, U. I. 1994. Blood-eye barriers in the rat: Correlation of ultrastructure with function. J Comp Neurol 340: 566-576.
175. Sultana, Y., Maurya, D. P., Iqbal, Z., and Aqil, M. 2011. Nanotechnology in ocular delivery: Current and future directions. Drugs Today (Barc) 47: 441-455.
176. Sun, Y., Fox, T., Adhikary, G., Kester, M., and Pearlman, E. 2008. Inhibition of corneal inflammation by liposomal delivery of short-chain, C-6 ceramide. J Leukoc Biol 83: 1512-1521.
177. Sunkara, G. and Kompella, U. B. 2003. Membrane transport processes in the eye. In Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems, ed. A. K. Mitra, 13-58. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
178. Szoka, F. C., Jr., Milholland, D., and Barza, M. 1987. Effect of lipid composition and liposome size on toxicity and in vitro fungicidal activity of liposome-intercalated amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31: 421-429.
179. Tam, A. L., Gupta, N., Zhang, Z., and Yucel, Y. H. 2011. Quantum dots trace lymphatic drainage from the mouse eye. Nanotechnology 22: 425101.
180. Tan, A., Yildirimer, L., Rajadas, J. et al. 2011. Quantum dots and carbon nanotubes in oncology: A review on emerging theranostic applications in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 6: 1101-1114.
181. Thrimawithana, T. R., Young, S., Bunt, C. R., Green, C., and Alany, R. G. 2011. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. Drug Discov Today 16: 270-277.
182. Tiruppathi, C., Naqvi, T., Wu, Y. et al. 2004. Albumin mediates the transcytosis of myeloperoxidase by means of caveolae in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 7699-7704.
183. Toda, R., Kawazu, K., Oyabu, M., Miyazaki, T., and Kiuchi, Y. 2011. Comparison of drug permeabilities across the blood-retinal barrier, blood-aqueous humor barrier, and blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci 100: 3904-3911.
184. Tomalia, D. A., Baker, H., Dewald, J. et al. 1984. New class of polymers: Starburst-dendritic macromolecules. Polym J 17: 117-132.
185. Tomi, M. and Hosoya, K. 2010. The role of blood-ocular barrier transporters in retinal drug disposition: An overview. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 6: 1111-1124.
186. Tommaso, C. D., Bourges, J. L., Valamanesh, F. et al. 2012. Novel micelle carriers for cyclosporin A topical ocular delivery: In vivo cornea penetration, ocular distribution and efficacy studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 81: 257-264.
187. Touvron, G., Denis, D., Doat, M. et al. 2009. Successful treatment of resistant Fusarium solani keratitis with liposomal amphotericin B. J Fr Ophtalmol 32: 721-726.
188. Tserentsoodol, N., Shin, B. C., Suzuki, T., and Takata, K. 1998. Colocalization of tight junction proteins, occludin and ZO-1, and glucose transporter GLUT1 in cells of the blood-ocular barrier in the mouse eye. Histochem Cell Biol 110: 543-551.
189. Urtti, A. 2006. Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58: 1131-1135.
190. Valls, R., Vega, E., Garcia, M. L., Egea, M. A., and Valls, J. O. 2008. Transcorneal permeation in a corneal device of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in drug delivery systems. Open Med Chem J 2: 66-71.
191. Vandervoort, J. and Ludwig, A. 2007. Ocular drug delivery: Nanomedicine applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2: 11-21.
192. Vega, E., Egea, M. A., Valls, O., Espina, M., and Garcia, M. L. 2006. Flurbiprofen loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for ophtalmic administration. J Pharm Sci 95: 2393-2405.
193. Wadhwa, S., Paliwal, R., Paliwal, S. R., and Vyas, S. P. 2009. Chitosan and its role in ocular therapeutics. Mini Rev Med Chem 9: 1639-1647.
194. Wilson, C. G. 2004. Topical drug delivery in the eye. Exp Eye Res 78: 737-743.
195. Yamamoto, T., Hiraoka, T., and Oshika, T. 2011. Time course of changes in functional visual acuity and ocular wavefront aberration after instillation of ofloxacin gel-forming ophthalmic solution. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 115: 1094-1100.
196. Yang, J. J., Ann, D. K., Kannan, R., and Lee, V. H. 2007. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) in rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells: Its effect on drug efflux and its regulation by adenoviral infection. Pharm Res 24: 1490-1500.
197. Yao, W., Sun, K., Mu, H. et al. 2010. Preparation and characterization of puerarin-dendrimer complexes as an ocular drug delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 36: 1027-1035.
198. Yao, J., Tucker, B. A., Zhang, X. et al. 2011. Robust cell integration from co-transplantation of biodegradable MMP2-PLGA microspheres with retinal progenitor cells. Biomaterials 32: 1041-1050.
199. Yenice, I., Mocan, M. C., Palaska, E. et al. 2008. Hyaluronic acid coated poly-epsilon-caprolactone nanospheres deliver high concentrations of cyclosporine A into the cornea. Exp Eye Res 87: 162-167.
200. Yi, X., Wang, Y., and Yu, F. S. 2000. Corneal epithelial tight junctions and their response to lipopolysaccharide challenge. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41: 4093-4100.
201. Yoshida, Y., Ban, Y., and Kinoshita, S. 2009. Tight junction transmembrane protein claudin subtype expression and distribution in human corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50: 2103-2108.
202. Zhang, R., He, R., Qian, J. et al. 2010. Treatment of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis with intravitreal injection of tacrolimus (FK506) encapsulated in liposomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51: 3575-3582.