메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 128-135

Drug Resistance in the Microaerophilic Parasite Giardia lamblia

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Drug resistance; Dysentery; Giardia lamblia

Indexed keywords

ALBENDAZOLE; BACITRACIN; FURAZOLIDONE; MEPACRINE; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; ORNIDAZOLE; PAROMOMYCIN; TINIDAZOLE;

EID: 84973298662     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21963045     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40475-015-0051-1     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (96)

References (91)
  • 1
    • 51149116819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of enteric infections with Giardia duodenalis
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cnisFOisA%3D%3D, PID: 1881469
    • Buret AG. Pathophysiology of enteric infections with Giardia duodenalis. Parasite. 2008;15:261–5.
    • (2008) Parasite , vol.15 , pp. 261-265
    • Buret, A.G.1
  • 2
  • 3
    • 84890950148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections
    • PID: 2437962
    • Halliez MC, Buret AG. Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:8974–85.
    • (2013) World J Gastroenterol , vol.19 , pp. 8974-8985
    • Halliez, M.C.1    Buret, A.G.2
  • 4
    • 85048565220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites—Giardia. Accessed April 10 2015
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites—Giardia. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia. Accessed April 10 2015.
  • 5
    • 84875625471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auranofin, a reprofiled drug, is effective against metronidazole-resistant Giardia lamblia
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXmsFKgur0%3D, PID: 23403423, Description of auranofin as a promising novel antigiardial drug
    • Tejman-Yarden N, Miyamoto Y, Leitsch D, Santini J, Debnath A, Gut J, et al. Auranofin, a reprofiled drug, is effective against metronidazole-resistant Giardia lamblia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:2029–35. Description of auranofin as a promising novel antigiardial drug.
    • (2013) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.57 , pp. 2029-2035
    • Tejman-Yarden, N.1    Miyamoto, Y.2    Leitsch, D.3    Santini, J.4    Debnath, A.5    Gut, J.6
  • 6
    • 84912127741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of novel antigiardiasis drug candidates
    • PID: 25267663, Description of fumagillin as a promising novel antigiardial dru
    • Kulakova L, Galkin A, Chen CZ, Southall N, Marugan JJ, Zheng W, et al. Discovery of novel antigiardiasis drug candidates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:7303–11. Description of fumagillin as a promising novel antigiardial drug.
    • (2014) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.58 , pp. 7303-7311
    • Kulakova, L.1    Galkin, A.2    Chen, C.Z.3    Southall, N.4    Marugan, J.J.5    Zheng, W.6
  • 7
    • 80052481289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New approaches to the treatment of giardiasis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFeiu73I, PID: 2185751
    • Tejman-Yarden N, Eckman L. New approaches to the treatment of giardiasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24:451–6.
    • (2011) Curr Opin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 451-456
    • Tejman-Yarden, N.1    Eckman, L.2
  • 8
    • 41349098105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment-ladder and genetic characterisation of parasites in refractory giardiasis after an outbreak in Norway
    • Mørch K, Hanevik K, Robertson LJ, Strand EA, Langeland N. Treatment-ladder and genetic characterisation of parasites in refractory giardiasis after an outbreak in Norway. J Infect Dis. 2008;56:268–73.
    • (2008) J Infect Dis , vol.56 , pp. 268-273
    • Mørch, K.1    Hanevik, K.2    Robertson, L.J.3    Strand, E.A.4    Langeland, N.5
  • 9
    • 0035121744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Giardia lamblia infections
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fgs1CmsQ%3D%3D, PID: 1122484
    • Nash TE. Treatment of Giardia lamblia infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:193–5.
    • (2001) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.20 , pp. 193-195
    • Nash, T.E.1
  • 10
    • 60749122033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of recurring symptoms after infection with Giardia lamblia in a non-endemic area
    • Wensaas KA, Langeland N, Rortveit G. Prevalence of recurring symptoms after infection with Giardia lamblia in a non-endemic area. Scand J Prim Health. 2009;27:12–7.
    • (2009) Scand J Prim Health , vol.27 , pp. 12-17
    • Wensaas, K.A.1    Langeland, N.2    Rortveit, G.3
  • 11
    • 0025728347 scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity relationships of pentamidine analogs against Giardia lamblia and correlation of antigiardial activity with DNA-binding affinity
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlsFCrtrY%3D, PID: 192924
    • Bell CA, Cory M, Fairley TA, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. Structure-activity relationships of pentamidine analogs against Giardia lamblia and correlation of antigiardial activity with DNA-binding affinity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:1099–107.
    • (1991) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.35 , pp. 1099-1107
    • Bell, C.A.1    Cory, M.2    Fairley, T.A.3    Hall, J.E.4    Tidwell, R.R.5
  • 12
    • 34548231815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVGjs73O, PID: 1769679
    • Escobedo AA, Cimerman S. Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:1885–902.
    • (2007) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.8 , pp. 1885-1902
    • Escobedo, A.A.1    Cimerman, S.2
  • 13
    • 84965036986 scopus 로고
    • The activity of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (R. P. 8823) against experimental Trichomonas vaginalis infections
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaG1MXlslynug%3D%3
    • Cosar C, Julou L. The activity of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (R. P. 8823) against experimental Trichomonas vaginalis infections. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 1959;96:238–41.
    • (1959) Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) , vol.96 , pp. 238-241
    • Cosar, C.1    Julou, L.2
  • 14
    • 0007594336 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of giardiasis (lambliasis) by metronidazole
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaF38XksF2nsrw%3D, PID: 1374823
    • Schneider J. Treatment of giardiasis (lambliasis) by metronidazole. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1961;54:84–95.
    • (1961) Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales , vol.54 , pp. 84-95
    • Schneider, J.1
  • 15
    • 0035138734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvFantg%3D%3D, PID: 1114800
    • Upcroft P, Upcroft JA. Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:150–64.
    • (2001) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.14 , pp. 150-164
    • Upcroft, P.1    Upcroft, J.A.2
  • 16
    • 0021997333 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of nitroimidazole derivatives by hydrogenosomal extracts of Trichomonas vaginalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXht1ymt74%3D, PID: 387241
    • Yarlett N, Gorell TE, Marczak R, Müller M. Reduction of nitroimidazole derivatives by hydrogenosomal extracts of Trichomonas vaginalis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1985;14:29–40.
    • (1985) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.14 , pp. 29-40
    • Yarlett, N.1    Gorell, T.E.2    Marczak, R.3    Müller, M.4
  • 17
    • 0032780258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why metronidazole is active against both bacteria and parasites
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktlCksrw%3D, PID: 1039019
    • Samuelson J. Why metronidazole is active against both bacteria and parasites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:1533–41.
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 1533-1541
    • Samuelson, J.1
  • 18
    • 85048540857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Report on carcinogens, 13th edition. Metronidazole. Accessed April 10th 2015
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Report on carcinogens, 13th edition. Metronidazole. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/metronidazole.pdf. Accessed April 10th 2015.
  • 19
    • 0027522732 scopus 로고
    • Nitroimidazole drugs—action and resistance mechanisms. I. Mechanisms of action
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXisVKksLc%3D, PID: 844467
    • Edwards DI. Nitroimidazole drugs—action and resistance mechanisms. I. Mechanisms of action. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1993;31:9–20.
    • (1993) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.31 , pp. 9-20
    • Edwards, D.I.1
  • 20
    • 84923197578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of metronidazole on the cell cycle and DNA in metronidazole-susceptible and -resistant Giardia cell lines
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXivVChsrc%3D, PID: 25681616, This study proves that metronidazole damages DNA in Giardi
    • Uzlikova M, Nohynkova E. The effect of metronidazole on the cell cycle and DNA in metronidazole-susceptible and -resistant Giardia cell lines. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2014;198:75–81. This study proves that metronidazole damages DNA in Giardia.
    • (2014) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.198 , pp. 75-81
    • Uzlikova, M.1    Nohynkova, E.2
  • 21
    • 34548290340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitroimidazole action in Entamoeba histolytica: a central role for thioredoxin reductase
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXps1antLs%3
    • Leitsch D, Kolarich D, Wilson IBH, Altmann F, Duchêne M. Nitroimidazole action in Entamoeba histolytica: a central role for thioredoxin reductase. PLoS Biol. 2007;5:1820–34.
    • (2007) PLoS Biol , vol.5 , pp. 1820-1834
    • Leitsch, D.1    Kolarich, D.2    Wilson, I.B.H.3    Altmann, F.4    Duchêne, M.5
  • 22
    • 64149123281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trichomonas vaginalis: metronidazole and other nitroimidazole drugs are reduced by the flavin enzyme thioredoxin reductase and disrupt the cellular redox system. Implications for nitroimidazole toxicity and resistance
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsFSrtLs%3D, PID: 1941580
    • Leitsch D, Kolarich D, Binder M, Stadlmann J, Altmann F, Duchêne M. Trichomonas vaginalis: metronidazole and other nitroimidazole drugs are reduced by the flavin enzyme thioredoxin reductase and disrupt the cellular redox system. Implications for nitroimidazole toxicity and resistance. Mol Microbiol. 2009;72:518–36.
    • (2009) Mol Microbiol , vol.72 , pp. 518-536
    • Leitsch, D.1    Kolarich, D.2    Binder, M.3    Stadlmann, J.4    Altmann, F.5    Duchêne, M.6
  • 24
    • 84867140534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disrupted intracellular redox balance of the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens by 5-nitroimidazoles and garlic-derived compounds
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XosFWnurg%3D, PID: 2267713
    • Williams CF, Lloyd D, Kolarich D, Alagesan K, Duchêne M, Cable J, et al. Disrupted intracellular redox balance of the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens by 5-nitroimidazoles and garlic-derived compounds. Vet Parasitol. 2012;190:62–73.
    • (2012) Vet Parasitol , vol.190 , pp. 62-73
    • Williams, C.F.1    Lloyd, D.2    Kolarich, D.3    Alagesan, K.4    Duchêne, M.5    Cable, J.6
  • 25
    • 0019834327 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of clonal growth of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica by metronidazole, quinacrine, and other antimicrobial agents
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XjsFCq, PID: 627172
    • Gillin FD, Diamond LS. Inhibition of clonal growth of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica by metronidazole, quinacrine, and other antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1981;8:305–16.
    • (1981) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.8 , pp. 305-316
    • Gillin, F.D.1    Diamond, L.S.2
  • 26
    • 0025366720 scopus 로고
    • Albendazole: a more effective antigiardial agent in vitro than metronidazole or tinidazole
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXitVyltA%3D%3D, PID: 213625
    • Meloni BP, Thompson RC, Reynoldson JA, Seville P. Albendazole: a more effective antigiardial agent in vitro than metronidazole or tinidazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:375–9.
    • (1990) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.84 , pp. 375-379
    • Meloni, B.P.1    Thompson, R.C.2    Reynoldson, J.A.3    Seville, P.4
  • 27
    • 0025245666 scopus 로고
    • Activity of the anthelmintic benzimidazoles against Giardia lamblia in vitro
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhs1Smtbo%3D, PID: 223027
    • Edlind TD, Hang TL, Chakraborty PR. Activity of the anthelmintic benzimidazoles against Giardia lamblia in vitro. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:1408–11.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 1408-1411
    • Edlind, T.D.1    Hang, T.L.2    Chakraborty, P.R.3
  • 28
    • 0025809530 scopus 로고
    • In vivo efficacy of albendazole against Giardia duodenalis in mice
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK3Mzis1OqsQ%3D%3D, PID: 186642
    • Reynoldson JA, Thompson RC, Meloni BP. In vivo efficacy of albendazole against Giardia duodenalis in mice. Parasitol Res. 1991;77:325–8.
    • (1991) Parasitol Res , vol.77 , pp. 325-328
    • Reynoldson, J.A.1    Thompson, R.C.2    Meloni, B.P.3
  • 29
    • 77955298063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis
    • PID: 2048549
    • Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Genkinger JM, Loffredo CA, Singer SM. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4, e682.
    • (2010) PLoS Negl Trop Dis , vol.4
    • Solaymani-Mohammadi, S.1    Genkinger, J.M.2    Loffredo, C.A.3    Singer, S.M.4
  • 30
    • 0025896218 scopus 로고
    • Mebendazole in giardial infections: confirmation of the failure of this treatment
    • PID: 175507
    • di Martino L, Nocerino A, Mantovani MP. Mebendazole in giardial infections: confirmation of the failure of this treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991;85:557–8.
    • (1991) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.85 , pp. 557-558
    • di Martino, L.1    Nocerino, A.2    Mantovani, M.P.3
  • 31
    • 0028589425 scopus 로고
    • An increase in Giardia duodenalis infection among children receiving periodic Anthelmintic treatment in Bangladesh
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7ls1GhtA%3D%3D, PID: 785343
    • Rousham EK. An increase in Giardia duodenalis infection among children receiving periodic Anthelmintic treatment in Bangladesh. J Trop Pediatr. 1994;40:329–33.
    • (1994) J Trop Pediatr , vol.40 , pp. 329-333
    • Rousham, E.K.1
  • 32
    • 33750804205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized clinical study of five days apostrophe therapy with mebendazole compared to quinacrine in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis in children
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht12isb7L, PID: 1707296
    • Canete R, Escobedo AA, Gonzalez ME, Almirall P. Randomized clinical study of five days apostrophe therapy with mebendazole compared to quinacrine in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis in children. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:6366–70.
    • (2006) World J Gastroenterol , vol.12 , pp. 6366-6370
    • Canete, R.1    Escobedo, A.A.2    Gonzalez, M.E.3    Almirall, P.4
  • 33
    • 84855611584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mebendazole compared with secnidazole in the treatment of adult giardiasis: a randomised, no-inferiority, open clinical trial
    • PID: 2217499
    • Almirall P, Escobedo AA, Ayala I, Alfonso M, Salazar Y, Cañete R, et al. Mebendazole compared with secnidazole in the treatment of adult giardiasis: a randomised, no-inferiority, open clinical trial. J Parasitol Res. 2011;2011:636857.
    • (2011) J Parasitol Res , vol.2011 , pp. 636857
    • Almirall, P.1    Escobedo, A.A.2    Ayala, I.3    Alfonso, M.4    Salazar, Y.5    Cañete, R.6
  • 34
    • 0035138082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gardner and Hill Treatment of giardiasis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvFansA%3D%3D, PID: 1114800
    • Gardner TB, Hill DR. Gardner and Hill Treatment of giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:114–28.
    • (2001) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.14 , pp. 114-128
    • Gardner, T.B.1    Hill, D.R.2
  • 35
    • 0019390302 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of the cytoskeleton from Giardia. Tubulin and a low-molecular-weight protein associated with microribbon structures
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXhsFeis7s%3D, PID: 726377
    • Holberton DV, Ward AP. Isolation of the cytoskeleton from Giardia. Tubulin and a low-molecular-weight protein associated with microribbon structures. J Cell Sci. 1981;47:139–66.
    • (1981) J Cell Sci , vol.47 , pp. 139-166
    • Holberton, D.V.1    Ward, A.P.2
  • 36
    • 6944245215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of benzimidazole binding with recombinant tubulin from Giardia duodenalis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovV2iu7k%3D, PID: 1550092
    • MacDonald LM, Armson A, Thompson AR, Reynoldson JA. Characterisation of benzimidazole binding with recombinant tubulin from Giardia duodenalis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2004;138:89–96.
    • (2004) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.138 , pp. 89-96
    • MacDonald, L.M.1    Armson, A.2    Thompson, A.R.3    Reynoldson, J.A.4
  • 37
    • 0026890985 scopus 로고
    • Giardia lamblia: ultrastructural study of the in vitro effect of benzimidazoles
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FitVGqtA%3D%3D, PID: 140398
    • Chavez B, Cedillo-Rivera R, Martinez-Palomo A. Giardia lamblia: ultrastructural study of the in vitro effect of benzimidazoles. J Protozool. 1992;39:510–5.
    • (1992) J Protozool , vol.39 , pp. 510-515
    • Chavez, B.1    Cedillo-Rivera, R.2    Martinez-Palomo, A.3
  • 38
    • 0036498338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of intestinal parasitic infections: a review of nitazoxanide
    • PID: 1185407
    • Gilles HM, Hoffman PS. Treatment of intestinal parasitic infections: a review of nitazoxanide. Trends Parasitol. 2002;18:95–7.
    • (2002) Trends Parasitol , vol.18 , pp. 95-97
    • Gilles, H.M.1    Hoffman, P.S.2
  • 39
    • 0036156713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xosl2iug%3D%3D, PID: 1175177
    • Adagu IS, Nolder D, Warhurst D, Rossignol JF. In vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:103–11.
    • (2002) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 103-111
    • Adagu, I.S.1    Nolder, D.2    Warhurst, D.3    Rossignol, J.F.4
  • 40
    • 29944435490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro effects of thiazolides on Giardia lamblia WB clone C6 cultured axenically and in coculture with Caco2 cells
    • PID: 1637768
    • Müller J, Rühle G, Müller N, Rossignol JF, Hemphill A. In vitro effects of thiazolides on Giardia lamblia WB clone C6 cultured axenically and in coculture with Caco2 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:162–70.
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , pp. 162-170
    • Müller, J.1    Rühle, G.2    Müller, N.3    Rossignol, J.F.4    Hemphill, A.5
  • 41
    • 33847660062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXis12jsrw%3D, PID: 1715893
    • Hoffman PS, Sisson G, Croxen MA, Welch K, Harman WD, Cremades N, et al. Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:868–76.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 868-876
    • Hoffman, P.S.1    Sisson, G.2    Croxen, M.A.3    Welch, K.4    Harman, W.D.5    Cremades, N.6
  • 42
    • 34250160202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides
    • PID: 1743805
    • Müller J, Wastling J, Sanderson S, Müller N, Hemphill A. A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:1979–86.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 1979-1986
    • Müller, J.1    Wastling, J.2    Sanderson, S.3    Müller, N.4    Hemphill, A.5
  • 44
    • 79955799029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond DNA binding—a review of the potential mechanisms mediating quinacrine’s therapeutic activities in parasitic infections, inflammation, and cancers
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmsV2gsro%3D, PID: 2156963
    • Ehsanian R, Van Waes C, Feller SM. Beyond DNA binding—a review of the potential mechanisms mediating quinacrine’s therapeutic activities in parasitic infections, inflammation, and cancers. Cell Commun Signal. 2011;9:13.
    • (2011) Cell Commun Signal , vol.9 , pp. 13
    • Ehsanian, R.1    Van Waes, C.2    Feller, S.M.3
  • 45
    • 0029881412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quinacrine-resistant Giardia duodenalis
    • PID: 872899
    • Upcroft JA, Campbell RW, Upcroft P. Quinacrine-resistant Giardia duodenalis. Parasitology. 1996;112:309–13.
    • (1996) Parasitology , vol.112 , pp. 309-313
    • Upcroft, J.A.1    Campbell, R.W.2    Upcroft, P.3
  • 46
    • 0024588809 scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of Giardia lamblia to aminoglycoside protein synthesis inhibitors: correlation with rRNA structure
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXit1yntL0%3D, PID: 272994
    • Edlind TD. Susceptibility of Giardia lamblia to aminoglycoside protein synthesis inhibitors: correlation with rRNA structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989;33:484–8.
    • (1989) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 484-488
    • Edlind, T.D.1
  • 47
    • 0030566707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable coexpression of a drug-resistance gene and a heterologous gene in an ancient parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xnt1Oitrs%3D, PID: 901084
    • Yu DC, Wang AL, Wang CC. Stable coexpression of a drug-resistance gene and a heterologous gene in an ancient parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1996;83:81–91.
    • (1996) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.83 , pp. 81-91
    • Yu, D.C.1    Wang, A.L.2    Wang, C.C.3
  • 48
    • 0022355341 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the in-vitro activity of some 5-nitroimidazoles and other compounds against Giardia intestinalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XosFantA%3D%3D, PID: 407777
    • Boreham PF, Phillips RE, Shepherd RW. A comparison of the in-vitro activity of some 5-nitroimidazoles and other compounds against Giardia intestinalis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1985;16:589–95.
    • (1985) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.16 , pp. 589-595
    • Boreham, P.F.1    Phillips, R.E.2    Shepherd, R.W.3
  • 49
    • 84878622631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unraveling how Giardia infections cause disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXpsFWksLo%3D, PID: 2372816
    • Nash TE. Unraveling how Giardia infections cause disease. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:2346–7.
    • (2013) J Clin Invest , vol.123 , pp. 2346-2347
    • Nash, T.E.1
  • 50
    • 0019466214 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of furazolidone by milk xanthine oxidase and rat liver 9000 g supernatant: formation of a unique nitrofuran metabolite and an aminofuran derivative
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXktlGiu78%3D, PID: 689483
    • Tatsumi K, Yamada H, Yoshimura H, Kawazoe Y. Metabolism of furazolidone by milk xanthine oxidase and rat liver 9000 g supernatant: formation of a unique nitrofuran metabolite and an aminofuran derivative. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981;208:167–74.
    • (1981) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.208 , pp. 167-174
    • Tatsumi, K.1    Yamada, H.2    Yoshimura, H.3    Kawazoe, Y.4
  • 51
    • 0025144496 scopus 로고
    • Drug resistance in Giardia intestinalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmtVChur0%3D, PID: 221094
    • Upcroft JA, Upcroft P, Boreham PF. Drug resistance in Giardia intestinalis. Int J Parasitol. 1990;20:489–96.
    • (1990) Int J Parasitol , vol.20 , pp. 489-496
    • Upcroft, J.A.1    Upcroft, P.2    Boreham, P.F.3
  • 52
    • 0029661970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O-producing NADH oxidase from the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xmt1Cqtbw%3D, PID: 889890
    • 2O-producing NADH oxidase from the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. Eur J Biochem. 1996;241:155–61.
    • (1996) Eur J Biochem , vol.241 , pp. 155-161
    • Brown, D.M.1    Upcroft, J.A.2    Upcroft, P.3
  • 53
    • 3042536015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactions of nifurtimox with critical sulfhydryl-containing biomolecules: their potential toxicological relevance
    • PID: 1521161
    • Díaz EG, Montalto de Mecca M, Castro JA. Reactions of nifurtimox with critical sulfhydryl-containing biomolecules: their potential toxicological relevance. J Appl Toxicol. 2004;24:189–95.
    • (2004) J Appl Toxicol , vol.24 , pp. 189-195
    • Díaz, E.G.1    Montalto de Mecca, M.2    Castro, J.A.3
  • 54
    • 0030911717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of nifurtimox and benzonidazole upon glutathione and trypanothione content in epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjsVyktrk%3D, PID: 917827
    • Maya JD, Repetto Y, Agosín M, Ojeda JM, Tellez R, Gaule C, et al. Effects of nifurtimox and benzonidazole upon glutathione and trypanothione content in epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1997;86:101–6.
    • (1997) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.86 , pp. 101-106
    • Maya, J.D.1    Repetto, Y.2    Agosín, M.3    Ojeda, J.M.4    Tellez, R.5    Gaule, C.6
  • 55
    • 0029026205 scopus 로고
    • Chemotherapy for giardiasis: randomized clinical trial of bacitracin, bacitracin zinc, and a combination of bacitracin zinc with neomycin
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3lvFOgtg%3D%3D, PID: 774116
    • Andrews BJ, Panitescu D, Jipa GH, Vasile-Bugarin AC, Vasiliu RP, Ronnevig JR. Chemotherapy for giardiasis: randomized clinical trial of bacitracin, bacitracin zinc, and a combination of bacitracin zinc with neomycin. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52:318–21.
    • (1995) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.52 , pp. 318-321
    • Andrews, B.J.1    Panitescu, D.2    Jipa, G.H.3    Vasile-Bugarin, A.C.4    Vasiliu, R.P.5    Ronnevig, J.R.6
  • 56
    • 0028618248 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia intestinalis to bacitracin and its zinc salt in vitro
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7ptlSmsw%3D%3D, PID: 788678
    • Andrews BJ, Mylvaganam H, Yule A. Sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia intestinalis to bacitracin and its zinc salt in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994;88:704–6.
    • (1994) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.88 , pp. 704-706
    • Andrews, B.J.1    Mylvaganam, H.2    Yule, A.3
  • 57
    • 0019940091 scopus 로고
    • Chronic giardiasis: studies on drug sensitivity, toxin production, and host immune response
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL383mt1KmsQ%3D%3D, PID: 710651
    • Smith PD, Gillin FD, Spira WM, Nash TE. Chronic giardiasis: studies on drug sensitivity, toxin production, and host immune response. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:797–803.
    • (1982) Gastroenterology , vol.83 , pp. 797-803
    • Smith, P.D.1    Gillin, F.D.2    Spira, W.M.3    Nash, T.E.4
  • 58
    • 0029020876 scopus 로고
    • In vitro drug susceptibility of 29 isolates of Giardia duodenalis from humans as assessed by an adhesion assay
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmsVKjs7s%3D, PID: 763563
    • Farbey MD, Reynoldson JA, Thompson RC. In vitro drug susceptibility of 29 isolates of Giardia duodenalis from humans as assessed by an adhesion assay. Int J Parasitol. 1995;25:593–9.
    • (1995) Int J Parasitol , vol.25 , pp. 593-599
    • Farbey, M.D.1    Reynoldson, J.A.2    Thompson, R.C.3
  • 59
    • 0033736794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole and albendazole susceptibility of 11 clinical isolates of Giardia duodenalis from France
    • PID: 1106220
    • Lemée V, Zaharia I, Nevez G, Rabodonirina M, Brasseur P, Ballet JJ, et al. Metronidazole and albendazole susceptibility of 11 clinical isolates of Giardia duodenalis from France. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;46:819–21.
    • (2000) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 819-821
    • Lemée, V.1    Zaharia, I.2    Nevez, G.3    Rabodonirina, M.4    Brasseur, P.5    Ballet, J.J.6
  • 60
    • 0023836935 scopus 로고
    • Altered uptake of metronidazole in vitro by stocks of Giardia intestinalis with different drug sensitivities
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXkslShsrs%3D, PID: 317614
    • Boreham PF, Phillips RE, Shepherd RW. Altered uptake of metronidazole in vitro by stocks of Giardia intestinalis with different drug sensitivities. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82:104–6.
    • (1988) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.82 , pp. 104-106
    • Boreham, P.F.1    Phillips, R.E.2    Shepherd, R.W.3
  • 61
    • 0030221888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation and purification of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Giardia duodenalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XksF2ks7g%3D, PID: 885555
    • Townson SM, Upcroft JA, Upcroft P. Characterisation and purification of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Giardia duodenalis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1996;79:183–93.
    • (1996) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.79 , pp. 183-193
    • Townson, S.M.1    Upcroft, J.A.2    Upcroft, P.3
  • 62
    • 70449554069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles in Giardia duodenalis: variability and variation in gene expression
    • PID: 1948117
    • Argüello-García R, Cruz-Soto M, Romero-Montoya L, Ortega-Pierres G. In vitro resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles in Giardia duodenalis: variability and variation in gene expression. Infect Genet Evol. 2009;9:1057–64.
    • (2009) Infect Genet Evol , vol.9 , pp. 1057-1064
    • Argüello-García, R.1    Cruz-Soto, M.2    Romero-Montoya, L.3    Ortega-Pierres, G.4
  • 63
    • 0023002350 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of metronidazole susceptibility factors in obligate anaerobes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXpvFagsQ%3D%3
    • Narikawa S. Distribution of metronidazole susceptibility factors in obligate anaerobes. J Antimirob Chemother. 1986;18:565–74.
    • (1986) J Antimirob Chemother , vol.18 , pp. 565-574
    • Narikawa, S.1
  • 64
    • 0021112709 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of the anaerobic protozoon, Tritrichomonas foetus
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlvFSju70%3D, PID: 631365
    • Marczak R, Gorrell TE, Müller M. Hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of the anaerobic protozoon, Tritrichomonas foetus. J Biol Chem. 1983;258:12427–33.
    • (1983) J Biol Chem , vol.258 , pp. 12427-12433
    • Marczak, R.1    Gorrell, T.E.2    Müller, M.3
  • 65
    • 0034732712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ferredoxin involvement in metronidazole resistance of Giardia duodenalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtVCis7s%3D, PID: 1080232
    • Liu SM, Brown DM, O’Donoghue P, Upcroft P, Upcroft JA. Ferredoxin involvement in metronidazole resistance of Giardia duodenalis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000;108:137–40.
    • (2000) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.108 , pp. 137-140
    • Liu, S.M.1    Brown, D.M.2    O’Donoghue, P.3    Upcroft, P.4    Upcroft, J.A.5
  • 66
    • 0022412781 scopus 로고
    • The generation of metronidazole radicals in hydrogenosomes isolated from Trichomonas vaginalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXlslGgsr8%3D, PID: 299929
    • Chapman A, Cammack R, Linstead D, Lloyd D. The generation of metronidazole radicals in hydrogenosomes isolated from Trichomonas vaginalis. J Gen Microbiol. 1985;131:2141–4.
    • (1985) J Gen Microbiol , vol.131 , pp. 2141-2144
    • Chapman, A.1    Cammack, R.2    Linstead, D.3    Lloyd, D.4
  • 67
    • 0024271018 scopus 로고
    • Possible roles for pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thiol-dependent peroxidase and reductase activities in resistance to nitroheterocyclic drugs in Giardia intestinalis
    • PID: 322512
    • Smith NC, Bryant C, Boreham PF. Possible roles for pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thiol-dependent peroxidase and reductase activities in resistance to nitroheterocyclic drugs in Giardia intestinalis. Int J Parasitol. 1988;18:991–7.
    • (1988) Int J Parasitol , vol.18 , pp. 991-997
    • Smith, N.C.1    Bryant, C.2    Boreham, P.F.3
  • 68
    • 0027411555 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen affinities of metronidazole-resistant and -sensitive stocks of Giardia intestinalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXksVGjt7o%3D, PID: 846813
    • Ellis JE, Wingfield JM, Cole D, Boreham PF, Lloyd D. Oxygen affinities of metronidazole-resistant and -sensitive stocks of Giardia intestinalis. Int J Parasitol. 1993;23:35–9.
    • (1993) Int J Parasitol , vol.23 , pp. 35-39
    • Ellis, J.E.1    Wingfield, J.M.2    Cole, D.3    Boreham, P.F.4    Lloyd, D.5
  • 69
    • 79960472745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thioredoxin reductase are involved in 5-nitroimidazole activation while flavin metabolism is linked to 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXptFCmtb0%3D, PID: 2160257
    • Leitsch D, Burgess AG, Dunn LA, Krauer KG, Tan K, Duchêne M, et al. Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thioredoxin reductase are involved in 5-nitroimidazole activation while flavin metabolism is linked to 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1756–65.
    • (2011) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.66 , pp. 1756-1765
    • Leitsch, D.1    Burgess, A.G.2    Dunn, L.A.3    Krauer, K.G.4    Tan, K.5    Duchêne, M.6
  • 70
    • 0034011325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase gene expression in Giardia lamblia by a virus-mediated hammerhead ribozyme
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtlKitr0%3D, PID: 1079273
    • Dan M, Wang AL, Wang CC. Inhibition of pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase gene expression in Giardia lamblia by a virus-mediated hammerhead ribozyme. Mol Microbiol. 2000;36:447–56.
    • (2000) Mol Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 447-456
    • Dan, M.1    Wang, A.L.2    Wang, C.C.3
  • 71
    • 77953027255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new-generation 5-nitroimidazole can induce highly metronidazole-resistant Giardia lamblia in vitro
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmsVGrsbg%3D, PID: 2045692
    • Dunn LA, Burgess AG, Krauer KG, Eckmann L, Vanelle P, Crozet MD, et al. A new-generation 5-nitroimidazole can induce highly metronidazole-resistant Giardia lamblia in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36:37–42.
    • (2010) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.36 , pp. 37-42
    • Dunn, L.A.1    Burgess, A.G.2    Krauer, K.G.3    Eckmann, L.4    Vanelle, P.5    Crozet, M.D.6
  • 72
    • 79954583944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitroreductase (GlNR1) increases susceptibility of Giardia lamblia and Escherichia coli to nitro drugs
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXkvFejtL0%3D, PID: 2139322
    • Nillius D, Müller J, Müller N. Nitroreductase (GlNR1) increases susceptibility of Giardia lamblia and Escherichia coli to nitro drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1029–35.
    • (2011) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.66 , pp. 1029-1035
    • Nillius, D.1    Müller, J.2    Müller, N.3
  • 73
    • 84880742378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of nitro drugs metronidazole and nitazoxanide in Giardia lamblia: characterization of a novel nitroreductase (GlNR2)
    • PID: 23580565, The role of nitroreductase 2 as metronidazole resistance determina
    • Müller J, Schildknecht P, Müller N. Metabolism of nitro drugs metronidazole and nitazoxanide in Giardia lamblia: characterization of a novel nitroreductase (GlNR2). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:1781–9. The role of nitroreductase 2 as metronidazole resistance determinan.
    • (2013) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.68 , pp. 1781-1789
    • Müller, J.1    Schildknecht, P.2    Müller, N.3
  • 74
    • 80052855898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired parasite attachment as fitness cost of metronidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtl2nsL%2FO, PID: 2182528
    • Tejman-Yarden N, Millman M, Lauwaet T, Davids BJ, Gillin FD, Dunn L, et al. Impaired parasite attachment as fitness cost of metronidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:4643–51.
    • (2011) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.55 , pp. 4643-4651
    • Tejman-Yarden, N.1    Millman, M.2    Lauwaet, T.3    Davids, B.J.4    Gillin, F.D.5    Dunn, L.6
  • 75
    • 0021040737 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and metronidazole uptake in Trichomonas vaginalis isolates with different metronidazole susceptibilities
    • PID: 660702
    • Müller M, Gorrell TE. Metabolism and metronidazole uptake in Trichomonas vaginalis isolates with different metronidazole susceptibilities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1983;24:667–73.
    • (1983) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.24 , pp. 667-673
    • Müller, M.1    Gorrell, T.E.2
  • 76
    • 0022531328 scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole-resistant clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis have lowered oxygen affinities
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xit1Wrtrw%3D, PID: 348772
    • Yarlett N, Yarlett NC, Lloyd D. Metronidazole-resistant clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis have lowered oxygen affinities. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1986;19:111–6.
    • (1986) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.19 , pp. 111-116
    • Yarlett, N.1    Yarlett, N.C.2    Lloyd, D.3
  • 77
    • 0033033761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trichomonads, hydrogenosomes and drug resistance
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3js1yisA%3D%3D, PID: 1022162
    • Kulda J. Trichomonads, hydrogenosomes and drug resistance. Int J Parasitol. 1999;29:199–212.
    • (1999) Int J Parasitol , vol.29 , pp. 199-212
    • Kulda, J.1
  • 78
    • 0036667435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of in vitro development of resistance to metronidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis
    • Rasoloson D, Vanacova S, Tomkova E, Razga J, Hrdy I, Tachezy J, et al. Mechanisms of in vitro development of resistance to metronidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis. Microbiology. 2002;48:2467–77.
    • (2002) Microbiology , vol.48 , pp. 2467-2477
    • Rasoloson, D.1    Vanacova, S.2    Tomkova, E.3    Razga, J.4    Hrdy, I.5    Tachezy, J.6
  • 79
    • 84859616517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Down-regulation of flavin reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (ADH-1) in metronidazole-resistant isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XltVantLk%3D, PID: 2244994
    • Leitsch D, Drinić M, Duchêne M. Down-regulation of flavin reductase and alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (ADH-1) in metronidazole-resistant isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2012;183:177–83.
    • (2012) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.183 , pp. 177-183
    • Leitsch, D.1    Drinić, M.2    Duchêne, M.3
  • 80
    • 0018408557 scopus 로고
    • Strain of Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles
    • Meingassner JG, Thurner J. Strain of Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979;16:254–7.
    • (1979) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.16 , pp. 254-257
    • Meingassner, J.G.1    Thurner, J.2
  • 81
    • 84891159267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trichomonas vaginalis Flavin reductase 1 (FR1) and its role in metronidazole resistance
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXitVSqu7vM, PID: 2425603
    • Leitsch D, Janssen BD, Kolarich D, Johnson PJ, Duchêne M. Trichomonas vaginalis Flavin reductase 1 (FR1) and its role in metronidazole resistance. Mol Microbiol. 2014;91:198–208.
    • (2014) Mol Microbiol , vol.91 , pp. 198-208
    • Leitsch, D.1    Janssen, B.D.2    Kolarich, D.3    Johnson, P.J.4    Duchêne, M.5
  • 82
    • 45749123127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of differentially expressed genes in a Giardia lamblia WB C6 clone resistant to nitazoxanide and metronidazole
    • PID: 1840824
    • Müller J, Ley S, Felger I, Hemphill A, Müller N. Identification of differentially expressed genes in a Giardia lamblia WB C6 clone resistant to nitazoxanide and metronidazole. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:72–82.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , pp. 72-82
    • Müller, J.1    Ley, S.2    Felger, I.3    Hemphill, A.4    Müller, N.5
  • 83
    • 0029759003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmsFSgurk%3D, PID: 915879
    • Upcroft J, Mitchell R, Chen N, Upcroft P. Albendazole resistance in Giardia is correlated with cytoskeletal changes but not with a mutation at amino acid 200 in beta-tubulin. Microb Drug Resist. 1996;2:303–8.
    • (1996) Microb Drug Resist , vol.2 , pp. 303-308
    • Upcroft, J.1    Mitchell, R.2    Chen, N.3    Upcroft, P.4
  • 85
    • 84878125851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteomic and transcriptional analyses of genes differentially expressed in Giardia duodenalis clones resistant to albendazole
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslCnurbN, PID: 2302271
    • Paz-Maldonado MT, Argüello-García R, Cruz-Soto M, Mendoza-Hernández G, Ortega-Pierres G. Proteomic and transcriptional analyses of genes differentially expressed in Giardia duodenalis clones resistant to albendazole. Infect Genet Evol. 2013;15:10–7.
    • (2013) Infect Genet Evol , vol.15 , pp. 10-17
    • Paz-Maldonado, M.T.1    Argüello-García, R.2    Cruz-Soto, M.3    Mendoza-Hernández, G.4    Ortega-Pierres, G.5
  • 86
  • 87
    • 0019781538 scopus 로고
    • Generation of free radicals induced by nifurtimox in mammalian tissues
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XhsFSjuw%3D%3D, PID: 627013
    • Docampo R, Mason RP, Mottley C, Muniz RP. Generation of free radicals induced by nifurtimox in mammalian tissues. J Biol Chem. 1981;256:10930–3.
    • (1981) J Biol Chem , vol.256 , pp. 10930-10933
    • Docampo, R.1    Mason, R.P.2    Mottley, C.3    Muniz, R.P.4
  • 88
    • 35048826204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new quantitative in vitro microculture method for Giardia duodenalis trophozoites
    • PID: 1788853
    • Bénéré E, da Luz RA, Vermeersch M, Cos P, Maes L. A new quantitative in vitro microculture method for Giardia duodenalis trophozoites. J Microbiol Methods. 2007;71:101–6.
    • (2007) J Microbiol Methods , vol.71 , pp. 101-106
    • Bénéré, E.1    da Luz, R.A.2    Vermeersch, M.3    Cos, P.4    Maes, L.5
  • 89
    • 37449019188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a Giardia lamblia WB C6 clone resistant to the isoflavone formononetin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmtV0%3D, PID: 1804892
    • Sterk M, Müller J, Hemphill A, Müller N. Characterization of a Giardia lamblia WB C6 clone resistant to the isoflavone formononetin. Microbiology. 2007;153:4150–8.
    • (2007) Microbiology , vol.153 , pp. 4150-4158
    • Sterk, M.1    Müller, J.2    Hemphill, A.3    Müller, N.4
  • 90
    • 77950314506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid detachment of Giardia lamblia trophozoites as a mechanism of antimicrobial action of the isoflavone formononetin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXitVWhtL0%3D, PID: 2006798
    • Lauwaet T, Andersen Y, Van de Ven L, Eckmann L, Gillin FD. Rapid detachment of Giardia lamblia trophozoites as a mechanism of antimicrobial action of the isoflavone formononetin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:531–4.
    • (2010) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.65 , pp. 531-534
    • Lauwaet, T.1    Andersen, Y.2    Van de Ven, L.3    Eckmann, L.4    Gillin, F.D.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.