Improving college access in the United States: Barriers and policy responses

Economics of Education Review

Volumn 51, Issue , 2016, Pages 4-22

  Page, Lindsay C ^a   Scott Clayton, Judith ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b Columbia University and NBER ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Affirmative action; College access; Experimental and quasi experimental evidence; Financial aid; I21; I22; I23; I24; Informational and behavioral barriers

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE; AID; EDUCATION POLICY; FINANCE; HIGHER EDUCATION; SECONDARY EDUCATION; SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84969195232     PISSN: 02727757     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.02.009     Document Type: Article

References (203)

1. Abraham K., Clark M. Financial aid and students' college decisions: Evidence from the district of columbia tuition assistance grant program. Journal of Human Resources 2006, 41(3):578-610.
2. Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (2005). The student aid gauntlet: Making access to college simple and certain. Final report of the special study of simplification of need analysis and application for title IV aid, Washington, DC: Department of Education.
3. Aghion P., Boustan L., Hoxby C., Vandenbussche J. The causal impact of education on economic growth: Evidence from U.S. 2009, Retrieved from http://www.weareeducation.org/Harvard_Causal_Impact_Of_Education.pdf.
4. ASCA national model: A framework for school counseling programs 2012, American School Counselor Association, American School Counselor Association.
5. An B.P. The impact of dual enrollment on college degree attainment do low-SES students benefit?. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2013, 35:57-75.
6. Andrews R.J., DesJardins S., Ranchhod V. The effects of the Kalamazoo Promise on college choice. Economics of Education Review 2010, 29(5):722-737.
7. Andrews R.J., Ranchhod V., Sathy V. Estimating the responsiveness of college applications to the likelihood of acceptance and financial assistance: Evidence from Texas. Economics of Education Review 2010, 29(1):104-115.
8. Angrist J., Autor D., Hudson S., Pallais A. Evaluating econometric evaluations of post-secondary aid. American Economic Review 2015, 105(5):502-507.
9. Angrist J., Hudson S., Pallais A. Leveling up: Early results from a randomized evaluation of post-secondary aid (no. w20800) 2014, National Bureau of Economic Research; Cambridge, MA.
10. Anthony, A.M., Page, L.C., & Seldin, A. (in press). In the right ballpark? Assessing the accuracy of net price calculators, Journal of Student Financial Aid.
11. Arcidiacono P., Lovenheim M. Affirmative action and the quality-fit tradeoff (no. w20962) 2015, National Bureau of Economic Research; Cambridge, MA.
12. Armstrong A.W., Watson A.J., Makredes M., Frangos J.E., Kimball A.B., Kvedar J.C. Text-message reminders to improve sunscreen use. Arch Dermatology 2009, 145(11):1230-1236.
13. Arnold K.C., Castleman B.L., Chewning A., Page L.C. Advisor and student experiences of summer support for college-intending, low-income high school graduates. Journal of College Access 2015, 1(1):6-28.
14. Arnold K.D., Fleming S., De Anda M., Castleman B., Wartman K.L. The summer flood: The invisible gap among low-income students. Thought & Action 2009, 25:23-34.
15. Avery C. Evaluation of the college possible program: Results from a randomized controlled trial (no. w19562) 2013, National Bureau of Economic Research; Cambridge, MA.
16. Avery C.N., Howell J.S., Page L.C. A review of the role of college applications in students' postsecondary outcomes 2014, College Board Research Brief.
17. Avery C.N., Howell J.S., Page L.C. A review of the role of counseling, coaching, and mentoring on students' postsecondary outcomes 2014, College Board Research Brief.
18. Avery C., Kane T.J. Student perceptions of college opportunities. The Boston COACH program. College choices: The economics of where to go, when to go, and how to pay for it 2004, 355-394. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. C. Hoxby (Ed.).
19. Backes B. Do affirmative action bans lower minority college enrollment and attainment? Evidence from statewide bans. Journal of Human Resources 2012, 47(2):435-455.
20. Bailey M., Dynarski S. Inequality in postsecondary education. Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances 2011, 117-132. Russell Sage, New York. G.J. Duncan, R.J. Murnane (Eds.).
21. Bailey T., Jeong D.W., Cho S.W. Referral, enrollment, and completion in developmental education sequences in community colleges. Economics of Education Review 2010, 29:255-270.
22. Barnett E., Maclutsky E., Wagonlander C. Emerging early college models for traditionally underserved students. New Directions for Community Colleges 2015, 2015:39-49. 10.1002/cc.20131.
23. Barr N. Paying for higher education: What policies, in what order? 2010, London School of Economics, London, England.
24. Bartik T.J., Lachowska M. The short-term effects of the Kalamazoo Promise Scholarship on student outcomes. Research in Labor Economics 2013, 38:37-76.
25. Bartik T.J., Hershbein B., Lachowska M. Longer-term effects of the Kalamazoo Promise Scholarship on college enrollment, persistence, and completion. Paper presented at American Education Finance and Policy Annual Conference 2015, Washington, DC.
26. Baum S.R., Ma J. Trends in college pricing, 2014 2014, The College Board, New York, NY.
27. Baum S.R., Elliott D.C., Ma J. Trends in student aid, 2014 2014, The College Board, New York, NY.
28. Baum S., Ma J., Payea K. Education pays 2013: The benefits of higher education for individuals and society 2013, The College Board, New York.
29. Becker G.S. Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education 1964, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
30. Belley P., Lochner L. The changing role of family income and ability in determining educational achievement (no. w13527) 2007, National Bureau of Economic Research; Cambridge, MA.
31. Berger A., Turk-Bicakci L., Garet M., Knudson J., Hoshen G. Early college, continued success: Early college high school initiative impact study 2014, American Institutes for Research, Washington, DC.
32. Bergman, P. (2015). Parent-child information frictions and human capital investment: Evidence from a field experiment (Working Paper No. 5391). CESifo.
33. Bertrand M., Chugh D., Mullainathan S. Implicit discrimination. The American Economic Review 2005, 95(2):94-98.
34. Bettinger E. How financial aid affects persistence. College choices: The economics of where to go, when to go, and how to pay for it 2004, 207-238. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. C. Hoxby (Ed.).
35. Bettinger E.P., Evans B.J. Information and assistance in the college enrollment process: Evidence from a randomized field experiment in near-peer college advising. Paper presented at the Association for Education Finance Policy annual meeting 2015, Washington DC.
36. Bettinger E.P., Long B.T. Addressing the needs of underprepared students in higher education does college remediation work?. Journal of Human Resources 2009, 44(3):736-771.
37. Bettinger E., Long B.T., Oreopoulos P., Sanbonmatsu L. The role of application assistance and information in college decisions: Results from the H&R Block FAFSA experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2012, 127(3):1205-1242.
38. Bettinger E.P., Antonio A.L., Evans B., Foster J., Holzman B., Santikian H., et al. National college advising corps, 2010-2011 evaluation report. Evaluation and Assessment Solutions for Education. 2012, Available at http://www.socialimpactexchange.org/sites/www.socialimpactexchange.org/files/Evaluation%20Report%2010-11%20%2804%2025%2012%29%20FINAL.pdf.
39. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Better for students: Simplifying the federal financial aid process Available at http://postsecondary.gatesfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/FAFSA-Approach_FINAL_7_7_15.pdf.
40. Boatman A. Evaluating institutional efforts to streamline postsecondary remediation: The causal effects of the Tennessee Developmental Course Redesign Initiative on early student academic success. Working Paper 2012, National Center for Postsecondary Research.
41. Boatman A., Long B.T. Does remediation work for all students? How the effects of postsecondary remedial and developmental courses vary by level of academic preparation. An NCPR Working Paper 2010, National Center for Postsecondary Research.
42. Bos J.M., Berman J., Kane T.J., Tseng F.M. The Impacts of SOURCE: A Program to Support College Enrollment through Near-Peer, Low-Cost Student Advising. Association of Public Policy Analysis and Management Annual Conference 2012.
43. Bound J., Turner S. Going to war and going to college: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill increase educational attainment for returning veterans?. Journal of Labor Economics 2002, 20(4):784-815.
44. Bound J., Lovenheim M.F., Turner S. Why have college completion rates declined? An analysis of changing student preparation and collegiate resources. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2010, 2(3):129-157.
45. Bowen W.G., Chingos M.M., McPherson M.S. Crossing the finish line: Completing college at America's public universities 2009, Princeton University Press.
46. Bruce D.J., Carruthers C.K. Jackpot? The impact of lottery scholarships on enrollment in Tennessee. Journal of Urban Economics 2014, 81:30-44.
47. Bulman G. The effect of access to college assessments on enrollment and attainment. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2015, 7(4):1-36.
48. Bulman G.B., Hoxby C.M., Brown J.R. The returns to the federal tax credits for higher education. Tax policy and the economy 2015, 29. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
49. Calcagno J.C., Long B.T. The impact of postsecondary remediation using a regression discontinuity approach: Addressing endogenous sorting and noncompliance (No. w14194) 2008, National Bureau of Economic Research.
50. Carrell S.E., Sacerdote B. Late interventions matter too: The case of college coaching New Hampshire (no. w19031) 2013, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
51. Carruthers C.K., Fox W.F. Aid for all: College coaching, financial aid, and post-secondary persistence in Tennessee. Economics of Education Review 2016.
52. Carruthers C.K., Ozek U. Losing HOPE: Financial aid and the line between college and work. Paper presented at the Association for Education Finance Policy annual meeting 2013.
53. Casey B.J., Jones R.M., Somerville L.H. Braking and accelerating of the adolescent brain. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2011, 21(1):21-33.
54. Castleman B., Goodman J. Intensive college counseling and the college enrollment choices of low income students. Working Paper No. RWP14-031 2014, Harvard Kennedy School.
55. Castleman B.L., Page L.C. Summer melt: Supporting low-income students through the transition to college 2014, Harvard Education Press, Cambridge, MA.
56. Castleman B.L., Page L.C. A trickle or a torrent? Understanding the extent of summer "melt" among college-intending high school graduates. Social Science Quarterly 2014, 95(1):202-220.
57. Castleman B.L., Page L.C. Summer nudging: Can personalized text messages and peer mentor outreach increase college going among low-income high school graduates?. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 2015, 115:144-160.
58. Castleman, B.L., & Page, L.C. (in press). Freshman year financial aid nudges: An experiment to increase financial aid renewal and sophomore year persistence. Journal of Human Resources, 51(2).
59. Castleman B.L., Long B.T. Looking beyond enrollment: The causal effect of need-based grants on college access, persistence, and graduation (No. w91306) 2013, National Bureau of Economic Research.
60. Castleman B.L., Arnold K.D., Wartman K.L. Stemming the tide of summer melt: An experimental study of the effects of post-high school summer intervention on low-income students' college enrollment. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness 2012, 5(1):1-17.
61. Castleman B.L., Owen L., Page L.C. Stay late or start early? Experimental evidence on the benefits of college matriculation support from high schools versus colleges. Economics of Education Review 2015, 47:168-179.
62. Castleman B.L., Page L.C., Schooley K. The forgotten summer: Mitigating summer attrition among college-intending, low-income high school graduates. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2014, 33(2):320-344.
63. Castleman B.L. Prompts, personalization, and pay-offs: Strategies to improve the design and delivery of college and financial aid information. Decision making for student success 2015, Routledge Press, New York, NY. B.L. Castleman, S. Schwartz, S. Baum (Eds.).
64. Chajewski M., Mattern K.D., Shaw E.J. Examining the role of Advanced Placement® exam participation in 4-year college enrollment. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 2011, 30:16-27.
65. Chen X., Wu J., Tasoff S. Postsecondary expectations and plans for the high school senior class of 2003-04 2010, Issue Tables. NCES 2010-170rev, National Center for Education Statistics.
66. School counselors literature and landscape review 2011, Civic Enterprises, The College Board.
67. Clinedinst M.E., Hawkins D.A. 2009 State of college admission 2009, National Association for College Admission Counseling.
68. Clotfelter C.T., Ladd H.F., Muschkin C., Vigdor J.L. Developmental education in North Carolina community colleges. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2015, 37(3):354-375.
69. Cohodes S.R., Goodman J.S. Merit aid, college quality, and college completion: Massachusetts' Adams scholarship as an in-kind subsidy. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2014, 6(4):251-285.
70. College is affordable: A pilot study 2012, College Board, The College Board, Washington, DC, Available at http://www.advocacy.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/college-is-affordable-summary-9-6-12-final.pdf.
71. What we know about dual enrollment 2012, Community College Research Center [CCRC], Community College Research Center, New York, NY.
72. Constantine J.M., Seftor N.S., Martin E., Silva T., Myers D. Study of the effect of the Talent Search Program on secondary and postsecondary outcomes in Florida, Indiana and Texas. Final report from Phase II of the National Evaluation 2006, U.S. Department of Education.
73. Cornwell C., Mustard D., Sridhar D. The enrollment effects of merit-based financial aid: Evidence from Georgia's HOPE Scholarship. Journal of Labor Economics 2006, 24:761-786.
74. Cortes K.E. Do bans on affirmative action hurt minority students? Evidence from the Texas Top 10% Plan. Economics of Education Review 2010, 29(6):1110-1124.
75. Currie J., Moretti E. Mother's education and the intergenerational transmission of human capital: Evidence from college openings. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2003, 118(4):1495-1532.
76. Dadgar, M. (2012). Essays on the economics of community college students' academic and labor market success (Doctoral dissertation) Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accession Order No. [3506175]).
77. Dale A., Strauss A. Don't forget to vote: Text message reminders as mobilization tools. American Journal of Political Science 2009, 53(4):787-804.
78. Daly, M.C., & Bengali, L. (2014). Is it still worth going to college? FRBSF Economic Letter, 13, 2014.
79. Daugherty L. Summer link: A program to facilitate the transition from high school to college 2012, Strategic Data Project Fellowship Captstone Report, http://sdp.cepr.harvard.edu/files/cepr-sdp/files/sdp-fellowship-capstone-report-daugherty.pdf.
80. Daugherty L., Martorell P., McFarlin I. The Texas ten percent plan's impact on college enrollment. Education Next 2014, 14(3):63-69.
81. Dee T.S. Are there civic returns to education?. Journal of Public Economics 2004, 88(9):1697-1720.
82. Deming D., Dynarski S. Into college, out of poverty? Policies to increase the postsecondary attainment of the poor (No. w15387) 2009, National Bureau of Economic Research.
83. Denning J.T. College on the cheap: Costs and benefits of community college 2014, University of Texas at Austin, Mimeo.
84. Dickson L.M. Does ending affirmative action in college admissions lower the percent of minority students applying to college?. Economics of Education Review 2006, 25(1):109-119.
85. Dillon E.W., Smith J.A. The determinants of mismatch between students and colleges (no. w19286) 2013, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
86. Dunlop E. What do Stafford loans actually buy you? The effect of Stafford loan access on community college students (CALDER Working Paper No. 94) 2013, National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research, Washington, DC.
87. Dynarski S.M. Hope for whom? Financial aid for the middle class and its impact on college attendance. National Tax Journal 2000, 53(3):629-661.
88. Dynarski S.M. Does aid matter? Measuring the effect of student aid on college attendance and completion. American Economic Review 2003, 93(1):279-288.
89. Dynarski S.M. The new merit aid. College choices: The economics of where to go, when to go, and how to pay for it 2004, 63-100. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. C. Hoxby (Ed.).
90. Dynarski S.M. Loans, liquidity and schooling decisions 2005, Harvard University, Mimeo.
91. Dynarski S.M. Building the stock of college-educated labor. Journal of Human Resources 2008, 43(3):576-610.
92. Dynarski S.M., Scott-Clayton J. The cost of complexity in federal student aid: Lessons from optimal tax theory and behavioral economics. National Tax Journal 2006, 59(2):319-356.
93. Dynarski S.M., Scott-Clayton J. Financial aid policy: Lessons from research. Future of children 2013, 23. The Trustees of Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. C. Rouse, L. Barrow, T. Brock (Eds.).
94. Dynarski S.M., Scott-Clayton J., Wiederspan M. Simplifying tax incentives and aid for college: Progress and prospects, (no. w18707) 2013, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
95. Edgecombe N. Accelerating the academic achievement of students referred to developmental education. (CCRC Working Paper No. 30, Assessment of Evidence Series) 2011, Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center, New York, NY.
96. Edmunds J.A., Bernstein L., Unlu F., Glennie E., Willse J., Smith A., et al. Expanding the start of the college pipeline: Ninth-grade findings from an experimental study of the impacts of early college high schools. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness 2012, 5(2):136-159.
97. Edmunds J.A. A better 9th grade: Early results from an experimental study of the Early College High School Model: A Policy Brief 2010, SERVE Center, Greensboro, NC.
98. Epper R.M., Baker E.D. Technology solutions for developmental math: An overview of current and emerging practices. Journal of Developmental Education 2009, 26(2):4-23.
99. Evans, B.J. & Henry, G. (2015). Self-paced remediation and math placement: A randomized field experiment in a community college. Paper presented at the Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness Spring Conference, Washington, DC.
100. Fain P. Benefits of free. Inside higher ed. 2014, October 16, 2014, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/10/16/chicago-joins-tennessee-tuition-free-community-college-plan.
101. Fitzpatrick M.D., Jones D. Higher education, merit-based scholarships and post-baccalaureate migration (No. w18530) 2012, National Bureau of Economic Research.
102. Goldin C., Katz L.F. The race between education and technology 2008, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
103. Goldrick-Rab S. Challenges and opportunities for improving community college student success. Review of Educational Research 2010, 80(3):437-469.
104. Goldrick-Rab, S., Harris, D., Kelchen, R., & Benson, J. (2012). Need-based financial aid and college persistence experimental evidence from Wisconsin. Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1887826.
105. Goldrick-Rab, S., Harris, D., Kelchen, R., & Benson, J. (in press). Reducing income inequality in educational attainment: Experimental evidence on the impact of financial aid on college completion. American Journal of Sociology.
106. Goodman J., Hurwitz M., Smith J. College access, initial college choice and degree completion (no. w20996) 2015, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
107. Goodman S. Learning from the test: Raising selective college enrollment by providing information. FEDS Working Paper No. 2013-69 2013, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
108. Greene J.P., Forster G. Public high school graduation and college readiness rates in the United States 2003, Education Working Paper No. 3, Center for Civic Innovation.
109. Grodsky E., Jones M.T. Real and imagined barriers to college entry: Perceptions of cost. Social Science Research 2007, 36(2):745-766.
110. Gurgand M., Lorenceau A.J., Mélonio T. Student loans: Liquidity constraint and higher education in South Africa 2011, Agence Française de Développement, Working Paper No. 117.
111. Hansen L.W. The impact of student financial aid on access. The crisis in higher education 1983, 84-96. Academy of Political Science, New York. J. Froomkin (Ed.).
112. Heller D.E. The impact of loans on student access. The effectiveness of student aid policies: What the research tells us 2008, 39-68. The College Board, New York. S. Baum, M. McPherson, P. Steele (Eds.).
113. Hinrichs P. The effects of affirmative action bans on college enrollment, educational attainment, and the demographic composition of universities. Review of Economics and Statistics 2012, 94(3):712-722.
114. Hinrichs P. Affirmative action bans and college graduation rates. Economics of Education Review 2014, 42:43-52.
115. Hodara, M. (2012). Language minority students at community college: how do developmental education and english as a second language affect their educational outcomes? (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accession Order No. [3505981]).
116. Hoekstra M. The effect of attending the flagship state university on earnings: A discontinuity-based approach. The Review of Economics and Statistics 2009, 91(4):717-724.
117. Holzer H.J., Neumark D. Affirmative action: What do we know?. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2006, 25(2):463-490.
118. Horn L.J., Chen X., Chapman C. Getting ready to pay for college: What students and their parents know about the cost of college tuition and what they are doing to find out 2003, National Center for Education Statistics Report No. 2003030, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC.
119. Horng E.L., Evans B.J., Foster J.D., Kalamkarian H.S., Hurd N.F., Bettinger E.P. Lessons learned from a data-driven college access program: The National College Advising Corps. New Directions for Youth Development 2013, 2013(140):55-75.
120. Howell J.S., Kurlaender M., Grodsky E. Postsecondary preparation and remediation: Examining the effect of the Early Assessment Program at California State University. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2010, 29(4):726-748.
121. Howell J.S., Pender M. The costs and benefits of enrolling in an academically matched college. Economics of Education Review 2016.
122. Hoxby C.M., Bulman G.B. How tax deductions for higher education affect college-going. Economics of Education Review 2016.
123. Hoxby C., Avery C. The missing "one-offs": The hidden supply of high-achieving, low-income students. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2013, 2013(1):1-65.
124. Hoxby C., Turner S. Expanding college opportunities for high-achieving, low income students. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper, (12-014) 2013.
125. Hurwitz M., Howell J. Estimating causal impacts of school counselors with regression discontinuity designs. Journal of Counseling & Development 2014, 92(3):316-327.
126. Hurwitz M., Mbekeani P.P., Nipson M.M., Page L.C. Surprising ripple effects: How changing the SAT score-sending policy for low-income students impacts college access and success. 2016, Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2725693.
127. Hurwitz M., Smith J., Niu S., Howell J. The Maine question: How is 4-year college enrollment affected by mandatory college entrance exams?. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2014, 37(1):138-159.
128. Hyman J. ACT for all: The effect of mandatory college entrance exams on postsecondary attainment and choice. 2014, Retrived from: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jmhyman/Hyman_ACT_for_All.pdf.
129. Jackson C.K. A little now for a lot later: A look at a Texas Advanced Placement incentive program. Journal of Human Resources 2010, 45(3):591-639.
130. Jenkins D., Speroni C., Belfield C., Jaggars S.S., Edgecombe N. A model for accelerating academic success of community college remedial english students: Is the accelerated learning program (ALP) effective and affordable? CCRC Working Paper No. 21 2010, Community College Research Center, Columbia University.
131. Kain J.F., O'Brien D.M., Jargowsky P.A. Hopwood and the top 10 percent law: How they have affected the college enrollment decisions of Texas high school graduates 2005, 31. Texas School Project, University of Texas at Dallas.
132. Kane T.J. Lessons from the largest school voucher program ever: Two decades of experience with Pell Grants. Who chooses? Who loses? Culture, institutions and the unequal effects of school choice 1996, Teachers College Press, New York. B. Fuller, R. Elmore, G. Orfield (Eds.).
133. Kane T.J. Evaluating the impact of the DC Tuition Assistance Grant Program. Journal of Human Resources 2007, 42(3):555-582.
134. Karlan D., McConnell M., Mullainathan S., Zinman J. Getting to the top of mind: How reminders increase saving (no. w16205) 2010, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
135. Karp M.M. Dual enrollment, structural reform, and the completion agenda. New Directions for Community Colleges 2015, 2015:103-111.
136. Kena G., Musu-Gillette L., Robinson J., Wang X., Rathbun A., Zhang J., Dunlop Velez E. The condition of education 2015 (NCES 2015-144) 2015, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC, Retrieved August, 3, 2015 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch.
137. King J.E. Missed opportunities: Students who do not apply for financial aid 2004, American Council on Education, Washington, DC.
138. Kirst M., Venezia A. From high school to college: Improving opportunities for success 2004, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
139. Klasik D. The college application gauntlet: A systematic analysis of the steps to four-year college enrollment. Research in Higher Education 2012, 53:506-549.
140. Klasik D. The ACT of enrollment: The college enrollment effects of state-required college entrance exam testing. Educational Researchers 2013, 42(3):151-160.
141. Kraft M.A., Rogers T. The underutilized potential of teacher-to-parent communication: Evidence from a field experiment. Economics of Education Review 2015, 47:49-63.
142. Lavecchia A.M., Liu H., Oreopoulos P. Behavioral economics of education: Progress and possibilities (no. w20609) 2014, National Bureau of Economics Research, Cambridge, MA.
143. Levine P.B. Transparency in college costs 2014, Brookings Institution, Economic Studies Working Paper, Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/11/12-transparency-in-college-costs-levine.
144. Leslie L., Brinkman P. The economic value of higher education 1988, Macmillan, New York.
145. Levin H.M., Garcia E. Benefit-cost analysis of Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) of the City University of New York (CUNY) 2013, Center for the Benefit-Cost Studies in Education. Teachers College, Columbia University, URL: http://cbcse.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Levin_ASAP_Benefit_Cost_Report_FINAL_05222013.pdf.
146. Light A., Strayer W. Determinants of college completion: School quality or student ability?. Journal of Human Resources 2000, 35(2):299-332.
147. Lochner L., Moretti E. The effect of education on crime: Evidence from prison inmates, arrests, and self-reports. American Economic Review 2004, 94(1):155-189.
148. Loewenstein G., Sunstein C.R., Golman R. Disclosure: Psychology changes everything. Annual Review of Economics 2014, 6:391-419.
149. Long B.T. Does the format of an aid program matter? The effect of in-kind tuition subsidies. Review of Economics and Statistics 2004, 86(3):767-782.
150. Long B. T. (2008). What is known about the impact of financial aid? Implications for policy. An NCPR Working Paper. National Center for Postsecondary Research.
151. Long B.T., Riley E. Financial aid: A broken bridge to college access?. Harvard Educational Review 2007, 77(1):39-63.
152. Long M.C. College applications and the effect of affirmative action. Journal of Econometrics 2004, 121(1):319-342.
153. Martorell P., McFarlin I.J. Help or hindrance? The effects of college remediation on academic and labor market outcomes. The Review of Economics and Statistics 2011, 93(2):436-454.
154. Martorell P., McCall B.P., McFarlin I. Do public tuition subsidies promote college enrollment? Evidence from community college taxing districts in Texas 2014, U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Paper No. CES-WP- 14-32. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2523453.
155. Marx B.M., Turner L.J. Borrowing trouble? Student loans, the cost of borrowing, and implications for the effectiveness of need-based grant aid (no. w20850) 2015, National Bureau of Economic Research; Cambridge, MA.
156. Matthews C., Schooley K., Vosler N. Implementation of a post-graduation summer counseling intervention program for college-going seniors, Fulton County Schools 2011, Strategic Data Project Capstone Report, Harvard University Center for Education Policy Research, Cambridge, MA.
157. McFarlin I. Do public subsidies promote college access and completion? Evidence from community college districts 2007, Paper presented at National Bureau of Economic Research Education Meeting, Washington, D.C.
158. Mettler S. How U.S. higher education promotes inequality-and what can be done to broaden access and graduation 2014, Harvard University, Scholars Strategy Network, Cambridge, MA.
159. Milkman K.L., Beshears J., Choi J.J., Laibson D., Madrian B.C. Following through on good intentions: The power of planning prompts (No. w19995) 2012, National Bureau of Economic Research.
160. Oakley, E.O., Testimony of Eloy Ortiz Oakley, Superintendent-President of Long Beach City College, to the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions on "Strengthening minority serving institutions: Best practices and innovations for student success," March 13, 2014. http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Oakley_Updated.pdf.
161. Oreopoulos P., Dunn R. Information and college access: Evidence from a randomized field experiment. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 2013, 115(1):3-26.
162. Owen L. Narrowing the college opportunity gap: Helping students and families navigate the financial aid process 2012, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oregon State University.
163. Page L.C., Castleman B.L., Sahadewo G.A. More than dollars for scholars: The impact of the Dell Scholars program on college access, persistence and degree attainment. 2016, Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2726320.
164. Page, L. C. & Iriti, J. (in press). On undermatch and college cost: A case study of the Pittsburgh Promise. In A. P. Kelly, J.S. Howell, & C. Satin-Bajaj (Eds.). Matching students to opportunity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
165. Pallais A. Taking a chance on college: Is the Tennessee education lottery scholarship program a winner?. Journal of Human Resources 2009, 44(1):199-222.
166. Pallais A. Small differences that matter: Mistakes in applying to college. Journal of Labor Economics 2015, 33(2):493-520.
167. Planty M., Hussar W., Snyder T., Kena G., Kewal Ramani A., Kemp J., Dinkes R. The condition of education 2009 (NCES 2009-081) 2009, National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC.
168. Radford A.W. Top student, top school?: How social class shapes where valedictorians go to college 2013, University of Chicago Press.
169. Roderick M., Nagaoka J., Coca V., Moeller E. From high school to the future: Making hard work pay off 2009, Consortium on Chicago School Research, Chicago.
170. Rosenbaum J., Deil-Amen R., Person A. After admission: From college access to college success 2006, Russell Sage, New York.
171. Rosinger, K. O. (2014). Financial aid award information and student enrollment and borrowing decisions: Evidence from a randomized control trial, Paper presented at the Association for Public Policy and Management fall conference, Albuquerque, NM.
172. Ross, R., White, S., Wright, J., & Knapp, L. (2013). Using behavioral economics for postsecondary success. Ideas42.
173. Rothstein R. The racial achievement gap, segregated schools, and segregated neighborhoods: A constitutional insult. Race and Social Problems 2015, 7(1):21-30.
174. Saavedra A.R. The academic impact of enrollment in International Baccalaureate Diploma Programs: A case study of Chicago Public Schools 2011, RAND Corporation, Working Paper No. WR-867-EDU.
175. Scott-Clayton, J., & Park, R. S. (2015). Assessing the impact of Pell Grants on community college students: Preliminary evidence, Paper presented at the Association for Public Policy and Management fall conference, Washington, DC.
176. Scott-Clayton J., Rodriguez O. Development, discouragement, or diversion? New evidence on the effects of college remediation policy. Education Finance and Policy 2015, 10(1):4-45.
177. Scott-Clayton J. On money and motivation: A quasi-experimental analysis of financial incentives for college achievement. Journal of Human Resources 2011, 46(3):614-646.
178. Scott-Clayton J., Crosta P.M., Belfield C.R. Improving the targeting of treatment: Evidence from college remediation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2014, 36(3):371-393.
179. Scrivener S., Weiss M.J., Ratledge A., Rudd T., Sommo C., Fresques H. Doubling graduation rates: Thee-year effects of CUNY's Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) for Developmental Education Students 2015, MDRC, New York, NY, URL: http://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/doubling_graduation_rates_fr.pdf.
180. Seftor N., Turner S. Back to school: Federal student aid policy and adult college enrollment. Journal of Human Resources 2002, 37(2):336-352.
181. Sherwin J. Make me a match: Helping low-income and first-generation students make good college choices 2012, MDRC, New York, NY.
182. Sjoquist D.L., Winters J.V. Building the stock of college-educated labor revisited. Journal of Human Resources 2012, 47(1):270-285.
183. Smith J. The effect of college applications on enrollment. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 2013, 14(1):151-188.
184. Smith J., Hurwitz M., Avery C. Giving college credit where it is due: Advanced Placement exam scores and college outcomes (no. w21147) 2015, National Bureau of Economic Research; Cambridge, MA.
185. Smith J., Hurwitz M., Howell J. Screening mechanisms and student responses in the college market. Economics of Education Review 2015, 44:17-28.
186. Smith J., Pender M., Howell J. The full extent of student-college academic undermatch. Economics of Education Review 2013, 32:247-261.
187. Solis, A. (2015). Credit access and college enrollment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Economic Association, Boston, MA.
188. Speroni C. Essays on the economics of high school to college transition programs and teacher effectiveness 2011, 33-102. (Doctoral dissertation). See Chapter 2, "High School Dual Enrollment Programs: Are We Fast-Tracking Students Too Fast?", Columbia University, New York, NY, URL: http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:174239.
189. Stanley M. College education and the Mid-Century G.I. Bills. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2003, 118(2):671-708.
190. Steinberg L. A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Development Review 2008, 28:78-106.
191. Steinberg L., Cauffman E., Woolard J., Graham S., Banich M. Are adolescents less mature than adults? Minors' access to abortion, the juvenile death penalty, and the alleged APA "Flip-Flop". American Psychologist 2009, 64:583-594.
192. Stephan J.L., Rosenbaum J.E. Can high schools reduce college enrollment gaps with a new counseling model?. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2013, 35(2):200-219.
193. Thaler R.H., Mullainathan S. Behavioral economics. The concise encyclopedia of economics 2008, Library of Economics and Liberty, Retrieved August 18, 2015 from the World Wide Web:http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/BehavioralEconomics.html.
194. Thaler R.H., Sunstein C.R. Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness 2008, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
195. Tienda M., Leicht K.T., Sullivan T., Maltese M., Lloyd K. Closing the gap? Admissions & enrollments at the texas public flagships before and after affirmative action 2003.
196. Turner L.J. The road to Pell is paved with good intentions: The economic incidence of need-based student aid 2014, University of Maryland working paper.
197. Turner N. The effect of tax-based federal student aid on college enrollment. National Tax Journal 2011, 64(3):839-862.
198. Unlu, F., Yamaguchi, R., Bernstein, L., & Edmunds, J. (2010). Estimating impacts on program-related subgroups using propensity score matching: Evidence from the Early College High School Study, Paper presented at the Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness spring conference, Washington, DC.
199. Walton G.M., Cohen G.L. A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 92(1):82-96.
200. Wiederspan M. Denying loan access: The student-level consequences when community colleges opt out of the Stafford Loan Program. Economics of Education Review 2016.
201. York B.N., Loeb S. One step at a time: The effects of an early literacy text messaging program for parents of preschoolers (no. w20659) 2014, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
202. Zhang L., Ness E.C. Does state merit-based aid stem brain drain?. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2010, 32(2):143-165.
203. Zachry E.M., Schneider E. Promising instructional reforms in developmental education: A case study of three achieving the dream colleges 2008, New York: MDRC.