Challenges and opportunities for improving community college student success

Review of Educational Research

Volumn 80, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 437-469

  Goldrick Rab, Sara ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Community colleges; Educational reform; Social stratification

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860663684     PISSN: 00346543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3102/0034654310370163     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Adelman, C. (1999). Answers in the tool box: academic intensity, attendance patterns, and bachelor's degree attainment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
2. Adelman, C. (2004). The story-lines of multi-institutional attendance. Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Boston, MA.
3. Adelman, C. (2005). Moving into town-and moving on: The community college in the lives of traditional-age students. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
4. Adelman, C. (2006). The toolbox revisited: Paths to degree completion from high school through college. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
5. Alamprese, J. A. (2005). Helping adult learners make the transition to postsecondary education. Adult education background papers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
6. Alba, R. D., & Lavin, D. (1981). Community Colleges and Tracking in Higher Education. Sociology of Education. 54, 223-237.
7. Aldeman, C., & Carey, K. (2009). Ready to assemble: Grading state higher education accountability systems. Washington DC: Education Sector.
8. Alexander, K. L., Bozick, R., & Entwisle, D. (2008). Warming up, cooling out, or holding steady? Persistence and change in educational expectations after high school. Sociology of Education, 8, 371-396.
9. Alfonso, M. (2004). The role of educational expectations and college choice in transfer and baccalaureate attainment of community college students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University, NY.
10. Alfonso, M. (2006). The impact of community college attendance on baccalaureate attainment. Research in Higher Education, 47, 873-903.
11. American Association of Community Colleges. (2009). Principles and plans: A voluntary framework of accountability for community colleges. Washington DC: AACC.
12. An, B. P. (2009). The impact of dual enrollment on college performance and attainment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
13. Anderson, G. M., Alfonso, M., & Sun, J. C. (2006). Rethinking cooling out at public community colleges: An examination of fiscal and demographic trends in higher education and the rise of statewide articulation agreements. Teachers College Record, 108, 422-451.
14. Anderson, G. M., Sun, J. C., & Alfonso, M. (2006). Effectiveness of statewide articulation agreements on the probability of transfer: A preliminary policy analysis. Review of Higher Education, 29, 261-291.
15. Anderson, K. L. (1981). Post-high school experiences and college attrition. Sociology of Education, 54, 1-15.
16. Attewell, P., & Lavin, D. (2007). Passing the torch. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
17. Attewell, P., Lavin, D., Domina, T., & Levey, T. (2006). New evidence on college remediation. Journal of Higher Education, 77, 886-924.
18. Avery, C., & Kane, T. (2004). Student perceptions of college opportunities: The Boston COACH Program. In C. M. Hoxby (Ed.), College choices: The economics of where to go, when to go, and how to pay for it (pp. 355-394). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
19. Badway, N., & Grubb, W. N. (1997). A sourcebook for reshaping the community college: Curriculum integration and the multiple domains of career preparation (Vols. I and II). MDS-782. Berkeley, CA: National Center for Research in Vocational Education.
20. Bahr, P. R. (2008). Cooling out in the community college: What is the effect of academic advising on students' chances of success? Research in Higher Education, 49, 2-22.
21. Bailey, D. S. (2003). Swirling changes to the traditional student path. American Psychological Association Monitor on Psychology, 34, 36.
22. Bailey, T. (2009). Rethinking developmental education in community college. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
23. Bailey, T. R., & Alfonso, M. (2005). Paths to persistence: An analysis of research on program effectiveness at community colleges. New Agenda Series. Indianapolis, IN: Lumina Foundation.
24. Bailey, T. R., Calcagno, J. C., Jenkins, D., Leinbach, T., & Kienzl, G. (2005). Is student right-to-know all you should know? An analysis of community college dropout rates. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
25. Bailey, T. R., Jacobs, J. (2009, October 26). Can community colleges rise to the occasion? The American Prospect, 20(8).
26. Bailey, T. R., Jenkins, D., & Leinbach, T. (2005). What we know about community college low-income and minority student outcomes: Descriptive statistics from national surveys. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
27. Bailey, T. R., Leinbach, T., & Jenkins, D. (2006). Is student success labeled institutional failure? Student goals and graduation rates in the accountability debate at community colleges. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
28. Baum, S., McPherson, M., & Steele, P. (Eds). (2008). The effectiveness of student aid policies: What the research tells us. New York, NY: The College Board.
29. Beder, H. (1999). The outcomes and impacts of adult literacy in the United States. Report No. 6. Cambridge, MA: National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy.
30. Bensimon, E. M. (2004). The diversity scorecard: A learning approach to institutional change. Change, January/February, 45-52.
31. Bettinger, E. (2004). How financial aid affects persistence. In C. Hoxby (Ed.), College choices: The economics of where to go, when to go, and how to pay for it (pp. 207- 333). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
32. Bettinger, E. P., & Long, B. T. (2005). Remediation at the community college: Student participation and outcomes. New Directions for Community Colleges, 129 (Spring), 17-26.
33. Bettinger, E. P., & Long, B. T. (2006) The increasing use of adjunct instructors at public institutions: Are we hurting students? In R. Ehrenberg (Ed.), What's happening to public higher education. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press for the American Council on Education.
34. Bettinger, E. P., Long, B. T., Oreopoulos, P., & Sanbonmatsu, L. (2009). The role of simplification and information in college decisions: Results from the H&R block FAFSA experiment. NBER Working Papers 15361, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
35. Brint, S., & Karabel, J. (1989). The diverted dream: Community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
36. Bound, J., Lovenheim, M., & Turner, S. E. (2009). Why have college completion rates declined? NBER (National Bureau of Economic Research) working paper 15566.
37. Bound, J., & Turner, S. E. (2007). Cohort crowding: How resources affect college attainment. Journal of Public Economics, 91, 877-899.
38. Bozick, R., & DeLuca, S. (2005). Better late than never? Delayed enrollment in the high school to college transition. Social Forces, 84, 527-550.
39. Bradburn, E., Hurst, D., & Peng, S. (2003). Community college transfer rates to 4-year institutions using alternative definitions of transfer. Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
40. Breneman, D. W., & Nelson, S. (1981). Financing community colleges: An economic perspective. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
41. Brock, T., Jenkins, D., Ellwein, T., Miller, J., Gooden, S., Martin, K., MacGregor, C., & Pih, M. (2007). Building a culture of evidence for community college student success: Early progress in the Achieving the Dream initiative. New York, NY: MDRC.
42. Burke, J. (2004). Achieving accountability in higher education: Balancing public, academic, and market demands. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
43. Cabrera, A. F., Burkum, K. R., & La Nasa, S. M. (2005). Pathways to a four-year degree: Determinants of transfer and degree completion. In A. Seidman (Ed.), College student retention: A formula for success (pp. 155-214). Westport, CT: ACE/ Praeger Series on Higher Education.
44. Calcagno, J., Bailey, T., Jenkins, D., Kienzl, G., & Leinbach, D. T. (2006). Is studentright- to-know all you should know? An analysis of community college graduation rates. Research in Higher Education, 47(5), 491-519.
45. Calcagno, J., Bailey, T., Jenkins, D., Kienzl, G., & Leinbach, D. (2008). Community college student success: What institutional characteristics make a difference? Economics of Education Review, 27(6), 632-645.
46. Calcagno, J. C., Crosta, P., Bailey, T., & Jenkins, D. (2006). Stepping stones to a degree: The impact of enrollment pathways and milestones on community college students. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
47. Calcagno, J. C., & Long, B. (2008). The impact of postsecondary remediation using a regression discontinuity approach: Addressing endogenous sorting and noncompliance. Working paper. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
48. Chancellor's Office of the California Community Colleges. (2009). Effective practices for promoting the transition of high school students to college: A review of literature with implications for California community college practitioners. Sacramento, CA: Chancellor's Office of the California Community Colleges.
49. Clark, B. (1960). The "cooling-out" function in higher education. American Journal of Sociology, 65, 569-576.
50. Comings, J. P., & Soricone, L. (2006). An evidence-based adult education program model appropriate for research. Cambridge, MA: National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy.
51. D'Amico, D. (1997). Adult education and welfare to work initiatives: A review of research, practice and policy. Washington, DC: National Institute for Literacy.
52. Data Quality Campaign. (2008). Measuring what matters: Creating longitudinal data systems to improve student achievement. Washington, DC: DQC.
53. DeGenaro, W. (2006). Community colleges, the media, and the rhetoric of inevitability. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 30, 529-545.
54. Deil-Amen, R. (2006). To teach or not to teach "social" skills: Comparing community colleges and private occupational colleges. Teachers College Record, 108, 397-421.
55. Deil-Amen, R., & Rosenbaum, J. (2002). The unintended consequences of stigma-free remediation. Sociology of Education, 75, 249-268.
56. Dembicki, M. (2008, January 17). Governors forecast bright spots, stormy weather. Community College Times. Available online at http://www.communitycollegetimes.com/article.cfm?TopicId=39&rticleId=711.
57. DesJardins, S. L., Ahlburg, D. A., & McCall, B. P. (2002). Simulating the longitudinal effects of changes in financial aid on student departure from college. Journal of Human Resources, 37, 653-679.
58. DesJardins, S. L., Ahlburg, D. A., & McCall, B. P. (2006). An integrated model of application, admission, enrollment, and financial aid. Journal of Higher Education. 77, 381-429.
59. Devall, W. B. (1968). Community colleges: A dissenting view. Educational Record, 49, 168-172.
60. Dougherty, K. (1987). The effects of community colleges: Aid or hindrance to socioeconomic attainment? Sociology of Education, 60(2), 86-103.
61. Dougherty, K. J. (1994). The contradictory college: The conflicting origins, impacts, and futures of the community college. Albany: State University of New York Press.
62. Dougherty, K., Hare, R., & Natow, R. (2009). Performance accountability systems for community colleges: Lessons for the voluntary framework of accountability for community colleges. New York, NY: Community College Research Center.
63. Dowd, A. C. (2005). Data don't drive: Building a practitioner-driven culture of inquiry to assess community college performance. Indianapolis, IN: Lumina Foundation.
64. Dowd, A. C., & Cheslock, J. (2006). Equity and efficiency of community college appropriations: The role of local financing. Review of Higher Education, 29, 167-194.
65. Dowd, A. C., & Coury, T. (2006). The effects of loans on the persistence and attainment of community college students. Research in Higher Education, 47, 33-62.
66. Dowd, A., & Ventimiglia, L. (2008). A cost estimate of standards-based remediation in a community college developmental education program. Working paper. University of Southern California.
67. Doyle, W. R. (2008). The effect of community college enrollment on bachelor's degree completion. Economics of Education Review, 28, 199-206.
68. Duke, A., & Strawn, J. (2008). Helping low-skilled adults enter and succeed in college and careers: An overview of state policy opportunities and challenges. Boston, MA: Breaking Through.
69. Dynarski, S., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2008). Complexity and targeting in federal student aid: A quantitative analysis. NBER (National Bureau of Economic Research) working paper 13801.
70. El-Khawas, E., & Knopp, L. (1996). Campus trends. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
71. Floyd, D., & Walker, K. (2009). The community college baccalaureate: Putting the pieces together. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 33, 90-124.
72. Gamoran, A., Porter, A. C., Smithson, J., & White, P. A. (1997). Upgrading high school mathematics instruction: Improving learning opportunities for low-achieving, lowincome youth. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19, 325-338.
73. Geckeler, C., Beach, C., Pih, M., & Yan, L. (2008). Helping community college students cope with financial emergencies. New York, NY: MDRC.
74. Goldrick-Rab, S., & Han, S. (2010). The class gap in the "gap year": Academic coursetaking, family formation, and socioeconomic differences in delaying the transition to college. Review of Higher Education.
75. Goldrick-Rab, S., Harris, D., & Trostel, P. (2009). Why financial aid matters (or does not) for college success: Toward a new interdisciplinary perspective. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, 24, 1-46.
76. Goldrick-Rab, S., Harris, D., Mazzeo, C., & Kienzl, G. (2009). Transforming America's community colleges: A proposal to expand opportunity and promote economic prosperity. Blueprint for American prosperity. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
77. Goldrick-Rab, S., & Pfeffer, F. (2009). Beyond access: Explaining Socioeconomic differences in college transfer. Sociology of Education, 82(2), 101-125.
78. Goldrick-Rab, S., & Roksa, J. (2008). A federal agenda for promoting student success and degree completion. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.
79. Grodsky, E. S., & Jones, M. T. (2007). Real and imagined barriers to college entry: Perceptions of cost. Social Science Research, 36, 745-766.
80. Gross, B., & Goldhaber, D. (2009). Community college transfer and articulation policies: Looking beneath the surface. http://www.crpe.org/cs/crpe/view/csr_pubs/264
81. Grubb, N. W. (1999). Honored but invisible: An inside look at teaching in community colleges. New York, NY: Routledge.
82. Grubb, N. W. (2006). "Like, what do I do now?" The dilemmas of guidance counseling. In T. Bailey & V. Smith Morest (Eds.), Defending the community college equity agenda (pp. 195-222). Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD.
83. Grubb, W. N., & Kalman, J. (1994). Relearning to earn: The role of remediation in vocational education and job training. American Journal of Education, 103, 54-93.
84. Habley, W. R., & McClanahan, R. (2004). What works in student retention? Two-year public colleges. Iowa City, IA: ACT.
85. Hanson, C. (2008). Putting community back in the community college: The case for a localized and problem-based curriculum. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 32, 999-1007.
86. Hardy, D. E., Katsinas, S., & Bush, V. B. (2007). Tidal wave II, community colleges, and student financial aid. Enrollment Management Journal, 1, 23-48.
87. Hearn, J. (2006). Student success: What research suggests for policy and practice. Washington DC: National Postsecondary Education Cooperative.
88. Hebel, S. (2009). Lumina makes grants to 7 states to raise productivity in higher education. Chronicle of Higher Education. Available online at http://chronicle.com/article/Lumina-Makes-Grants-to-7/49249/.
89. Hilmer, M. J. (1997). Does community college attendance provide a strategic path to a higher quality education? Economics of Education Review, 16, 59-68.
90. Horn, L., & Nevill, S. (2006). Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary education institutions: 2003-04 with a special analysis of community college students. NCES 2006-184. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
91. Hossler, D., & Vesper, N. (1993). An exploratory study of the factors associated with parental saving for postsecondary education. Journal of Higher Education, 64, 140-165.
92. Hossler, D., Ziskin, M., Gross, J. P. K., Kim, S., & Cekic, O. (2009). Student aid and its role in encouraging persistence. In Smart J. (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 24, pp. 389-426). New York: Springer.
93. Howell, J., Kurlaender, M., & Grodsky, E. (2009). Postsecondary preparation and remediation: Examining the effect of the Early Assessment Program at California State University. Working paper. Sacramento: California State University.
94. Jacobs, J. A., & King, R. B. (2002). Age and college completion: A life history analysis of women aged 15-44. Sociology of Education, 75, 211-230.
95. Jacobs, J., & Tolbert-Bynum, P. (2008). Shifting gears: Community colleges and adult basic education. New York, NY: Community College Research Center.
96. Jenkins, D. (2006). Career pathways: Aligning public resources to support individual and regional economic advancement in the knowledge economy. New York, NY: Workforce Strategy Center.
97. Jenkins, D. (2007). Institutional effectiveness and student success: A study of high- and low-impact community colleges. Journal of Community College Research and Practice, 31, 945-962.
98. Jenkins, D., Jaggars, S., & Roksa, J. (2009). Promoting gatekeeper course success among community college students needing remediation: Findings and recommendations from a Virginia study. New York, NY: CCRC.
99. Jenkins, D., & Kerrigan, M. R. (2009). Faculty and administrator data use at achieving the dream colleges: A summary of survey findings. New York, NY: Community College Research Center.
100. Jenkins, D., Zeidenberg, M., & Kienzl, G. (2009). Building bridges to postsecondary training for low-skill adults: Outcomes of Washington State's I-Best Program. New York, NY: CCRC.
101. Jepsen, C. (2006, April). Remedial education in California's community colleges. Paper presented at the American Education Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
102. Jobs for the Future. (2004). Breaking through: Helping low-skilled adults enter and succeed in college and careers. Boston, MA: Author.
103. Katsinas, S. & Tollefson, T. (2009). Funding and access issues in public higher education: A community college perspective. Education Policy Center: University of Alabama.
104. Kienzl, G., Alfonso, M., & Melguizo, T. (2007). The effect of local labor market conditions in the 1990s on the likelihood of a community college students' persistence and attainment. Research in Higher Education, 48, 751-774.
105. Kolajo, E. F. (2004). From developmental education to graduation: A community college experience. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 28, 365-371.
106. Kuh, G. D., Kinzie, J., Buckley, J., Bridges, B, & Hayek, J. (2006). What matters to student success: A review of the literature. Washington DC: National Postsecondary Education Cooperative.
107. Kyvik, S. (2008). The dynamics of change in higher education. New York: Springer.
108. Lapovsky, L. (2008). Rethinking student aid: Nontraditional students. In S. Baum, M. McPherson, & P. Steele (Eds.), The effectiveness of student aid policies: What the research tells us (pp. 141-158). New York, NY: The College Board.
109. Leigh, D. E., & Gill, A. M. (2003). Do community colleges really divert students from earning bachelor's degrees? Economics of Education Review, 22, 23-30.
110. Lewis, L., Farris, E., & Greene, B. (1996). Remedial education at higher education institutions in fall 1995. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
111. L'Orange, H., & Ewell, P. (2006). P-16 data systems: An alignment status report. Washington, DC: Data Quality Campaign.
112. Long, B. T., & Kurlaender, M. (2009). Do community colleges provide a viable path to the baccalaureate degree? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 31(1), 30-53.
113. Martorell, P., & McFarlin Jr., I. (2007). Help or hindrance? The effects of college remediation on academic and labor market outcomes, Mimeo.
114. Matus-Grossman, L., Gooden, S., Wavelet, M., Diaz, M., & Seupersad, R. (2002). Opening doors: Students' perspectives on juggling work, family, and college. New York, NY: MDRC.
115. McCormick, A. C. (2003). Swirling and double-dipping: New patterns of student attendance and their implications for higher education. In J. King, E. L. Anderson, & M. E. Corrigan (Eds.), Changing student attendance patterns: Challenges for policy and practice (pp.13-24). New Directions for Higher Education, No. 121. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
116. McDonough, P. M. (1997). Choosing colleges: How social class and schools structure opportunity. Albany: State University of New York Press.
117. McIntosh, M., & Rouse, C. (2009). The other college: Retention and completion rates among two-year college students. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.
118. Mechur-Karp, M., Calcagno, J. C., Hughes, K. L., Jeong, D. W., & Bailey, T. (2008). Dual enrollment students in Florida and New York City: Postsecondary outcomes. Community College Research Center, Columbia University, New York.
119. Medsker, L. L. (1956). Financing public junior college operation. In N. B. Henry (Ed.), The public junior college. The fifty-fifth yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
120. Melguizo, T. (2009). Are community colleges an alternative path for Hispanic students to attain a bachelor's degree? Teachers College Record, 111, 90-123.
121. Melguizo, T., & Dowd, A. (2009). Baccalaureate success of transfers and rising 4-year college juniors. Teachers College Record, 111, 55-89.
122. Mellow, G., & Heelan, C. (2008). Minding the dream: The process and practice of the American community college. American Council on Education. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
123. Moltz, D. (2009, May 5). Competing completion initiatives. Inside Higher Education. Available online at http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/05/05/completion.
124. Moore, C., Shulock, N., & Offenstein, J. (2009). Steps to success: Analyzing milestone achievement to improve community-college student outcomes. Sacramento, CA: Institute for Higher Education Leadership and Policy.
125. Morest, V. (2004). Analysis of state adult education systems involving community colleges. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
126. Morest, V., & Jenkins, D. (2007). Institutional research and the culture of evidence at community colleges. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
127. Morgan, S. L. (2005). On the edge of commitment: Educational attainment and race in the United States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
128. Moss, B. G., & Yeaton, W. H. (2006). Shaping policies related to developmental education: An evaluation using the regression-discontinuity design. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28, 215-230.
129. Mullin, C., & Honeyman, D. (2008). The funding of community colleges: Formulas and governance. Community College Journal of Research & Practice, 32, 512-524.
130. Mumper, M. (1993). The affordability of public higher education. Review of Higher Education, 16, 157-180.
131. Mundel, D. (2008). What do we know about the impact of grants to college students? In S. Baum, M. McPherson, & P. Steele (Eds.), The effectiveness of student aid policies: What the research tells us (pp. 9-38). New York, NY: The College Board.
132. National Center for Education Statistics. (2003). Remedial education at degreegranting postsecondary institutions in fall 2000. NCES 2004-010. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
133. National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). Digest of education statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.
134. Nora, A., & Rendon, L. (1990). Differences in mathematics and science preparation and participation among community college minority and non-minority students. Community College Review, 18, 29-40.
135. Orfield, G. (1992). Money, equity, and college access. Harvard Educational Review, 62, 337-371.
136. Oromaner, M. (1984). Insiders, outsiders, and the community college: A sociology of knowledge perspective. Research in Higher Education, 21, 226-235.
137. Outcalt, C. L. (2000). ERIC review: Community college teaching-Toward collegiality and community. Community College Review, 28(2), 57-70.
138. Pauly, E., & DiMeo, C. (1996). Adult education for people on AFDC: A synthesis of research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Education.
139. Perin, D. (2001). Academic-occupational integration as a reform strategy for the community college: Classroom perspectives. Teachers College Record, 103, 303-335.
140. Perna, L. W. (1998). The contribution of financial aid to undergraduate persistence. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28, 25-40.
141. Perna, L. W. (2002). Financing higher education at selective private institutions: Implications for college access and choice. Review of Higher Education, 25, 225-235.
142. Perna, L. W. (2006). Studying college choice: A proposed conceptual model. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (Volume 21, pp. 99-157). New York: Springer.
143. Perna, L. W., & Thomas, S. (2006). A framework for reducing the college success gap and promoting success for all. Washington DC: National Postsecondary Education Cooperative.
144. Perna, L. W., & Thomas, S. L. (forthcoming). Theoretical perspectives on student success: Understanding the contributions of the disciplines. ASHE-higher education reader report. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
145. Person, A. E., & Rosenbaum, J. E. (2006). "Chain enrollment" and college "enclaves": Benefits and drawbacks of Latino college students' enrollment decisions. In C. L. Horn, S. Flores, & G. Orfield (Eds.), New directions for community colleges: Community colleges and Latino educational opportunity (pp. 51-60). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
146. Person, A., Rosenbaum, J., & Deil-Amen, R. (2006). Student planning and information problems in different college structures. Teachers College Record, 108, 374-396.
147. Prager, C. (2001). Accrediting for curricular coherence. General education in an age of student mobility. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities.
148. Prince, D., & Jenkins, D. (2005). Building pathways to success for low-income adult students: Lessons for community college policy and practice from a statewide longitudinal tracking study. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
149. Purcell-Gates, V., Degener, S., & Jacobsen, E. (1998). U.S. adult literacy program practice: A typology across dimensions of life-contextualized and dialogic/monologic. Cambridge, MA: National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy (NCSALL).
150. Reynolds, C. L., & DesJardins, S. (2009). The use of matching methods in higher education research: Answering whether attendance at a 2-year institution results in differences in educational attainment. In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (Vol. 24, pp. 47-104). New York: Springer.
151. Reynolds, Lockwood. (2006). Where to attend? Estimates of the effect of beginning at a two-year college. Dissertation paper, University of Michigan.
152. Reynolds, J., Stewart, M., MacDonald, R., & Sischo, L. (2006). Have adolescents become too ambitious? High school seniors' educational and occupational plan, 1976 to 2000. Social Problems, 53, 186-206.
153. Richburg-Hayes, L., Brock, T., LeBlanc, A., Paxson, C., Rouse, C. E., & Barrow, L. (2009). Rewarding persistence: Effects of a performance-based scholarship program for low-income parents. New York, NY: MDRC.
154. Rindfuss, R. R., Swicegood, C. G., & Rosenfeld, R. A. (1987). Disorder in the life course: How common and does it matter? American Sociological Review, 52, 785-801.
155. Roderick, M., Nagaoka, J., & Allensworth, E. (2006). From high school to the future: A look at Chicago public school graduates' college enrollment, college preparation, and graduation from four-year colleges. Chicago, IL: Consortium on Chicago School Research.
156. Roderick, M., Nagaoka, J., & Coca, V. (2009). College readiness for all: The challenge for urban high schools. Future of Children, 19, 185-210.
157. Roderick, M., Nagaoka, J., Coca, V., & Moeller, E. (2008). From high school to the future: potholes on the road to college. Chicago, IL: Consortium for Chicago School Research.
158. Roderick, M., Nagaoka, J., Coca, V., & Moeller, E. (2009). From high school to the future: Making hard work pay off. Chicago, IL: Consortium for Chicago School Research.
159. Roksa, J. (2009). Building bridges for student success: Are higher education articulation policies effective? Teachers College Record, 111, 2444-2478.
160. Roksa, J., & Calcagno, J. C. (2010). Catching up in community colleges: Academic preparation and transfer to four-year institutions. Teachers College Record, 112(1), 260-288.
161. Roksa, J., Jenkins, D., Jaggars, S. S., Zeidenberg, M., & Cho, S. (2009). Strategies for promoting gatekeeper success among students needing remediation: Research report for the Virginia Community College System. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
162. Roksa, J., & Keith, B. (2008). Credits, time, and attainment: Articulation policies and success after transfer. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 30, 236-254.
163. Rosenbaum, J., Deil-Amen, R., & Person, A. (2006). After admission: From college access to college success. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
164. Rowan-Kenyon, H. (2007). Predictors of delayed college enrollment and the impact of socioeconomic status. Journal of Higher Education, 78, 188-214.
165. Rouse, C. (1995). Democratization or diversion? The effect of community colleges on educational attainment. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13, 217-224.
166. Rouse, C. (1998). Do two-year colleges increase overall educational attainment? Evidence from the states. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 17, 595-620.
167. Schneider, B., & Stevenson, D. (1999). The ambitious generation: America's teenagers, motivated but directionless. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
168. Scrivener, S., Bloom, D., LeBlanc, A., Paxson, C., Rouse, C. E., & Sommo, C., with Au, J., Teres, J., & Yeh, S. (2008). A good start: Two-year effects of a freshmen learning community program at Kingsborough Community College. New York, NY: MDRC.
169. Scrivener, S., Sommo, C., & Collado, H. (2009). Getting back on track. New York, NY: MDRC.
170. Scrivener, S., & Weiss, M. (2009). More guidance, better results? New York, NY: MDRC.
171. Shavit, Y., Arum, R., & Gamoran, A. (2007). Stratification in higher education: A comparative study. Stanford University Press.
172. Shaw, K. M. (1997). Remedial education as ideological battleground: Emerging remedial education policies in the community college. Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19, 284-296.
173. Shaw, K., Goldrick-Rab, S., Mazzeo, C., & Jacobs, J. (2006). Putting poor people to work: How the work-first idea eroded college access for the poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
174. Snyder, T. D., Dillow, S. A., & Hoffman, C. M. (2008). Digest of education statistics 2007. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education: Washington, DC.
175. St. John, E. P. (1990). Price response in enrollment decisions: An analysis of high school and beyond sophomore cohort. Research in Higher Education, 31, 161-176.
176. St. John, E. P. (1991). What really influences minority attendance? Sequential analysis of the high school and beyond sophomore cohort. Research in Higher Education, 32, 141-158.
177. Sticht, T., MacDonald, B., & Erickson, P. (1998). Passports to paradise: The struggle to teach and learn on the margins of adult education. El Cajon, CA: Applied Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences.
178. Stephan, J., Rosenbaum, J., & Person, A. (2009). Stratification in college entry and completion. Social Science Research, 38, 572-593.
179. Strucker, J. (2006). More curriculum structure: A response to "turbulence." Focus on Basics, 8 (issue C), 1-6.
180. Terenzini, P., Cabrera, A. F., & Bernal, E. (2001). Swimming against the tide: The poor in American higher education. New York, NY: The College Board.
181. Titus, M. A. (2009). The production of bachelor's degrees and financial aspects of state higher education policy: A dynamic analysis. Journal of Higher Education, 80, 439-468.
182. U.S. Department of Education. (2008). Digest of education statistics (NCES 2008- 022). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences.
183. U.S. Department of Education. (2009). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. Washington, DC: Author.
184. Van Noy, M., Jacobs, J., Korey, S., Bailey, T., & Hughes, K. L. (2008). The landscape of noncredit workforce education: State policies and community college practices. New York, NY: Community College Research Center, Teachers College, Columbia University.
185. Velez, W. (1985). Finishing college: The effects of college type. Sociology of Education, 58, 191-200.
186. West, D., Whitehurst, G., & Dionne, E. J. (2009). Invisible: 1.4 percent coverage for education is not enough. Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
187. Yankelovich, D. (1991). Coming to public judgement. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
188. Zachry, E., & Orr, G. (2009). Building student success from the ground up: A case study of an achieving the dream college. New York, NY: MDRC.
189. Zeidenberg, M., Jenkins, D., & Calcagno, J. C. (2007). Do student success courses actually help community college students succeed? New York: Community College Research Center, Brief No. 36.
190. Zeitlin, A. N., & Markus, T. C. (1996). Should remediation be mandatory in the community college? Community Review, 14, 27-33.