Allergen-induced airway responses

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 819-831

  Gauvreau, Gail M ^a   El Gammal, Amani I ^a   O'Byrne, Paul M ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; BENRALIZUMAB; CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR; CORTICOSTEROID; HISTAMINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; MEPOLIZUMAB; NEUTRAL PROTEINASE; PEPTIDOLEUKOTRIENE; PROSTAGLANDIN D2; RESLIZUMAB;

AIRWAY RESPONSE; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL MIGRATION; EOSINOPHIL COUNT; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; MAST CELL DEGRANULATION; MYELOID DENDRITIC CELL; NONHUMAN; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFLAMMATION; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANIMAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; IMMUNOLOGY; INHALATION TEST; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ALLERGENS; ANIMALS; ASTHMA; BRONCHIAL PROVOCATION TESTS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84942803858     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: 13993003     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00536-2015     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Sakula A. Sir John Floyer's A Treatise of the Asthma (1698). Thorax 1984; 39: 248-254.
2. Bostock J. Case of a periodical affection of the eyes and chest. Med Chir Trans 1819; 10: 161-164.
3. Bostock J. Of the Catarrus Aestivas or summer catarrh. Med Chir Tran 1828; 14: 437-446.
4. Blackley CH. Experimental Researches on the Cause and Nature of Catarrhus Aestivus (Hay-Fever or Hay-Asthma). London, Balliere Tindall & Cox, 1873.
5. Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006; 368: 733-743.
6. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Revised 2014. http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA-Report-2014-Aug12-1.pdf Date last updated: August 12, 2014.
7. Hargreave FE, Ryan G, Thomson NC, et al. Bronchial responsiveness to histamine or methacholine in asthma: measurement and clinical significance. Eur J Respir Dis 1982; 121: Suppl., 79-88.
8. O'Byrne PM, Inman MD. Airway hyperresponsiveness. Chest 2003; 123: 411S-416S.
9. Kirby JG, Hargreave FE, Gleich GJ, et al. Bronchoalveolar cell profiles of asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 379-383.
10. H2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 298-304.
11. Sont JK, Han J, van Krieken JM, et al. Relationship between the inflammatory infiltrate in bronchial biopsy specimens and clinical severity of asthma in patients treated with inhaled steroids. Thorax 1996; 51: 496-502.
12. Gauvreau GM, Lee JM, Watson RM, et al. Increased numbers of both airway basophils and mast cells in sputum after allergen inhalation challenge of atopic asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1473-1478.
13. Gibson PG, Simpson JL, Saltos N. Heterogeneity of airway inflammation in persistent asthma: evidence of neutrophilic inflammation and increased sputum interleukin-8. Chest 2001; 119: 1329-1336.
14. Simpson JL, Scott R, Boyle MJ, et al. Inflammatory subtypes in asthma: assessment and identification using induced sputum. Respirology 2006; 11: 54-61.
15. Sears MR, Burrows B, Flannery EM, et al. Atopy in childhood. I. Gender and allergen related risks for development of hay fever and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1993; 23: 941-948.
16. Simpson A, Tan VY, Winn J, et al. Beyond atopy: multiple patterns of sensitization in relation to asthma in a birth cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: 1200-1206.
17. Sears MR, Herbison GP, Holdaway MD, et al. The relative risks of sensitivity to grass pollen, house dust mite and cat dander in the development of childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1989; 19: 419-424.
18. Green RM, Custovic A, Sanderson G, et al. Synergism between allergens and viruses and risk of hospital admission with asthma: case-control study. BMJ 2002; 324: 763.
19. Busse WW, Gern JE. Asthma and infections: is the risk more profound than previously thought? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134: 260-261.
20. Contoli M, Ito K, Padovani A, et al. Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells. Allergy 2015 [In press doi:10.1111/all.12627].
21. Boulet LP, Cartier A, Thomson NC, et al. Asthma and increases in nonallergic bronchial responsiveness from seasonal pollen exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 71: 399-406.
22. Anto JM, Sunyer J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Community outbreaks of asthma associated with inhalation of soybean dust. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1097-1102.
23. O'Hollaren MT, Yunginger JW, Offord KP, et al. Exposure to an aeroallergen as a possible precipitating factor in respiratory arrest in young patients with asthma. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 359-363.
24. Bellomo R, Gigliotti P, Treloar A, et al. Two consecutive thunderstorm associated epidemics of asthma in the city of Melbourne. The possible role of rye grass pollen. Med J Aust 1992; 156: 834-837.
25. Platts-Mills TA, Tovey ER, Mitchell EB, et al. Reduction of bronchial hyperreactivity during prolonged allergen avoidance. Lancet 1982; 2: 675-678.
26. van VE, van den Bos JW, Benckhuijsen JA, et al. Effect of allergen avoidance at high altitude on direct and indirect bronchial hyperresponsiveness and markers of inflammation in children with allergic asthma. Thorax 1996; 51: 582-584.
27. Tarlo SM, Lemiere C. Occupational asthma. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 640-649.
28. Herxheimer H. Bronchial obstruction induced by allergens, histamine and acetyl-beta-methylcholinechloride. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1951; 2: 27-39.
29. Diamant Z, Gauvreau GM, Cockcroft DW, et al. Inhaled allergen bronchoprovocation tests. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132: 1045-1055.
30. Cockcroft DW, Ruffin RE, Dolovich J, et al. Allergen-induced increase in non-allergic bronchial reactivity. Clin Allergy 1977; 7: 503-513.
31. Cartier A, Thomson NC, Frith PA, et al. Allergen-induced increase in bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationship to the late asthmatic response and change in airway caliber. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982; 70: 170-177.
32. Sulakvelidze I, Inman MD, Rerecich T, et al. Increases in airway eosinophils and interleukin-5 with minimal bronchoconstriction during repeated low-dose allergen challenge in atopic asthmatics. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 821-827.
33. Virchow JC Jr, Walker C, Hafner D, et al. T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after segmental allergen provocation in atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 960-968.
34. Inman MD, Ellis R, Wattie J, et al. Allergen-induced increase in airway responsiveness, airway eosinophilia, and bone-marrow eosinophil progenitors in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21: 473-479.
35. Labonte I, Hassan M, Risse PA, et al. The effects of repeated allergen challenge on airway smooth muscle structural and molecular remodeling in a rat model of allergic asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297: L698-L705.
36. Bai TR, Wang ZL, Walker B, et al. Chronic allergic inflammation induces replication of airway smooth muscle cells in vivo in guinea pigs. Chest 1995; 107: Suppl., 93S.
37. Woolley MJ, Denburg JA, Ellis R, et al. Allergen-induced changes in bone marrow progenitors and airway responsiveness in dogs and the effect of inhaled budesonide on these parameters. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 600-606.
38. Coyle AJ, Page CP, Atkinson L, et al. The requirement for platelets in allergen-induced late asthmatic airway obstruction. Eosinophil infiltration and heightened airway responsiveness in allergic rabbits. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 587-593.
39. Hicks A, Goodnow RJr, Cavallo G, et al. Effects of LTB4 receptor antagonism on pulmonary inflammation in rodents and non-human primates. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2010; 92: 33-43.
40. Adelroth E, Morris MM, Hargreave FE, et al. Airway responsiveness to leukotrienes C4 and D4 and to methacholine in patients with asthma and normal controls. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 480-484.
41. Wenzel SE, Larsen GL, Johnston K, et al. Elevated levels of leukotriene C4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from atopic asthmatics after endobronchial allergen challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 112-119.
42. Manning PJ, Rokach J, Malo JL, et al. Urinary leukotriene E4 levels during early and late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 86: 211-220.
43. Hamilton A, Faiferman I, Stober P, et al. Pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, attenuates allergen-induced early- and late-phase bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 177-183.
44. Leigh R, Vethanayagam D, Yoshida M, et al. Effects of montelukast and budesonide on airway responses and airway inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1212-1217.
45. Woodward DF, Weichman BM, Gill CA, et al. The effect of synthetic leukotrienes on tracheal microvascular permeability. Prostaglandins 1983; 25: 131-142.
46. Piper PJ, Conroy DM, Costello JF, et al. Leukotrienes and inflammatory lung disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991; 629: 112-119.
47. Oosting E, Keyzer JJ. Measurement of urinary Nτ-methylhistamine excretion: correlation of a newly developed radioimmunoassay (RIA) with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Agents Actions 1991; 33: 215-217.
48. Roquet A, Dahlen B, Kumlin M, et al. Combined antagonism of leukotrienes and histamine produces predominant inhibition of allergen-induced early and late phase airway obstruction in asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1856-1863.
49. Davis BE, Todd DC, Cockcroft DW. Effect of combined montelukast and desloratadine on the early asthmatic response to inhaled allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 768-772.
50. Taylor IK, O'Shaughnessy KM, Fuller RW, et al. Effect of cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist ICI 204.219 on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity in atopic subjects. Lancet 1991; 337: 690-694.
51. Hamilton AL, Watson RM, Wyile G, et al. Attenuation of early and late phase allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects by a 5-lipoxygenase activating protein antagonist, BAYx 1005. Thorax 1997; 52: 348-354.
52. Davis BE, Illamperuma C, Gauvreau GM, et al. Single-dose desloratadine and montelukast and allergen-induced late airway responses. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1302-1308.
53. Hamilton A, Faiferman I, Stober P, et al. Pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, attenuates allergen-induced early- and late-phase bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 177-183.
54. Parameswaran K, Watson R, Gauvreau GM, et al. The effect of pranlukast on allergen-induced bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis in subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 915-920.
55. Holgate ST. The role of mast cells and basophils in inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: Suppl. 1, 28-32.
56. Bruynzeel PL, Kok PT, Hamelink ML, et al. Exclusive leukotriene C4 synthesis by purified human eosinophils induced by opsonized zymosan. FEBS Lett 1985; 189: 350-354.
57. Leckie MJ, ten BA, Khan J, et al. Effects of an interleukin-5 blocking monoclonal antibody on eosinophils, airway hyper-responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response. Lancet 2000; 356: 2144-2148.
58. Beasley R, Roche WR, Roberts JA, et al. Cellular events in the bronchi in mild asthma and after bronchial provocation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 806-817.
59. Djukanovic R, Feather I, Gratziou C, et al. Effect of natural allergen exposure during the grass pollen season on airways inflammatory cells and asthma symptoms. Thorax 1996; 51: 575-581.
60. Jarjour NN, Calhoun WJ, Kelly EA, et al. The immediate and late allergic response to segmental bronchopulmonary provocation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1515-1521.
61. Gauvreau GM, Watson RM, O'Byrne PM. Kinetics of allergen-induced airway eosinophilic cytokine production and airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 640-647.
62. Gauvreau GM, Inman MD, Kelly M, et al. Increased levels of airway neutrophils reduce the inhibitory effects of inhaled glucocorticosteroids on allergen-induced airway eosinophils. Can Respir J 2002; 9: 26-32.
63. Plaut M, Pierce JH, Watson CJ, et al. Mast cell lines produce lymphokines in response to cross-linkage of FcεRI or to calcium ionophores. Nature 1989; 339: 64-67.
64. 4, increased airway inflammatory cells in subjects with atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1495-1500.
65. Imaoka H, Gauvreau GM, Watson RM, et al. Sputum inflammatory cells and allergen-induced airway responses in allergic asthmatic subjects. Allergy 2011; 66: 1075-1080.
66. Gauvreau GM, Ronnen GM, Watson RM, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction does not cause eosinophilic airway inflammation or airway hyperresponsiveness in subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 1302-1307.
67. Lambrecht BN. The dendritic cell in allergic airway diseases: a new player to the game. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31: 206-218.
68. Upham JW, Stumbles PA. Why are dendritic cells important in allergic diseases of the respiratory tract? Pharmacol Ther 2003; 100: 75-87.
69. Lambrecht BN, De VM, Coyle AJ, et al. Myeloid dendritic cells induce Th2 responses to inhaled antigen, leading to eosinophilic airway inflammation. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 551-559.
70. Lambrecht BN, Salomon B, Klatzmann D, et al. Dendritic cells are required for the development of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation in response to inhaled antigen in sensitized mice. J Immunol 1998; 160: 4090-4097.
71. de Heer HJ, Hammad H, Soullie T, et al. Essential role of lung plasmacytoid dendritic cells in preventing asthmatic reactions to harmless inhaled antigen. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 89-98.
72. Kool M, van Nimwegen M, Willart MA, et al. An anti-inflammatory role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in allergic airway inflammation. J Immunol 2009; 183: 1074-1082.
73. Upham JW, Denburg JA, O'Byrne PM. Rapid response of circulating myeloid dendritic cells to inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32: 818-823.
74. Parameswaran K, Liang H, Fanat A, et al. Role for cysteinyl leukotrienes in allergen-induced change in circulating dendritic cell number in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 73-79.
75. Farrell E, O'Connor TM, Duong M, et al. Circulating myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells after allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Allergy 2007; 62: 1139-1145.
76. Moller GM, Overbeek SE, Van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, et al. Increased numbers of dendritic cells in the bronchial mucosa of atopic asthmatic patients: downregulation by inhaled corticosteroids. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26: 517-524.
77. Dua B, Watson RM, Gauvreau GM, et al. Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in induced sputum after allergen inhalation in subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 133-139.
78. Yerkovich ST, Roponen M, Smith ME, et al. Allergen-enhanced thrombomodulin (blood dendritic cell antigen 3, CD141) expression on dendritic cells is associated with a TH2-skewed immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123: 209-216.
79. Dzionek A, Fuchs A, Schmidt P, et al. BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood. J Immunol 2000; 165: 6037-6046.
80. Demedts IK, Brusselle GG, Vermaelen KY, et al. Identification and characterization of human pulmonary dendritic cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 32: 177-184.
81. Tsoumakidou M, Tzanakis N, Papadaki HA, et al. Isolation of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84: 267-273.
82. McCarthy NE, Jones HA, Marks NA, et al. Inhaled allergen-driven CD1c up-regulation and enhanced antigen uptake by activated human respiratory-tract dendritic cells in atopic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 72-82.
83. Dua B, Tang W, Watson R, et al. Myeloid dendritic cells type 2 after allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44: 921-929.
84. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Schmid-Wirlitsch C, et al. Roflumilast attenuates allergen-induced inflammation in mild asthmatic subjects. Respir Res 2011; 12: 140.
85. Wood LJ, Inman MD, Watson RM, et al. Changes in bone marrow inflammatory cell progenitors after inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 99-105.
86. + cells from asthmatic subjects. A novel marker of progenitor cell commitment towards eosinophilic differentiation. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 2466-2475.
87. Kinoshita T, Baatjes A, Smith SG, et al. Natural regulatory T cells in isolated early responders compared with dual responders with allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 696-703.
88. Gauvreau GM, O'Byrne PM, Boulet LP, et al. Effects of an anti-TSLP antibody on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2102-2110.
89. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Postma DS, et al. Effect of low-dose ciclesonide on allergen-induced responses in subjects with mild allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 285-291.
90. Gauvreau GM, Doctor J, Watson RM, et al. Effects of inhaled budesonide on allergen-induced airway responses and airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1267-1271.
91. Kidney JC, Boulet LP, Hargreave FE, et al. Evaluation of single-dose inhaled corticosteroid activity with an allergen challenge model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100: 65-70.
92. Kelly MM, O'Connor TM, Leigh R, et al. Effects of budesonide and formoterol on allergen-induced airway responses, inflammation, and airway remodeling in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: 349-356.
93. Oliver A, Bjermer L, Quinn D, et al. Modulation of allergen-induced bronchoconstriction by fluticasone furoate and vilanterol alone or in combination. Allergy 2013; 68: 1136-1142.
94. Diamant Z, Grootendorst DC, Veselic-Charvat M, et al. The effect of montelukast (MK-0476), a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, on allergen-induced airway responses and sputum cell counts in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 42-51.
95. Fahy JV, Fleming HE, Wong HH et al. The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early- and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1828-1834.
96. Inman MD, Watson R, Cockcroft DW, et al. Reproducibility of allergen-induced early and late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95: 1191-1195.
97. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, et al. Effects of interleukin-13 blockade on allergen-induced airway responses in mild atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 1007-1014.
98. Gauvreau GM, Watson RM, Rerecich TJ, et al. Repeatability of allergen-induced airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 66-71.
99. Boulet LP, Gauvreau G, Boulay ME, et al. The allergen bronchoprovocation model: an important tool for the investigation of new asthma anti-inflammatory therapies. Allergy 2007; 62: 1101-1110.
100. Freitag A, Watson RM, Matsos G, et al. Effect of a platelet activating factor antagonist, WEB 2086, on allergen induced asthmatic responses. Thorax 1993; 48: 594-598.
101. Fahy JV, Cockcroft DW, Boulet LP, et al. Effect of aerosolized anti-IgE (E25) on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1023-1027.
102. Gauvreau GM, Watson RM, O'Byrne PM. Protective effects of inhaled PGE2 on allergen-induced airway responses and airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 31-36.
103. Bianco S, Pieroni MG, Refini RM, et al. Protective effect of inhaled furosemide on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic reactions. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1069-1073.
104. Watt GD, Bui TC, Bewtra AK, et al. Protective effect of lodoxamide tromethamine on allergen inhalation challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980; 66: 286-294.
105. Gauvreau GM, Becker AB, Boulet LP, et al. The effects of an anti-CD11a mAb, efalizumab, on allergen-induced airway responses and airway inflammation in subjects with atopic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 331-338.
106. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Leigh R, et al. A nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist inhibits allergen-induced late asthmatic responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191: 161-167.
107. Cockcroft DW, O'Byrne PM, Swystun VA, et al. Regular use of inhaled albuterol and the allergen-induced late asthmatic response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96: 44-49.
108. Gauvreau GM, Jordana M, Watson RM, et al. Effect of regular inhaled albuterol on allergen-induced late responses and sputum eosinophils in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1738-1745.
109. Cockcroft DW, McParland CP, Britto SA, et al. Regular inhaled salbutamol and airway responsiveness to allergen. Lancet 1993; 342: 833-837.
110. Wood LJ, Sehmi R, Gauvreau GM, et al. An inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, reduces baseline but not allergen-induced increases in bone marrow inflammatory cell progenitors in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1457-1463.
111. Oliver A, Bjermer L, Quinn D, et al. Modulation of allergen-induced bronchoconstriction by fluticasone furoate and vilanterol alone or in combination. Allergy 2013; 68: 1136-1142.
112. Paggiaro PL, Giannini D, Di FA, et al. Minimal tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of inhaled salmeterol/fluticasone combination on allergene challenge. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 19: 425-429.
113. Inman MD, Watson RM, Rerecich T, et al. Dose-dependent effects of inhaled mometasone furoate on airway function and inflammation after allergen inhalation challenge. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 569-574.
114. Bentley AM, Walker S, Hanotte F, et al. A comparison of the effects of oral cetirizine and inhaled beclomethasone on early and late asthmatic responses to allergen and the associated increase in airways hyperresponsiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26: 909-917.
115. Swystun VA, Gordon JR, Davis EB, et al. Mast cell tryptase release and asthmatic responses to allergen increase with regular use of salbutamol. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106: 57-64.
116. Barchuk W, Lambert J, Fuhr R, et al. Effects of JNJ-40929837, a leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor, in a bronchial allergen challenge model of asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29: 15-23.
117. Kent SE, Boyce M, Diamant Z, et al. The 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor, GSK2190915, attenuates the early and late responses to inhaled allergen in mild asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43: 177-186.
118. Boulet LP, Turcotte H, Laviolette M, et al. Inhibitory effects of BAY x 7195, a CYS leukotriene 1 receptor antagonist, on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 79: 155-161.
119. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, FitzGerald JM, et al. Effects of a dualCysLT1/2 antagonost, ONO-6950, on allergen-indcued airway responses in subkects with mild allergic asthma. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: Suppl. 58, P2813.
120. Evans DJ, Barnes PJ, Spaethe SM, et al. Effect of a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, LY293111, on allergen induced responses in asthma. Thorax 1996; 51: 1178-1184.
121. Boot JD, de HS, Tarasevych S, et al. Effect of an NK1/NK2 receptor antagonist on airway responses and inflammation to allergen in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 450-457.
122. Daham K, James A, Balgoma D, et al. Effects of selective COX-2 inhibition on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134: 306-313.
123. Scheerens H, Arron JR, Zheng Y, et al. The effects of lebrikizumab in patients with mild asthma following whole lung allergen challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44: 38-46.
124. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, et al. OX40L blockade and allergen-induced airway responses in subjects with mild asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44: 29-37.
125. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Leigh Rj, et al. Efficacy and safety of multiple doses of QGE031 (ligelizumab) versus omalizumab and placebo in inhibiting the allergen-induced early asthmatic response. Eur Respir J 2014: Suppl. 58, 2910.
126. Gauvreau GM, Harris JM, Boulet LP, et al. Targeting membrane-expressed IgE B cell receptor with an antibody to the M1 prime epitope reduces IgE production. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6: 243ra85.
127. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Parker JM, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy of a humanized interleukin-9 monoclonal antibody (MEDI-528) on the late asthmatic response in adults with atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: A3639.
128. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Severino B, et al. The effect of C5 inhibition on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Allergy 2009; 64: Suppl. 90, 16.
129. Hamid M, Rafferty P, Holgate ST. The inhibitory effect of terfenadine and flurbiprofen on early and late-phase bronchoconstriction following allergen challenge in atopic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1990; 20: 261-267.
130. Leaker BR, Singh D, Ali FY, et al. The effect of the novel phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor MEM 1414 on the allergen induced responses in mild asthma. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14: 166.
131. Singh D, Petavy F, Macdonald AJ, et al. The inhaled phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor GSK256066 reduces allergen challenge responses in asthma. Respir Res 2010; 11: 26.
132. Avila PC, Boushey HA, Wong H, et al. Effect of a single dose of the selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on early and late asthmatic responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34: 77-84.
133. Beeh KM, Beier J, Meyer M, et al. Bimosiamose, an inhaled small-molecule pan-selectin antagonist, attenuates late asthmatic reactions following allergen challenge in mild asthmatics: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical cross-over-trial. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 19: 233-241.
134. Krishna MT, Chauhan A, Little L, et al. Inhibition of mast cell tryptase by inhaled APC 366 attenuates allergen-induced late-phase airway obstruction in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 1039-1045.
135. Diamant Z, Sidharta PN, Singh D, et al. Setipiprant, a selective CRTH2 antagonist, reduces allergen-induced airway responses in allergic asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44: 1044-1052.
136. Fabbri LM, Saetta M, Picotti G, et al. Late asthmatic reactions, airway inflammation and chronic asthma in toluene-diisocyanate-sensitized subjects. Respiration 1991; 58: Suppl. 1, 18-21.
137. Norris V, Choong L, Tran D, et al. Effect of IVL745, a VLA-4 antagonist, on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 761-767.
138. Ravensberg AJ, Luijk B, Westers P, et al. The effect of a single inhaled dose of a VLA-4 antagonist on allergen-induced airway responses and airway inflammation in patients with asthma. Allergy 2006; 61: 1097-1103.
139. Rouhani FN, Meitin CA, Kaler M, et al. Effect of tumor necrosis factor antagonism on allergen-mediated asthmatic airway inflammation. Respir Med 2005; 99: 1175-1182.
140. Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, et al. Antisense therapy against CCR3 and the common beta chain attenuates allergen-induced eosinophilic responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 952-958.
141. Gauvreau GM, Pageau R, Seguin R, et al. Dose-response effects of TPI ASM8 in asthmatics after allergen. Allergy 2011; 66: 1242-1248.
142. Gauvreau GM, Hessel EM, Boulet LP, et al. Immunostimulatory sequences regulate interferon-inducible genes but not allergic airway responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 15-20.
143. Richards DB, Bareille P, Lindo EL, et al. Treatment with a peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist has a modest effect in the allergen challenge model in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Respir Med 2010; 104: 668-674.
144. Luijk B, van den BM, Kerstjens HA, et al. Effect of an inhaled adenosine A2A agonist on the allergen-induced late asthmatic response. Allergy 2008; 63: 75-80.
145. Hoppe M, Harman E, Hendeles L. The effect of inhaled gallopamil, a potent calcium channel blocker, on the late-phase response in subjects with allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 688-695.
146. Nair P, Denis S, Cancelliere L, et al. The effects of an epithelial barrier protective cationic aerosol on allergen-induced airway inflammation in asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44: 1200-1203.
147. Duong M, Cockcroft D, Boulet LP, et al. The effect of IVX-0142, a heparin-derived hypersulfated disaccharide, on the allergic airway responses in asthma. Allergy 2008; 63: 1195-1201.
148. Howarth PH, Durham SR, Lee TH, et al. Influence of albuterol, cromolyn sodium and ipratropium bromide on the airway and circulating mediator responses to allergen bronchial provocation in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 986-992.
149. Laube BL, Lin TC, Valleteau A, et al. Allergen challenge and deposition of nedocromil sodium in asthma. J Aerosol Med 2002; 15: 415-425.
150. Kirby JG, Hargreave FE, Cockcroft DW, et al. Effect of indomethacin on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 578-583.
151. Sestini P, Refini RM, Pieroni MG, et al. Protective effect of inhaled lysine acetylsalicylate on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100: 71-77.
152. van de Pol MA, Lutter R, Smids BS, et al. Synbiotics reduce allergen-induced T-helper 2 response and improve peak expiratory flow in allergic asthmatics. Allergy 2011; 66: 39-47.
153. Kitz R, Rose MA, Schubert R, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bronchial inflammation in grass pollen allergy after allergen challenge. Respir Med 2010; 104: 1793-1798.
154. Wenzel S, Wilbraham D, Fuller R, et al. Effect of an interleukin-4 variant on late phase asthmatic response to allergen challenge in asthmatic patients: results of two phase 2a studies. Lancet 2007; 370: 1422-1431.
155. Corren J, Lemanske RF, Hanania NA, et al. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1088-1098.
156. Boulet LP, Chapman KR, Cote J, et al. Inhibitory effects of an anti-IgE antibody E25 on allergen-induced early asthmatic response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1835-1840.
157. Pizzichini MM, Kidney JC, Wong BJ, et al. Effect of salmeterol compared with beclomethasone on allergen-induced asthmatic and inflammatory responses. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 449-455.