Natural Polymers in Tissue Engineering Applications

Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics: Properties, Processing and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 385-425

  Gomes, Manuela ^a   Azevedo, Helena ^a   Malafaya, Patrícia ^a   Silva, Simone ^a   Oliveira, Joaquim ^a   Silva, Gabriela ^a   João Mano, Rui Sousa ^a   Reis, Rui ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NATURAL POLYMERS;

TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS;

TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 84942755799     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-2834-3.00016-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (324)

1. Kurita K. Controlled functionalization of the polysaccharide chitin. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2001, 26(9):1921-1971.
2. Xie S.X., Liu Q., et al. Starch modification and applications. Food Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Physical Properties, and Applications 2005, 357-405. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton. S.W. Cui (Ed.).
3. Broderick E.P., O'Halloran D.M., et al. Enzymatic stabilization of gelatin-based scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2005, 72B(1):37-42.
4. Chen T.H., Embree H.D., et al. Enzyme-catalyzed gel formation of gelatin and chitosan: potential for in situ applications. Biomaterials 2003, 24(17):2831-2841.
5. Steinbüchel A., Rhee S.K. Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry. Properties, Production and Patents 2005, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, KGaA.
6. Franz G., Blaschek W. Cellulose. Methods in plant biochemistry. Carbohydrates 1990, vol. 2:291-322. Academic Press Limited, London. P.M. Dey (Ed.).
7. Morrison W.R., Karkalas J. Starch. Carbohydrates 1990, vol. 2:323-352. Academic Press Limited, London. P.M. Dey (Ed.).
8. Stephen A.M., Churms S.C., et al. Exudate gums. Methods in Plant Biochemistry. Carbohydrates 1990, vol. 2:483-522. Academic Press Limited, London. P.M. Dey (Ed.).
9. Izydorczyk M., Cui S.W., et al. Polysaccharide gums: structures, functional properties, and applications. Food Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Physical Properties, and Applications 2005, 263-307. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. S.W. Cui (Ed.).
10. Lezica R.P., Quesada-Allué L. Chitin. Carbohydrates 1990, vol. 2:443-481. Academic Press Limited, London. P.M. Dey (Ed.).
11. Percival E., McDowell R.H. Algal polysaccharides. Methods in Plant Biochemistry. Carbohydrates 1990, vol. 2:523-547. Academic Press Limited, London. P.M. Dey (Ed.).
12. Naessens M., Cerdobbel A., et al. Leuconostoc dextransucrase and dextran: production, properties and applications. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2005, 80(8):845-860.
13. Widner B., Behr R., et al. Hyaluronic acid production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71(7):3747-3752.
14. Kobayashi S., Fujikawa S., et al. Enzymatic synthesis of chondroitin and its derivatives catalyzed by hyaluronidase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125(47):14357-14369.
15. Yannas I.V., Burke J.F., et al. Wound tissue can utilize a polymeric template to synthesize a functional extension of skin. Science 1982, 215(4529):174-176.
16. Dagalakis N., Flink J., et al. Design of an artificial skin. Part III. Control of pore structure. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1980, 14(4):511-528.
17. Yannas I.V., Burke J.F. Design of an artificial skin. I. Basic design principles. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1980, 14(1):65-81.
18. Yannas I.V., Burke J.F., et al. Design of an artificial skin. II. Control of chemical composition. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1980, 14(2):107-132.
19. Dang J.M., Leong K.W. Natural polymers for gene delivery and tissue engineering. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2006, 58(4):487-499.
20. Lim S.H., Liao I.C., et al. Nonviral gene delivery from nonwoven fibrous scaffolds fabricated by interfacial complexation of polyelectrolytes. Mol. Ther. 2006, 13(6):1163-1172.
21. Izydorczyk M. Understand the chemistry of food carbohydrates. Food Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Physical Properties, and Applications 2005, 1-65. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. S.W. Cui (Ed.).
22. Grant G.T., Morris E.R., et al. Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: the egg-box model. FEBS Lett. 1973, 32:195-198.
23. LeRoux M.A., Guilak F., et al. Compressive and shear properties of alginate gel: effects of sodium ions and alginate concentration. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 47(1):46-53.
24. Gombotz W.R., Wee S.F. Protein release from alginate matrices. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1998, 31(3):267-285.
25. Lemoine D., Wauters F., et al. Preparation and characterization of alginate microspheres containing a model antigen. Int. J. Pharm. 1998, 176(1):9-19.
26. Rowley J.A., Madlambayan G., et al. Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials 1999, 20(1):45-53.
27. Kuo C.K., Ma P.X. Ionically cross-linked alginate hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering: part 1. Structure, gelation rate and mechanical properties. Biomaterials 2001, 22(6):511-521.
28. Van Tomme S.R., van Steenbergen M.J., et al. Self-gelling hydrogels based on oppositely charged dextran microspheres. Biomaterials 2005, 26(14):2129-2135.
29. Williams G.M., Klein T.J., et al. Cell density alters matrix accumulation in two distinct fractions and the mechanical integrity of alginate-chondrocyte constructs. Acta Biomater. 2005, 1(6):625-633.
30. Fundueanu G., Nastruzzi C., et al. Physico-chemical characterization of Ca-alginate microparticles produced with different methods. Biomaterials 1999, 20(15):1427-1435.
31. Levesque S.G., Lim R.M., et al. Macroporous interconnected dextran scaffolds of controlled porosity for tissue-engineering applications. Biomaterials 2005, 26(35):7436-7446.
32. Massia S., Stark J. Immobilized RGD peptides on surfaces-grafted dextran promote biospecific cell attachment. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 56:390-399.
33. Guo J., Jourdian G.W., et al. Culture and growth characteristics of chondrocytes encapsulated in alginate beads. Connect. Tissue Res. 1989, 19:277-297.
34. Smidsrød O., Skjak-Bræk G. Alginate as immobilization matrix for cells. Trends Biotechnol. 1990, 8:71-78.
35. Chang S.C., Rowley J.A., et al. Injection molding of chondrocyte/alginate constructs in the shape of facial implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 55(4):503-511.
36. Fragonas E., Valente M., et al. Articular cartilage repair in rabbits by using suspensions of allogenic chondrocytes in alginate. Biomaterials 2000, 21(8):795.
37. Kataoka K., Suzuki Y., et al. Alginate, a bioresorbable material derived from brown seaweed, enhances elongation of amputated axons of spinal cord in infant rats. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 54(3):373-384.
38. Miralles G., Baudoin R., et al. Sodium alginate sponges with or without sodium hyaluronate: in vitro engineering of cartilage. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 57(2):268-278.
39. Paige K.T., Cima L.G., et al. De novo cartilage generation using calcium alginate2chondrocyte constructs. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1996, 97:168-180.
40. Cho C.S., Seo S.J., et al. Galactose-carrying polymers as extracellular matrices for liver tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006, 27(4):576.
41. Buschmann M.D., Gluzband Y.A., et al. Mechanical compression modulates matrix biosynthesis in chondrocyte/agarose culture. J. Cell Sci. 1995, 108:1497-1508.
42. Cho S.H., Oh S.H., et al. Fabrication and characterization of porous alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffolds for 3D cell culture. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2005, 16(8):933-947.
43. Ciardelli G., Chiono V., et al. Blends of poly-(epsilon-caprolactone) and polysaccharides in tissue engineering applications. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6(4):1961-1976.
44. Li Z., Ramay H.R., et al. Chitosan-alginate hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26(18):3919.
45. Sivakumar M., Panduranga Rao K. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro release of gentamicin from coralline hydroxyapatite-alginate composite microspheres. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2003, 65:222-228.
46. Sotome S., Uemura T., et al. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of a novel hydroxyapatite/collagen-alginate as a bone filler and a drug delivery carrier of bone morphogenetic protein. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Biomim. Supramol. Syst. 2004, 24(3):341-347.
47. Dvir-Ginzberg M., Gamlieli-Bonshtein I., et al. Liver tissue engineering within alginate scaffolds: effects of cell-seeding density on hepatocyte viability, morphology, and function. Tissue Eng. 2003, 9(4):757-766.
48. Elkayam T., Amitay-Shaprut S., et al. Enhancing the drug metabolism activities of C3A - A human hepatocyte cell line - By tissue engineering within alginate scaffolds. Tissue Eng. 2006, 12(5):1357-1368.
49. Glicklis R., Shapiro L., et al. Hepatocyte behavior within three-dimensional porous alginate scaffolds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2000, 67(3):344-353.
50. Awad H.A., Wickham M.Q., et al. Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stem cells in agarose, alginate, and gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials 2004, 25(16):3211-3222.
51. Alsberg E., Anderson K.W., et al. Cell-interactive alginate hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. J. Den. Res. 2001, 80(11):2025-2029.
52. Dodane V., Vilivalam V.D. Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 1998, 1(6):246-253.
53. Drury J.L., Mooney D.J. Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications. Biomaterials 2003, 24(24):4337.
54. Di Martino A., Sittinger M., et al. Chitosan: a versatile biopolymer for orthopaedic tissue-engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26(30):5983.
55. Chellat F., Tabrizian M., et al. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of chitosan-xanthan polyionic complex. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 51(1):107-116.
56. Chenite A., Chaput C., et al. Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ. Biomaterials 2000, 21(21):2155-2161.
57. Vila A., Sanchez A., et al. Design of biodegradable particles for protein delivery. J. Control Release 2002, 78(1-3):15-24.
58. Bertram U., Bodmeier R. In situ gelling, bioadhesive nasal inserts for extended drug delivery: in vitro characterization of a new nasal dosage form. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 27(1):62.
59. Govender S., Pillay V., et al. Optimization and characterization of bioadhesive controlled release tetracycline microspheres. Int. J. Pharm. 2005, 306(1-2):24.
60. Mao J., Zhao L., et al. Study of novel chitosan-gelatin artificial skin in vitro. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2003, 64A(2):301-308.
61. Mao J.S., Zhao L.G., et al. Structure and properties of bilayer chitosan-gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials 2003, 24(6):1067-1074.
62. Park Y.J., Lee Y.M., et al. Controlled release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB from chondroitin sulfate-chitosan sponge for guided bone regeneration. J. Control Release 2000, 67(2-3):385-394.
63. Urry D.W., Pattanaik A., et al. Elastic protein-based polymers in soft tissue augmentation and generation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1998, 9(10):1015-1048.
64. Adekogbe I., Ghanem A. Fabrication and characterization of DTBP-cross-linked chitosan scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26(35):7241.
65. Kiyozumi T., Kanatani Y., et al. Medium (DMEM/F12)-containing chitosan hydrogel as adhesive and dressing in autologous skin grafts and accelerator in the healing process. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2006, 79B(1):129-136.
66. Baran E.T., Reis R.L. Development and in vitro evaluation of chitosan and soluble starch-chitosan nano-microparticles to be used as drug delivery vectors 2003, Society for Biomaterials 29th Annual Meeting Transactions, Reno, USA.
67. Gupta K.C., Kumar M.N.V.R. Trends in controlled drug release formulations using chitin and chitosan. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2000, 59(3):201-213.
68. Patashnik S., Rabinovich L., et al. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan microspheres containing bisphosphonates. J. Drug Target. 1997, 4(6):371-380.
69. Peniche C., Fernandez M., et al. Drug delivery systems based on porous chitosan/polyacrylic acid microspheres. Macromol. Biosci. 2003, 3(10):540-545.
70. Francis Suh J.K., Matthew H.W.T. Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 2000, 21(24):2589.
71. Haque M.I., Beekley A.C., et al. Bioabsorption qualities of chitosan-absorbable vascular templates(1). Curr. Surg. 2001, 58(1):77-80.
72. Malafaya P.B., Pedro A., et al. Chitosan particles agglomerated scaffolds for cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering approaches with adipose tissue derived stem cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2005, 16(12):1077.
73. Simionescu D.T., Lu Q., et al. Biocompatibility and remodeling potential of pure arterial elastin and collagen scaffolds. Biomaterials 2006, 27(5):702-713.
74. Mwale F., Iordanova M., et al. Biological evaluation of chitosan salts cross-linked to genipin as a cell scaffold for disk tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 2005, 11(1-2):130-140.
75. VandeVord P.J., Matthew H.W.T., et al. Evaluation of the biocompatibility of a chitosan scaffold in mice. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2002, 59(3):585-590.
76. Suh J.K.F., Matthew H.W.T. Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 2000, 21(24):2589.
77. Ong S.R., Trabbic-Carlson K.A., et al. Epitope tagging for tracking elastin-like polypeptides. Biomaterials 2006, 27(9):1930-1935.
78. Xia W., Liu W., et al. Tissue engineering of cartilage with the use of chitosan-gelatin complex scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2004, 71B(2):373-380.
79. Yamane S., Iwasaki N., et al. Feasibility of chitosan-based hyaluronic acid hybrid biomaterial for a novel scaffold in cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26(6):611.
80. Voet D. Biochemistry 1995, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York.
81. Entcheva E., Bien H., et al. Functional cardiac cell constructs on cellulose-based scaffolding. Biomaterials 2004, 25(26):5753-5762.
82. Beguin P., Aubert J.P. The biological degradation of cellulose. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1994, 13(1):25-58.
83. Martson M., Viljanto J., et al. Is cellulose sponge degradable or stable as implantation materialb An in vivo subcutaneous study in the rat. Biomaterials 1999, 20(21):1989-1995.
84. Miyamoto T., Takahashi S., et al. Tissue biocompatibility of cellulose and its derivatives. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1989, 23(1):125-133.
85. Elcin A.E. In vitro and in vivo degradation of oxidized acetyl- and ethyl-cellulose sponges. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 2006, 34(4):407-418.
86. Martson M., Viljanto J., et al. Biocompatibility of cellulose sponge with bone. Eur. Surg. Res. 1998, 30(6):426-432.
87. Takata T., Wang H.L., et al. Migration of osteoblastic cells on various guided bone regeneration membranes. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2001, 12(4):332-338.
88. Backdahl H., Helenius G., et al. Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose and interactions with smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2006, 27(9):2141-2149.
89. Helenius G., Backdahl H., et al. In vivo biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2006, 76A(2):431-438.
90. Svensson A., Nicklasson E., et al. Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Biomaterials 2005, 26(4):419-431.
91. RoyChowdhury P., Kumar V. Fabrication and evaluation of porous 2,3-dialdehydecellulose membrane as a potential biodegradable tissue-engineering scaffold. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2006, 76A(2):300-309.
92. Vinatier C., Magne D., et al. A silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel for the three-dimensional culture of chondrocytes. Biomaterials 2005, 26(33):6643-6651.
93. Schaffellner S., Stadlbauer V., et al. Porcine islet cells microencapsulated in sodium cellulose sulfate. Transplantat. Proc. 2005, 37(1):248-252.
94. Wang T.L., Bogracheva T.Y., et al. Starch: as simple as A, B, C?. J. Exp. Bot. 1998, 49(320):481-502.
95. Galliard T. Starch: Properties and Potential 1987, John Wiley, New York.
96. Reis R., Cunha A., et al. Starch and starch based thermoplastics. Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Technology 2001, 8810. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. K.H. Jurgen (Ed.).
97. Xie F., Yu L., et al. Starch modification using reactive extrusion. Starch/Starke 2006, 58:131-139.
98. Avérous L. Biodegradable multiphase systems based on lasticized starch: a review. J. Macromol. Sci. 2004, 44(3):231-274.
99. Beery K.E., Ladisch M.R. Chemistry and properties of starch based desiccants. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2001, 28(7-8):573-581.
100. Eagles D., Lesnoy D., et al. Starch fibers: processing and characteristics. Text. Res. J. 1996, 66(4):277-282.
101. Willett J.L., Jasberg B.K., et al. Rheology of thermoplastic starch: effects of temperature, moisture content and additives on melt viscosity. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1995, 35(2):202-210.
102. Yilmaz G., Jongboom R.O.J., et al. Thermoplastic starch as a biodegradable matrix for encapsulation and controlled release. Handbook of Biodegradable Polymeric Materials and their Applications 2006, 2. American Scientific Publishers, California. S. Mallapragada, B. Narasimhan (Eds.).
103. Da Róz A.L., Carvalho A.J.F., et al. The effect of plasticizers on thermoplastic starch compositions obtained by melt spinning. Carbohydr. Polym. 2006, 63:417-424.
104. Bastiolli C. Starch-polymer composites. Degradable Polymers 1995, 112-137. Chapman and Hall, London. G. Scott, D. Gilead (Eds.).
105. Bastiolli C., Belloti C., et al. Mater-Bi: properties and biodegradability. J. Env. Polym. Deg. 1993, 1:181-191.
106. Reis R.L., Mendes S.C., et al. Processing and in vitro degradation of starch/EVOH thermoplastic blends. Polym. Int. 1997, 43(4):347-352.
107. Araújo M., Vaz C., et al. In-vitro degradation behaviour of starch/EVOH biomaterials. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2001, 73:237-244.
108. Azevedo H.S., Gama F.M., et al. In vitro assessment of the enzymatic degradation of several starch based biomaterials. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4(6):1703-1712.
109. Gomes M.E., Reis R.L., et al. Cytocompatibility and response of osteoblastic-like cells to starch-based polymers: effect of several additives and processing conditions. Biomaterials 2001, 22(13):1911-1917.
110. Marques A.P., Reis R.L., et al. The biocompatibility of novel starch-based polymers and composites: In vitro studies. Biomaterials 2002, 23(6):1471-1478.
111. Salgado A.J., Coutinho O.P., et al. Novel starch-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: cytotoxicity, cell culture, and protein expression. Tissue Eng. 2004, 10(3-4):465-474.
112. Mendes S.C., Reis R.L., et al. Biocompatibility testing of novel starch-based materials with potential application in orthopaedic surgery: a preliminary study. Biomaterials 2001, 22(14):2057-2064.
113. Boesel L.F., Fernandes M.H., et al. The behavior of novel hydrophilic composite bone cements in simulated body fluids. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2004, 70B(2):368-377.
114. Boesel L.F., Mano J.F., et al. Optimization of the formulation and mechanical properties of starch based partially degradable bone cements. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2004, 15(1):73-83.
115. Boesel L.F., Reis R.L. Hydrophilic matrices to be used as bioactive and degradable bone cements. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2004, 15(4):503-506.
116. Espigares I., Elvira C., et al. New partially degradable and bioactive acrylic bone cements based on starch blends and ceramic fillers. Biomaterials 2002, 23(8):1883-1895.
117. Pereira C., Cunha A., et al. New starch-based thermoplastic hydrogels for use as bone cements or drug-delivery carriers. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1998, 9:825-833.
118. Elvira C., Mano J.F., et al. Starch-based biodegradable hydrogels with potential biomedical applications as drug delivery systems. Biomaterials 2002, 23(9):1955-1966.
119. Oliveira A.L., Malafaya P.B., et al. Sodium silicate gel as a precursor for the in vitro nucleation and growth of a bone-like apatite coating in compact and porous polymeric structures. Biomaterials 2003, 24(15):2575-2584.
120. Reis R.L., Cunha A.M., et al. Mechanical behavior of injection-molded starch-based polymers. Polym. Adv. Technol. 1996, 7(10):784-790.
121. Reis R.L., Cunha A.M., et al. Structure development and control of injection-molded hydroxyl-apatite-reinforced starch/EVOH composites. Adv. Polym. Technol. 1997, 16(4):263-277.
122. Sousa R., Reis R., et al. Processing and properties of bone-analogue biodegradable and bioinert polymeric composites. Compos. Sci. Tech. 2003, 63:389-402.
123. Sousa R.A., Kalay G., et al. Injection molding of a starch/EVOH blend aimed as an alternative biomaterial for temporary applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 77(6):1303-1315.
124. Sousa R.A., Mano J.F., et al. Mechanical performance of starch based bioactive composite biomaterials molded with preferred orientation. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2002, 42(5):1032-1045.
125. Gomes M., Salgado A., et al. Bone tissue engineering using starch based scaffolds obtained by different methods. Polymer Based Systems on Tissue Engineering, Replacement and Regeneration 2002, 221-249. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. R. Reis, D. Cohn (Eds.).
126. Gomes M.E., Godinho J.S., et al. Alternative tissue engineering scaffolds based on starch: processing methodologies, morphology, degradation and mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Biomim. Supramol. Syst 2002, 20(1-2):19-26.
127. Gomes M.E., Godinho J.S., et al. Alternative tissue engineering scaffolds based on starch: processing methodologies, morphology, degradation and mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2002, 20(1-2):19-26.
128. Gomes M.E., Holtorf H.L., et al. Influence of the porosity of starch-based fiber mesh scaffolds on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured in a flow perfusion bioreactor. Tissue Eng. 2006, 12(4):801-809.
129. Gomes M.E., Malafaya P.B., et al. Methodologies for processing biodegradable and natural origin scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue-engineering applications. Methods in Molecular Biology Series 2004, vol. 238:65-76. The Humana Press Inc, Totowa, USA. A. Hollander, P. Hatton (Eds.).
130. Gomes M.E., Ribeiro A.S., et al. A new approach based on injection moulding to produce biodegradable starch-based polymeric scaffolds: morphology, mechanical and degradation behaviour. Biomaterials 2001, 22(9):883-889.
131. Pereira C., Gomes M.E., et al. Hard cellular materials in the human body: properties and production of foamed polymers for bone replacement. NATO/ASI Series, Kluwer Press, Dordrecht 1998, 193-204. Kluwer Press, Dordrecht. N. Rivier, J. Sadoc (Eds.).
132. Salgado A.J., Gomes M.E., et al. Preliminary study on the adhesion and proliferation of human osteo-blasts on starch-based scaffolds. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2002, 20(1-2):27-33.
133. Gomes M., Godinho J., et al. Design and processing of starch based scaffolds for hard tissue engineering. J. Appl. Med. Polym. 2002, 6(2):75-80.
134. Gomes M.E., Sikavitsas V.I., et al. Effect of flow perfusion on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on starch-based three-dimensional scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2003, 67(1):87-95.
135. Mendes S.C., Bezemer J., et al. Evaluation of two biodegradable polymeric systems as substrates for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 2003, 9(Suppl. 1):S91-S101.
136. Toole B.P. Hyaluronan: from extracellular glue to pericellular cue. Nature Rev. Cancer 2004, 4:528-539.
137. Menzel E.J., Farr C. Hyaluronidase and its substrate hyaluronan: biochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic uses. Cancer Lett. 1998, 131:3-11.
138. Ehlers E.M., Behrens P., et al. Effects of hyaluronic acid on the morphology and proliferation of human chondrocytes in primary cell culture. Ann. Anat. - Anat. Anz. 2001, 183(1):13.
139. Carlson G.A., Dragoo J.L., et al. Bacteriostatic properties of biomatrices against common orthopaedic pathogens. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 321(2):472.
140. Hegewald A.A., Ringe J., et al. Hyaluronic acid and autologous synovial fluid induce chondrogenic differentiation of equine mesenchymal stem cells: a preliminary study. Tissue Cell 2004, 431-438.
141. Zou X., Li H., et al. Stimulation of porcine bone marrow stromal cells by hyaluronan, dexamethasone and rhBMP-2. Biomaterials 2004, 25(23):5375.
142. Fujii T., Sun Y.-L., et al. Mechanical properties of single hyaluronan molecules. J. Biomech. 2002, 35(4):527.
143. van der Kraan P.M., Buma P., et al. Interaction of chondrocytes, extracellular matrix and growth factors: relevance for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2002, 10(8):631.
144. Horch R.E., Kopp J., et al. Tissue engineering of cultured skin substitutes. J. Cell. Mol. Med 2005, 9(3):592-608.
145. Pianigiani E., Andreassi A., et al. A new model for studying differentiation and growth of epidermal cultures on hyaluronan-based carrier. Biomaterials 1999, 20(18):1689.
146. Amarnath L.P., Srinivas A., et al. In vitro hemocompatibility testing of UV-modified hyaluronan hydrogels. Biomaterials 2006, 27(8):1416.
147. Peattie R.A., Nayate A.P., et al. Stimulation of in vivo angiogenesis by cytokine-loaded hyaluronic acid hydrogel implants. Biomaterials 2004, 25:2789-2798.
148. Cho K.Y., Chung T.W., et al. Release of ciprofloxacin from poloxamer-graft-hyaluronic acid hydrogels in vitro. Int. J. Pharm. 2003, 260(1):83.
149. Campoccia D., Doherty P., et al. Semisynthetic resorbable materials from hyaluronan esterification. Biomaterials 1998, 19(23):2101.
150. Gao J., Dennis J.E., et al. Repair of osteochondral defect with tissue-engineered two-phase composite material of injectable calcium phosphate and hyaluronan sponge. Tissue Eng. 2002, 8:827-837.
151. Liu Y., Shu X.Z., et al. Biocompatibility and stability of dissulfide-cross-linked hyaluronan films. Biomaterials 2005, 26:4737-4746.
152. Prestwich G.D., Marecak D.M., et al. Controlled chemical modification of hyaluronic acid: synthesis, applications, and biodegradation of hydrazide derivatives. J. Control Release 1998, 53(1-3):93.
153. Shu X.Z., Liu Y., et al. Disulfide-cross-linked hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogel films: a covalent mimic of the extracellular matrix for in vitro cell growth. Biomaterials 2003, 24:3825-3834.
154. Frenkel S.R., Bradica G., et al. Regeneration of articular cartilage - Evaluation of osteochondral defect repair in the rabbit using multiphasic implants. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2005, 13(9):798.
155. Park S.-H., Park S., et al. Tissue-engineered cartilage using fibrin/hyaluronan composite gel and its in vivo implantation. Artif. Organs 2005, 29(10):838-845.
156. Shu X.Z., Liu Y., et al. In situ cross-linkable hyaluronan hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2004, 25(7-8):1339.
157. Halbleib M., Skurk T., et al. Tissue engineering of white adipose tissue using hyaluronic acid-based scaffolds. I: in vitro differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells on scaffolds. Biomaterials 2003, 24(18):3125.
158. Solchaga L.A., Temenoff J.S., et al. Repair of osteochondral defects with hyaluronan- and polyester-based scaffolds. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2005, 13(4):297.
159. Funakoshi T., Majima T., et al. Novel chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibers as a scaffold in ligament tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 74A(3):338-346.
160. Funakoshi T., Majima T., et al. Novel chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibers as a scaffold in ligament tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2005, 74A:338-346.
161. Milella E., Brescia E., et al. Physico-chemical properties and degradability of non-woven hyaluronan benzylic esters as tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2002, 23(4):1053.
162. Lee J.-E., Park J.-G., et al. Preparation of collagen modified hyaluronan microparticles as antibiotic carrier. Yonsei Med. J. 2001, 42(3):291-298.
163. Oerther S., Payan E., et al. Hyaluronate-alginate combination for the preparation of new biomaterials: investigation of the behaviour in aqueous solutions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1426:185-194.
164. Segura T., Anderson B.C., et al. Cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels: a strategy to functionalize and pattern. Biomaterials 2005, 26(4):359.
165. Hou S., Xu Q., et al. The repair of brain lesion by implantation of hyaluronic acid hydrogels modified with laminin. J. Neurosci. Methods 2005, 148(1):60.
166. Denuziere A., Ferrier D., et al. Chitosan-chondroitin sulfate and chitosan-hyaluronate polyelectrolyte complexes: biological properties. Biomaterials 1998, 19(14):1275.
167. Yoo H.S., Lee E.A., et al. Hyaluronic acid modified biodegradable scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26(14):1925.
168. Knudson K., Biswas C., et al. The role and regulation of tumour-associated hyaluronan. The Biology of Hyaluronan. Ciba Found. Symp. 1989, 143:150-159.
169. Toole B., Wight T., et al. Hyaluronan-cell interactions in cancer and vascular disease. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:4593-4596.
170. Bailey J.E., Ollis D.F. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals 1986, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.
171. Gelse K., Poschl E., et al. Collagens - structure, function, and biosynthesis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2003, 55(12):1531-1546.
172. Yang C.L., Hillas P.J., et al. The application of recombinant human collagen in tissue engineering. Biodrugs 2004, 18(2):103-119.
173. Friess W. Collagen - biomaterial for drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 1998, 45(2):113-136.
174. Lee C.H., Singla A., et al. Biomedical applications of collagen. Int. J. Pharm. 2001, 221(1-2):1-22.
175. Bella J., Eaton M., et al. Crystal-structure and molecular-structure of a collagen-like peptide at 1.9-Angstrom resolution. Science 1994, 266(5182):75-81.
176. Rosso F., Marino G., et al. Smart materials as scaffolds for tissue engineering. J. Cell. Physiol. 2005, 203(3):465-470.
177. Stevens M.M., George J.H. Exploring and engineering the cell surface interface. Science 2005, 310(5751):1135-1138.
178. Fratzl P. Cellulose and collagen: from fibres to tissues. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 8(1):32-39.
179. Kadler K.E., Holmes D.F., et al. Collagen fibril formation. Biochem. J. 1996, 316:1-11.
180. Pachence J.M. Collagen-based devices for soft tissue repair. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1996, 33(1):35-40.
181. O'Cearbhaill E.D., Barron V., et al. Characterization of a collagen membrane for its potential use in cardiovascular tissue engineering applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2006, 17(3):195-201.
182. van Amerongen M.J., Harmsen M.C., et al. The enzymatic degradation of scaffolds and their replacement by vascularized extracellular matrix in the murine myocardium. Biomaterials 2006, 27(10):2247-2257.
183. Boccafoschi F., Habermehl J., et al. Biological performances of collagen-based scaffolds tor vascular tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26(35):7410-7417.
184. Song E., Yeon Kim S., et al. Collagen scaffolds derived from a marine source and their biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2006, 27(15):2951-2961.
185. Kim B.S., Baez C.E., et al. Biomaterials for tissue engineering. World J. Urol. 2000, 18(1):2-9.
186. Joddar B., Ramamurthi A. Fragment size- and dose-specific effects of hyaluronan on matrix synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2006, 27(15):2994-3004.
187. Li M., Mondrinos M.J., et al. Electrospun protein fibers as matrices for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26(30):5999-6008.
188. Daamen W.F., Nillesen S.T., et al. Tissue response of defined collagen-elastin scaffolds in young and adult rats with special attention to calcification. Biomaterials 2005, 26(1):81-92.
189. Daamen W.F., van Moerkerk H.T., et al. Preparation and evaluation of molecularly-defined collagen-elastin-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2003, 24(22):4001-4009.
190. Berglund J.D., Nerem R.M., et al. Incorporation of intact elastin scaffolds in tissue-engineered collagen-based vascular grafts. Tissue Eng. 2004, 10(9-10):1526-1535.
191. Haider M., Megeed Z., et al. Genetically engineered polymers: status and prospects for controlled release. J. Control Release 2004, 95(1):1-26.
192. Debelle L., Alix A.J., et al. The secondary structure and architecture of human elastin. Eur. J. Biochem. 1998, 258(2):533-539.
193. Leach J.B., Wolinsky J.B., et al. Cross-linked [alpha]-elastin biomaterials: towards a processable elastin mimetic scaffold. Acta Biomater. 2005, 1(2):155-164.
194. Urry D.W., Hugel T., et al. Elastin: a representative ideal protein elastomer. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2002, 357(1418):169-184.
195. Urry D.W., Parker T.M. Mechanics of elastin: molecular mechanism of biological elasticity and its relationship to contraction. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 2002, 23(5-6):543-559.
196. Betre H., Setton L.A., et al. Characterization of a genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptide for cartilaginous tissue repair. Biomacromolecules 2002, 3(5):910-916.
197. Girotti A., Reguera J., et al. Design and bioproduction of a recombinant multi(bio)functional elastin-like protein polymer containing cell adhesion sequences for tissue engineering purposes. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2004, 15(4):479-484.
198. Lee J., Macosko C.W., et al. Mechanical properties of cross-linked synthetic elastomeric polypentapeptides. Macromolecules 2001, 34(17):5968-5974.
199. Chabba S., Mattews G.F., et al. Green composites using cross-linked soy flour and flax yarns. Green Chem. 2005, 7:576-581.
200. Swain S.N., Biswal S.M., et al. Biodegradable soy-based plastics: opportunities and challenges. J. Polym. Environ. 2004, 12(1):35-42.
201. Alibhai Z., Mondor M., et al. Production of soy protein concentrates/isolates: traditional and membrane technologies. Desalination 2006, 191:351-358.
202. Oliveira J.T., Correlo V.M., et al. Chitosan-Polyester Scaffolds Seeded with Bovine Articular Chondrocytes for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications 2003, Artificial Organs, Bologna.
203. Schmidt V., Giacomelli C., et al. Soy protein isolate based films: influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and polycaprolactone-triol on their properties. Macromol. Symp. 2005, 229:127-137.
204. Hinds M.T., Rowe R.C., et al. Development of a reinforced porcine elastin composite vascular scaffold. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2006, 77:458-469.
205. Kim B.-S., Nikolovski J., et al. Engineered smooth muscle tissues: regulating cell phenotype with the Scaffold. Exp. Cell Res. 1999, 251(2):318-328.
206. Elizalde B.E., Bartholomai G.B., et al. The effect of pH on the relationship between hydrophilic/lipophilic characteristics and emulsification properties of soy proteins. Food Sci. Technol.-Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie 1996, 29(4):334-339.
207. Mano J.F., Vaz C.M., et al. Dynamic mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite-reinforced and porous starch-based degradable biomaterials. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1999, 10(12):857-862.
208. Vaz C.M., Graaf L.A., et al. Soy protein-based systems for different tissue regeneration applications. Polymer Based Systems on Tissue Engineering, Replacement and Regeneration 2002, 93-110. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. R. Reis, D. Cohn (Eds.).
209. Swain S.N., Rao K.K., et al. Biodegradable polymers. III. Spectral, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of cross-linked furfural2Soy protein concentrate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 93:2590-2596.
210. Were L., Hettiarachchy N.S., et al. Properties of cysteine-added soy protein-wheat gluten films. J. Food Sci. 1999, 64(3):514-518.
211. Rhim J.W., Gennadios A., et al. Soy protein isolate dialdehyde starch films. Ind. Crops and Prod. 1998, 8(3):195-203.
212. Silva R.M., Elvira C., et al. Influence of beta-radiation sterilization in properties of new chitosan/soybean protein isolate membranes for guided bone regeneration. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med 2004, 15:523-528.
213. Silva S.S., Santos M.I., et al. Physical properties and biocompatibility of chitosan/soy blended membranes. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med 2005, 16(6):575-579.
214. S.S. Silva, J.M. Oliveira, et al., (2006). Physicochemical Characterization of Novel Chitosan-Soy Protein/TEOS Porous Hybrids for Tissue Engineering Applications.
215. Jin H.J., Fridrikh S.V., et al. Electrospinning Bombyx mori silk with poly(ethylene oxide). Biomacromolecules 2005, 3:1233-1239.
216. Altman G.H., Diaz F., et al. Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials 2003, 24(3):401-416.
217. Santin M., Motta A., et al. In vitro evaluation of the inflammatory potential of the silk fibroin. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 46(3):382-389.
218. Ha S.W., Park Y.H., et al. Dissolution of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in the calcium nitrate tetrahydrate-methanol system and aspects of wet spinning of fibroin solution. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4(3):488-496.
219. Servoli E., Maniglio D., et al. Surface properties of silk fibroin films and their interaction with fibroblasts. Macromol. Biosci. 2005, 5(12):1175-1183.
220. Ayutsede J., Gandhi M., et al. Regeneration of Bombyx mori silk by electrospinning. Part 3: characterization of electrospun nonwoven mat. Polymer 2005, 46(5):1625-1634.
221. Jin H.J., Chen J.S., et al. Human bone marrow stromal cell responses on electrospun silk fibroin mats. Biomaterials 2004, 25(6):1039-1047.
222. Motta A., Migliaresi C., et al. Fibroin hydrogels for biomedical applications: preparation, characterization and in vitro cell culture studies. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2004, 15(7):851-864.
223. Kim U.J., Park J., et al. Three-dimensional aqueous-derived biomaterial scaffolds from silk fibroin. Biomaterials 2005, 26(15):2775-2785.
224. Nazarov R., Jin H.J., et al. Porous 3D scaffolds from regenerated silk fibroin. Biomacromolecules 2004, 5(3):718-726.
225. Kim H.J., Kim U.J., et al. Influence of macroporous protein scaffolds on bone tissue engineering from bone marrow stem cells. Biomaterials 2005, 26(21):4442-4452.
226. Li C., Vepari C., et al. Electrospun silk-BMP-2 scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006, 27:3115-3124.
227. Gobin A.S., Froude V.E., et al. Structural and mechanical characteristics of silk fibroin and chitosan blend scaffolds for tissue regeneration. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 74A(3):465-473.
228. Li M.Z., Lu S.Z., et al. Study on porous silk fibroin materials. I. Fine structure of freeze dried silk fibroin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 79(12):2185-2191.
229. Li M.Z., Wu Z.Y., et al. Study on porous silk fibroin materials. II. Preparation and characteristics of spongy silk fibroin materials. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 79(12):2192-2199.
230. Li M.Z., Zhang C.S., et al. Study on porous silk fibroin materials: 3. Influence of repeated freeze-thawing on the structure and properties of porous silk fibroin materials. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2002, 13(8):605-610.
231. Tamada Y. New process to form a silk fibroin porous 3-D structure. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6(6):3100-3106.
232. Chen G., Zhou P., et al. Silk fibroin modified porous poly(E-caprolactone) scaffold for human fibro-blast culture in vitro. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2004, 15(6):671-677.
233. Petrini P., Parolari C., et al. Silk fibroin-polyurethane scaffolds for tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med 2001, 12(10-12):849-853.
234. Unger R.E., Wolf M., et al. Growth of human cells on a non-woven silk fibroin net: a potential for use in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2004, 25(6):1069-1075.
235. Meinel L., Fajardo R., et al. Silk implants for the healing of critical size bone defects. Bone 2005, 37(5):688-698.
236. Meinel L., Hofmann S., et al. Engineering cartilage-like tissue using human mesenchymal stem cells and silk protein scaffolds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2004, 88(3):379-391.
237. Anderson A.J., Dawes E.A. Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol. Rev. 1990, 54(4):450-472.
238. Sudesh K., Abe H., et al. Synthesis, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates: biological polyesters. Prog. Polym. Sci. (Oxford) 2000, 25(10):1503-1555.
239. Dawes E.A., Senior P.J. The role and regulation of energy reserve polymers in micro-organisms. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 1973, 10:135-266.
240. Wallen L.L., Rohwedder W.K. Poly B hydroxyalkanoate from activated sludge. Env. Sci. Technol. 1974, 8(6):576-579.
241. Barham P.J. Physical properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate) and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate). Novel Biodegradable Microbial Polymers 1990, 81-96.
242. Barham P.J., Barker P., et al. Physical properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate) and copolymers of hydroxybutyrate and hydroxyvalerate. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 103(2-4):289-298.
243. Bauer H., Owen A.J. Some structural and mechanical properties of bacterially produced poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 266(3):241-247.
244. Mitomo H., Barham P.J., et al. Temperature dependence of mechanical properties of poly(b-hydroxybutyrate-b-hydroxyvalerate). Polym. Commun. Guildford 1988, 29(4):112-115.
245. Owen A.J. Some dynamic mechanical properties of microbially produced poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate/ beta-hydroxyvalerate copolymers. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1985, 263(10):799-803.
246. Williams S.F., Martin D.P., et al. PHA applications: addressing the price performance issue I. Tissue engineering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1999, 25(1-3):111-121.
247. Barham P.J., Keller A. Relationship between microstructure and mode of fracture in polyhydroxybutyrate. J. Polym. Sci. A 1986, 24(1):69-77.
248. Gassner F., Owen A.J. Some properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) - Poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) blends. Polym. Int. 1996, 39(3):215-219.
249. Hobbs J.K. The fracture of poly(hydroxybutyrate): part I fracture mechanics study during ageing. J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33(10):2509-2514.
250. Hobbs J.K., Barham P.J. The fracture of poly(hydroxybutyrate): part II fracture mechanics study after annealing. J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33(10):2515-2518.
251. Hobbs J.K., Barham P.J. The fracture of poly(hydroxybutyrate): part III fracture morphology in thin films and bulk systems. J. Mater. Sci. 1999, 34(19):4831-4844.
252. Ishikawa K., Kawaguchi Y., et al. Plasticization of bacterial polyester by the addition of acylglycerols and its enzymatic degradability. Kobunshi Ronbunshu 1991, 48(4):221-226.
253. Knowles J.C. Development of a natural degradable polymer for orthopaedic use. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 1993, 17(4):129-137.
254. Scandola M., Focarete M.L., et al. Polymer blends of natural poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and a synthetic atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Characterization and biodegradation studies. Macromolecules 1997, 30(9):2568-2574.
255. Chaput C., Yahia L.H., et al. Natural poly(hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate) polymers as degradable biomaterials. Materials Research Society Symposium -Proceedings 1995, Materials Research Society, San Francisco, CA.
256. Freier T., Kunze C., et al. In vitro and in vivo degradation studies for development of a biodegradable patch based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Biomaterials 2002, 23(13):2649-2657.
257. Pouton C.W., Akhtar S. Biosynthetic polyhydroxyalkanoates and their potential in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1996, 18(2):133-162.
258. Gogolewski S., Jovanovic M., et al. Tissue response and in vivo degradation of selected polyhydroxyacids: polylactides (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and poly(3- hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/VA). J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1993, 27(9):1135-1148.
259. Shangguan Y.Y., Wang Y.W., et al. The mechanical properties and in vitro biodegradation and biocompatibility of UV-treated poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). Biomaterials 2006, 27(11):2349-2357.
260. Volova T., Shishatskaya E., et al. Results of biomedical investigations of PHB and PHB/PHV fibers. Biochem. Eng. J. 2003, 16(2):125-133.
261. Wang Y.W., Yang F., et al. Effect of composition of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) on growth of fibroblast and osteoblast. Biomaterials 2005, 26(7):755-761.
262. Yang X., Zhao K., et al. Effect of surface treatment on the biocompatibility of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Biomaterials 2002, 23(5):1391-1397.
263. Zhao K., Deng Y., et al. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) scaffolds with good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2003, 24(6):1041-1045.
264. Deng Y., Zhao K., et al. Study on the three-dimensional proliferation of rabbit articular cartilage-derived chondrocytes on polyhydroxyalkanoate scaffolds. Biomaterials 2002, 23(20):4049-4056.
265. Rivard C.H., Chaput C., et al. Bioabsorbable synthetic polyesters and tissue regeneration: a study on the three-dimensional proliferation of ovine chondrocytes and osteoblasts [Polyesters biosynthetiques absorbables et regeneration tissulaire. Etude de la proliferation tridimensionnelle de chondrocytes et osteoblastes ovins]. Ann. Chir. 1996, 50(8):651-658.
266. Sodian R., Hoerstrup S.P., et al. Early in vivo experience with tissue-engineered trileaflet heart valves. Circulation 2000, 102(19).
267. Sodian R., Hoerstrup S.P., et al. Tissue engineering of heart valves: In vitro experiences. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000, 70(1):140-144.
268. Sodian R., Sperling J.S., et al. Fabrication of a trileaflet heart valve scaffold from a polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolyester for use in tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 2000, 6(2):183-188.
269. Wang Y.W., Wu Q., et al. Attachment, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts on random biopolyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) scaffolds. Biomaterials 2004, 25(4):669-675.
270. Zheng Z., Bei F.F., et al. Effects of crystallization of polyhydroxyalkanoate blend on surface physicochemical properties and interactions with rabbit articular cartilage chondrocytes. Biomaterials 2005, 26(17):3537-3548.
271. Tuzlakoglu K., Bolgen N., et al. Nano- and micro-fiber combined scaffolds: a new architecture for bone tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2005, 16(12):1099-1104.
272. Ho M.-H., Kuo P.-Y., et al. Preparation of porous scaffolds by using freeze-extraction and freeze-gelation methods. Biomaterials 2004, 25(1):129.
273. Ho M.-H., Wang D.-M., et al. Preparation and characterization of RGD-immobilized chitosan scaffolds. Biomaterials 2005, 26(16):3197.
274. Correlo V.M., Boesel L., et al. Hydroxyapatite reinforced chitosan and polyester blends for biomedical applications. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2005, 290(12):1157-1165.
275. Correlo V.M., Boesel L., et al. Properties of melt processed chitosan and aliphatic polyester blends. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2005, 403(1-2):57-68.
276. Pinto A.R., Correlo V.M., et al. Behaviour of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells seeded on fiber bonding chitosan polyester based for bone tissue engineering Scaffolds. 8th TESI Annual Meeting 2005, Shanghai. S.W. Cui (Ed.).
277. Park D.-J., Choi B.-H., et al. Injectable bone using chitosan-alginate gel/mesenchymal stem cells/BMP-2 composites. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg. 2005, 33(1):50.
278. Kong L., Gao Y., et al. Preparation and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 75A(2):275-282.
279. Zhang Y., Ni M., et al. Calcium phosphate-chitosan composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 2003, 9(2):337-345.
280. Zhang Y., Zhang M. Synthesis and characterization of macroporous chitosan/calcium phosphate composite scaffolds for tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 55(3):304-312.
281. Gravel M., Gross T., et al. Responses of mesenchymal stem cell to chitosan-coralline composites microstructured using coralline as gas forming agent. Biomaterials 2006, 27(9):1899.
282. Zhao F., Yin Y., et al. Preparation and histological evaluation of biomimetic three-dimensional hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network composite scaffolds. Biomaterials 2002, 23(15):3227.
283. Zhao F., Grayson W.L., et al. Effects of hydroxyapatite in 3-D chitosan-gelatin polymer network on human mesenchymal stem cell construct development. Biomaterials 2006, 27(9):1859.
284. Kim S.E., Park J.H., et al. Porous chitosan scaffold containing microspheres loaded with transforming growth factor-[beta]1: implications for cartilage tissue engineering. J. Control Release 2003, 91(3):365.
285. Subramanian A., Lin H.-Y. Cross-linked chitosan: its physical properties and the effects of matrix stiffness on chondrocyte cell morphology and proliferation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 75A(3):742-753.
286. Oliveira J.T., Correlo V.M., et al. Chitosan-Polyester Scaffolds Seeded with Bovine Articular Chondrocytes for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications 2005, Artificial Organs, Bologna.
287. Guo T., Zhao J., et al. Porous chitosan-gelatin scaffold containing plasmid DNA encoding transforming growth factor-[beta]1 for chondrocytes proliferation. Biomaterials 2006, 27(7):1095.
288. Chenite A., Chaput C., et al. Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ. Biomaterials 2000, 21(21):2155.
289. Hoemann C.D., Sun J., et al. Tissue engineering of cartilage using an injectable and adhesive chitosan-based cell-delivery vehicle. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2005, 13(4):318.
290. Black A.F., Bouez C., et al. Optimization and characterization of an engineered human skin equivalent. Tissue Eng. 2005, 11(5-6):723-733.
291. Huang Y.-C., Huang Y.-Y., et al. Manufacture of porous polymer nerve conduits through a lyophilizing and wire-heating process. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2005, 74B(1):659-664.
292. Ao Q., Wang A., et al. Manufacture of multimicrotubule chitosan nerve conduits with novel molds and characterization in vitro. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2006, 77A(1):11-18.
293. Chandy T., Rao G.H., et al. The development of porous alginate/elastin/PEG composite matrix for cardio-vascular engineering. J. Biomater. Appl. 2003, 17(4):287-301.
294. Wang Y.W., Wu Q., et al. Evaluation of three-dimensional scaffolds made of blends of hydroxyapatite and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) for bone reconstruction. Biomaterials 2005, 26(8):899-904.
295. Itoh S., Matsuda A., et al. Effects of a laminin peptide (YIGSR) immobilized on crab-tendon chitosan tubes on nerve regeneration. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2005, 73B(2):375-382.
296. Risbud M., Endres M., et al. Biocompatible hydrogel supports the growth of respiratory epithelial cells: possibilities in tracheal tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 56(1):120-127.
297. Lam C.X.F., Mo X.M., et al. Scaffold development using 3D printing with a starch-based polymer. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2002, 20(1-2):49-56.
298. Gomes M.E., Bossano C.M., et al. In vitro localization of bone growth factors in constructs of biodegradable scaffolds seeded with marrow stromal cells and cultured in a flow perfusion bioreactor. Tissue Eng. 2006, 12(1):177-188.
299. Santos M.I., Fuchs S., et al. Response of micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells to starch-based fiber meshes for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2007, 28(2):240-248.
300. Salgado A.J., Figueiredo J.E., et al. Biological response to pre-mineralized starch based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2005, 16(3):267-275.
301. Dausse Y., Grossin L., et al. Cartilage repair using new polysaccharidic biomaterials: macroscopic, histological and biochemical approaches in a rat model of cartilage defect. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2003, 11(1):16.
302. Abe M., Takahashi M., et al. The effect of hyaluronic acid with different molecular weights on collage cross-link synthesis in cultured chondrocytes embedded in collagen gels. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2005, 75A:494-499.
303. Burdick J.A., Chung C., et al. Controlled degradation and mechanical behavior of photopolymerized hyaluronic acid networks. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6:386-391.
304. Goodstone N.J., Cartwright A., et al. Effects of high molecular weight hyaluronan on chondrocytes cultured within a resorbable gelatin sponge. Tissue Eng. 2004, 10:621-631.
305. Arrigoni C., Camozzi D., et al. The effect of sodium ascorbate on the mechanical properties of hyaluronan-based vascular constructs. Biomaterials 2006, 27(4):623.
306. Hemmrich K., von Heimburg D., et al. Implantation of preadipocyte-loaded hyaluronic acid-based scaffolds into nude mice to evaluate potential for soft tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26(34):7025.
307. Tonello C., Zavan B., et al. In vitro reconstruction of human dermal equivalent enriched with endothelial cells. Biomaterials 2003, 24(7):1205.
308. Zavan B., Brun P., et al. Extracellular matrix-enriched polymeric scaffolds as a substrate for hepatocyte cultures: in vitro and in vivo studies. Biomaterials 2005, 26(34):7038.
309. Ziegelaar B.W., Aigner J., et al. The characterization of human respiratory epithelial cells cultured on resorbable scaffolds: first steps towards a tissue engineered tracheal replacement. Biomaterials 2002, 23(6):1425.
310. Ramamurthi A., Vesely I. Evaluation of the matrix-synthesis potential of cross-linked hyaluronan gels for tissue engineering of aortic heart valves. Biomaterials 2005, 26(9):999.
311. Turner N.J., Kielty C.M., et al. A novel hyaluronan-based biomaterial (Hyaff-11(R)) as a scaffold for endothelial cells in tissue engineered vascular grafts. Biomaterials 2004, 25(28):5955.
312. Sumita Y., Honda M.J., et al. Performance of collagen sponge as a 3-D scaffold for tooth-tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006, 27(17):3238-3248.
313. Sachlos E., Reis N., et al. Novel collagen scaffolds with predefined internal morphology made by solid freeform fabrication. Biomaterials 2003, 24(8):1487-1497.
314. Taylor P.M., Sachlos E., et al. Interaction of human valve interstitial cells with collagen matrices manufactured using rapid prototyping. Biomaterials 2006, 27(13):2733-2737.
315. Engbers-Buijtenhuijs P., Buttafoco L., et al. Biological characterization of vascular grafts cultured in a bioreactor. Biomaterials 2006, 27(11):2390-2397.
316. Engbers-Buijtenhuijs P., Buttafoco L., et al. Biological characterization of vascular grafts cultured in a bioreactor. Biomaterials 2006, 27(11):2390-2397.
317. Seliktar D., Black R.A., et al. Dynamic mechanical conditioning of collagen-gel blood vessel constructs induces remodeling. in vitro. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2000, 28(4):351-362.
318. Meinel L., Karageorgiou V., et al. Bone tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells: effects of scaffold material and medium flow. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2004, 32(1):112-122.
319. Kino-Oka M., Maeda Y., et al. A kinetic modeling of chondrocyte culture for manufacture of tissue-engineered cartilage. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2005, 99(3):197-207.
320. Stark Y., Suck K., et al. Application of collagen matrices for cartilage tissue engineering. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2006, 57(4):305-311.
321. Feng Z., Yamato M., et al. Investigation on the mechanical properties of contracted collagen gels as a scaffold for tissue engineering. Artif. Organs 2003, 27(1):84-91.
322. Lu Q., Ganesan K., et al. Novel porous aortic elastin and collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2004, 25(22):5227-5237.
323. Stitzel J., Liu J., et al. Controlled fabrication of a biological vascular substitute. Biomaterials 2006, 27(7):1088-1094.
324. Buttafoco L., Engbers-Buijtenhuijs P., et al. Physical characterization of vascular grafts cultured in a bioreactor. Biomaterials 2006, 27(11):2380-2389.