Protein release from alginate matrices

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 267-285

  Gombotz, Wayne R ^a   Wee, Siow Fong ^a  

^a AMGEN INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioadhesion; Biodegradable polymer; Cell encapsulation; Diffusion controlled release; DNA encapsulation; Hydrogel; Mucosal delivery; Natural polymer; Vaccine delivery

Indexed keywords

ADHESION; BIODEGRADATION; CELLS; DNA; ENCAPSULATION; GELATION; HYDROGELS; POLYSACCHARIDES; PROTEINS; VACCINES;

ALGINATE; BIOADHESION;

CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY;

ALGINIC ACID; ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR; DNA; DRUG; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 39; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 2; LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR; LIPOSOME; MICROSPHERE; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; POLYGLACTIN; POLYSACCHARIDE; PROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; VACCINE;

ADHESION; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHROMAFFIN CELL; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG TARGETING; ENCAPSULATION; GEL; HUMAN; HYBRIDOMA; IMMUNOGENICITY; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET CELL; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SLOW RELEASE FORMULATION;

EID: 0344352463     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(97)00124-5     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. O. Smidsrod, G. Skjak-Braek, Alginate as immobilization matrix for cells, TIBTECH 8 (1990) 71-78.
2. I.W. Sutherland, Alginates, in: D. Byrom (Ed.), Biomaterials; Novel Materials from Biological Sources, Stockton, New York, 1991, pp. 309-331.
3. G. Skjak-Braek, H. Grasdalen, B. Larsen, Momomer sequence and acetylation pattern in some bacterial alginates, Carbohydr. Res. 154 (1986) 239-250.
4. O. Smidsrod, The relative extension of alginates having different chemical composition, Carbohydr. Res. 27 (1973) 107-118.
5. A. Haug, B. Larsen, O. Smidsrod, Studies on the sequence of uronic acid residues in alginic acid, Acta Chem. Scand. 21 (1967) 691-704.
6. A. Haug, B. Larsen, Quantitative determination of the uronic acid composition of alginates, Acta Chem. Scand. 16 (1962) 1908-1918.
7. E.R. Morris, D.A. Rees, D. Thom, Characterization of alginate composition and block structure by circular dichroism, Carbohydr. Res. 81 (1980) 305-314.
8. 1H-NMR spectroscopy of alginate sequential structure and linkage conformations, Carbohydr. Res. 118 (1983) 255-260.
9. G. Berth, Methodical aspects of characterization of alginate and pectate by light scattering and viscometry coupled with GCP, Carbohydr. Polym. 19 (1992) 1-9.
10. A. Martinsen, G. Skjak-Braek, O. Smidsrod, F. Zanetti, S. Paoletti, Comparison of different methods for determination of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of alginates, Carbohydr. Polym. 15 (1991) 171-193.
11. A.H. Clark, S.B. Ross-Murphy, Structural and mechanical properties of biopolymer gels, Adv. Polym. Sci. 83 (1987) 57-192.
12. D.A. Rees, Polysaccharide shapes and their interactions -some recent advances, Pure Appl. Chem. 53 (1981) 1-14.
13. D.A. Rees, E.J. Welsh, Secondary and tertiary structure of polysaccharides in solution and gels, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 16 (1977) 214-224.
14. S.F. Wee, W.R. Gombotz, Controlled release of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor from alginate beads, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 21 (1994) 730-731.
15. L. Austin, J.J. Bower, C. Muldoon, The controlled release of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) from alginate gels, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 23 (1996) 739-740.
16. Y.M. Elqin, Encapsulation of urease enzyme in xanthan-alginate spheres, Biomaterials 18 (1995) 1157-1161.
17. C.J. Gray, J. Dowsett, Retention of insulin in alginate gel beads, Biotech. Bioeng. 31 (1988) 607-612.
18. R. Bodemeier, H. Chen, O. Paeratakul, A novel approach to the oral delivery of micro- or nanoparticles, Pharm. Res. 6 (1989) 413-417.
19. A. Martinsen, G. Skjak-Braek, O. Smidsrod, Alginate as immobilization material: I. Correlation between chemical and physical properties of alginate gel beads, Biotech. Bioeng. 33 (1989) 79-89.
20. A.A. Badwan, A. Abumalooh, E. Sallam, A. Abukalaf, O. Jawan, A sustained release drug delivery system using calcium alginate beads, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 11 (1985) 239-256.
21. B. Dupuy, A. Arien, A.P. Minnot, FT-IR of membranes made with alginate/polylysine complexes - variations with the mannuronic or guluronic content of the polysaccharides, Artif. Cells, Blood Subs, and Immob. Biotech. 22 (1994) 71-82.
22. C. Ku, V. Dixit, W. Shaw, G. Gitnick, In vitro slow release profile of endothelial cell growth factor immobilized within calcium alginate microbeads, Artif. Cells, Blood Subs. Immob. Biotech. 23 (1995) 143-151.
23. S.F. Wee, W.R. Gombotz, W. Fanslow, Evaluation of alginate microbeads for intranasal delivery of ovalbumin, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 22 (1995) 566-567.
24. T.L. Bowersock, H. HogenEsch, M. Suckow, R.E. Porter, R. Jackson, K. Park, Oral vaccination with alginate microsphere systems, J. Control. Release 39 (1996) 209-220.
25. S. Matsumoto, H. Kobayashi, Y. Takashima, Production of monodispersed capsules, Microencapsulation 3 (1986) 25-31.
26. K.K. Kwok, M.J. Groves, D.J. Burgess, Sterile microencapsulation of BCG in alginate-poly-L-lysine by an air spraying technique, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 16 (1989) 170-171.
27. K.K. Kwok, M.J. Groves, D.J. Burgess, Production of 5-15 μm diameter alginate-polylysine microcapsules by an air atomization technique, Pharm. Res. 8 (1991) 341-344.
28. S.M. Abraham, R.F. Vieth, D.J. Burgess, Novel technology for the preparation of sterile alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsules in a bioreactor, Pharm. Dev. Tech. 1 (1996) 63-68.
29. L.S. Wan, P.W. Heng, L.W. Chan, Drug encapsulation in alginate microspheres by emulsification, J. Microencapsulation 9 (1992) 309-316.
30. D. Maysinger, I. Jalsenjak, A.C. Cuello, Microencapsulated nerve growth factor: Effects on the forebrain neurons following devascularizing cortical lesions, Neurosci. Lett. 140 (1992) 71-74.
31. T. Alexakis, D. Boadi, D. Quong, A. Groboillot, I. O'Neill, D. Poncelet, R. Neufeld, Microencapsulation of DNA within alginate microspheres and crosslinked chitosan membranes for in vivo application, Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 50 (1995) 93-106.
32. M. Monshipouri, R.R. Price, Emulsification preparation of calcium alginate beads in the presence of sequesterant, J. Microencapsulation 12 (1995) 255-262.
33. M.G. Bungenberg de Jong, Reversible systems, in: G.R. Kruyt (Ed), Colloid Science, Vol. II, Elsevier, New York, 1949, pp. 335-432.
34. C. Arneodo, J.P. Benoit, C. Thies, Characterization of complex coacervates used to form microcapsules, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 57 (1987) 255-259.
35. M.M. Daly, D. Knorr, Chitosan-alginate complex coacervate capsules: effects of calcium, plasticizers, and polyelectrolytes on mechanical stability, Biotech. Prog. 4 (1988) 76-81.
36. O.N. Singh, D.J. Burgess, Characterization of albumin-alginic acid complex coacervation, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 41 (1989) 670-673.
37. L.S. Liu, S.Q. Liu, S.Y. Ng, M. Froix, T. Ohno, J. Heller, Controlled release of interleukin-2 for tumor immunotherapy using alginate/chitosan porous microspheres, J. Control. Release 43 (1997) 65-74.
38. M. Bhakoo, S. Woerly, R. Duncan, Release of antibiotics and antitumor agents from alginate and gellan gum gels, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 18 (1991) 441-442.
39. P. Aslani, R.A. Kennedy, Studies on diffusion in alginate gels. I. Effect of cross-linking with calcium or zinc ions on diffusion of acetaminophen, J. Control. Release 42 (1996) 75-82.
40. T. Gilchrist, A.M. Martin, Wound treatment with Sorbsan -an alginate fiber dressing, Biomaterials 4 (1983) 317-320.
41. M.G. Blaine, Experimental observations on absorbable alginate products in surgery, Ann. Surg. 125 (1947) 102-114.
42. S. Cohen, E. Lobel, A. Trevgoda, Y. Peled, A novel in situ-forming opthalmic drug delivery system from alginates undergoing gelation in the eye, J. Control. Release 44 (1997) 201-208.
43. A. Widmann, F. Eiden, J. Tenczer, Die Wirkstoff-Freigabe aus Depot-Weichgalatinekapseln, Arzneim.-Forsh. Drug Res. 20 (1970) 283.
44. A.F. Stockwell, S.S. Davis, S.E. Walker, In vitro evaluation of alginate gel systems as sustained release drug delivery systems, J. Control. Release 3 (1986) 167-175.
45. V.J. Chapman, D.J. Chapman, Seaweeds and Their Uses, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1980, Chapter 6.
46. P. Gacesa, Alginates, Carbohydr. Polym. 8 (1988) 161-182.
47. N. Segi, T. Yotsuyangi, K. Ikeda, Interaction of calcium-induced alginate gel beads with propranolol, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 37 (1989) 3092-3095.
48. 1 by the addition of polyacrylic acid within acid-treated beads, J. Control. Release 30 (1994) 241-251.
49. I.L. Andresen, O. Skipnes, O. Smidsrod, K. Ostgaard, P.C. Hemmer, Some biological functions of matrix components in benthic algae in relation to their chemistry and the composition of seawater, ACS Symp. Ser. 48 (1977) 361-381.
50. L. Klein, J. Stock, K.G. Vorlop, Pore size and properties of spherical Ca-alginate biocatalysts, Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18 (1983) 86-91.
51. H. Tanaka, M. Matsumara, I.A. Veliky, Diffusion characteristics of substrates in Ca-alginate gel beads, Biotech. Bioeng. 26 (1984) 53-58.
52. P. Chevalier, G.P. Consentino, J. de la Noue, S. Rakhit, Comparative study on the diffusion of an IgG from various hydrogel beads, Biotech. Tech. 1 (1987) 201-206.
53. C.K. Kim, E.J. Lee, The controlled release of blue dextran from alginate beads, Int. J. Pharm. 79 (1992) 11-19.
54. T. Yotsuyanagi, T. Ohkubo, T. Ohhashi, K. Ikeda, Calcium-induced gelation of alginic acid and pH-sensitive reswelling of dried gels, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 35 (1987) 1555-1563.
55. S. Sugawara, T. Imai, M. Otagiri, The controlled release of prednisolone using alginate gel, Pharm. Res. 11 (1994) 272-277.
56. K.K. Kwok, M.J. Groves, D.J. Burgess, Production of 5-15 μm diameter alginate-polylysine microcapsules by air-atomization technique, Pharm. Res. 8 (1991) 341-344.
57. Y. Murata, K. Nakada, E. Miyamoto, S. Kawashima, S.H. Seo, Influence of erosion of calcium-induced alginate gel matrix on the release of Brilliant Blue, J. Control. Release 23 (1993) 21-26.
58. A. Haug, B. Larsen, The solubility of alginate at low pH, Acta Chem. Scand. 17 (1963) 1653-1662.
59. A. Haug, B. Larsen, The degradation of alginates at different pH values, Acta Chem. Scand. 17 (1963) 1466-1468.
60. A.S. Sawhney, J.A. Hubbell, Poly(ethylene oxide)-graft-poly(L-lysine) copolymers to enhance the biocompatibility of poly(L-lysine)-alginate microcapsule membranes, Biomaterials 13(12) (1992) 863-908.
61. P. Soon-Shiong, M. Otterlie, G. Skjak-Braek, O. Smidsrod, R. Heintz, R. Lanza, T. Espevik, An immunologic basis for the fibrotic reaction to implanted microcapsules, Transplant. Proc. 23 (1991) 758-759.
62. M. Otterlei, K. Ostgaard, G. Skjak-Braek, O. Smidsrod, P. Soon-Shiong, T. Espevik, Induction of cytokine production from human monocytes stimulated with alginate, J. Immunother. 10 (1991) 286-291.
63. B.J. Spargo, A.S. Rudolph, F.M. Rollwagen, Recruitment of tissue resident cells to hydrogel composites: in vivo response to implant materials, Biomaterials 15 (1994) 853-858.
64. U. Zimmermann, G. Klock, P. Grohn, N.O. Jangaard, C.K. Wilkinson, Cell encapsulation in Alginate: Elimination of Foreign Body Reaction and Microcapsule Volume Minimization, Monsanto Co. Newsletter, 1995.
65. A. Cappai, P. Petruzzo, G. Ruiu, T. Congiu, E. Dessy, W. Deseta, G. Cruz, G. Brotzu, Evaluation of new small barium alginate microcapsules, Int. J. Artif. Organs 18 (1995) 95-102.
66. J. Schuh, W. Fanslow, W. Gombotz, S.F. Wee, Intranasal localization and antibody response to polycation-coated ova-encapsulated alginate microbeads, Vet. Pathol. 33(5) (1996) 581.
67. P.D. Vos, B.D. Haan, G. Wolters, R.V. Schilfgaarde, Factors influencing the adequacy of microencapsulation of rat pancreatic islets, Transplantation 62 (1996) 888-893.
68. N.A. Peppas, P.A. Buri, Surface interfacial and molecular aspects of polymer bioadhesion on soft tissues, J. Control. Release 2 (1985) 257-275.
69. K. Park, A new approach to study mucoadhesion: Collodial gold staining, Int. J. Pharm. 53 (1989) 209-217.
70. K. Park, J.R. Robinson, Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral-controlled drug delivery: Method to study bioadhesion, Int. J. Pharm. 19 (1984) 107-127.
71. D. Chickering, P. Jacob, E. Mathiowitz, A tensile technique to evaluate the interaction of bioadhesive microspheres with intestinal mucosa, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 19 (1992) 88-89.
72. D.E. Chickering, E. Mathiowitz, Bioadhesive microspheres: I. A novel electrobalance-based method to study adhesive interactions between individual microspheres and intestinal mucosa, J. Control. Release 34 (1995) 251-261.
73. H. Ch'ng, H. Park, P. Kelly, J. Robinson, Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery. Synthesis and evaluation of some swelling, water-insoluble bioadheisve polymers, J. Pharm. Sci. 74 (1985) 399-405.
74. A. Ascentiis, J. Grazia, C. Bowman, P. Colombo, N. Peppas, Mucoadhesion of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is improved when linear poly(ethylene oxide) chains are added to the polymer network, J. Control. Release 33 (1995) 197-201.
75. E. Jabari, N. Wisniewski, N. Peppas, Evidence of mucoadhesion by chain interpenetration at a poly(acrylic acid)/mucin interface using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, J. Control. Release 26 (1993) 99-108.
76. 1, Gastroenterology 107 (1994) 1319-1326.
77. J. Mestecky, The common mucosal immune system and current strategies for induction of immune responses in external secretions, J. Clin. Immunol. 7 (1987) 265-276.
78. J. Mestecky, J.R. McGhee, Immunoglobulin A (IgA): Molecular and cellular interactions involved in IgA biosynthesis and immune response, Adv. Immunol. 40 (1987) 153-189.
79. J.R. McGhee, J. Mestecky, M.T. Dertzbaugh, J.H. Eldridge, M. Hirasawa, H. Kiyono, The mucosal immune system: From fundamental concepts to vaccine development, Vaccine 10 (1992) 75-88.
80. R. Nakaoka, Y. Tabata, Y. Ikada, Potentiality of gelatin microspheres as immunological adjuvant, Vaccine 137 (1995) 653-661.
81. L. Degling, P. Stjarnkvist, Biodegradable microspheres XVIII: The adjuvant effect of polyacryl starch microparticles with conjugated human serum albumin, Vaccine 137 (1995) 629-636.
82. L. Payne, S. Jenkins, A. Andrianov, B. Roberts, Water-soluble phosphazane polymers for parenteral and mucosal vaccine delivery, Pharm. Biotech. 6 (1995) 473-493.
83. D. O'Hagan, K. Palin, S. Davis, P. Artursson, I. Sjoholm, Microparticles as potentially orally active immunological adjuvants, Vaccine 7 (1989) 421-424.
84. D. Wachsmann, J. Klein, M. Scholler, R. Frank, Local and systemic immune response to orally administered liposome-associated soluble S. mutans cell wall antigen, Immunology 54 (1985) 189-193.
85. S. Michalek, N. Childers, J. Katz, F.R. Denys, A.K. Berry, J. Eldridge, J.R. McGhee, R. Curtiss, Liposomes as oral adjuvants, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 146 (1989) 51-61.
86. J. Eldridge, J. Staas, J. Meulbroek, J. McGhee, T. Tice, R. Gilley, Biodegradable microspheres as a vaccine delivery system, Mol. Immunol. 133 (1991) 287-294.
87. P.A. Marx, R. Compans, A. Gettie, J.K. Staas, R.M. Gilley, M.J. Mulligan, G. Yamschikov, D. Chen, J.H. Eldridge, Protection against vaginal SIV transmission with microencapsulated vaccine, Science, 260 (1993) 1323-1327.
88. Z. Moldoneanu, M. Novak, W. Huang, R. Gilley, J. Staas, D. Schafer, R. Compans, J. Mestecky, Oral immunization with influenza virus in biodegradable microspheres, J. Infect. Dis. 167 (1993) 84-90.
89. A. Mowat, A. Donachie, G. Reid, O. Jarrett, Immunostimulating complexes containing Qui A and protein antigen prime class I MHC-restricted T lymphocytes in vivo are immunogenic by the oral route, Immunology 72 (1991) 317-322.
90. R. Mannino, S. Gould-Fogerite, S. Goodman-Snitkoff, Targeted fusogenic proteo-liposomes: Functional reconstitution of membrane proteins through protein-cochleate intermediates, in: G. Gregoriadis (Ed.), Liposome Technology, Vol. III. CRC, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 261-276.
91. N. Santiago, S. Milstein, T. Rivera, E. Garcia, T. Zaisi, H. Hong, D. Bucher, Oral immunization of rats with proteinoid microspheres encapsulating influenza virus antigens, Pharm. Res. 10(8) (1993) 1243-1247.
92. T.L. Bowersock, H. HogenEsch, M. Suckow, E. Davis-Synder, D. Borie, H. Park, K. Park, Oral administration of mice with ovalbumin encapulated in alginate microspheres, Polym. Preprints 35(II) (1994) 405-406.
93. C.G. Pitt, The controlled delivery of polypeptides and proteins, Int. J. Pharm. 59 (1990) 173-196.
94. W.R. Gombotz, D.K. Pettit, Biodegradable polymers for protein and peptide drug delivery, Bioconj. Chem. 6 (1995) 332-351.
95. R. Langer, New methods of drug delivery, Science 249 (1990) 1527-1532.
96. E.R. Edelman, E. Mathiowitz, R. Langer, M. Klagsbrun, Controlled and modulated release of basic fibroblast growth factor, Biomaterials 12 (1991) 619-626.
97. E.R. Edelman, M.A. Nugent, M.J. Karnovsky, Perivascular and intravenous administration of basic fibroblast growth factor: Vascular and solid organ deposition, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 1513-1517.
98. W.C. Fanslow, K.A. Campbell, S.F. Wee, K.N. Clifford, C. Maliszewski, R. Hall, M. Peterson, L. Whitney, R. Kiinke, R. Armitage, Administration of purified recombinant trimeric CD40L augments humoral and cell-mediated immune responiveness in CD40L-deficient mice. Presentation at the 37th American Society of Hematology Meeting, Seattle, WA, 1995.
99. W.C. Fanslow, L. Schuh, S.F. Wee, R. Armitage, A. Rousseau, T. Lofton, C. Maliszewski, M. Kennedy, K. Campbell, CD40L-Deficient mice: CD40L biology and its role in disease. Presentation at the International Meeting of Cytokine in Bone Marrow, Sydney, Australia, 1996.
100. R.C. Allen, R.J. Armitage, M.E. Conley, H. Rosenblatt, N.A. Jenkins, N.G. Copeland, M.A. Bedell, S. Edelhoff, C.M. Disteche, D.K. Simoneaux, W.C. Fanslow, J. Belmont, M.K. Spriggs, CD40 ligand gene defects responsible for X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, Science 259 (1993) 990-993.
101. Z. Yao, W. Fanslow, M. Seldin, A. Rousseau, S. Painter, M. Comeau, J. Cohen, M. Spriggs, Herpes virus Saimiri encodes a new cytokine, IL-17, which binds to a novel cytokine receptor, Immunity 3 (1995) 811-821.
102. Z. Yao, S.L. Painter, W.C. Fanslow, D. Ulrich, B.M. MacDuff, M.K. Spriggs, R.J. Armitage, Human IL-17: A novel cytokine derived from T cells, J. Immunol. 155 (1995) 5483-5486.
103. E.C. Downs, N.E. Robertson, T.L. Riss, M.L. Plunkett, Calcium alginate beads as a slow-release system for delivering angiogenic molecules in vivo and in vitro, J. Cell. Physiol. 152 (1992) 422-429.
104. C. Ko, V. Dixit, W. Shaw, G. Gitnick, In vitro slow release profile of endothelial cell growth factor immobilized within calcium alginate microbeads, Artif. Cells, Blood Subs. Immob. Biotech. 23 (1995) 143-151.
105. C.D. Scott, Immobilized cells: A review of recent literature, Enzyme Microb. Tech. 9 (1987) 66-73.
106. G.M. O'Shea, M.F. Goosen, A.M. Sun, Prolonged survival of transplanted islets of Langerhans encapsulated in a biocompatible membrane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 804 (1984) 133-136.
107. P. Soon-Shiong, E. Feldman, R. Nelson, R. Heintz, Q. Yao, Z. Yao, T. Zheng, N. Merideth, G. Skjak-Braek, T. Espevik, O. Smidsrod, P. Sanford, Long-term reversal of diabetes by the injection of immunoprotected islets, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 5843-5847.
108. P. Soon-Shiong, R.E. Heintz, N. Merideth, Q.X. Yao, Z. Yao, T. Zheng, M. Murphy, M. Moloney, M. Schmelh, M. Harris, R. Mendez, R. Mendez, P.A. Sanford, Insulin independence in a type 1 diabetic patient after encapsulated islet transplantation, Lancet 343 (1994) 950-951.
109. L. Levesque, P.L. Brubaker, A.M. Sun, Maintenance of long-term secretory function by microencapsulated islets of Langerhans, Endocrinology 130 (1992) 644-650.
110. F. Lim, A.M. Sun, Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas, Science 210 (1980) 908-910.
111. A.M. Sun, G.M. O'Shea, Microencapsulation of living cells - A long term delivery system, J. Control. Release 2 (1985) 137-141.
112. Y Miura, T. Akimoto, H. Kanazawa, H. Yagi, Synthesis and secretion of protein by hepatocytes entrapped within calcium alginate, Artif. Organs 10 (1986) 460-465.
113. A.M. Sun, Encapsulated versus modified endocrine cells for organ replacement, Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 33 (1987) 787-790.
114. P.W. Tsang, H.C. Kwan, A.M. Sun, Striatal transplant of microencapsulated bovine chromaffin cells reduces rotational behavior in the rat model of Parkinsonism, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 23 (1996) 6-7.
115. W.J. Freed, M. Poltorak, H. Takashima, M.E. LaMarca, E.I. Ginns, Brain grafts and Parkinson's disease, J. Cell. Biochem. 45 (1991) 261-267.
116. R.G. Rupp, Use of cellular micrencapsulation in large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies, in: W.R. Tolbert, J. Feder (Eds.), Large-Scale Mammalian Cell Culture, Academic Press, New York, 1985, pp. 19-38.
117. E.G. Posillico, Microencapsulation technology for large-scale antibody production, Biotechnology 4 (1986) 114-117.
118. F. Lim, Encapsulation of biological material, US Patent no 4 352 883 assigned to Damon Biotech., Needham Heights, MA, 1982.
119. G.M. Lee, B.O. Palsson, Stability of antibody productivity is improved when hybridoma cells are entrapped in calcium alginate beads, Biotech. Bioeng. 42 (1993) 1131-1135.
120. T.J. Smith, Calcium alginate hydrogel as a matrix for enteric delivery of nucleic acids, Biopharm. 4 (1994) 54-55.
121. Y. Igari, P.G. Kibat, R. Langer, Optimization of a microencapsulated liposome system for enzymatically controlled release of macromolecules, J. Control. Release 14 (1990) 263-267.
122. P.G. Kibat, Y. Igari, M. Wheatley, H. Eisen, R. Langer, Microencapsulated liposomes: A system for enzymatically controlled pulsatile release of biologically active substances, FASEB J. 4 (1990) 2533-2539.
123. A.L. Dainty, K.H. Gouldin, P.K. Robinson, I. Simpkins, M.D. Trevan, Stability of alginate-immobilized algal cells, Biotech. Bioeng. 28 (1986) 210-216.
124. P. Cheetham, C. Garett, J. Clark, Isomaltulose production using immobilized cells, Biotech. Bioeng. 27 (1985) 471-580.
125. D. Basic, I. Vacek, A.M. Sun, Microencapsulation and transplantation of genetically engineered cells: A new approach to somatic gene therapy, Artif. Cells, Blood Subs. Immob. Biotech. 24 (1996) 219-255.
126. M.N. Decleire, V. Huyunh, J.C. Motte, W DeCat, Hydrolysis of whey by whole cells of Kluyveromyces bulgaricus immobilized in calcium alginate gels and in hen egg white, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22 (1985) 438-441.
127. A.P. Jarvis Jr., T. Grdina, Production of biologicals from microencapsulated living cells, Biotechniques 1 (1983) 22-27.
128. J.A. Fujii, D. Slade, K. Redenbaugh, K. Walker, Artificial seeds for plant propagation, Trends Biotechnol 5 (1989) 335-339.
129. E.A. MacGregor, C.T. Greenwood, Polymers in Nature In Polysaccharides, Wiley, New York, 1980, pp. 240-329.