Leuconostoc dextransucrase and dextran: Production, properties and applications

Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology

Volumn 80, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 845-860

  Naessens, Myriam ^a   Cerdobbel, An ^a   Soetaert, Wim ^a   Vandamme, Erick J ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Dextran dextrinase; Dextransucrase; Gluconobacter; Leuconostoc; Oligodextrans

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; BIOCATALYSTS; BIOPOLYMERS; CATALYSIS; FERMENTATION; POLYSACCHARIDES;

BIOCATALYSIS; BIOPOLYSACCHARIDES; DEXTRAN; LACTIC ACIDS;

ENZYMES;

DEXTRAN; DEXTRANSUCRASE; MALTODEXTRIN; OLIGOSACCHARIDE;

SUGAR;

BACTERIAL STRAIN; BIOCATALYST; CARBON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CHEMICAL BINDING; CHEMICAL REACTION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; ENZYME MECHANISM; ENZYME POLYMORPHISM; ENZYME PURIFICATION; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; FERMENTATION; GLUCONOBACTER OXYDANS; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; OPEN READING FRAME; POLYMERIZATION; PROTEIN METHYLATION; REVIEW;

GLUCONOBACTER; GLUCONOBACTER OXYDANS; LEUCONOSTOC; LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES;

EID: 22744443702     PISSN: 02682575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jctb.1322     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Scheibler C, Investigation on the nature of the gelatinous excretion (so-called frog's spawn) which is observed in production of beet-sugar juices. Z Dtsch Zucker-Ind 24:309-335 (1874).
2. Pasteur L, On the viscous fermentation and the butyrous fermentation. Bull Soc Chim Fr 30-31 (1861).
3. Van Tieghem P, On sugar-mill gum. Ann Sci Nature Bot Biol Veg 7:180-203 (1878).
4. Leathers TD, Dextran, in Biopolymers. Vol. 5. Polysaccharides I. Polysaccharides from Prokaryotes, ed by Vandamme EJ, De Baets S and Steinbüchel A. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 299-321 (2002).
5. Hehre EJ, Natural synthesis of low molecular weight (clinical type) dextran by a Streptococcus strain. J Biol Chem 222:739-750 (1956).
6. Chludzinski AM, Germaine GR and Schachtele CF, Purification and properties of dextransucrase from Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 118:1-7 (1974).
7. Sidebotham RL, Dextrans. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 30:371-444 (1974).
8. Robyt JF, Dextran, in Encyclopaedia of Polymer Science, Vol 4, ed by Kroschwitz JI. Wiley-VCH, New York, pp 753-767 (1985).
9. Takagi K, Ioroi R, Uchimura T, Kozaki M and Komagata K, Purification and some properties of dextransucrase from Streptococcus bovis 148. J Ferment Bioeng 77:551-553 (1994).
10. Hehre EJ and Hamilton DM, Bacterial conversion of dextrin into a polysaccharide with the serological properties of dextran. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 71:336-339 (1949).
11. Barker SA, Bourne EJ, Bruce GT and Stacey M, Immunopolysaccharides. Part XI. Structure of an Acetobacter capsulatum dextran. J ChemSoc 4:4414-4416 (1958).
12. Ruckel ER and Schuerch C, Chemical synthesis of a dextran model, poly-α-(1,6)-anhydro-D-glucopyranose, in Biopolymers, Vol 5, ed by Goodman M. Wiley, Chichester, pp 515-523 (1967).
13. Jeanes A, Haynes WC, Wilham CA, Rankin JC, Melvin EH, Austin MJ, Cluskey JE, Fisher BE, Tsuchiya HM and Rist CE. Characterization and classification of dextrans from ninety-six strains of bacteria. J Am Chem Soc 76:5041-5052 (1954).
14. Lindberg B and Svensson S, Structural studies on dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512. Acta Chem Scand 22:1907-1912 (1968).
15. Robyt JF and Walseth TF, Production, purification and properties of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. Carbohydr Res 68:95-111 (1979).
16. Alsop RM, Industrial production of dextrans, in Microbial Polysaccharides, ed by Bushell ME. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1-44 (1983).
17. Guggenheim B and Schroeder HE, Biochemical and morphological aspects of extracellular polysaccharides produced by cariogenic streptococci. Helv Odontol Acta 11:131-152 (1967).
18. Quirasco M, Lopez-Munguia A, Remaud-Simeon M, Monsan P and Farres A. Induction and transcription studies of the dextransucrase gene in Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5504-5509 (1999).
19. Kim D and Robyt JF, Properties of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FMC constitutive dextransucrase. Enzyme Microb Technol 16:1010-1015 (1994).
20. Mizutani N, Yamada M, Takayama K and Shoda M, Constitutive mutants for dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. J Ferment Bioeng 77:248-251 (1994).
21. Kitaoka M and Robyt JF, Use of a microtiter plate screening method for obtaining Leuconostoc mesenteroides mutants constitutive for glucansucrase. Enzyme Microb Technol 22:527-531 (1998).
22. Ryu HJ, Kim D, Kim DW, Moon YY and Robyt JF, Cloning of a dextransucrase gene (fmcmds) from a constitutive dextransucrase hyper-producing Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512 FMCM developed using VUV. Biotechnol Lett 22:421-425 (2000).
23. Paul F, Auriol D, Oriol E and Monsan P, Production and purification of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512(F). Ann N Y Acad Sci 434:267-270 (1984).
24. Miller AW, Eklund SH and Robyt JF, Milligram to gram scale purification and characterization of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F. Carbohydr Res 147:119-133 (1986).
25. Fu D and Robyt JF, A facile purification of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FM dextransucrase. Prep Biochem 20:93-106 (1990).
26. Kobayashi M and Matsuda K, Characterization of the multiple forms and main component of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. Biochim Biophys Acta 614:46-62 (1980).
27. Willemot RM, Monsan P and Durand G, Effects of dextran on the activity and stability of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 542:169-172 (1988).
28. Robyt JF, Kim D and Yu L, Mechanism of dextran activation of dextransucrase. Carbohydr Res 266:293-299 (1995).
29. Robyt JF and Eklund SH, Stereochemistry involved in the mechanism of action of dextransucrase in the synthesis of dextran and the formation of acceptor products. Bioorg Chem 11:115-132 (1982).
30. Robyt JF, Mechanism and action of glucansucrases, in Enzymes for Carbohydrate Engineering, ed by Park KH, Robyt JF and Choi YD. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1-21 (1996).
31. Robyt JF, Kimble BK and Walseth TF, The mechanism of dextransucrase action: direction of dextran biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 165:634-640 (1974).
32. Robyt JF and Martin PJ, Mechanism of synthesis of D-glucans by D-glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans 6715. Carbohydr Res 113:301-315 (1983).
33. Luzio GA, Parnaik VK and Mayer RM, A D-glucosylated form of dextransucrase: Demonstration of partial reactions. Carbohydr Res 121:269-278 (1983).
34. Ebert KH and Schenk G, Mechanisms of biopolymer growth: the formation of dextran and levan. Adv Enzymol 30:179-219 (1968).
35. Robyt JF and Walseth TF, The mechanism of acceptor reactions of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase. Carbohydr Res 61:433-445 (1978).
36. Robyt JF and Eklund SH, Relative, quantitative effects of acceptors in the reaction of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase. Carbohydr Res 121:279-286 (1983).
37. Fu D and Robyt JF, Acceptor reactions of maltodextrins with Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FM dextransucrase. Arch Biochem Biophys 283:379-387 (1990).
38. Su D and Robyt JF, Control of the synthesis of dextran and acceptor-reactions by Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512FM dextransucrase. Carbohydr Res 248:339-348 (1993).
39. Pereira AM, Costa FAA, Rodrigues MI and Maugeri F, In vitro synthesis of oligosaccharides by acceptor reaction of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Biotechnol Lett 20:397-401 (1998).
40. Smiley KL, Slodki ME, Boundy JA and Plattner RD, A simplified method for preparing linear isomalto-oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 108:279-283 (1982).
41. Dols M, Remaud-Simeon M, Willemot RM, Vignon MR and Monsan PF, Structural characterization of the maltose acceptor-products synthesised by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299 dextransucrase. Carbohydr Res 305:549-559 (1997).
42. Dols M, Remaud-Simeon M, Willemot RM, Demuth B, Jördening HJ, Buchholz K and Monsan P, Kinetic modeling of oligosaccharide synthesis catalyzed by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299 dextransucrase. Biotechnol Bioeng 63:308-315 (1999).
43. Tsuchiya HM, Hellman NN, Koepsell HJ, Gorman J, Stringer CS, Rogovin SP, Bogard MO, Bryant G, Feger VH, Hoffman CA, Senti FR and Jackson RW, Factors affecting molecular weight of enzymatically synthesized dextran. J Am Chem Soc 77:2412-2419 (1955).
44. Oriol E, Paul F, Monsan P, Heyraud A and Rinaudo M, Transfer reaction of glucosyl residues to maltose and purified oligosaccharides using highly active Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F dextransucrase. Anne N Y Acad Sci 501:210-215 (1987).
45. Paul F, Oriol E, Auriol D and Monsan P, Acceptor reaction of a highly purified dextransucrase with maltose and oligosaccharides. Application to the synthesis of controlled-molecular-weight dextrans. Carbohydr Res 149:433-441 (1986).
46. Kim D and Day DF, A new process for the production of clinical dextran by mixed-culture fermentation of Lipomyces starkeyi and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Enzyme Microb Technol 16:844-848 (1994).
47. Robyt JF and Taniguchi H, The mechanism of dextransucrase action: biosynthesis of branch linkages by acceptor reactions with dextran. Arch Biochem Biophys 174:129-135 (1976).
48. Bozonnet S, Dols-Laffargue M, Fabre E, Pizzut S, Remaud-Simeon M, Monsan P and Willemot RM, Molecular characterization of DSR-E, an alpha-1,2 linkage-synthesizing dextransucrase with two catalytic domains. J Bacteriol 184:5753-5761 (2002).
49. Fabre E, Bozonnet S, Arcache A, Willemot RM, Vignon M, Monsan P and Remaud-Simeon M, Role of the two catalytic domains of DSR-E dextransucrase and their involvement in the formation of highly alpha-1,2 branched dextran. J Bacteriol 187:296-303 (2005).
50. Remaud-Simeon M, Willemot RM, Sarcabal P, de Montalk GP and Monsan P, Glucansucrases: molecular engineering and oligosaccharide synthesis. J Mol Catal B 10:117-128 (2000).
51. Devulapalle KS, Goodman SD, Gao Q, Hemsley A and Mooser G, Knowledge-based model of a glucosyltransferase from the oral bacterial group of mutant streptococci. Protein Sci 6:2489-2493 (1997).
52. Davies G and Henrissat B, Structures and mechanisms of glycosyl hydrolases. Structure 3:853-859 (1995).
53. Devulapalle KS and Mooser G, Subsite specificity of the active site of glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus sobrinus. J Biol Chem 269:11967-11971 (1994).
54. Mooser G, Shur D, Lyou M and Watanabe C, Kinetic studies on dextransucrase from the cariogenic oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans. J Biol Chem 260:6907-6915 (1985).
55. Mooser G, Hefta SA, Paxton RJ, Shively JE and Lee TD, Isolation and sequence of an active-site peptide containing a catalytic aspartic acid from two Streptococcus sobrinus alpha-glucosyltransferases. J Biol Chem 266:8916-8922 (1991).
56. Albenne C, Skov LK, Mirza O, Gajhede M, Feller G, D'Amico S, André G, Potocki-Véronèse G, van der Veen BA, Monsan P and Remaud-Simeon M, Molecular basis of the amylose-like polymer formation catalyzed by Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase. J Biol Chem 279:726-734 (2004).
57. Sabatie J, Choplin L, Moan M, Doublier JL, Paul F and Monsan P, The effect of synthesis temperature on the structure of dextran NRRL B512F. Carbohydr Polym 9:87-101 (1988).
58. Yusef HH, El-Aassar SA and Fathy SMF, Optimization of culture conditions for the production of dextran by Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Adv Food Sci 19:152-158 (1997).
59. Tanriseven A and Robyt JF, Interpretation of dextransucrase inhibition at high sucrose concentrations. Carbohydr Res 245:97-104 (1993).
60. Holzapfel WH and Schillinger U, The genus Leuconostoc, in The Prokaryotes, Vol. 2, ed by Balows A, Trupper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W and Schleifer KH. Springer, New York, pp 1508-1534 (1992).
61. El-Sayed AHMM, Abdul-Wahid K and Coughlin RW, Investigation of production of dextran and dextransucrase by Leuconostoc mesenteroides immobilized within porous stainless steel. Biotechnol Bioeng 40:617-624 (1992).
62. Alcalde M, Plou FJ, Gomez de Segura A, Remaud-Simeon M, Willemot RM, Monsan P and Ballesteros A, Immobilization of native and dextran-free dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512 F for the synthesis of glucooligosaccharides. Biotechnol Tech 13:749-755 (1999).
63. Tanriseven A and Dogan S, Production of isomalto-oligosaccharides using dextransucrase immobilized in alginate fibres. Process Biochem 37:1111-1115 (2002).
64. Monsan P and Paul F, Enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides. FEMS Microbiol Rev 16:187-192 (1995).
65. Jeanes A, Haynes WC, Wilham CA, Rankin JC, Melvin EH, Austin MJ, Cluskey JE, Fisher BE, Tsuchiya HM and Rist CE, Characterization and classification of dextrans from ninety-six strains of bacteria. J Am Chem Soc 76:5041-5052 (1954).
66. Remaud-Simeon M, Lopez-Munguia A, Pelenc V, Paul F and Monsan P, Production and use of glucosyltransferases from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299 for the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing alpha-(1 → 2) linkages. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 44:101-117 (1994).
67. Remaud M, Paul F and Monsan P, Characterization of α-(1 → 3) branched oligosaccharides synthesized by acceptor reaction with the extracellular glucosyltransferases from L. mesenteroides NRRL B-742. J Carbohydr Chem 11:359-378 (1992).
68. Jeanes A, Wilham CA and Miers JC, Preparation and characterization of dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. J Biol Chem 176:603-615 (1947).
69. Wilham CA, Alexander BH and Jeanes A, Heterogeneity in dextran preparations. Arch Biochem Biophys 59:61-75 (1955).
70. Harris PJ, Henry RJ, Blakeney AB and Stone BA, An improved procedure for the methylation analysis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Carbohydr Res 127:59-73 (1984).
71. Mountzouris KC, Gilmour SG, Jay AJ and Rastall RA, A study of dextran production from maltodextrin by cell suspensions of Gluconobacter oxydans NCIB 4943. J Appl Microbiol 87:546-556 (1999).
72. Sawai T, Tohyama T and Natsume T, Hydrolysis of fourteen native dextrans by Arthrobacter isomaltodextranase and correlation with dextran structure. Carbohydr Res 66:195-205 (1978).
73. Cheetham NWH, Fiala-Beer E and Walker GJ, Dextran structural details from high-field proton NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydre Polym 14:149-158 (1991).
74. Sims IM, Thomson A, Hubl U, Larsen NG and Furneaux RH, Characterisation of polysaccharides synthesised by Gluconobacter oxydans NCIMB 4943. Carbohydr Polyms 45:285-292 (2001).
75. Covacevich MT and Richards GN, Frequency and distribution of branching in a dextran: an enzymic method. Carbohydr Res 54:311-315 (1977).
76. Ammeraal RN, Delgado GA, Tenbarge FL and Friedman RB, High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection of linear and branched glucose oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 215:179-192 (1991).
77. Larm O, Lindberg B and Svensson S, Studies on the length of the side-chains of the dextran elaborated by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512. Carbohydr Res 20:39-48 (1971).
78. Taylor C, Cheetham NWH and Walker GJ, Application of high-performance liquid chromatography to a study of branching in dextrans. Carbohydr Res 137:1-12 (1985).
79. Kobayashi M and Matsuda K, Action of a glucoamylase on dextrans as an endodextranase. Agric Biol Chem 42:181-183 (1978).
80. Manners DJ, Masson AJ and Sturgeon RJ, An enzymic method for the determination of the degree of polymerisation of glucans. Carbohydr Res 17:109-114 (1971).
81. Challa G, Polymeerchemie, in Prisma Technica 52. Het Spectrum, Utrecht, pp 101-118 (1973).
82. Alsop RM, Byrne GA, Done JN, Earl IE and Gibbs R, Quality assurance in clinical dextran manufacture by molecular weight characterisation. Process Biochem 12:15-35 (1977).
83. Senti FR, Hellman NN, Ludwig NH, Babcock GE, Tobin R, Glass CA and Lamberts BL, Viscosity, sedimentation and light-scattering properties of fractions of an acid-hydrolyzed dextran. J Polym Sci 17:527-546 (1955).
84. Veljkovic VB and Lazic ML, Studies on dextran fermentation brodi rheology. Enzyme Microb Technol 10:686-688 (1988).
85. Gasciolli V, Choplin L, Paul F and Monsan P, Viscous properties and molecular characterization of enzymatically size-controlled oligodextrans in aqueous solutions. J Biotechnol 19:193-202 (1991).
86. Sun SF and Wong E, Modified method of universal calibration for the determination of molecular weight and molecular-weight distribution. J Chromatogr 208:253-259 (1981).
87. Coté GL, Alternan, in Biopolymers. VoL 5. Polysaccharides I: Polysaccharides from Prokaryotes, ed by Vandamme EJ, De Baets S and Steinbüchel A. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 299-321 (2002).
88. Raemakers MHM and Vandamme EJ, Production of alternansucrase by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1335 in batch fermentation with controlled pH and dissolved oxygen. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 69:470-478 (1997).
89. Smith MR, Zahnley JC, Wong RY, Lundin RE and Ahlgren JA. A mutant strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1355 producing a glucosyltransferase synthesizing α(1,2) glucosidic linkages. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 21:37-45 (1998).
90. Côté GL, Ahlgren JA and Smith MR, Some structural features of an insoluble α-D-glucan from a mutant strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1355. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 23:656-660 (1999).
91. Hehre EJ. The biological synthesis of dextran from dextrins. J Biol Chem 192:161-174 (1951).
92. Yamamoto K, Yoshikawa K and Okada S. Structure of dextran synthesised by dextrin dextranase from Acetobacter capsulatus ATCC 11894. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57:1450-1453 (1993).
93. Suzuki M, Unno T and Okada G, Functional characteristics of a bacterial dextrin dextranase from Acetobacter capsulatum ATCC 11894. J Appl Glycosci 48:143-151 (2001).
94. Morin A, Screening of polysaccharide-producing microorganisms, factors influencing the production and recovery of microbial polysaccharides, in Polysaccharides. Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility, ed by Dumitriu S. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 275-296 (1998).
95. Naessens M and Vandamme EJ, Transglucosylation and hydrolysis activitiy of Gluconobacter oxydans dextran dextrinase with several donor and acceptor substrates, in Biorelated Polymers: Sustainable Polymer Science and Technology, ed by Chiellini E, Gil H, Braunegg G, Burchert J, Gatenholm P and van der Zee M. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 195-203 (2001).
96. Naessens M, Vercauteren R and Vandamme EJ, Relationship between intra- and extracellular dextran dextrinase from Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 11894. Med Fac Landbouw Univ Gent 67:41-44 (2002).
97. Naessens M, Dextran dextrinase of Gluconobacter oxydans: production and characterisation. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University (2003).
98. Naessens M and Vandamme EJ, Multiple forms of microbial enzymes. Biotechnol Lett 25:1119-1124 (2003).
99. Naessens M, Vercauteren R and Vandamme EJ, Three factor response surface optimisation of the production of intracellular dextran dextrinase by Gluconobacter oxydans. Process Biochem 39:1299-1304 (2004).
100. Naessens M; Soetaert W and Vandamme EJ. Dextrandextrinase and dextran of Gluconobacter oxydans. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 32:in press (2005).
101. De Belder AN, Medical applications of dextran and its derivatives, in Polysaccharides in Medicinal Applications, ed by Dumitriu S. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 505-523 (1996).
102. Hedin H and Richter W, Pathomechanism of dextran-induced anaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactions in man. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 68:122 (1982).
103. Anonymous, Dextran: 50 years - still going strong. Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech March/April:10-11 (1997).
104. Blanshard JMV and Mitchell JR, Polysaccharides in Food. Butterworth, London, pp 253-254 (1979).
105. Ahsan N, Intravenous infusion of total dose iron is superior to oral iron in treatment of anemia in peritoneal dialysis patients: a single center comparative study. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:664-668 (1998).
106. Auerbach M, Witt D, Toler W, Fierstein M, Lerner R and Ballard H, Clinical use of the total dose intravenous infusion of iron dextran. J Lab Clin Med 111:566-570 (1988).
107. Piret J, Lamontagne J, Bestman-Smith J, Roy S, Gourde P, Desormeaux A, Omar RF, Juhasz J and Bergeron MG, In vitro and in vivo evaluations of sodium lauryl sulfate and dextran sulfate as microbicides against herpes simplex and human deficiency viruses. J Clin Microbiol 38:110-119 (2000).
108. Ueno R and Kuno S, Anti-HIV synergism between dextran sulfate and zidovudine. Lancet 3:796-797 (1987).
109. James JS, Dextran sulfate: new promising antiviral. AIDS Treat News (electronic journal) 50:(1988).
110. Vandamme EJ, Renard CEFG, Arnaut FRJ, Vekemans NMF and Tossut PPA, Process for obtaining improved structure build-up of baked products. US Patent 6 399 119 (2002).
111. Food SCO, Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on a Dextran Preparation, Produced Using Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus spp, as a Novel Food Ingredient in Bakery Products. European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Brussels (2000).
112. Vandamme EJ, Renard CEFG, Arnaut FRJ, Vekemans NMF and Tossut PPA, Process for obtaining improved structure build-up of baked products. European Patent, EP 0790003A1 (1997).
113. Murphy PT and Whistler RL, Dextrans, in Industrial Gums. Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives, 2nd edn, ed by Whistler RL and BeMiller JN. Academic Press, New York, pp 513-542 (1973).
114. Giffard PM, Simpson CL, Milward CP and Jacques NA, Molecular characterization of a cluster of at least two glucosyltransferase genes in Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25 975. J Gen Microbiol 137:2577-2593 (1991).
115. Guggenheim B and Newbrun E, Extracellular glucosyltransferase activity of an HS strain of Streptococcus mutans. Helv Odontol Acta 13:84-97 (1969).
116. Newbrun E, Extracellular polysaccharides synthesized by glucosyltransferases of oral Streptococci. Caries Res 6:132-147 (1972).
117. Hamada S and Slade HD, Synthesis and binding of glucosyltransferase and in vitro adherence of Streptococcus mutans grown in a synthetic medium. Arch Oral Biol 24:399-402 (1979).
118. Ugarte MA and Rodriguez P, Presence of an extracellular glycosyltransferase in human dental plaque. Int J Biochem 23:719-726 (1991).
119. Leach SA and Hayes ML, A possible correlation between specific bacterial enzyme activities, dental plaque formation and cariogenicity. Caries Res 2:38-46 (1968).
120. Keniry JS, Lee JB and Mahoney VC, Improvements in the dextran assay of cane sugar materials. Int Sugar J 17:230-233 (1969).
121. Roberts EJ, A quantitative method for dextran analysis. Int Sugar J 85:10-13 (1983).
122. Robinson RK, Batt CA and Patel PD, Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Vol 2. Academic Press, London, pp 1191-1194 (2000).
123. Clarke MA, Dextran in sugar factories: causes and control. Sugar y Azucar November:22-34 (1997).
124. DeStefano RP and Irey MS, Measuring dextran in raw sugars - historical perspective and state of the art. J Am Sugar Cane Technol 6:112-120 (1986).
125. Brown CF and Inkerman PA, Specific method for quantitative measurement of the total dextran content of raw sugar. J Agric Food Chem 40:227-233 (1992).
126. Lonvaud-Funel A, Leuconostoc, in Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Vol 2, ed by Robinson RK, Batt CA and Patel PD. Academic Press, London, pp 1191-1194 (2000).
127. Harisson J, Webb TJB and Martin PA, The rapid detection of brewery spoilage micro-organisms. J Inst Brew 80:390-398 (1974).
128. Compagnion D, Hygiène en bouteillerie: sources potentielles d'infection. Cerevisia and Biotechnology 3:59-61 (1991).
129. Haikara A, Beer spoilage organisms: occurence and detection with particular reference to a new genus Pectinatus. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki (1984).
130. Baker JL, Day FE and Hulton HFE, A study of microorganisms causing ropiness in beer and wort. J Inst Brew 18:651-672 (1912).
131. Shimwell JL, A study of ropiness in beer. J Inst Brew 53:280-294 (1947).
132. De Clerck J, Filage, in Cours de Brasserie, 2nd edn, Vol. 1, ed by De Clerck J. Chaire Jean De Clerck, Louvain-la-Neuve, pp 871-872 (1984).
133. De Ley J and Frateur J, The status of the generic name Gluconobacter. Int J Syst Bacteriol 20:83-95 (1970).