Synthesis, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates: Biological polyesters

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 25, Issue 10, 2000, Pages 1503-1555

  Sudesh, K ^a   Abe, H ^a   Doi, Y ^a  

^a RIKEN   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIODEGRADATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; MICROORGANISMS; POLYESTERS; POLYMER BLENDS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

BIOLOGICAL POLYESTERS; ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION; POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES; POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE;

BIOPOLYMERS;

EID: 0034501647     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00035-6     Document Type: Review

References (332)

1. Meyer A. Praktikum der botanischen bakterienkunde. Jena, 1903.
2. Stapp C. Über die reserveinhaltstoffe und den schleim von Azotobacter chroococcum. Zentbl Bakteriol II. 61:1924;276-292.
3. Lemoigne M. Produit de déshydratation et de polymérisation de l'acide β-oxybutyrique. Bull Soc Chim Biol. 8:1926;770-782.
4. Lemoigne M. Etudes sur l'autolyse microbiènne origine de l'acide β-oxybutyrique formé par autolyse. Ann Inst Pasteur. 41:1927;148-165.
5. Williamson D.H., Wilkinson J.F. The isolation and estimation of the poly-β-hydroxybutyrate inclusions of Bacillus species. J Gen Microbiol. 19:1958;198-209.
6. Macrae R.M., Wilkinson J.R. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in washed suspensions of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium. J Gen Microbiol. 19:1958;210-222.
7. Doudoroff M., Stanier R.Y. Role of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in the assimilation of organic carbon by bacteria. Nature. 183:1959;1440-1442.
8. Forsyth W.G.C., Hayward A.C., Roberts J.B. Occurrence of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in aerobic Gram-negative bacteria. Nature. 182:1958;800-801.
9. Dawes E.A., Senior P.J. The role and regulation of energy reserve polymers in microorganisms. Adv Microb Physiol. 10:1973;135-266.
10. Wallen L.L., Rohwedder W.K. Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate from activated sludge. Environ Sci Technol. 8:1974;576-579.
11. Findlay R.H., White D.C. Polymeric beta-hydroxyalkanoates from environmental samples and Bacillus megaterium. Appl Environ Microbiol. 45:1983;71-78.
12. De Smet M.J., Eggink G., Witholt B., Kingma J., Wynberg H. Characterization of intracellular inclusions formed by Pseudomonas oleovorans during growth on octane. J Bacteriol. 154:(2):1983;870-878.
13. Lageveen R.G., Huisman G.W., Preusting H., Ketelaar P., Eggink G., Witholt B. Formation of polyesters by Pseudomonas oleovorans: effect of substrates on formation and composition of poly-(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates and poly-(R)-3-hydroxyalkenoates. Appl Environ Microbiol. 54:1988;2924-2932.
14. Holmes PA, Wright LF, Colins SH. EP, 52: 459.
15. Baptist JN. US Patent, 3, 044, 942.
16. Doi Y. Microbial polyesters. 1990;VCH Publishers, New York.
17. Kunioka M., Nakamura Y., Doi Y. New bacterial copolyesters produced in Alcaligenes eutrophus from organic acids. Polym Commun. 29:1988;174-176.
18. Doi Y., Tamaki A., Kunioka M., Soga K. Biosynthesis of terpolyesters of 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyvalerate, and 5-hydroxyvalerate in Alcaligenes eutrophus from 5-chloropentanoic and pentanoic acids. Makromol Chem Rapid Commun. 8:1987;631-635.
19. Anderson A.J., Dawes E.A. Occurence, metabolism, metabolic rate, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev. 54:(4):1990;450-472.
20. Steinbüchel A. Polyhydroxyalkanoic acids. Byrom D. Biomaterials. 1991;125-213 MacMillan, Basingstoke.
21. Rehm B.H.A., Steinbüchel A. Biochemical and genetic analysis of PHA synthases and other proteins required for PHA synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol. 25:1999;3-19.
22. Slater S.C., Voige W.H., Dennis D.E. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 poly-β-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway. J Bacteriol. 170:(10):1988;4431-4436.
23. Schubert P., Steinbüchel A., Schlegel H.G. Cloning of the Alcaligenes eutrophus genes for synthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) and synthesis of PHB in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 170:(12):1988;5837-5847.
24. Peoples O.P., Sinskey A.J. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Characterization of the genes encoding β-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase. J Biol Chem. 264:1989;15,293-15,297.
25. Peoples O.P., Sinskey A.J. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Identification and characterization of the PHB polymerase gene (phbC). J Biol Chem. 264:(26):1989;15,298-15,303.
26. Gerngross T.U., Snell K.D., Peoples O.P., Sinskey A.J., Csuhai E., Masamune S., Stubbe J. Overexpression and purification of the soluble polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase from Alcaligenes eutrophus: evidence for a required posttranslational modification for catalytic activity. Biochemistry. 33:(31):1994;9311-9320.
27. Poirier Y., Dennis D.E., Klomparens K., Somerville C. Polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable thermoplastic, produced in transgenic plants. Science. 256:1992;520-523.
28. Haywood G.W., Anderson A.J., Williams G.A., Dawes E.A., Ewing D.F. Accumulation of a poly (hydroxyalkanoate) copolymer containing primarily 3-hydroxyvalerate from simple carbohydrate substrates by Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 40126. Int J Biol Macromol. 13:1991;83-88.
29. Byrom D. Mobley D.P. Plastics from microbes: microbial synthesis of polymers and polymer precursors. 1994;5-33 Hanser, Munich.
30. Kusaka S., Abe H., Lee S.Y., Doi Y. Molecular mass of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] produced in a recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 47:1997;140-143.
31. Burdon K.L. Fatty material in bacteria and fungi revealed by staining dried, fixed slide preparations. J Bacteriol. 52:1946;665-678.
32. Kallio R.E., Harrington A.A. Sudanophilic granules and lipid of Pseudomonas methanica. J Bacteriol. 80:1960;321-324.
33. Ostle A.G., Holt J.G. Nile blue A as a fluorescent stain for poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. Appl Environ Microbiol. 44:1982;238-241.
34. Spiekermann P., Rehm B.H.A., Kalscheuer R., Baumeister D., Steinbüchel A. A sensitive, viable-colony staining method using Nile red for direct screening of bacteria that accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoic acids and other lipid storage compounds. Arch Microbiol. 171:1999;73-80.
35. Alper R., Lundgren D.G., Marchessault R.H., Cote W.A. Properties of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. I. General considerations concerning the naturally occurring polymer. Biopolymers. 1:1963;545-556.
36. Lundgren D.G., Pfister R.M., Merrick J.M. Structure of poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid) granules. J Gen Microbiol. 34:1964;441-446.
37. Barnard G.N., Sanders J.K.M. Observation of mobile poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) in the storage granules of Methylobacterium AMI by in vivo 13C-NMR spectroscopy. FEBS Lett. 231:1988;16-18.
38. Barnard G.N., Sanders J.K. The poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granule in vivo. A new insight based on NMR spectroscopy of whole cells. J Biol Chem. 264:(6):1989;3286-3291.
39. Kawaguchi Y., Doi Y. Structure of native poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules characterized by X-ray diffraction. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 79:1990;151-156.
40. Sanders J.K.M. NMR of nature's plastics and spider's webs: chemistry, physics or biology? Chem Soc Rev. 22:1993;1-7.
41. De Koning G.J.M., Lemstra P.J. The amorphous state of bacterial poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate] in vivo. Polymer. 33:1992;3292-3294.
42. Horowitz D.M., Clauss J., Hunter B.K., Sanders J.K.M. Amorphous polymer granules. Nature. 363:(6):1993;23.
43. Remsen C.C. The fine structure of frozen-etched Bacillus cereus spores. Arch Microbiol. 54:1966;266-275.
44. Giesbrecht P. Zur darstellung der DNS von bakterien und plastischer biologischer strukturen mit hilfe der gefrierätzung (On the demonstration of DNA of bacteria and plastic biological structures by means of freeze-etching). Zentbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektkrankh Hyg, I Orig. 207:1968;198-221.
45. Van Gool A.P., Lambert R., Laudelout H. The fine structure of frozen etched Nitrobacter cells. Arch Microbiol. 69:1969;281-293.
46. Dunlop W.F., Robards A.W. Ultrastructural study of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granules from Bacillus cereus. J Bacteriol. 114:(3):1973;1271-1280.
47. Sleytr U.B., Robards A.W. Plastic deformation during freeze-cleavage: a review. J Microsc. 110:1977;1-25.
48. Ferry J.D. Viscoelastic properties of polymers. 1961;Wiley, New York.
49. Clark A.W., Branton D. Fracture faces in frozen outer segments from the guinea pig retina. Z Zellforsch. 91:1968;586-603.
50. Sudesh K., Fukui T., Iwata T., Doi Y. Factors affecting the freeze-fracture morphology of in vivo polyhydroxyalkanoate granules. Can J Microbiol. 46:2000;304-311.
51. Revol J.F., Chanzy H.D., Deslandes Y., Marchessault R.H. High resolution electron microscopy of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Polymer. 30:1989;1973-1976.
52. Harrison S.T., Chase H.A., Amor S.R., Bonthrone K.M., Sanders J.K. Plasticization of poly(hydroxybutyrate) in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol. 14:(1):1992;50-56.
53. Kawaguchi Y., Doi Y. Kinetics and mechanism of synthesis and degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Alcaligenes eutrophus. Macromolecules. 25:(9):1992;2324-2329.
54. Lauzier C., Revol J.F., Marchessault R.H. Topotactic crystallization of isolated poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) granules from Alcaligenes eutropha. FEMS Microbol Rev. 103:1992;299-310.
55. Lauzier C., Marchessault R.H., Smith P., Chanzy H. Structural study of isolated poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) granules. Polymer. 33:(4):1992;823-827.
56. Merrick J.M., Doudoroff M. Depolymerization of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by an intracellular enzymes system. J Bacteriol. 88:1964;60-71.
57. Griebel R., Smith Z., Merrick J.M. Metabolism of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. I. Purification, composition and properties of native poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granules from Bacillus megaterium. Biochemistry. 7:1968;3676-3681.
58. Griebel R., Merrick J.M. Metabolism of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate: effect of mild alkaline extraction on native poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granules. J Bacteriol. 108:1971;782-789.
59. Steinbüchel A., Aerts K., Babel W., Föllner C., Liebergesell M., Madkour M.H., Mayer F., Pieper-Fürst U., Pries A., Valentin H.E., Wieczorek R. Considerations on the structure and biochemistry of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acid inclusions. Can J Microbiol (Suppl). 41:(1):1995;94-105.
60. Steinbüchel A., Hustede E., Liebergesell M., Pieper U., Timm A., Valentin H. Molecular basis for biosynthesis and accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:1992;217-230.
61. Dennis D., McCoy M., Stangl A., Valentin H.E., Wu Z. Formation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha. J Biotechnol. 64:(2-3):1998;177-186.
62. Antonio R.V., Steinbüchel A., Rehm B.H.A. Analysis of in vivo substrate specificity of the PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha: formation of novel copolyesters in recombinant Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 182:2000;111-117.
63. Fukui T., Doi Y. Cloning and analysis of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) biosynthesis genes of Aeromonas caviae. J Bacteriol. 179:(15):1997;4821-4830.
64. Brandl H., Knee E.J., Fuller R.C., Gross R.A., Lenz R.W. Ability of phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum to produce various poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates): potential source for biodegradable polyesters. Int J Biol Macromol. 11:1989;49-55.
65. Liebergesell M., Hustede E., Timm A., Steinbüchel A., Fuller R.C., Lenz R.W., Schlegel H.G. Formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) by phototrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria. Arch Microbiol. 155:1991;415-421.
66. Liebergesell M., Mayer F., Steinbüchel A. Analysis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid-biosynthesis genes of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria reveals synthesis of a polyester exhibiting an unusual composition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 40:1993;292-300.
67. Matsusaki H., Manji S., Taguchi K., Kato M., Fukui T., Doi Y. Cloning and molecular analysis of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis genes in Pseudomonas sp strain, 61-3. J Bacteriol. 180:(24):1998;6459-6467.
68. Matsusaki H., Abe H., Doi Y. Biosynthesis and properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalkanoates) by recombinant strains of Pseudomonas sp. 61-3. Biomacromolecules. 1:(1):2000;17-22.
69. Liebergesell M., Steinbüchel A. Cloning and nucleotide sequences of genes relevant for biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) in Chromatium vinosum strain D. Eur J Biochem. 209:1992;135-150.
70. Liebergesell M., Steinbuchel A. Cloning and molecular analysis of the poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) biosynthetic genes of Thiocystis violacea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 38:1993;493-501.
71. Hein S., Tran H., Steinbüchel A. Synechocystics sp. PCC6803 possesses a two-component polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthase similar to that of anoxygenic purple sulfur bacteria. Arch Microbiol. 170:1998;162-170.
72. Valentin H.E., Lee E.Y., Choi C.Y., Steinbüchel A. Identification of 4-hydroxyhexanoic acid as a new constituent of biosynthetic polyhydroxyalkanoic acids from bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 40:(5):1994;710-716.
73. Steinbüchel A., Valentin H.E. Diversity of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 128:1995;219-228.
74. Haywood G.W., Anderson A.J., Dawes E.A. The importance PHB-synthase substrate specificity in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis by Alcaligenes eutrophus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 57:1989;1-6.
75. Liebergesell M., Sonomoto K., Madkour M., Mayer F., Steinbüchel A. Purification and characterization of the poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) synthase from Chromatium vinosum and localization of the enzyme at the surface of poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) granules. Eur J Biochem. 226:(1):1994;71-80.
76. Saito T., Saegusa H., Miyata Y., Fukui T. Intracellular degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules of Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:(2-4):1992;333-338.
77. Merrick J.M., Steger R., Dombroski D. Hydrolysis of native poly(hydroxybutyrate) granules (PHB), crystalline PHB, and artificial amorphous PHB granules by intracellular and extracellular depolymerases. Int J Biol Macromol. 25:(1-3):1999;129-134.
78. Hippe H., Schlegel H.G. Hydrolyse von PHB's durch intrazelluläre depolymerase von Hydrogenomonas H16. Arch Microbiol. 56:1967;278-299.
79. Doi Y., Kawaguchi Y., Koyama N., Nakamura S., Hiramitsu M., Kimura H. Synthesis and degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates in Alcaligenes eutrophus. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:1992;103-108.
80. Saito T., Takizawa K., Saegusa H. Intracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in Alcaligenes eutrophus. Can J Microbiol (Suppl). 41:(1):1995;187-191.
81. Huang A.H.C. Oil bodies and oleosins in seeds. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 43:1992;177-200.
82. Murphy D.J. Structure, function and biogenesis of storage lipid bodies and oleosins in plants. Prog Lipid Res. 32:1993;247-280.
83. Liebergesell M., Schmidt B., Steinbuchel A. Isolation and identification of granule-associated proteins relevant for poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acid) biosynthesis in Chromatium vinosum D. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 78:(2-3):1992;227-232.
84. Valentin H.E., Stuart E.S., Fuller R.C., Lenz R.W., Dennis D. Investigation of the function of proteins associated to polyhydroxyalkanoate inclusions in Pseudomonas putida BMO1. J Biotechnol. 63:(2-3):1998;145-157.
85. Wieczorek R., Pries A., Steinbuchel A., Mayer F. Analysis of a 24-kilodalton protein associated with the polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granules in Alcaligenes eutrophus. J Bacteriol. 177:(9):1995;2425-2435.
86. Pieper-Furst U., Madkour M.H., Mayer F., Steinbuchel A. Identification of the region of a 14-kilodalton protein of Rhodococcus ruber that is responsible for the binding of this phasin to polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granules. J Bacteriol. 177:(9):1995;2513-2523.
87. Wieczorek R., Steinbuchel A., Schmidt B. Occurrence of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granule-associated proteins related to the Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 GA24 protein in other bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 135:(1):1996;23-30.
88. Hanley S.Z., Pappin D.J.C., Rahman D., White A.J., Elborough K.M., Slabas A.R. Re-evaluation of the primary structure of Ralstonia eutropha phasin and implications for polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granule binding. FEBS Lett. 447:1999;99-105.
89. Stuart E.S., Tehrani A., Valentin H.E., Dennis D., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C. Protein organization on the PHA inclusion cytoplasmic boundary. J Biotechnol. 64:(2-3):1998;137-144.
90. Jung Y.M., Park J.S., Lee Y.H. Metabolic engineering of Alcaligenes eutrophus through the transformation of cloned phbCAB genes for the investigation of the regulatory mechanism of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis. Enzyme Microbiol Technol. 26:2000;201-208.
91. Repaske R., Repaske A.C. Quantitative requirements for exponential growth of Alcaligenes eutrophus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 32:1976;585-591.
92. Ward A.C., Rowley B.I., Dawes E.A. Effect of nitrogen and oxygen limitation on poly-β-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in ammonium-grown Azotobacter beijerinckii. J Gen Microbiol. 102:1977;61-68.
93. Slepecky R.A., Law J.H. Synthesis and degradation of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in connection with sporulation of Bacillus megaterium. J Bacteriol. 82:1961;37-42.
94. Emeruwa A.C., Hawirko R.Z. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism during growth and sporulation of Clostridium botulinum. J Bacteriol. 116:1973;989-993.
95. Hrabak O. Industrial production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:1992;251-256.
96. Page W.J., Knosp O. Hyperproduction of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate during exponential growth of Azotobacter vinelandii UWD. Appl Environ Microbiol. 55:1989;1334-1339.
97. Lee S.Y., Choi J., Wong H.H. Recent advances in polyhydroxyalkanoate production by bacterial fermentation: mini review. Int J Biol Macromol. 25:(1-3):1999;31-36.
98. Senior P.J., Dawes E.A. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis and the regulation of glucose metabolism in Azotobacter beijerinckii. Biochem J. 125:1971;55-66.
99. Senior P.J., Dawes E.A. The regulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in Azotobacter beijerinckii. Biochem J. 134:1973;225-238.
100. McDermott T.R., Griffith S.M., Vance C.P., Graham P.H. Carbon metabolism in Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 63:1989;327-340.
101. Hängii U.J. Pilot scale production of PHB with Alcaligens latus. Dawes E.A. Novel biodegradable microbial polymers. 1990;60-65 Kluwer, Dordrecht.
102. Page W.J. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Azotobacter vinelandii UWD in beet molasses culture. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:1992;149-158.
103. Fukui T., Doi Y. Efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanates from plant oils by Alcaligenes eutrophus and its recombinant strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 49:1998;333-336.
104. Eggink G., van der Wal H., Huijberts G.N.M., de Waard P. Oleic acids as a substrate for poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate formation in Alcaligenes eutrophus and Pseudomonas putida. Ind Crops Prod. 1:1993;157-163.
105. Eggink G., de Waard P., Huijberts G.N.M. Formation of novel poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from long-chain fatty acids. Can J Microbiol (Suppl). 41:(1):1995;14-21.
106. Tan I.K.P., Sudesh Kumar K., Theanmalar M., Gan S.N., Gordon B. Saponified palm kernel oil and its major free fatty acids as carbon substrates for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in Pseudomonas putida PGA1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 47:1997;207-211.
107. Madison L.L., Huisman G.W. Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): from DNA to plastic. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 63:1999;21-53.
108. Moskowitz G.J., Merrick J.M. Metabolism of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. Enzymatic synthesis of D(-)-β-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A by an enoyl hydrase from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Biochemistry. 8:1969;2748-2755.
109. Fukui T., Shiomi N., Doi Y. Expression and characterization of (R)-specific enoyl coenzyme A hydratase involved in polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis by Aeromonas caviae. J Bacteriol. 180:(3):1998;667-673.
110. Linko S., Vaheri H., J S. Production poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on lactic acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 in a 3-1 bioreactor. Enzyme Microbiol Technol. 15:1993;401-406.
111. Akiyama M., Taima Y., Doi Y. Production of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) by a bacterium of the genus Alcaligenes utilizing long-chain fatty acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 37:1992;698-701.
112. Ishizaki A., Tanaka K. Production of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid from carbon dioxide by Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697. J Ferment Bioengng. 4:1991;254-257.
113. Doi Y., Segawa A., Kunioka M. Biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) produced from gamma-butyrolactone and butyric acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus. Polym Commun. 30:1989;169-171.
114. Doi Y., Segawa A., Kunioka M. Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in Alcaligenes eutrophus. Int J Biol Macromol. 12:(2):1990;106-111.
115. Brandl H., Gross R.A., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C. Pseudomonas oleovorans as a source of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) for potential applications as biodegradable polyesters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 54:1988;1977-1982.
116. Huisman G.W., de Leeuw O., Eggink G., Witholt B. Synthesis of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates is a common feature of fluorescent pseudomonads. Appl Environ Microbiol. 55:(8):1989;1949-1954.
117. Fukui T., Yokomizu S., Kobayashi S., Doi Y. Co-expression of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase and (R)-enoyl-CoA hydratase genes of Aeromonas caviae establishes copolyester biosynthesis pathway in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 170:1999;69-75.
118. Taguchi K., Aoyagi Y., Matsusaki H., Fukui T., Doi Y. Co-expression of 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase genes induces PHA production in Escherichia coli HB101 strain. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 176:1999;183-190.
119. Huijberts G.N., de Rijk T.C., de Waard P., Eggink G. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Pseudomonas putida fatty acid metabolic routes involved in poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis. J Bacteriol. 176:(6):1994;1661-1666.
120. Rehm B.H.A., Krüger N., Steinbüchel A. The new metabolic link between fatty acid de novo synthesis and polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthesis. J Biol Chem. 273:(37):1998;24,044-24,051.
121. Taguchi K., Aoyagi Y., Matsusaki H., Fukui T., Doi Y. Over-expression of 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III or malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase gene induces monomer supply for polyhydroxybutyrate production in Escherichia coli HB101. Biotechnol Lett. 21:(7):1999;579-584.
122. Fukui T., Kato M., Matsusaki H., Iwata T., Doi Y. Morphological and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance studies for polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis in Pseudomonas sp. 61-3. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 164:1998;219-225.
123. Timm A., Wiese S., Steinbuchel A. A general method for identification of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthase genes from pseudomonads belonging to the rRNA homology group I. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 40:1994;669-675.
124. Fritzsche K., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C. Production of unsaturated polyesters by Pseudomonas oleovorans. Int J Biol Macromol. 12:1990;85-91.
125. Fritzsche K., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C. Bacterial polyesters containing branched poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate) units. Int J Biol Macromol. 12:1990;92-101.
126. Kim Y.B., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C. Poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate) copolymers containing brominated repeating units produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans. Macromolecules. 25:1992;1852-1857.
127. Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C., Scholz C., Touraud F. Bacterial synthesis of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates with functionalized side-chains. Doi Y., Fukuda K. Biodegradable plastics and polymers. 1994;109-119 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
128. Valentin H.E., Steinbüchel A. Accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid-co-4-hydroxyvaleric acid) by mutants and recombinant strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus. J Environ Polym Degrad. 3:(3):1995;169-175.
129. Valentin H.E., Schönebaum A., Steinbüchel A. Identification of 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 4-hydroxyheptanoic acid and 4-hydroxyoctanoic acid as new constituents of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 46:1996;261-267.
130. Saito Y., Doi Y. Microbial synthesis and properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in Comamonas acidovorans. Int J Biol Macromol. 16:(2):1994;99-104.
131. Saito Y., Nakamura S., Hiramitsu M., Doi Y. Microbial synthesis and properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Polym Int. 39:(3):1996;169-174.
132. Valentin H.E., Zwingmann G., Schönebaum A., Steinbüchel A. Metabolic pathway for biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) from 4-hydroxybutyrate by Alcaligenes eutrophus. Eur J Biochem. 227:(1-2):1995;43-60.
133. Hiramitsu M., Doi Y. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by Alcaligenes latus. Biotechnol Lett. 15:1993;461-464.
134. Renner G., Pongratz K., Braunegg G. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by Comamonas testosteronii A3. Food Technol Biotechnol. 34:(2-3):1996;91-95.
135. Yoon S.C., Choi M.H. Local sequence dependence of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid degradation in Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;37,800-37,808.
136. Ballard D.G.H., Holmes P.A., Senior P.J. Formation of polymers of β-hydroxybutyric acid in bacterial cells and a comparison of the morphology of growth with the formation of polyethylene in the solid state. Fontanille M., Guyot A. Recent advances in mechanistic and synthetic aspects of polymerization. 1987;293-314 Kluwer, Reidel.
137. Wakil S.J. Fatty acid synthase, a proficient multifunctional enzyme. Biochemistry. 28:(11):1989;4523-4530.
138. Chang S.I., Hammes G.G. Structure and mechanism of action of a multifunctional enzyme: fatty acid synthase. Acc Chem Res. 23:1990;363-369.
139. Gerngross T.U., Martin D.P. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of poly[(R)-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: formation of macroscopic granules in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:(14):1995;6279-6283.
140. Su L., Lenz R.W., Takagi Y., Zhang S., Goodwin S., Zhong L., Martin D.P. Enzymatic polymerization of (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates by a bacterial polymerase. Macromolecules. 33:2000;229-231.
141. Wodzinska J., Snell K.D., Rhomberg A., Sinskey A.J., Biemann K., Stubbe J. Polyhydroxybutyrate synthase: evidence for covalent catalysis. J Am Chem Soc. 118:1996;6319-6320.
142. Anderson A.J., Williams D.R., Taidi B., Dawes E.A., Ewing D.F. Studies on copolyester synthesis by Rhodococcus ruber and factors influencing the molecular mass of polyhydroxybutyrate accumulated by Methylobacterium extorquens and Alcaligenes eutrophus. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:1992;93-102.
143. Sim S.J., Snell K.D., Hogan S.A., Stubbe J., Rha C., Sinskey A.J. PHA synthase activity controls the molecular weight and polydispersity of polyhydroxybutyrate in vivo. Nat Biotechnol. 15:1997;63-67.
144. Huisman G.W., Wonink E., de Koning G., Preusting H., Witholt B. Synthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) by mutant and recombinant Pseudomonas strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 38:1992;1-5.
145. Sudesh K., Fukui T., Taguchi K., Iwata T., Doi Y. Improved production of poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) by Comamonas acidovorans and its freeze-fracture morphology. Int J Biol Macromol. 25:1999;79-85.
146. Kichise T., Fukui T., Yoshida Y., Doi Y. Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by recombinant Ralstonia eutropha and effects of PHA synthase activity on vivo PHA biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol. 25:(1-3):1999;69-77.
147. Reusch R.N., Sadoff H.L. D-(-)-poly-β-hydroxybutyrate in membranes of genetically competent bacteria. J Bacteriol. 156:(2):1983;778-788.
148. Reusch R.N., Hiske T.W., Sadoff H.L. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate membrane structure and its relationship to genetic transformability in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 168:(2):1986;553-562.
149. Reusch R.N., Sadoff H.L. Putative structure and functions of a poly-β-hydroxybutyrate/calcium polyphosphate channel in bacterial plasma membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85:1988;4176-4180.
150. Reusch R.N. Low molecular weight complexed poly(3-hydroxybutyrate): a dynamic and versatile molecule in vivo. Can J Microbiol (Suppl). 41:(1):1995;50-54.
151. Huang R., Reusch R.N. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is associated with specific proteins in the cytoplasm and membranes of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 271:(36):1996;22,196-22,202.
152. Lee S.Y. E. coli moves into the plastic age. Nat Biotechnol. 15:(1):1997;17-18.
153. Slater S., Gallaher T., Dennis D. Production of poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain. Appl Environ Microbiol. 58:(4):1992;1089-1094.
154. Qi Q., Rehm B.H.A., Steinbüchel A. Synthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) in Escherichia coli expressing the PHA synthase gene phaC2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of PhaC1 and PhaC2. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 157:1997;155-162.
155. Langenbach S., Rehm B.H.A., Steinbüchel A. Functional expression of the PHA synthase gene phaC1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Escherichia coli results in poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 150:(2):1997;303-309.
156. Valentin H.E., Dennis D. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate in recombinant Escherichia coli grown on glucose. J Biotechnol. 58:1997;33-38.
157. Hein S., Söhling B., Gottschalk G., Steinbüchel A. Biosynthesis of poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) by recombinant strains of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 153:1997;411-418.
158. Pool R. In search of the plastic potato. Science. 245:1989;1187-1189.
159. Van der Leij F.R., Witholt B. Strategies for the sustainable production of new biodegradable polyesters in plants: a review. Can J Microbiol (Suppl). 41:(1):1995;222-238.
160. Nawrath C., Poirier Y., Somerville C. Targeting of the polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway to the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana results in high levels of polymer accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:(26):1994;12,760-12,764.
161. Maliyakal E.J., Keller G. Metabolic pathway engineering in cotton: biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate in fiber cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;12,768-12,773.
162. Mittendorf V., Robertson E.J., Leech R.M., Kruger N., Steinbuchel A., Poirier Y. Synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates in Arabidopsis thaliana using intermediates of peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:(23):1998;13,397-13,402.
163. Slater S., Mitsky T.A., Houmiel K.L., Hao M., Reiser S.E., Taylor N.B., Tran M., Valentin H.E., Rodriguez D.J., Stone D.A., Padgette S.R., Kishore G., Gruys K.J. Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis and Brassica for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer production. Nat Biotechnol. 17:1999;1011-1016.
164. Valentin H.E., Reiser S., Gruys K.J. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate formation from γ-aminobutyrate and glutamate. Biotechnol Bioengng. 67:(3):2000;291-299.
165. Poirier Y., Nawrath C., Somerville C. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of biodegradable plastics and elastomers, in bacteria and plants. Bio/Technology. 13:(2):1995;142-150.
166. Williams M.D., Rahn J.A., Sherman D.H. Production of a polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymer in insect cells with a modified eucaryotic fatty acid synthase. Appl Environ Microbiol. 62:(7):1996;2540-2546.
167. Leaf T.A., Peterson M.S., Stoup S.K., Somers D., Srienc F. Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing bacterial polyhydroxybutyrate synthase produces poly-3-hydroxybutyrate. Microbiology. 142:1996;1169-1180.
168. Kraak M.N., Kessler B., Witholt B. In vitro activities of granule-bound poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate] polymerase Cl of Pseudomonas oleovorans: development of an activity test for medium-chain-length-poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) polymerases. Eur J Biochem. 250:1997;432-439.
169. Williams M.D., Fieno A.M., Grant R.A., Sherman D.H. Expression and analysis of a bacterial poly(hydroxyalkanoate) synthase in insect cells using a baculovirus system. Protein Expr Purif. 7:(2):1996;203-211.
170. Jossek R., Steinbüchel A. In vitro synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by using an enzymatic coenzyme A recycling system. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 168:1998;319-324.
171. Jossek R., Reichelt R., Steinbüchel A. In vitro biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by using purified poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) synthase of Chromatium vinosum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 49:1998;258-266.
172. Stanier R.Y., Cohen-Bazire G. Phototrophic prokaryotes: the cyanobacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol. 31:1997;225-274.
173. Carr N.G. The occurence of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate in the blue-green alga, Chlorogloea fritschii. Biochim Biophys Acta. 120:1996;308-310.
174. Stal L.J. Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) in cyanobacteria: an overview. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:1992;169-180.
175. Miyake M., Kataoka K., Shirai M., Asada Y. Control of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate synthase mediated by acetyl phosphate in cyanobacteria. J Bacteriol. 179:(16):1997;5009-5013.
176. 2 by cyanobacteria. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi. 72:(4):1998;528-531. (in Japanese).
177. Patterson G.M.L. Biotechnological applications of cyanobacteria. J Sci Ind Res. 55:1996;669-684.
178. Allnutt F.C.T. Cyanobacterial (bluegreen algal) biotechnology: past, present and future. J Sci Ind Res. 55:1996;693-714.
179. Laborit H. Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. Int J Neuropharmacol. 43:1964;433-452.
180. Hunter A.S., Long W.J., Ryrie C.C. An evaluation of gamma hydroxybutyric acid in paediatric practice. Br J Anaesth. 43:1971;620-627.
181. Bessman S.P., Fishbein W.N. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a normal brain metabolite. Nature. 200:1963;1207-1208.
182. Mamelak M., Scharf M.B., Woods M. Treatment of narcolepsy with γ-hydroxybutyrate. A review of clinical and sleep laboratory findings. Sleep. 9:(1):1986;285-289.
183. Gamma hydroxybutyrate use. MMVR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 46:1997;281-283.
184. Gallimberti L., Ferri M., Ferrara S.D., Fadda F., Gessa G.L. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a double-blind study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 16:1992;673-676.
185. Addolorato G., Balducci G., Capristo E., Attilia M.L., Taggi F., Gasbarrini G., Ceccanti M. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized comparative study versus benzodiazepine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 23:(10):1999;1596-1604.
186. Gessa G.L., Vargiu L., Crabai F., Boero G.C., Caboni F., Camba R. Selective increase of brain dopamine induced by gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Life Sci. 5:1966;1921-1930.
187. Mamelak M, Gammahydroxybutyrate: an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1989;13:187-98.
188. Dean W., Morgenthaler J., Fowkes S.W. GHB: the natural mood enhancer. 1998;Smart, USA.
189. Vickers M.D. Gamma hydroxybutyric acid. Proc R Soc Med. 61:1968;821-823.
190. Klosa J. US Patent, 282, 419.
191. Cash D. Gammahydroxybutyrate: an overview of the pros and cons for it being a neurotransmitter and/or a useful therapeutic agent. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 18:(2):1994;291-304.
192. Gessa GL, Fadda F, Mormile di Campochiaro, C. US Patent 361, 490.
193. Conte U, La Manna A, Tessitore G. US Patent 278, 517.
194. Müller H.M., Seebach D. Poly(hydroxyalkanoates): a fifth class of physiologically important organic biopolymers? Angew Chem. 32:1993;477-502.
195. Nelson T., Kaufman E., Kline E., Sokoloff L. The extraneural distribution of gammahydroxybutyrate. J Neurochem. 37:1981;1345-1348.
196. Doi Y. US Patent, 230, 461.
197. Doi Y., Kanesawa Y., Kunioka M., Saito T. Biodegradation of microbial copolyesters: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxyvalerate). Macromolecules. 23:1990;26-31.
198. Mukai K., Doi Y., Sema Y., Tomita K. Substrate specificities in hydrolysis of polyhydroxyalkanoates by microbial esterases. Biotechnol Lett. 15:(6):1993;601-604.
199. Hasuo M., Noguchi H. Biseibutsu ga tsukuru polyester resin (Polyester resin produced by microorganisms). Ikada Y. Biodegradable polymers. 1994;135-149 Koubunshi Kankoukai, Kyoto. (in Japanese).
200. Doi Y., Mukai K., Kasuya K., Yamada K. Biodegradation of biosynthetic and chemosynthetic polyhydroxyalkanoates. Doi Y., Fukuda K. Biodegradable plastics and polymers. 1994;39-51 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
201. Holmes P.A. Bassett D.C. Biologically produced (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate polymers and copolymers. Developments in crystalline polymers. vol. 2:1998;1-65 Elsevier, London.
202. Amor S.R., Rayment T.M., Sanders J.K. Poly(hydroxybutyrate) in vivo: NMR and X-ray characterization of the elastomeric state. Macromolecules. 24:1991;4583-4588.
203. Okamura K., Marchessault R.H. Ramachandran G.M. X-ray structure of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. Conformation of biopolymers. vol. 2:1967;709-720 Academic Press, New York.
204. Yokouchi M., Chatani Y., Tadokoro H., Teranishi K., Tani H. Structural studies of polyesters: 5. Molecular and crystal structures of optically active racemic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Polymer. 14:1973;267-272.
205. Cornibert J., Marchessault R.H. Physical properties of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate IV. Conformational analysis and crystalline structure. J Mol Biol. 71:1972;735-756.
206. Brückner S., Meille S.V., Malpezzi L., Cesaro A., Navarini L., Tombolini R. The structure of poly(D-(-)-β-hydroxybutyrate). A refinement based on the Rietveld method. Macromolecules. 21:1988;967-972.
207. Lundgren D.G., Alper R., Schnaitman C., Marchessault R.H. Characterization of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate extrated from different bacteria. J Bacteriol. 89:1965;245-251.
208. Marchessault R.H., Coulombe S., Morikawa H., Okamura K., Revol J.-F. Solid-state properties of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and its oligomers. Can J Chem. 59:1981;38-44.
209. Barham P.J., Keller A., Otun E.L., Holmes P.J. Crystallization and morphology of a bacterial thermoplastic: poly-3-hydroxybutyrate. J Mater Sci. 19:1984;2781-2794.
210. Mitomo H., Barham P.J., Keller A. Crystallization and morphology of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymer. Polym J. 19:1987;1241-1253.
211. Marchessault R.H., Bluhm T.L., Deslandes Y., Hamer G.K., Orts W.J., Sundararejan P.R., Taylor M.G., Bloembergen S., Holden D.A. Poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates): biorefinery polymers in search of applications. Macromol Chem, Marcomol Symp. 19:1988;235-254.
212. Welland E.L., Stejny J., Hatler A., Keller A. Selective degradation of chain-folded single crystals of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Polym Commun. 30:1989;302-304.
213. Seebach D., Bürger H.M., Müller H.M., Lengweiler U.D., Beck A., Sykes K.E., Barker P.A., Barham P.J. Synthesis of linear oligomers of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate and solid-state structural investigations by electron microscopy and X-ray scattering. Helv Chem Acta. 77:1994;1099-1123.
214. Sykes K.E., McMaster T.J., Miles M.J., Barker P.A., Barham P.J., Seebach D., Müller H.M., Lengweiler U.D. Direct imaging of the surfaces of poly(β)hydroxybutyrate and hydroxybutyrate oligomers by atomic force microscopy. J Mater Sci. 30:1995;623-627.
215. Birley C., Briddon J., Sykes K.E., Barker P.A., Organ S.J., Barham P.J. Morphology of single crystals of poly(hydroxybutyrate) and copolymers of hydroxybutyrate and hydroxyvalerate. J Mater Sci. 30:1995;633-638.
216. Iwata T., Doi Y., Kasuya K., Inoue Y. Visualization of enzymatic degradation of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] single crystals by an extracellular PHB depolymerase. Macromolecules. 30:1997;833-839.
217. Iwata T., Doi Y., Tanaka T., Akehata T., Shiromo M., Teramachi S. Enzymic degradation and adsorption on poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] single crystals with two types of extracellular PHB depolymerase. Macromolecules. 30:1997;5290-5296.
218. Iwata T., Doi Y. Crystal structure and biodegradation of aliphatic polyester crystals. Macromol Chem Phys. 200:1999;2429-2442.
219. Barham P.J., Keller A. Relationship between microstructure and mode of fracture in polyhydroxybutyrate. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys Ed. 24:1986;69-77.
220. Martinez-Salazar J., Sanchez-Cuesta M., Barham P.J., Keller A. Thermal expansion and spherulite cracking in 3-hydroxybutyrate/3-hydroxyvalerate copolymer. J Mater Sci Lett. 8:1989;490-492.
221. Barham P.J., Barker P., Organ S.J. Physical properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate) and copolymers of hydroxybutyrate and hydroxyvalerate. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:1992;289-298.
222. De Koning G.J.M., Lemstra P.J. Crystallization phenomena in bacterial poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: 2. Embrittlement and rejuvenation. Polymer. 34:1993;4089-4094.
223. De Koning G.J.M., Scheeren A.H.C., Lemstra P.J., Peeters M., Reynaers H. Crystallization phenomena in bacterial poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: 3. Toughening via texture changes. Polymer. 35:1994;4598-4605.
224. Kusaka S., Iwata T., Doi Y. Microbial synthesis and properties of ultra-high-molecular-weight poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem A. 35:(2):1998;319-335.
225. Orts W.J., Marchessault R.H., Bluhm T.L. Thermodynamics of the melting point depression in poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) copolymers. Macromolecules. 24:1991;6435-6438.
226. Bluhm T.L., Hamer G.K., Marchessault R.H., Fyfe C.A., Veregin R.P. Isodimorphism in bacterial poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate). Macromolecules. 19:1986;2871-2876.
227. Kamiya N., Sakurai M., Inoue Y., R C. Isomorphic behaviour of random copolymers: thermodynamic analysis of cocrystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Macromolecules. 24:1991;3888-3892.
228. Bloembergen S., Holden D.A., Hamer G.K., Bluhm T.L., Marchessault R.H. Studies of composition and crystallinity of bacterial poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate). Macromolecules. 19:1986;2865-2870.
229. Barker P.A., Mason F., Barham P.J. Density and crystallinity of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate/3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymers. J Mater Sci. 25:1990;1952-1956.
230. 13C-NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Macromolecules. 24:1991;2178-2182.
231. Yoshie N., Sakurai M., Inoue Y., R C. Cocrystallization of isothermally crystallized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Macromolecules. 25:1992;2046-2048.
232. Sanchez-Cuesta M., Marthinez-Salazar J., Barker P.A., Barham P.J. Cocrystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). J Mater Sci. 27:1992;5335-5338.
233. 13C NMR determination of the degree of cocrystallization in random copolymers of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate). Macromolecules. 28:1995;6394-6400.
234. Nobes G.A.R., Marchessault R.H., Briese B.H., Jendrossek D. Microscopic visualization of the enzymic degradation of poly(3HB-co-3HV) and poly(3HV) single crystals by PHA depolymerases from Pseudomonas lemoignei. J Environ Polym Degrad. 6:1998;99-107.
235. Iwata T., Doi Y., Nakayama S., Sasatsuki H., Teramachi S. Structure and enzymatic degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) copolymer single crystals with an extracellular PHB depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1. Int J Biol Macromol. 25:(1-3):1999;169-176.
236. Doi Y., Kitamura S., Abe H. Microbial synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). Macromolecules. 28:1995;4822-4828.
237. Shimamura E., Scandola M., Doi Y. Microbial synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate). Macromolecules. 27:1994;4429-4435.
238. Doi Y., Abe H., Shimamura E., Hiramitsu M., Nakamura S. Salamone J.C. Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate]). Polymeric materials encyclopedia. vol. 6:1996;4304-4309 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
239. Ichikawa M., Nakamura K., Yoshie N., Asakawa N., Inoue Y., Doi Y. Morphological study of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate). Macromol Chem Phys. 197:1996;2467-2480.
240. Abe H., Doi Y., Aoki H., Akehata T. Solid-state structures and enzymatic degradabilities for melt-crystallized films of copolymers of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid with different hydroxyalkanoic acids. Macromolecules. 31:1998;1791-1797.
241. Abe H., Kikkawa Y., Aoki H., Akehata T., Iwata T., Doi Y. Crystallization behavior and thermal properties of melt-crystallized poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid] films. Int J Biol Macromol. 25:1999;177-183.
242. Kato M., Bao H.J., Kang C.K., Fukui T., Doi Y. Production of a novel copolyester of 3-hydroxybutyric acids and medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids by Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 from sugars. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 45:1996;363-370.
243. Avella M., Martuscelli E. Poly-D(-)-(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethyleneoxide) blends: phase diagram, thermal and crystallization behavior. Polymer. 29:1988;1731-1737.
244. Avella M., Martuscelli E., Greco P. Crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blends: phase structuring, morphology and thermal behavior. Polymer. 32:1991;1647-1653.
245. Kumagai Y., Doi Y. Enzymic degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based blends: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blend. Polym Degrad Stab. 35:1992;87-93.
246. Avella M., Martuscelli E., Ramio M. The fractionated crystallization phenomenon in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blends. Polymer. 34:1993;3234-3240.
247. Azuma Y., Yoshie N., Sakurai M., Inoue Y., R C. Thermal behavior and miscibility of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends. Polymer. 33:1992;4763-4767.
248. Yoshie N., Azuma Y., Sakurai M., Inoue Y. Crystallization and compatibility of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends: influence of blend composition and tacticity of poly(vinyl alcohol). J Appl Polym Sci. 56:1995;17-24.
249. Kumagai Y., Doi Y. Physical properties and biodegradability of blends of isotactic and atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Makromol Chem Rapid Commun. 13:1992;179-183.
250. Pearce R., Jesudason J., Orts W., Marchessault R.H. Blends of bacterial and synthetic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate): effect of tacticity on melting behavior. Polymer. 33:1992;4647-4649.
251. Abe H., Doi Y., Satkowski M.M., Noda I. Miscibility and morphology of blends of isotactic and atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Macromolecules. 27:1994;50-54.
252. Pearce R., Brown G.R., Marchessault R.H. Crystallization kinetics in blends of isotactic and atactic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Polymer. 35:1994;3984-3989.
253. Abe H., Matsubara I., Doi Y. Physical properties and enzymatic degradability of polymer blends of bacterial poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] and poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate) stereoisomers. Macromolecules. 28:1995;844-853.
254. Blümm E., Owen A.J. Miscibility, crystallization and melting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(L-lactide) blends. Polymer. 36:1995;4077-4081.
255. Koyama N., Doi Y. Miscibility of binary blends of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and poly[(S)-lactic acid]. Polymer. 38:1997;1589-1593.
256. Koyama N., Doi Y. Miscibility, thermal properties, and enzymatic degradability of binary blends of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] with poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide). Macromolecules. 29:1996;5843-5851.
257. He Y., Masuda T., Cao A., Yoshie N., Doi Y., Inoue Y. Thermal, crystallization, and biodegradation behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends with poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) and poly(butylene succinate-co-ε-caprolactone). Polym J. 31:1993;184-192.
258. Kumagai Y., Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation of binary blends of microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with enzymatically active polymers. Polym Degrad Stab. 37:1992;253-256.
259. Cao A., Asakawa N., Yoshie N., Inoue Y. Phase structure and biodegradation of the bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/chemosynthetic poly(3-hydroxypropionic acid) blend. Polym J. 30:1998;743-752.
260. Kumagai Y., Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation and morphologies of binary blends of microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(1,4-butylene adipate) and poly(vinyl acetate). Polym Degrad Stab. 36:1992;241-248.
261. Mergaert J., Webb A., Anderson C., Wouters A., Swings J. Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in soils. Appl Environ Microbiol. 59:1993;3233-3238.
262. Doi Y., Kanesawa Y., Tanahashi N., Kumagai Y. Biodegradation of microbial polyesters in the marine environment. Polym Degrad Stab. 36:1992;173-177.
263. Mergaert J., Wouters A., Anderson C., Swings J. In situ biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in natural waters. Can J Microbiol. 41:(1):1995;154-159.
264. Doi Y., Kasuya K., Abe H., Koyama N., Ishiwatari S., Takagi K., Yoshida Y. Evaluation of biodegradabilities of biosynthetic and chemosynthetic polyesters in river water. Polym Degrad Stab. 51:1996;281-286.
265. Doi Y., Abe H. Structural effects on biodegradation of aliphatic of aliphatic polyesters. Macromol Symp. 118:1997;725-731.
266. Kasuya K., Takagi K., Ishiwatari S., Yoshida Y., Doi Y. Biodegradabilities of various aliphatic polyesters in natural waters. Polym Degrad Stab. 59:1998;327-332.
267. Ohura T., Aoyagi Y., Takagi K., Yoshida Y., Kasuya K., Doi Y. Biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acids) fibers and isolation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-degrading microorganisms under aquatic environments. Polym Degrad Stab. 63:1999;23-29.
268. Delafield F.P., Doudroff M.M., Palleroni N.J., Lusty C.J., Contopoulos R. Decomposition of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by pseudomonads. J Bacteriol. 90:1965;1455-1466.
269. McLellan D.W., Molitoris H.P. Acid tolerant poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) hydrolases from moulds. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 52:1988;215-218.
270. Bructo C.L., Wong S.S. Extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Penicillium funiculosum: general characteristics and active site studies. Arch Biochem Biophys. 290:1991;497-502.
271. Matavulj M., Molitoris H.P. Fungal degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates and a semiquantitative assay for screening their degradation by terrestrial fungi. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 103:1992;323-331.
272. Jendrossek D., Müller B., Schlegel H.G. Cloning and characterization of the poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)-depolymerase gene locus, phaZl, of Pseudomonas lemoignei and its gene product. Eur J Biochem. 218:1993;701-710.
273. Mukai K., Yamada K., Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) by a marine bacterium. Polym Degrad Stab. 41:1993;85-91.
274. Kita K., Ishimaru K., Teraoka M., Yanase H., Kato N. Properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from a marine bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis AE122. Appl Environ Microbiol. 61:1995;1727-1730.
275. Mukai K., Yamada K., Doi Y. Efficient hydrolysis of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas stutzeri YM1414 isolated from lake water. Polym Degrad Stab. 43:1994;319-327.
276. Yamada K., Mukai K., Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) by Pseudomonas pickettii. Int J Biol Macromol. 15:1993;215-220.
277. Takeda M., Koizumi J., Yabe K., Adachi K. Thermostable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase of a thermophilic strain of Lepotrix sp isolated from a hot spring. J Ferment Bioengng. 85:1998;375-380.
278. Mergaert J., Anderson C., Wouters A., Swings J. Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in compost. J Environ Polym Degrad. 1:1994;177-183.
279. Tanio T., Fukui T., Shirakura Y., Saito T., Tomita K., Kaiho T., Masamune S. An extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis. Eur J Biochem. 124:1982;71-77.
280. Shirakura Y., Fukui T., Saito T., Okamoto Y., Narikawa T., Koide K., Tomita K., Takemasa T., Masamune S. Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1. Biochim Biophys Acta. 880:1986;46-53.
281. Jendrossek D., Knoke I., Habibian R.B., Steinbüchel A., Schlegel H.G. Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, by bacteria and purification of a novel PHB depolymerase from Comamonas sp. J Environ Polym Degrad. 1:1993;53-63.
282. Uefuji M., Kasuya K., Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: secretion and properties of PHB depolymerase from Pseudomonas stutzeri. Polym Degrad Stab. 58:1997;275-281.
283. Saito T., Suzuki K., Yamamoto J., Fukui T., Miwa K., Tomita K., Nakanishi S., Odani S., Suzuki J., Ishikawa K. Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis. J Bacteriol. 171:1989;184-189.
284. Briese B.H., Schmidt B., Jendrossek D. Pseudomonas lemoignei has five poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) (PHA) depolymerase genes: a comparative study of bacterial and eukaryotic PHA depolymerases. J Environ Polym Degrad. 2:1994;75-87.
285. Kurusu Y., Kohama K., Uchida Y., Saito T., Yukawa H. Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase gene from Pseudomonas pickettii. Doi Y., Fukuda K. Biodegradable plastics and polymers. 1994;357-361 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
286. Jendrossek D., Bachous M., Andermann M. Characterization of the extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase of Comamonas sp and its structural gene. Can J Microbiol. 41:(1):1995;160-169.
287. Jendrossek D., Frisse A., Behrends A., Andermann M., Kratzin H.D., Stanislawski T., Schlegel H.G. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the Pseudomonas lemoignei polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase system. J Bacteriol. 177:1995;596-607.
288. Klingbeil B., Kroppenstedt R., Jendrossek D. Taxonomical identification of Streptomyces exfoliatus K10 and characterization of its poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase gene. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 142:1996;215-221.
289. Kasuya K., Inoue Y., Tanaka T., Akehata T., Iwata T., Fukui T., Doi Y. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase of Comamonas acidovorans YM1609. Appl Environ Microbiol. 63:1997;4844-4852.
290. Kita K., Mashiba S., Nagita M., Ishimaru K., Okamoto K., Yanase H., Kato N. Cloning of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from a marine bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis AE122, and characterization of its gene product. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1352:1997;113-122.
291. Shinomiya M., Iwata T., Kasuya K., Doi Y. Cloning of the gene for poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) depolymerase of Comamonas testosteroni and functional analysis of its substrate-binding domain. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 154:(1):1997;89-94.
292. Gilkes N.R., Henrissat B., Kilburn D.G., Miller R.C.J., Warren R.A.J. Domains in microbial β-1,4-glycanases: sequence conservation, function, and enzyme families. Microbiol Rev. 55:1991;303-315.
293. Kellet L.E., Poole D.M., Ferreira L.M.A., Durrant A.J., Hazlewood G.P., Gilbert H.J. Xylanase B and an arabinofuranosidase from Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp cellulosa contain identical cellulose-binding domains and are encoded by adjacent genes. Biochem J. 272:1990;369-376.
294. Watanabe T., Suzuki K., Oyanagi W., Ohnishi K., Tanaka H. Gene cloning of chitinase A1 from Bacillus circulans WL-12 revealed its evolutionary relationship to Serratia chitinase and to the type III homology units of fibronectin. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;15,659-15,665.
295. Nojiri M., Saito T. Structure and function of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1. J Bacteriol. 179:1997;6965-6970.
296. Shinomiya M., Iwata T., Doi Y. The adsorption of substrate-binding domain of PHB depolymerases to the surface of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid). Int J Biol Macromol. 22:1998;129-135.
297. Jendrossek D., Schirmer A., Schlegel H.G. Biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 46:(5/6):1996;451-463.
298. Ohura T., Kasuya K., Doi Y. Cloning and charaterization of the polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase gene of Pseudomonas stutzeri and analysis of the function of substrate-binding domains. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65:1999;189-197.
299. Watanabe T., Oyanagi W., Suzuki K., Ohnishi K., Tanaka H. Structure of gene encoding chitinase D of Bacillus circulans WL-12 and possible homology of the enzyme to other prokaryotic chitinases and class III plant chitinase. J Bacteriol. 174:1992;408-414.
300. Bachmann B.M., Seebach D. Investigation of the enzymatic cleavage of diasteromeric oligo(3-hydroxybutanoates) containing two to eight HB units. Macromolecules. 32:1999;1777-1784.
301. Mukai K., Yamada K., Doi Y. Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous hydrolysis of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] film by PHA depolymerase. Int J Biol Macromol. 15:1993;361-366.
302. Kasuya K., Inoue Y., Yamada K., Doi Y. Kinetics of surface hydrolysis of poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate) film by PHB depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1. Polym Degrad Stab. 48:1995;167-174.
303. Timmins M.R., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C. Heterogeneous kinetics of the enzymatic degradation of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates). Polymer. 38:1997;551-562.
304. Kasuya K., Inoue Y., Doi Y. Adsorption kinetics of bacterial PHB depolymerase on the surface of polyhydroxyalkanoate films. Int J Biol Macromol. 19:1996;35-40.
305. Doi Y, Kumagai Y, Tanahashi N, Mukai K. Structural effects on the biodegradation of microbial and synthetic poly(hydroxyalkanoates). In: Vert M, et al., editors. Biodegradable polymers and plastics. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1992. p. 139-48.
306. Kemnitzer J.E., McCarthy S.P., Gross R.A. Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) stereoisomers: a model study of the effects of stereochemical and morphological variables on polymer biological degradability. Macromolecules. 25:1992;5927-5934.
307. Jesudason J.J., Marchessault R.H., Saito T. Enzymic degradation of poly([R,S] β-hydroxybutyrate). J Environ Polym Degrad. 1:1993;89-98.
308. Hocking P.J., Marchessault R.H. Syndiotactic poly[(R,S)-β-hydroxybutyrate] isolated from methylaluminoxane-catalyzed polymerization. Polym Bull. 30:1993;163-170.
309. Abe H., Matsubara I., Doi Y., Hori Y., Yamaguchi A. Physical properties and enzymatic degradability of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) stereoisomers with different stereoregularities. Macromolecules. 27:1994;6018-6025.
310. Hocking P.J., Timmins M.R., Scherer T.M., Fuller R.C., Lenz R.W., Marchessault R.H. Enzymic degradability of isotactic versus syndiotactic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Macromol Rapid Commun. 15:1994;447-452.
311. Hocking P.J., Timmins M.R., Scherer T.M., Fuller R.C., Lenz R.W., Marchessault R.H. Enzymic degradability of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) as a function of tacticity. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem A. 32:1995;889-894.
312. Timmins M.R., Lenz R.W., Hocking P.J., Marchessault R.H., Fuller R.C. Effect of tacticity on enzymic degradability of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Macromol Chem Phys. 197:1996;1193-1215.
313. Abe H., Doi Y. Enzymatic and environmental degradation of racemic poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)s with different stereoregularities. Macromolecules. 29:1996;8683-8688.
314. Kasuya K., Ohura T., Masuda K., Doi Y. Substrate and binding specificities of bacterial polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerases. Int J Biol Macromol. 24:1999;329-339.
315. Kanesawa Y., Tanahashi N., Doi Y., Saito T. Enzymic degradation of microbial poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates). Polym Degrad Stab. 45:1994;179-185.
316. Properties and enzymatic degradability of copolymers of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric and 6-hydroxyhexanoic acids. Macromolecules, 1995 (28):7630-7.
317. Abe H., Doi Y., Hori Y., Hagiwara T. Physical properties and enzymatic degradability of copolymers of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric and (S,S)-lactide. Polymer. 39:1997;59-67.
318. Abe H., Doi Y. Structural effects on enzymatic degradabilities for poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and its copolymers: mini-review. Int J Biol Macromol. 25:(1-3):1999;185-192.
319. Kumagai Y., Kanesawa Y., Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation of microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) films. Macromol Chem. 193:1992;53-57.
320. Tomasi G., Scandola M., Briese B.H., Jendrossek D. Enzymatic degradation of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by a depolymerase from Pseudomonas lemoignei. Macromolecules. 29:1996;507-513.
321. Koyama N., Doi Y. Effects of solid-state structures on the enzymatic degradability of bacterial poly(hydroxyalkanoic acids). Macromolecules. 30:1997;826-832.
322. Nobes G.A.R., Marchessault R.H., Chanzy H., Briese B.H., Jendrossek D. Splintering of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) single crystals by PHB-depolymerase A from Pseudomonas lemoignei. Macromolecules. 29:1996;8330-8333.
323. Hocking P.J., Marchessault R.H., Timmins M.R., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C. Enzymic degradation of single crystals of bacterial and synthetic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Macromolecules. 29:1996;2472-2478.
324. Hocking P.J., Revol J.-F., Marchessault R.H. Single crystals and crystalline morphology of synthetic racemic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Macromolecules. 29:1996;2467-2471.
325. Scandola M., Focarete M.L., Adamus G., Sikorska W., Baranowska I., Swieczek S., Gnatowski M., Kowalczuk M., Jedlinski Z. Polymer blends of natural poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and a synthetic atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate): characterization and biodegradation studies. Macromolecules. 30:1997;2568-2574.
326. Scandola M., Focarete M.L., Gazzano M., Matuszowicz A., Sikorska W., Adamus G., Kurcok P., Kowalczuk M., Jedlinski C. Crystallinity-induced biodegradation of novel [(R,S)-β-butyrolactone]-b-pivalactone copolymers. Macromolecules. 30:1997;7743-7748.
327. Focarete M.L., Ceccorulli G., Scandola M., Kowalczuk M. Further evidence of crystallinity-induced biodegradation of synthetic atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by PHB-depolymerase A from Pseudomonas lemoignei: blends of atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with crystalline polyesters. Macromolecules. 31:1998;8485-8492.
328. Byrom D. Miscellaneous biomaterials. Byrom D. Biomaterials. 1991;335-359 MacMillan, Basingstoke.
329. Byrom D. Industrial production of copolymer from Alcaligenes eutrophus. Dawes E.A. Novel biodegradable microbial polymers. 1990;113-117 Kluwer, Dordrecht.
330. Sodian R., Hoerstrup S.P., Sperling J.S., Martin D.P., Daebritz S., Mayer J.E.J., Vacanti J.P. Evaluation of biodegradable, three-dimensional matrices for tissue engineering of heart values. ASAIO J. 46:(1):2000;107-110.
331. Gross R.A., DeMello C., Lenz R.W., Brandl H., Fuller R.C. Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans. Macromolecules. 22:1989;1106-1115.
332. Brandrup J., Immergut E.H. Polymer handbook. 1975;Wiley, New York.