Role of diet in prostate cancer: The epigenetic link

Oncogene

Volumn 34, Issue 36, 2015, Pages 4683-4691

  Labbe D P ^a,b   Zadra, G ^a,c   Ebot, E M ^d   Mucci, L A ^c,d   Kantoff, P W ^a   Loda, M ^a,c   Brown, M ^a,b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER GROWTH; CARBON METABOLISM; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIET; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENETICS; FEEDING; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; ACETYLATION; DIET THERAPY; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETICS; HISTONE CODE; HUMAN GENOME; MALE; PATHOLOGY; PROSTATE TUMOR; RISK FACTOR;

ACETYLATION; DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; GENOME, HUMAN; HISTONE CODE; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84940960133     PISSN: 09509232     EISSN: 14765594     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.422     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014; 64: 9-29.
2. Malvezzi M, Bertuccio P, Levi F, La Vecchia C, Negri E. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2014. Ann Oncol 2014; 25: 1650-1656.
3. Moyer VA. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2012; 157: 120-134.
4. Jemal A, Center MM, DeSantis C, Ward EM. Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1893-1907.
5. Schaid DJ. The complex genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13: R103-R121.
6. Cao Y, Ma J. Body mass index, prostate cancer-specific mortality, and biochemical recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4: 486-501.
7. Shimizu H, Ross RK, Bernstein L, Yatani R, Henderson BE, Mack TM. Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County. Br J Cancer 1991; 63: 963-966.
8. Boyd LK, Mao X, Lu YJ. The complexity of prostate cancer: genomic alterations and heterogeneity. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9: 652-664.
9. Perry AS, Watson RW, Lawler M, Hollywood D. The epigenome as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7: 668-680.
10. Baylin SB, Ohm JE. Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer-a mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction? Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6: 107-116.
11. Feinberg AP, Ohlsson R, Henikoff S. The epigenetic progenitor origin of human cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2006; 7: 21-33.
12. Ornish D, Magbanua MJ, Weidner G, Weinberg V, Kemp C, Green C et al. Changes in prostate gene expression in men undergoing an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 8369-8374.
13. Rous P. The influence of diet on transplanted and spontaneous mouse tumors. J Exp Med 1914; 20: 433-451.
14. Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62: 30-67.
15. Kalaany NY, Sabatini DM. Tumours with PI3K activation are resistant to dietary restriction. Nature 2009; 458: 725-731.
16. WCRF/AICR. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Food Research: Washington, DC, USA 2007, p 517.
17. Etminan M, Takkouche B, Caamano-Isorna F. The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 340-345.
18. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1571-1578.
19. Hurst R, Hooper L, Norat T, Lau R, Aune D, Greenwood DC et al. Selenium and prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96: 111-122.
20. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 2009; 301: 39-51.
21. Chan JM, Gann PH, Giovannucci EL. Role of diet in prostate cancer development and progression. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 8152-8160.
22. Trottier G, Bostrom PJ, Lawrentschuk N, Fleshner NE. Nutraceuticals and prostate cancer prevention: a current review. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7: 21-30.
23. Wilson KM, Giovannucci EL, Mucci LA. Lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2012; 14: 365-374.
24. Gao X, LaValley MP, Tucker KL. Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1768-1777.
25. Tio M, Andrici J, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Folate intake and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2014; 17: 213-219.
26. Jackson MD, Tulloch-Reid MK, McFarlane-Anderson N, Watson A, Seers V, Bennett FI et al. Complex interaction between serum folate levels and genetic polymorphisms in folate pathway genes: biomarkers of prostate cancer aggressiveness. Genes Nutr 2013; 8: 199-207.
27. Irshad S, Abate-Shen C. Modeling prostate cancer in mice: something old, something new, something premalignant, something metastatic. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32: 109-122.
28. Venkateswaran V, Haddad AQ, Fleshner NE, Fan R, Sugar LM, Nam R et al. Association of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia with accelerated growth of prostate cancer (LNCaP) xenografts. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1793-1800.
29. Narita S, Tsuchiya N, Saito M, Inoue T, Kumazawa T, Yuasa T et al. Candidate genes involved in enhanced growth of human prostate cancer under high fat feeding identified by microarray analysis. Prostate 2008; 68: 321-335.
30. Kobayashi N, Barnard RJ, Said J, Hong-Gonzalez J, Corman DM, Ku M et al. Effect of low-fat diet on development of prostate cancer and Akt phosphorylation in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 3066-3073.
31. Blando J, Moore T, Hursting S, Jiang G, Saha A, Beltran L et al. Dietary energy balance modulates prostate cancer progression in Hi-Myc mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4: 2002-2014.
32. Huffman DM, Johnson MS, Watts A, Elgavish A, Eltoum IA, Nagy TR. Cancer progression in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate mouse is related to energy balance, body mass, and body composition, but not food intake. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 417-424.
33. Palmer J, Venkateswaran V, Fleshner NE, Klotz LH, Cox ME. The impact of diet and micronutrient supplements on the expression of neuroendocrine markers in murine Lady transgenic prostate. Prostate 2008; 68: 345-353.
34. Berquin IM, Min Y, Wu R, Wu J, Perry D, Cline JM et al. Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 1866-1875.
35. Yue S, Li J, Lee SY, Lee HJ, Shao T, Song B et al. Cholesteryl ester accumulation induced by PTEN loss and PI3K/AKT activation underlies human prostate cancer aggressiveness. Cell Metab 2014; 19: 393-406.
36. Saraon P, Trudel D, Kron K, Dmitromanolakis A, Trachtenberg J, Bapat B et al. Evaluation and prognostic significance of ACAT1 as a marker of prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2014; 74: 372-380.
37. Aronson WJ, Barnard RJ, Freedland SJ, Henning S, Elashoff D, Jardack PM et al. Growth inhibitory effect of low fat diet on prostate cancer cells: results of a prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial in men with prostate cancer. J Urol 2010; 183: 345-350.
38. Buschemeyer WC 3rd, Freedland SJ. Obesity and prostate cancer: epidemiology and clinical implications. Eur Urol 2007; 52: 331-343.
39. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Gann PH, Ma J, Wilkinson P et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 1998; 279: 563-566.
40. Severi G, Morris HA, MacInnis RJ, English DR, Tilley WD, Hopper JL et al. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I and binding protein-3 and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1137-1141.
41. Majeed N, Blouin MJ, Kaplan-Lefko PJ, Barry-Shaw J, Greenberg NM, Gaudreau P et al. A germ line mutation that delays prostate cancer progression and prolongs survival in a murine prostate cancer model. Oncogene 2005; 24: 4736-4740.
42. Wang Z, Prins GS, Coschigano KT, Kopchick JJ, Green JE, Ray VH et al. Disruption of growth hormone signaling retards early stages of prostate carcinogenesis in the C3(1)/T antigen mouse. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 5188-5196.
43. Anzo M, Cobb LJ, Hwang DL, Mehta H, Said JW, Yakar S et al. Targeted deletion of hepatic Igf1 in TRAMP mice leads to dramatic alterations in the circulating insulin-like growth factor axis but does not reduce tumor progression. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 3342-3349.
44. Sutherland BW, Knoblaugh SE, Kaplan-Lefko PJ, Wang F, Holzenberger M, Greenberg NM. Conditional deletion of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in prostate epithelium. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 3495-3504.
45. Nimptsch K, Platz EA, Pollak MN, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 is positively associated with low-grade prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study 1993-2004. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 660-667.
46. Ma J, Li H, Giovannucci E, Mucci L, Qiu W, Nguyen PL et al. Prediagnostic bodymass index, plasma C-peptide concentration, and prostate cancer-specific mortality in men with prostate cancer: a long-term survival analysis. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 1039-1047.
47. Pelton K, Freeman MR, Solomon KR. Cholesterol and prostate cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12: 751-759.
48. Venkateswaran V, Klotz LH. Diet and prostate cancer: mechanisms of action and implications for chemoprevention. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7: 442-453.
49. Timp W, Feinberg AP. Cancer as a dysregulated epigenome allowing cellular growth advantage at the expense of the host. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13: 497-510.
50. Baylin SB. DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2005; 2: S4-11.
51. Yegnasubramanian S, Haffner MC, Zhang Y, Gurel B, Cornish TC, Wu Z et al. DNA hypomethylation arises later in prostate cancer progression than CpG island hypermethylation and contributes to metastatic tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 8954-8967.
52. Santourlidis S, Florl A, Ackermann R, Wirtz HC, Schulz WA. High frequency of alterations in DNA methylation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Prostate 1999; 39: 166-174.
53. Schulz WA, Elo JP, Florl AR, Pennanen S, Santourlidis S, Engers R et al. Genomewide DNA hypomethylation is associated with alterations on chromosome 8 in prostate carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35: 58-65.
54. Eden A, Gaudet F, Waghmare A, Jaenisch R. Chromosomal instability and tumors promoted by DNA hypomethylation. Science 2003; 300: 455.
55. Pakneshan P, Xing RH, Rabbani SA. Methylation status of uPA promoter as a molecular mechanism regulating prostate cancer invasion and growth in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2003; 17: 1081-1088.
56. Shukeir N, Pakneshan P, Chen G, Szyf M, Rabbani SA. Alteration of the methylation status of tumor-promoting genes decreases prostate cancer cell invasiveness and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 9202-9210.
57. Ogishima T, Shiina H, Breault JE, Tabatabai L, Bassett WW, Enokida H et al. Increased heparanase expression is caused by promoter hypomethylation and up-regulation of transcriptional factor early growth response-1 in human prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 1028-1036.
58. Jeronimo C, Henrique R, Hoque MO, Mambo E, Ribeiro FR, Varzim G et al. A quantitative promoter methylation profile of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 8472-8478.
59. Perry AS, Loftus B, Moroose R, Lynch TH, Hollywood D, Watson RW et al. In silico mining identifies IGFBP3 as a novel target of methylation in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 1587-1594.
60. Brooks JD, Weinstein M, Lin X, Sun Y, Pin SS, Bova GS et al. CG island methylation changes near the GSTP1 gene in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 531-536.
61. Seligson DB, Horvath S, Shi T, Yu H, Tze S, Grunstein M et al. Global histone modification patterns predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence. Nature 2005; 435: 1262-1266.
62. Bianco-Miotto T, Chiam K, Buchanan G, Jindal S, Day TK, Thomas M et al. Global levels of specific histone modifications and an epigenetic gene signature predict prostate cancer progression and development. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2611-2622.
63. Ellinger J, Kahl P, von der Gathen J, Rogenhofer S, Heukamp LC, Gutgemann I et al. Global levels of histone modifications predict prostate cancer recurrence. Prostate 2010; 70: 61-69.
64. Bert SA, Robinson MD, Strbenac D, Statham AL, Song JZ, Hulf T et al. Regional activation of the cancer genome by long-range epigenetic remodeling. Cancer Cell 2013; 23: 9-22.
65. Berger MF, Lawrence MS, Demichelis F, Drier Y, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko AY et al. The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer. Nature 2011; 470: 214-220.
66. Bungard D, Fuerth BJ, Zeng PY, Faubert B, Maas NL, Viollet B et al. Signaling kinase AMPK activates stress-promoted transcription via histone H2B phosphorylation. Science 2010; 329: 1201-1205.
67. Fujiki R, Hashiba W, Sekine H, Yokoyama A, Chikanishi T, Ito S et al. GlcNAcylation of histone H2B facilitates its monoubiquitination. Nature 2011; 480: 557-560.
68. Rodgers JT, Lerin C, Haas W, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM, Puigserver P. Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1alpha and SIRT1. Nature 2005; 434: 113-118.
69. Chen D, Bruno J, Easlon E, Lin SJ, Cheng HL, Alt FW et al. Tissue-specific regulation of SIRT1 by calorie restriction. Genes Dev 2008; 22: 1753-1757.
70. Canto C, Houtkooper RH, Pirinen E, Youn DY, Oosterveer MH, Cen Y et al. The NAD(+) precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity. Cell Metab 2012; 15: 838-847.
71. McDunn JE, Li Z, Adam KP, Neri BP, Wolfert RL, Milburn MV et al. Metabolomic signatures of aggressive prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73: 1547-1560.
72. Tsukada Y, Fang J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Warren ME, Borchers CH, Tempst P et al. Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins. Nature 2006; 439: 811-816.
73. Ito S, Shen L, Dai Q, Wu SC, Collins LB, Swenberg JA et al. Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science 2011; 333: 1300-1303.
74. Lu C, Thompson CB. Metabolic regulation of epigenetics. Cell Metab 2012; 16: 9-17.
75. Greer EL, Shi Y. Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance. Nat Rev Genet 2012; 13: 343-357.
76. Kaelin WG Jr, McKnight SL. Influence of metabolism on epigenetics and disease. Cell 2013; 153: 56-69.
77. Locasale JW. Serine, glycine and one-carbon units: cancer metabolism in full circle. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13: 572-583.
78. Poirier LA, Wise CK, Delongchamp RR, Sinha R. Blood determinations of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and homocysteine: correlations with diet. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 649-655.
79. Osterhues A, Ali NS, Michels KB. The role of folic acid fortification in neural tube defects: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53: 1180-1190.
80. Farber S, Diamond LK. Temporary remissions in acute leukemia in children produced by folic acid antagonist, 4-aminopteroyl-glutamic acid. N Engl J Med 1948; 238: 787-793.
81. Duhl DM, Vrieling H, Miller KA, Wolff GL, Barsh GS. Neomorphic agouti mutations in obese yellow mice. Nat Genet 1994; 8: 59-65.
82. Wolff GL, Roberts DW, Mountjoy KG. Physiological consequences of ectopic agouti gene expression: the yellow obese mouse syndrome. Physiol Genomics 1999; 1: 151-163.
83. Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF, Johnstone SE, Levine SS, Zucker JP et al. Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 2005; 122: 947-956.
84. Wolff GL, Kodell RL, Moore SR, Cooney CA. Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in Avy/a mice. FASEB J 1998; 12: 949-957.
85. Cooney CA, Dave AA, Wolff GL. Maternal methyl supplements in mice affect epigenetic variation and DNA methylation of offspring. J Nutr 2002; 132: 2393S-2400S.
86. Waterland RA, Jirtle RL. Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 5293-5300.
87. Waterland RA, Travisano M, Tahiliani KG. Diet-induced hypermethylation at agouti viable yellow is not inherited transgenerationally through the female. FASEB J 2007; 21: 3380-3385.
88. Dolinoy DC, Huang D, Jirtle RL. Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 13056-13061.
89. Sinclair KD, Allegrucci C, Singh R, Gardner DS, Sebastian S, Bispham J et al. DNA methylation, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in offspring determined by maternal periconceptional B vitamin and methionine status. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 19351-19356.
90. Heijmans BT, Tobi EW, Stein AD, Putter H, Blauw GJ, Susser ES et al. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 17046-17049.
91. Jarrard DF, Bussemakers MJ, Bova GS, Isaacs WB. Regional loss of imprinting of the insulin-like growth factor II gene occurs in human prostate tissues. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1471-1478.
92. Bhusari S, Yang B, Kueck J, Huang W, Jarrard DF. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) loss of imprinting marks a field defect within human prostates containing cancer. Prostate 2011; 71: 1621-1630.
93. Kouzarides T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 2007; 128: 693-705.
94. Xu W, Li Y, Liu C, Zhao S. Protein lysine acetylation guards metabolic homeostasis to fight against cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33: 2279-2285.
95. Zhao S, Xu W, Jiang W, Yu W, Lin Y, Zhang T et al. Regulation of cellular metabolism by protein lysine acetylation. Science 2010; 327: 1000-1004.
96. Wellen KE, Hatzivassiliou G, Sachdeva UM, Bui TV, Cross JR, Thompson CB. ATP-citrate lyase links cellular metabolism to histone acetylation. Science 2009; 324: 1076-1080.
97. Hallows WC, Lee S, Denu JM. Sirtuins deacetylate and activate mammalian acetyl-CoA synthetases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 10230-10235.
98. Cai L, Sutter BM, Li B, Tu BP. Acetyl-CoA induces cell growth and proliferation by promoting the acetylation of histones at growth genes. Mol Cell 2011; 42: 426-437.
99. Galdieri L, Vancura A. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulates global histone acetylation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287: 23865-23876.
100. Dang CV. MYC on the path to cancer. Cell 2012; 149: 22-35.
101. Dang CV. Rethinking the Warburg effect with Myc micromanaging glutamine metabolism. Cancer Res 2010; 70: 859-862.
102. Morrish F, Noonan J, Perez-Olsen C, Gafken PR, Fitzgibbon M, Kelleher J et al. Myc-dependent mitochondrial generation of acetyl-CoA contributes to fatty acid biosynthesis and histone acetylation during cell cycle entry. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 36267-36274.
103. Knoepfler PS, Zhang XY, Cheng PF, Gafken PR, McMahon SB, Eisenman RN. Myc influences global chromatin structure. EMBO J 2006; 25: 2723-2734.
104. Ji H, Wu G, Zhan X, Nolan A, Koh C, De Marzo A et al. Cell-type independent MYC target genes reveal a primordial signature involved in biomass accumulation. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e26057.
105. Supic G, Jagodic M, Magic Z. Epigenetics: a new link between nutrition and cancer. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65: 781-792.
106. Vardi A, Bosviel R, Rabiau N, Adjakly M, Satih S, Dechelotte P et al. Soy phytoestrogens modify DNA methylation of GSTP1, RASSF1A, EPH2 and BRCA1 promoter in prostate cancer cells. In Vivo 2010; 24: 393-400.
107. Kikuno N, Shiina H, Urakami S, Kawamoto K, Hirata H, Tanaka Y et al. Genistein mediated histone acetylation and demethylation activates tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 552-560.
108. Majid S, Kikuno N, Nelles J, Noonan E, Tanaka Y, Kawamoto K et al. Genistein induces the p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4a tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer cells by epigenetic mechanisms involving active chromatin modification. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 2736-2744.
109. Pandey M, Kaur P, Shukla S, Abbas A, Fu P, Gupta S. Plant flavone apigenin inhibits HDAC and remodels chromatin to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo study. Mol Carcinog 2012; 51: 952-962.
110. Ellwood-Yen K, Graeber TG, Wongvipat J, Iruela-Arispe ML, Zhang J, Matusik R et al. Myc-driven murine prostate cancer shares molecular features with human prostate tumors. Cancer Cell 2003; 4: 223-238.
111. Gurel B, Iwata T, Koh CM, Jenkins RB, Lan F, Van Dang C et al. Nuclear MYC protein overexpression is an early alteration in human prostate carcinogenesis. Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 1156-1167.
112. Shabbeer S, Williams SA, Simons BW, Herman JG, Carducci MA. Progression of prostate carcinogenesis and dietary methyl donors: temporal dependence. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5: 229-239.
113. Greenberg NM, DeMayo F, Finegold MJ, Medina D, Tilley WD, Aspinall JO et al. Prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 3439-3443.
114. Bistulfi G, Foster BA, Karasik E, Gillard B, Miecznikowski J, Dhiman VK et al. Dietary folate deficiency blocks prostate cancer progression in the TRAMP model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4: 1825-1834.
115. Pegg AE, Lockwood DH, Williams-Ashman HG. Concentrations of putrescine and polyamines and their enzymic synthesis during androgen-induced prostatic growth. Biochem J 1970; 117: 17-31.
116. Dobosy JR, Fu VX, Desotelle JA, Srinivasan R, Kenowski ML, Almassi N et al. A methyl-deficient diet modifies histone methylation and alters Igf2 and H19 repression in the prostate. Prostate 2008; 68: 1187-1195.
117. Rycyna KJ, Bacich DJ, O'Keefe DS. Opposing roles of folate in prostate cancer. Urology 2013; 82: 1197-1203.
118. James SJ, Miller BJ, Basnakian AG, Pogribny IP, Pogribna M, Muskhelishvili L. Apoptosis and proliferation under conditions of deoxynucleotide pool imbalance in liver of folate/methyl deficient rats. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 287-293.
119. Knock E, Deng L, Wu Q, Leclerc D, Wang XL, Rozen R. Low dietary folate initiates intestinal tumors in mice, with altered expression of G2-M checkpoint regulators polo-like kinase 1 and cell division cycle 25c. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 10349-10356.
120. Llaverias G, Danilo C, Wang Y, Witkiewicz AK, Daumer K, Lisanti MP et al. A Western-type diet accelerates tumor progression in an autochthonous mouse model of prostate cancer. Am J Pathol 2010; 177: 3180-3191.
121. Pommier AJ, Dufour J, Alves G, Viennois E, De Boussac H, Trousson A et al. Liver x receptors protect from development of prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia in mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9: e1003483.
122. Varambally S, Dhanasekaran SM, Zhou M, Barrette TR, Kumar-Sinha C, Sanda MG et al. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature 2002; 419: 624-629.
123. Taylor BS, Schultz N, Hieronymus H, Gopalan A, Xiao Y, Carver BS et al. Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 2010; 18: 11-22.
124. Yu YP, Landsittel D, Jing L, Nelson J, Ren B, Liu L et al. Gene expression alterations in prostate cancer predicting tumor aggression and preceding development of malignancy. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2790-2799.
125. Zadra G, Photopoulos C, Loda M. The fat side of prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1831: 1518-1532.
126. Zadra G, Photopoulos C, Tyekucheva S, Heidari P, Weng QP, Fedele G et al. A novel direct activator of AMPK inhibits prostate cancer growth by blocking lipogenesis. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6: 519-538.
127. Kee K, Foster BA, Merali S, Kramer DL, Hensen ML, Diegelman P et al. Activated polyamine catabolism depletes acetyl-CoA pools and suppresses prostate tumor growth in TRAMP mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 40076-40083.
128. Wellen KE, Thompson CB. A two-way street: reciprocal regulation of metabolism and signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13: 270-276.
129. Priolo C, Pyne S, Rose J, Regan ER, Zadra G, Photopoulos C et al. AKT1 and MYC Induce Distinctive Metabolic Fingerprints in Human Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res (e-pub ahead of print 16 October 2014; doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1490).
130. Valdes-Mora F, Clark SJ. Prostate cancer epigenetic biomarkers: next-generation technologies. Oncogene 2015; 34: 1609-1618.
131. Dawson MA, Kouzarides T. Cancer epigenetics: from mechanism to therapy. Cell 2012; 150: 12-27.