Pipeline failures in corrosive environments - A conceptual analysis of trends and effects

Engineering Failure Analysis

Volumn 53, Issue , 2015, Pages 36-58

  Ossai, Chinedu I ^a   Boswell, Brian ^a   Davies, Ian J ^a  

^a CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Corrosive environment; Failure pressure; Fatigue stress failure; Pipeline integrity; Stress corrosion cracking

Indexed keywords

CORROSION FATIGUE; CRACKS; NATURAL GAS TRANSPORTATION; PIPELINES; RESIDUAL STRESSES; STRESS ANALYSIS; STRESS CORROSION CRACKING;

CORROSION-FATIGUE FAILURES; CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT; FAILURE PRESSURE; FATIGUE STRESS; HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING; OIL AND GAS TRANSMISSION; PIPELINE INTEGRITY; POLICY IMPLEMENTATIONS;

CORROSION;

EID: 84930227248     PISSN: 13506307     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.03.004     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. US DOT. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration [access 07.02.15]. https://hip.phmsa.dot.gov/analyticsSOAP/saw.dll?Portalpages.
2. [assessed 07.02.15]. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28594693.
3. [assessed 07.02.15]. http://www.iab-atex.nl/publicaties/database/Ghislenghien%20Dossier.pdf.
4. Singh M., Markeset T. Simultaneous handling of variability and uncertainty in probabilistic and possibilistic failure analysis of corroded pipes. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management 2014, 5:43-54.
5. Pilkey A.K., Lamberf S.B., Plumtree A. Stress corrosion cracking of X-60 line pipe steel in a carbonate-bicarbonate solution. Corros Sci 1995, 51(2):91-96.
6. Fekete G., Varga L. The effect of the width to length ratios of corrosion defects on the burst pressures of transmission pipelines. Eng Fail Anal 2012, 21:21-30.
7. Ossai CI. Advances in asset management techniques: an overview of corrosion mechanisms and mitigation strategies for oil and gas pipelines. ISRN Corrosion, vol. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/570143, Article ID 570143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/570143.
8. Meresht E.S., Farahani T.S., Neshati J. Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking occurred in a gas transmission steel pipeline. Eng Fail Anal 2011, 18:963-970.
9. Hong H.P. Inspection and maintenance planning of pipeline under external corrosion considering generation of new defects. Struct Saf 1999, 21:203-222.
10. Sinha S.K., McKim R.A. Probabilistic based integrated pipeline management system. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2007, 22:543-552.
11. Pandey M.D. Probabilistic models for condition assessment of oil and gas pipelines. NDT&E Int 1998, 31(5):349-358.
12. Breton T., Sanchez-Gheno J.C., Alamillac J.L., Alvarez-Ramirez J. Identification of failure type in corroded pipelines: a Bayesian probabilistic approach. J Hazard Mater 2010, 179:628-634.
13. Cumber P.S. Predicting outflow from high pressure vessels. Process Saf Environ Prot 2001, 79:13-22.
14. Wang N., Zarghamee M. Evaluating fitness-for-service of corroded metal pipelines: structural reliability bases. J Pipeline Syst Eng Pract 2014, 5:04013012.
15. Elliott P. Corrosion-when you see the signs, which way do you go. Mater Perform NACE Int 2013, 52(6):30-34.
16. Hays GF. Now is the time; 2010 [assessed 30.06.14]. http://corrosion.org/wp-content/themes/twentyten/images/nowisthetime.pdf.
17. Miller R. Why pipes matter: the importance of clad pipes in the oil and gas industry; 2013 [assessed 01.07.14]. http://breakingenergy.com/2013/03/15/why-pipes-matter-the-importance-of-clad-pipe-in-the-oil-and-gas/.
18. Bhaskaran R, Palaniswamy N, Rengaswamy NS, Jayachandran M. Global cost of corrosion-a historical review. ASM Handbook, vol. 13B: Corrosion: Materials. In: Cramer SD, Covino BS, Jr, editors; 2005, p. 621-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/asmhba0003968. doi:10.1361/asmhba0003968.
19. Yardeni E, Johnson D, Quintana M. Global economic briefing: global inflation; 2014 [assessed 01.07.14]. http://www.yardeni.com/pub/infltrglb_bb.pdf.
20. Lieser MJ, Xu J. Composites and the future of society: preventing a legacy of costly corrosion with modern materials; 2010 [assessed 01.07.14]. http://www.ocvreinforcements.com/pdf/library/CSB_Corrosion_White_Paper_Sept_10_10_English.pdf.
21. CAPP. Best management practices: mitigation of internal corrosion in oil effluent pipeline systems, 2009. Calgary Canada; 2009 [accessed 19.06.14]. http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?DocId=155641%26DT=PDF.
22. Review of corrosion management for offshore oil and gas processing. HSE offshore technology report 2001/044; 2001 [accessed 22.06.14]. http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/otopdf/2001/oto01044.pdf.
23. Alberta Energy regulator (AER). Report 2013 - B: pipeline performance in Alberta, 1990-2012; 2013 [accessed 17.09.13]. http://www.aer.ca/documents/reports/R2013-B.pdf.
24. Brown G.K. Appendix - internal corrosion monitoring techniques for pipeline systems. Pipeline integrity handbook 2014, 255-292. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston. R. Singh (Ed.).
25. Fang H., Brown B., Nescaronicacute S. Effects of sodium chloride concentration on mild steel corrosion in slightly sour environments. Corrosion 2011, 67(1).
26. Nesic S. Key issues related to modelling of internal corrosion of oil and gas pipelines - a review. Corros Sci 2007, 49:4308-4338.
27. Singer .M., Brown B., Camacho A., Nesic S. Combined effect of carbon dioxide hydrogen sulfide and acetic acid on bottom-of-the-line corrosion. Corrosion 2011, 67(1).
28. 2. Int J Miner Metall Mater 2014, 21:388-394.
29. 2. Electrochim Acta 2008, 53(10):3690.
30. 2S corrosion study of 304L and 316L stainless steels in acidic media. Corros Sci 2011, 53(1):399.
31. Khaksarfard R, Paraschivoiu M, Zhu Z, Tajallipour N, Teevens PJ. CFD based analysis of multiphase flows in bends of large diameter pipelines. CORROSION/2013; 2013.
32. Nesic S, Cai J, Lee KJ. A multiphase flow and internal corrosion prediction model for mild steel pipelines. Corrosion/2005. Paper No 05556; 2005.
33. Guo B, Song S, Ghalambor A. Lin TR. Chapter 10 - introduction to flexible pipelines. Offshore pipelines. 2nd ed. Boston: Gulf Professional Publishing; 2014. p. 125-32. Offshore Pipelines, 2nd ed. ISBN 9780123979490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397949-0.00010-8. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397949-0.00010-8.
34. Velazquez J.C., Valor A., Caleyo F., Venegas V., Espina-Hernandez J.H., Hallen J.M., et al. Pitting corrosion models improve integrity management reliability. Oil Gas J 2009, 107(28):56-62. www.scopus.com [accessed 28.04.14].
35. Caleyo F., González J.L., Hallen J.M. A study on the reliability assessment methodology for pipelines with active corrosion defects. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2002, 79(1):77-86.
36. Ahammed M. Probabilistic estimation of remaining life of a pipeline in the presence of active corrosion defects. Int J Press Vessels Pip 1998, 75(4):321-329.
37. Brazan F.A.V., Beck A.T. Stochastic process corrosion growth models for pipeline reliability. Corros Sci 2013, 74:50-58.
38. Bedairi B., Cronin D., Hosseini A., Plumtree A. Failure prediction for crack-in-corrosion defects in natural gas transmission pipelines. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2012, 96-97:90-99.
39. Hernandez-Rodriguez M.A.L., Martínez-Delgado D., González R., Pérez Unzueta A., Mercado-Solís R.D., Rodríguez J. Corrosive wear failure analysis in a natural gas pipeline. Wear 2007, 263:567-571.
40. Ilman M.N., Kusmono Analysis of internal corrosion in subsea oil pipeline. Case Stud Eng Fail Anal 2014, 2:1-8.
41. Biomorgi J., Hernández S., Marín J., Rodriguez E., Lara M., Viloria A. Internal corrosion studies in hydrocarbons production pipelines located at venezuelan northeastern. Chem Eng Res Des 2012, 90:1159-1167.
42. Papavinasam S., Doiron A., Revie R.W. Model to predict internal pitting corrosion of oil and gas pipelines. Corrosion 2010, 66(3):E1-E11.
43. Mazumder Q.H., Shirazi S.A., McLaury B. Experimental investigation of the location of maximum erosive wear damage in elbows. J Pressure Vessel Technol 2008, 130. 011303-03.
44. Zhang T., Yang Y., Shao Y., Meng G., Wang F. A stochastic analysis of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the pit corrosion of Fe-20Cr alloy. Electrochim Acta 2009, 54:3915-3922.
45. Papavinasam S., Doiron A., Panneerselvam T., Revie R.W. Effect of hydrocarbons on the internal corrosion of oil and gas pipelines. Corrosion 2007, 63(7):704-712. http://search.proquest.com/docview/223119315 [accessed 12.12.13].
46. Park NG, Morello L, Wong JE, Maksoud SA. The effect of oxygenated methanol on corrosion of carbon steel in sour wet gas environments. CORROSION/2007. Paper no. 07663 NACE; 2007.
47. Wang H, Jepson PW, Cai JY, Gopal M. Effect of bubbles on mass transfer in multiphase flow. In: NACE int. conference series, corrosion/2000, paper no. 00050; 2000.
48. 2 transport in CCS: Is it a real problem?. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2011, 5:749-756.
49. Choi H., Al-Ajwad H. Flow dependency of sweet and sour corrosion of L-80 carbon steel downhole production tubing in Khuff gas wells 2007, Saudi Aramco journal of technology, Spring.
50. Ferris F.G., Jack T.R., Bramhill B.J. Corrosion products associated with attached bacteria at an oil field water injection plant. Can J Microbiol 1992, 38:1320-1324.
51. Popoola L.T., Grema A.S., Latinwo G.K., Gutti B., Balogun A.S. Corrosion problems during oil and gas production and its mitigation. Int J Ind Chem 2013, 4:35.
52. Beidokhti B., Dolati A., Koukabi A.H. Effects of alloying elements and microstructure on the susceptibility of the welded HSLA steel to hydrogen-induced cracking and sulfide stress cracking. Mater Sci Eng A 2009, 507:167-173.
53. Martínez D., Gonzalez R., Montemayor K., Juarez-Hernandez A., Fajardo G., Hernandez-Rodriguez M.A.L. Amine type inhibitor effect on corrosion-erosion wear in oil gas pipes. Wear 2009, 267:255-258.
54. Kapusta S. Managing corrosion in sour gas system: testing, design, implementation and field experience. CORROSION/2008, paper no. 08641. NACE; 2008.
55. 2 and temperature on sour corrosion. Corrosion 2012, 68(7):662-671.
56. Muthukumar N., Rajasekar A., Ponmariappan S., Mohanan S., Maruthamuthu S., Muralidharan S., et al. Microbiologically influenced corrosion in petroleum product pipelines - a review. Indian J Exp Biol 2003, 41:1012-1022.
57. Chandrasatheesh C., Jayapriya J., George R.P., Kamachi Mudali U. Detection and analysis of microbiologically influenced corrosion of 316 L stainless steel with electrochemical noise technique. Eng Fail Anal 2014, 42:133-142.
58. Chen Y., Howdyshell R., Howdyshell S., Ju L. Characterizing pitting corrosion caused by a long-term starving sulfate-reducing bacterium surviving on carbon steel and effects of surface roughness. Corrosion 2014, 70(8):767-780.
59. Melchers R.E. Extreme value statistics and long-term marine pitting corrosion of steel. Probabilist Eng Mech 2008, 23(4):482-488. ISSN 0266-8920. 10.1016/j.probengmech.2007.09.003.
60. Sana N.O., Nazi{dotless}rb H., Donmezc G. Microbiologically influenced corrosion failure analysis of nickel-copper alloy coatings by Aeromonas salmonicida and Delftia acidovorans bacterium isolated from pipe system. Eng Fail Anal 2012, 25:63-70.
61. Machuca L.L., Murray L., Gubner R., Bailey S.I. Evaluation of the effects of seawater ingress into 316L lined pipes on corrosion performance. Mater Corros 2014, 65:8-17.
62. Raman R.K.S., Javaherdashti R., Panter C., Pereloma E.V. Hydrogen embrittlement of a low carbon steel during slow strain testing in chloride solutions containing sulphate reducing bacteria. Mater Sci Technol 2005, 21(9):1094-1098.
63. Javaherdashti R. Impact of sulphate-reducing bacteria on the performance of engineering materials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011, 91(6):507-1517. http://search.proquest.com.
64. Wen J, Gu T, Nesic S. Investigation of the effects of fluid flow on SRB biofilm. In: NACE Int. conference series, corrosion/2007, paper no. 07516; 2007.
65. Maruthamuthu S., Muthukumar N., Natesan M., Palaniswamy N. Role of air microbes on atmospheric corrosion. Corros Sci 2008, 94(3):359-363.
66. Gieg L.M., Jack T.R., Foght J.M. Biological souring and mitigation in oil reservoirs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011, 92(2):263-282. 10.1007/s00253-011-3542-6.
67. Lee H., Choi J., Lee B., Kim T. Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking in aircraft bolts. Eng Fail Anal 2007, 14:209-217.
68. Gamboa E., Linton V., Law M. Fatigue of stress corrosion cracks in X65 pipeline steels. Int J Fatigue 2008, 30:850-860.
69. Contreras A., Albiter A., Salazar M., Pérez R. Slow strain rate corrosion and fracture characteristics of X-52 and X-70 pipeline steels. Mater Sci Eng, A 2005, 407:45-52.
70. Ahmed T.M., Lambert S.B., Sutherby R., Plumtree A. Cyclic crack growth rates of X-60 pipeline steel in a neutral dilute solution. Corrosion (NACE) 1997, 53(7):581-590.
71. Eliaz N., Shachar A., Tal B., Eliezer D. Characteristics of hydrogen embrittlement. Stress Corros Crack Tempered Martensite Embrittlement High-Strength Steels Eng Fail Anal 2002, 9:167-184.
72. Fazzini P.G., Otegui J.L. Experimental determination of stress corrosion crack rates and service lives in a buried ERW pipeline. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2007, 84:739-748.
73. Jiang X.-C., Staehle R.W. Effects of stress and temperature on stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels in concentrated magnesium chloride solutions. Corrosion 1997, 53(6):448-466.
74. Alizadeh A.H., Khishvand M., Ioannidis M.A., Piri M. Multi-scale experimental study of carbonated water injection: an effective process for mobilization and recovery of trapped oil. Fuel 2014, 132:219-235.
75. Azevedo C.R.F. Failure analysis of a crude oil pipeline. Eng Fail Anal 2007, 14:978-994.
76. Waanders F.B., Vorster S.W. Corrosion products formed on mild steel samples submerged in various aqueous solution. Hyperfine Interact 2002, 139:239-244.
77. Cerny I., Linhart V. An evaluation of the resistance of pipeline steels to initiation and early growth of stress corrosion cracks. Eng Fract Mech 2004, 71:913-921.
78. Kumar M.S., Sujata M., Venkataswamy M.A., Bhaumik S.K. Failure analysis of a stainless steel pipeline. Eng Fail Anal 2008, 15:497-504.
79. Zhang C, Zhang Q, Chen W, Liu D, Ou T, Huang X, et al. Assessment of corrosion and mechanical properties degradation of pipeline steel after long term service in high sour gas-field environments. In: International Petroleum Technology Conference (IPTC); 2013.
80. Niu L., Cheng Y.F. Corrosion behaviour of X-70 pipe steel in near-neutral pH solution. Appl Surf Sci 2007, 253:8626-8631.
81. Kentish .P. Stress corrosion cracking of gas pipelines - effect of surface roughness orientations and flattening. Corros Sci 2007, 49:2521-2533.
82. Sh Abedi S., Abdolmaleki A., Adibi N. Failure analysis of SCC and SRB induced cracking of a transmission oil products pipeline. Eng Fail Anal 2007, 14:250-261.
83. Majid Z.A., Mohsin R., Yaacob Z., Hassan Z. Failure analysis of natural gas pipes. Eng Fail Anal 2010, 17:818-837.
84. Azevedo C.R.F., Sinatora A. Failure analysis of a gas pipeline. Eng Fail Anal 2004, 11:387-400.
85. Hasan F., Iqbal J., Ahmed F. Stress corrosion failure of high-pressure gas pipeline. Eng Fail Anal 2007, 14:801-809.
86. Ahmed F., Ali L., Iqbal J., Hasan F. Failure of pipe joints during hydrostatic testing. Eng Fail Anal 2008, 15:766-773.
87. Hasan F., Iqbal J. Consequential rupture of gas pipeline. Eng Fail Anal 2006, 13:127-135.
88. Capelle J., Gilgert J., Dmytrakh I., Pluvinage G. Sensitivity of pipelines with steel API X52 to hydrogen embrittlement. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33:7630-7641.
89. Gang L., Kaxiras E. Hydrogen embrittlement of aluminum: the crucial role of vacancies. Phys Rev Lett 2005, 94(15):1-5.
90. Lynch S. Hydrogen embrittlement phenomena and mechanisms. Corros Rev 2012, 30(3-4):105-123.
91. Woodtli J., Rolf K. Damage due to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking. Eng Fail Anal 2000, 7(6):427-450.
92. Natividad C., Salazar M., Espinosa-Medina M.A., Pérez R. A comparative study of the SSC resistance of a novel welding process IEA with SAW and MIG. Mater Charact 2007, 58:786-793.
93. Omweg G.M., Frankel G.S., Bruce W.A., Ramirez J.E., Koch G. Performance of welded high-strength low-alloy steels in sour environments. Corrosion 2003, 59(7):640-653.
94. Cayard M.S., Kane R.D. Large-scale wet hydrogen sulphide cracking performance. evaluation of metallurgical, mechanical, and welding variables. Corrosion 1997, 53:227-230.
95. Park G.T., Koh S.U., Jung H.G., Kim K.Y. Effect of microstructure on the hydrogen trapping efficiency and hydrogen induced cracking of linepipe steel. Corros Sci 2008, 50:1865-1871.
96. Gonzalez J.L., Morales A. Analysis of laminations in X52 steel pipes by nonlinear by finite element. J Pressure Vessel Technol 2008, 130. 021706-06.
97. Zacaria M.Y.B., Davies T.T. Formation and analysis of stack cracks in pipeline steel. J Mater Sci 1993, 28:322-328.
98. 2S corrosive environment. J Pressure Vessel Technol 2014, 136. 041703-03.
99. Liang P., Li X., Du C., Chen X. Stress corrosion cracking of X80 pipeline steel in simulated alkaline soil solution. Mater Des 2009, 30:1712-1717.
100. Sedriks A.J. Stress corrosion cracking test. Methods 1989, 1:1.
101. Papavinasam S. Chapter 6 - modelling - internal corrosion'. Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry 2014, 301-360. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston. S. Papavinasam (Ed.).
102. Cosham A., Hopkins P., Macdonald K.A. Best practice for the assessment of defects in pipelines - corrosion. Eng Fail Anal 2007, 14:1245-1265.
103. Besel M, Zimmermann S, Kalwa C, Koppe T, Liessem A. Corrosion assessment method validation for high-grade line pipe. In: Proceedings of the 8th international pipeline conference IPC2010, September 27-October 1, 2010, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, paper no-IPC2010-31664; 2010.
104. Chiodo M.S.G., Ruggieri C. Failure assessments of corroded pipelines with axial defects using stress-based criteria: numerical studies and verification analyses. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2009, 86:164-176.
105. Xu L.Y., Cheng Y.F. Reliability and failure pressure prediction of various grades of pipeline steel in the presence of corrosion defects and pre-strain. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2012, 89:75-84.
106. Det Norske Veritas (DNV). Recommended Practice - RP-F101 Corroded Pipelines; 2010.
107. ASME. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. B31G, New York; 2009.
108. Klever F.J., Steward G. New developments in burst strength prediction for locally corroded pipes 1995, Shell Int Research.
109. Leis N, Stephens DR. In: Proceedings of the 7th international offshore and polar engineering conference, Part I, Honolulu, USA, ASME International, New York; 1997. p. 624-41.
110. Wang W, Smith MQ, Popelar CH, Maple JA. A new rupture prediction model for corroded pipelines under combined loading. In: Proceedings of second international pipeline conference (IPC 1998), Calgary, Alberta, Canada, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 8-11 June 1998.
111. Adib-Ramezani H., Jeong J., Pluvinage G. Structural Integrity evaluation of X52 gas pipes subjected to external corrosion defects using the SINTAP procedure. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2006, 83:420-432.
112. Owen R, Chauhan V, Pipet D, Morgan G. Assessment of corrosion damage in pipelines with low toughness. In: 14th Biennial joint technical meeting on pipeline research, Berlin; 2003.
113. Choi J.B., Goo B.K., Kim J.C., Kim Y.J., Kim W.S. Development of limit load solutions for corroded gas pipelines. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2003, 80(2):121-128.
114. Cravero S., Ruggieri C. Structural integrity analysis of axially cracked pipelines using conventional and constraint-modified failure assessment diagrams. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2006, 83:607-617.
115. Qian X., Li Y., Ou Z. Ductile tearing assessment of high-strength steel X-joints under in-plane bending. Eng Fail Anal 2013, 28:176-191.
116. YongBo S., Tjhen L.S. Parametric equation of stress intensity factor for tubular K-joint under balanced axial loads. Int J Fatigue 2005, 27:666-679.
117. Adib R., Schmitt C., Pluvinage G. Application of volumetric method to the assessment of damage induced by action of foreign object on gas pipes. Strength Mater 2006, 38:409-416.
118. Meliani M.Hadj, Matvienko Y.G., Pluvinage G. Corrosion defect assessment on pipes using limit analysis and notch fracture mechanics. Eng Fail Anal 2011, 18:271-283.
119. Wang X., Reinhardt W. On the assessment of through-wall circumferential cracks in steam generator tubes with tube supports. J Pressure Vessel Technol 2003, 125:85-90.
120. Structural integrity assessment procedure (SINTAP). Final report E-U project BE95-1462. Brite Euram Programme Brussels; 1999 http://www.eurofitnet.org/sintap_Procedure_version_1a.pdf.
121. Zhu X., Leis B.N. Theoretical and numerical predictions of burst pressure of pipelines. J Pressure Vessel Technol 2007, 129:644-652.
122. Ma B., Shuai J., Liu D., Xu K. Assessment on failure pressure of high strength pipeline with corrosion defects. Eng Fail Anal 2013, 32:209-219.
123. Zhu X., Leis B.N. Average shear stress yield criterion and its application to plastic collapse analysis of pipelines. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2006, 83:663-671.
124. Hasan S., Khan F., Kenny S. Probability assessment of burst limit state due to internal corrosion. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2012, 89:48-58.
125. Teixeira A.P., Guedes Soares C., Netto T.A., Estefen S.F. Reliability of pipelines with corrosion defects. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2008, 85:228-237.
126. Caleyo F., Velázquez J.C., Valor A., Hallen J.M. Markov chain modelling of pitting corrosion in underground pipelines. Corros Sci 2009, 51:2197-2207.
127. Bolanos-Rodriguez E., González Islas J.C., Vega-Cano G.Y., Flores-García E. Modeling based on markov chains for the evolution of pitting corrosion in buried pipelines carrying gas. Pap Presented ECS Trans 2011, 35(17):37-42. www.scopus.com [accessed 28.04.14].
128. Nicholson R., Feblowitz J., Madden C, Bigliani R. The role of predictive analytics in asset optimization for the oil and gas industry. IDC Energy Insight 2010, http://tessella.com/documents/role predictive-analytics-asset-optimization-oil-gas-industry.
129. Kishawy H.A., Gabbar H.A. Review of pipeline integrity management practices. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2010, 87:373-380.
130. Papavinasam S. Chapter 7 - mitigation - internal corrosion. Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry 2014, 361-424. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston. S. Papavinasam (Ed.).
131. American Petroleum Institute (API). Fitness-for-service. API recommended practice 579, first ed.; 2000.
132. British Standards Institution (BSI). Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in fusion welded structures BS 7910. London (UK); 2005.
133. ASME B31.8S. Managing system integrity of gas pipelines. New York (USA): American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2004.
134. Han Z.Y., Weng W.G. An integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2010, 23:428-436.
135. Jo Y., Crowl D.A. Individual risk analysis of high-pressure natural gas pipelines. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2008, 21:589-595.
136. Venkatesh CD, Farinha PA. Corrosion Risk Assessment (CRA) in the oil and gas industry - an overview and its holistic approach; 2006 [accessed 18.10.13]. http://members.iinet.net.au/~extrin/ConferencePapers/CAP04~Paper06.pdf.
137. Sahraoui Y., Khelif R., Chateauneuf A. Maintenance planning under imperfect inspections of corroded pipelines. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2013, 104:76-82.
138. Race JM. 4.42 - Management of corrosion of onshore pipelines. In: Tony JA Richardson, editor(s)-in-chief, Shreir's corrosion. Oxford: Elsevier; 2010. p. 3270-306. ISBN 9780444527875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452787-5.00169-4. doi:10.1016/B978-044452787-5.00169-4.
139. Ossai CI. Predictive modelling of wellhead corrosion due to operating conditions: a field data approach. ISRN Corrosion, vol. 2012, Article ID 237025; 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/237025. doi:10.5402/2012/237025.
140. Meng W., Ogea P., King M. Changes of operating procedures and chemical application of a mature deepwater tie-back - aspen field case study. Offshore Technol Conf Proce 2011, 2:881-892.
141. Geary W., Hobbs J. Catastrophic failure of a carbon steel storage tank due to internal corrosion. Case Stud Eng Fail Anal 2013, 1:257-264.
142. Fazzini P.G., Otegui J.L. Influence of old rectangular repair patches on the burst pressure of a gas pipeline. Int J Press Vessels Pip 2006, 83:27-34.
143. Blin F., Koutsoukos P., Klepetsianis P., Forsyth M. The corrosion inhibition mechanism of new rare earth cinnamate compounds - electrochemical studies. Electrochim Acta 2007, 52:6212-6220.
144. Hu X., Barker R., Neville A., Gnanavelu A. Case study on erosion-corrosion degradation of pipework located on an offshore oil and gas facility. Wear 2011, 271:1295-1301.
145. Huang Y., Ji D. Experimental study on seawater-pipeline internal corrosion monitoring system. Sens Actuat B: Chem 2008, 135:375-380.
146. Vega O.E., Hallen J.M., Villagomez A., Contreras A. Effect of multiple repairs in girth welds of pipelines on the mechanical properties. Mater Charact 2008, 59:1498-1507.
147. Nayak C. Fault detection in fluid flowing pipes using acoustic method. Int J Appl Eng Res 2014, 9(1):23-28.