Pharmacological treatment of sleep disorders and its relationship with neuroplasticity

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

Volumn 25, Issue , 2015, Pages 503-553

  Abad, Vivien C ^a   Guilleminault, Christian ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Insomnia Narcolepsy; Neuroplasticity; Neurotransmitters; Obstructive sleep apnea Parasomnias; Pharmacology; Restless legs; Sleep; Treatment; Wake

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BACLOFEN; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CLONIDINE; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; DONEPEZIL; DOXAPRAM; DOXEPIN; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN ENACARBIL; LEVODOPA; MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONIST; METHADONE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MIRTAZAPINE; NALOXONE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; OCTREOTIDE; PAROXETINE; PHYSOSTIGMINE; PRAMIPEXOLE; PREGABALIN; PROTRIPTYLINE; RAMELTEON; ROPINIROLE; SEDATIVE AGENT; SEROTONIN AGONIST; TASIMELTEON; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACROMEGALY; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITION; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; FATIGUE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPERSOMNIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INSOMNIA; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NARCOLEPSY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; NOSE AIRFLOW; OFF LABEL DRUG USE; PARASOMNIA; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REM SLEEP; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; PARASOMNIAS; PHYSIOLOGY; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS;

HUMANS; NARCOLEPSY; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; PARASOMNIAS; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS;

EID: 84929625274     PISSN: 18663370     EISSN: 18663389     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_365     Document Type: Article

References (248)

1. Alhaider IA, Aleisa AM, Tran T, Alzoubi KH, Alkadhi KA (2010) Chronic caffeine treatment prevents sleep deprivation-induced impairment of cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. Sleep 33:437-444
2. Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Garcia-Borreguero D, Ondo WG, Walters AS, Winkelman JW et al (2014) Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated international restless legs syndrome study group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria-history, rationale, description, and significance. Sleep Med 15:860-873. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.03.025 (Epub 17 May 2014)
3. Altena E, Van Der Werf YD, Sanz-Arigita EJ, Voorn TA, Rombouts SA, Kuijer JP, Van Someren EJ (2008) Prefrontal hypoactivation and recovery in insomnia. Sleep 31:1271-1276
4. Altena E, Vrenken H, Van Der Werf YD, van den Heuvel OA, Van Someren EJ (2010) Reduced orbitofrontal and parietal gray matter in chronic insomnia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Biol Psychiatry 67:182-185
5. American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014) International classification of sleep disorders, 3rd edn. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien Il
6. Anderson S, Vande Griend JP (2014) Quetiapine for insomnia: a review of the literature. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 71:394-402
7. Aran A, Einen M, Lin L, Plazzi G, Nishino S, Mignot E (2010) Clinical and therapeutic aspects of childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy: a retrospective study of 51 children. Sleep 33:1457-1464
8. Aton SJ, Seibt J, Dumoulin MC, Coleman T, Shiraishi M, Frank MG (2009) The sedating antidepressant trazodone impairs sleep-dependent cortical plasticity. PLoS One 4(7):e6078. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006078
9. Aurora RN, Zak RS, Auerbach SH, Casey KR, Chowduri S, Krippot A et al (2010) Best practice guide for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 6:389-401
10. Ayalon L, Ancoli-Israel S, Aka AA, McKenna BS, Drummond SP (2009) Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea severity and brain activation during a sustained attention task. Sleep 32:373-381
11. Bahammam SA, Sharif MM, Jammah AA, Bahammam AS (2011) Prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Med 105:1755-1760
12. Barch DM, Carter CS (2005) Amphetamine improves cognitive function in medicated individuals with schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers. Schizophr Res 77:43-58
13. Barker MG, Greenwood KM, Jakson M, Crowe SF (2005) An evaluation of persisting cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11:281-289
14. Barker MJ, Greenwood KM, Jackson M, Crowe SF (2004) Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis. CNS Drugs 18:37-48
15. Bassetti C, Vella S, Donati F, Wielapp P, Weder B (2000) SPECT during sleep walking. Lancet 356:484-485
16. Bettica P, Nucci G, Pyke C, Squassante L, Zamuner S, Ratti E, Gomeni R, Alexander R (2012a) Phase I studies on the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SB-649868, a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. J Psychopharmacol 26:1058-1070. doi:10.1177/0269881111408954 (Epub 5 Jul 2011)
17. Bettica P, Squassante L, Groeger JA, Gennery B, Winsky-Sommerer R, Dijk DJ (2012b) Differential effects of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (SB-649868) and zolpidem on sleep initiation and consolidation, SWS, REM sleep, and EEG power spectra in a model of situational insomnia. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1224-1233
18. Bettica P, Squassante L, Zamuner S, Nucci G, Danker-Hopfe H, Ratti E (2012c) The orexin antagonist SB-649868 promotes and maintains sleep in men with primary insomnia. Sleep 35:1097-1104
19. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Ten Have T, Rein J, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A (2001) Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:608-613
20. Black JE, Hirshkowitz M (2005) Modafinil for treatment of residual excessive sleepiness in nasal continuous positive airway pressure-treated obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Sleep 28:464-471
21. Black JE, Hull SG, Tiller J, Yang R, Harsh JR (2010) The long-term tolerability and efficacy of armodafinil in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea, shift work disorder, or narcolepsy: An open-label extension study. J Clin Sleep Med 6:458-466
22. Bogan R (2014) From bench to bedside: an overview of rotigotine for the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Clin Ther 36:436-455
23. Bonacci JM, Venci JV, Gandhi MA (2014) Tasimelteon (Hetlioz tm): a New Melatonin receptor agonist for the treatment of Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder. J Pharm Pract. pii:0897190014544792. Accessed on 16 Sept 2014 (Epub ahead of print)
24. Borkowska A, Drozdz W, Ziolkowska-Kochan M, Rybakowski J (2007) Enhancing effect of mirtazapine on cognitive functions associated with prefrontal cortex in patients with recurrent depression. Nueropsychopahrmacologia Hung 9:131-136
25. Boutrel B, Koob GF (2004) What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications. Sleep 27:1181-1194
26. Boyle J, Wolford D, Gargano C, McCrea J, Cummings C, Cerchio K, Lines C (2009) Next day residual effects of Gaboxadol and flurazepam administered at bedtime: a randomized doubleblind study in healthy elderly subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol 24:61-71
27. Braver HM, Block AJ (1994) Effect of nasal spray, positional therapy, and the combination thereof in the asymptomatic snorer. Sleep 17:516-521
28. Brouillette RT, Manoukian JJ, Ducharme FM et al (2001) Efficacy of fluticasone nasal spray for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr 138:838-844
29. Buysse DJ (2011) Clinical pharmacology of other drugs used as hypnotics. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds) Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Elsevier Saunders, Missouri
30. Campana L, Eckert DJ, Patel SR, Malhotra A (2010) Pathophysiology and genetics of obstructive sleep apnea. Indian J Med Res 131:176-187
31. Canova CR, Downs SH, Knoblauch A et al (2004) Increased prevalence of perennial allergic rhinitis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Respiration 71:138-143
32. Carter LP, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ (2009) Cognitive, psychomotor, and subjective effects of sodium oxybate and triazolam in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 206:141-154. doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1589-1 (Epub 20 Jun 2009)
33. Castren E, Hen R (2013) Neuronal plasticity and antidepressant actions. Trends Neurosci 36:259-267
34. Chan KC, Shi L, So HK, Wang D, Liew AW, Rasalkar DD et al (2014) Neurocognitive dysfunction and grey matter density deficit in children with obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med 15:1055-1061. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.04.011 (Epub 6 Jun 2014)
35. Civardi C, Naldi P, Cantello R (2004) Cortico-motoneurone excitability in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res 13:159-163
36. Civardi C, Collini A, Monaco F, Cantello R (2009) Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in sleep medicine. Sleep Med Rev 13:35-46
37. Cohrs S, Rodenbeck A, Guan Z, Pohlmann K, Jordan W, Meier A, Ruther E (2004) Sleep promoting properties of quetiapine in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 174:421-429
38. Cooper DC, Moore SJ, Staff NP, Spruston N (2003) Psychostimulant-induced plasticity of intrinsic neuronal excitability in ventral subiculum. J Neurosci 23:9937-9946
39. Coull JT, Buchel C, Friston KJ, Frith CD (1999) Noradrenergically mediated plasticity in a human attentional neuronal network. NeuroImage 10:705-715
40. Cramer SC, Sur M, Dobkin BH, O’Brien C, Sanger TD, Trojanowski JQ et al (2011) Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications. Brain 134:1591-1609
41. Da Silveira CKB, Furini CRG, Benetti F, da Cruz Monteiro S, Izquierdo I (2013) The role of histamine receptors in the consolidation of object recognition memory. Neurobiol Lear Mem 103:64-71
42. Dagytė G, Trentani A, Postema F, Luiten P, Den Boer J, Johan A et al (2010) The novel antidepressant agomelatine normalizes hippocampal neuronal activity and promotes neurogenesis in chronically stressed rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 16:195-207
43. Dang-Vu TT (2013) Neuroimaging findings in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 13:349-356
44. Das A, Anupa AV, Radhakrishnan A (2013) Reduced plastic brain responses to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med 14:636-640. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.008 (Epub 2013 Jun 7)
45. Dauvilliers Y, Bassetti C. Lammers GJ, Arnulf I, Mayer Geert, Rodenbeck A et al (2013) HARMONY I study group. www.thelancet.com/neurology, vol 12. Accessed 11 Sept 2014
46. Dauvilliers Y, Yves D, Boudousq V, Vincent B, Lopez R, Regis L et al (2011) Increased perfusion in supplementary motor area during a REM sleep behaviour episode. Sleep Med 12:531-532
47. Davies CH, Starkey SJ, Pozza MF, Collingridge GL (1991) GABA autoreceptors regulate the induction of LTP. Nature 349:609-611
48. Dayat E, Serpero L, Kheirandish-Gozal L et al (2009) Leukotriene pathways and in vitro adenotonsillar cell proliferation in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 135:1142-1149
49. Deacon S, Staner L, Staner C et al (2007) Effect of short-term treatment with Gaboxadol on sleep maintenance and initiation in patients with primary insomnia. Sleep 30:281-287
50. Diana M, Mereu G, Mura A, Fadda F, Passino N, Gessa G (1991) Low doses of gammahydroxybutyric acid stimulate the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in unanesthetized rats. Brain Res 566:208-211
51. Dostal M, Weber-Schoendorfer C, Sobesky J, Schaefer C (2012) Pregnancy outcome following use of levodopa, pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine for rest- less legs syndrome during pregnancy: a case series. Eur J Neurol 20:1241e6
52. Earley CJ, Connor J, Garcia-Borreguero D, Jenner P, Winkelman J, Zee PC et al (2014) Altered brain iron homeostasis and dopaminergic function in restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease). Sleep Med. pii:S1389-9457(14)00237-8. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.009. (Epub ahead of print) Review
53. Ellmore TM, Castriotta RJ, Hendley KL, Aalbers BM, Furr-Stimming E, Hood AJ et al (2013) Altered nigrostriatal and nigrocortical functional connectivity in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 36:1885-1892. doi:10.5665/sleep.3222
54. Entezari-Taher M, Singleton JR, Jones CR, Meekins G, Petajan JH, Smith AG (1999) Changes in excitability of motor cortical circuitry in primary restless legs syndrome. Neurology 53:1201-1205
55. Espana RA, Scammell TE (2004) Sleep neurobiology for the clinician. SLEEP 27:811-820
56. Fantini ML, Gagnon JF, Petit D, Rompré S, Décary A, Carrier J et al (2003) Slowing of electroencephalogram in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 53:774-780
57. FDA Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee May 22 (2013) Suvorexant background information. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/PeripheralandCentralNervousSystemDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM 352969. Accessed on 07 Sept 2014
58. Fields RB, Van Kammen DP, Peters JL, Rosen J, Van Kammen WB, Nugent A (1988) Clonidine improves memory function in schizophrenia independently from change in psychosis. Preliminary findings. Schizophr Res 1:417-423
59. Finnimore AJ, Roebuck M, Sajkov D et al (1995) The effects of the GABA agonist, baclofen, on sleep and breathing. Eur Respir J 8:230-234
60. France CP, Weltman RH, Koek W et al (2006) Acute and chronic effects of ramelteon in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): dependence liability studies. Behav Neurosci 120:535-541
61. Fresnoza S, Stiksrud E, Klinker F, Liebetanz D, Paulus W, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA (2014) Dosagedependent effect of dopamine D2 receptor activation on motor cortex plasticity in humans. J Neurosci 34:10701-10709
62. Fuller PM, Saper CB, Lu J (2007) The pontine REM switch: past and present. J Physiol 584:735-741
63. Gallopin T, Fort P, Eggermann E et al (2000) Identification of sleep-promoting neurons in vitro. Nature 404:992-995
64. Gao XB (2012) Plasticity in neurons synthesizing wake/arousal promoting hormone hypocretin/orexin. Vitam Horm 89:35-59
65. Gao XB, Wang AH (2010) Experience-dependent plasticity in hypocretin/orexin neurons: resetting the arousal threshold. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 198:251-262
66. Gao B, Kilic E, Baumann C, Hermann DM, Bassetti CL (2008) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate accelerates functional recovery after focal cerebral ischemia. Cerebrovascular Dis 26:413-419
67. García-Borreguero D, Allen RP, Kohnen R, Högl B, Trenkwalder C, Oertel W, Hening WA, Paulus W, Rye D, Walters A, Winkelmann J, Earley CJ; International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (2007) Diagnostic standards for dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome: report from a world association of sleep medicine-international restless legs syndrome study group consensus conference at the max planck institute. Sleep Med 8:520-530. Epub 2007 Jun 1. Erratum in: Sleep Med 8(7-8):788
68. Gianlorenco AC, Serafim KR, Canto-de-Souza A, Mattioli R (2012) Emotional memory consolidation impairment induced by histamine is mediated by H1 but not H2 receptors. Brain Res Bull 89:197-202
69. Gorsler A, Liepert J (2007) Influence of cabergoline on motor excitability in patients with restless legs syndrome. J Clin Neurophysiol 24:456-460
70. Grace KP, Hughes SW, Shahabi S, Horner RL (2013) K+ channel modulation causes genioglossus inhibition in REM sleep and is a strategy for reactivation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 188:277-288. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.07.011 (Epub 18 Jul 2013). Review
71. Grace KP, Hughes SW, Horner RL (2014) Identification of a pharmacological target for genioglossus reactivation throughout sleep. Sleep 37:41-50. doi:10.5665/sleep.3304
72. Guilleminault C, Hayes B (1983) Naloxone, theophylline, bromocriptine, and obstructive sleep apnea. Negative results. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 19:632-634
73. Guilleminault C, Philip P (1996) Tiredness and somnolence despite initial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (what to do when an OSAS patient stays hypersomnolent despite treatment). Sleep 19(9 Suppl):S117-22
74. Guilleminault C, Abad VC (2009) Narcolepsy. In: Chokroverty S (ed) Sleep disorders medicine: basic science, technical considerations, and clinical aspects, 3rd edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia
75. Gündüz A, Adatepe NU, Kiziltan ME, Karadeniz D, Uysal O (2012) Cırcadian changes in cortical excitability in restless legs syndrome. J Neurol Sci 316:122-125. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.01.008 Epub 2
76. (Feb 2012) Hallam KT, Olver JS, McGrath C, Norman TR (2003) Comparative cognitive and psychomotor effects of single doses of Valeriana officianalis and triazolam in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 18:619-625
77. Hanzel DA, Proia NG, Hudgel DW (1991) Response of obstructive sleep apnea to fluoxetine and protriptyline. Chest 100:416-421
78. Havekes R, Vecsey C, Abel T (2012) The impact of sleep deprivation on neuronal and glial signaling pathways important for memory and synaptic plasticity. Cell Signal 24:1251-1260
79. Hedner J, Kraiczi H, Peker Y (2003) Reduction of sleep-disordered breathing after physostigmine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:1246-1251
80. Hefti K, Host SC, Sovago J, Bachmann V, Buck A, Ametamey SM et al (2013) Increased metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 availability in human brain after one night without sleep. Bio Psychiatry 73:161-168
81. Heidegger T, Krakow K, Ziermann U (2010) Effects of antiepileptic drugs on associative LTP-like plasticity in human motor cortex. Eur J Neurosci 32:1215-1222
82. Hening WA, Allen PR, Walters AS, Chokroverty S (2009) Motor functions and dysfunctions of sleep. In: Chokroverty S (ed) Sleep disorders medicine: basic science, technical considerations, and clinical aspects. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA
83. Herring WJ, Snyder E, Budd K, Hutzelmann J, Snavely D, Liu K, Lines C, Roth T, Michelson D et al (2012) Orexin receptor antagonism for treatment of insomnia: a randomized clinical trial of suvorexant. Neurology 79:2265-2274. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827688ee (Epub 28 Nov 2012)
84. Herrmann BL, Wessendorf TE, Ajaj W et al (2004) Effects of octreotide on sleep apnoea and tongue volume (magnetic resonance imaging) in patients with acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 151:309-315
85. Hirai K, Kita M, Ohta H, Nishikawa H, Fujiwara Y, Ohkawa S, Miyamoto M (2005) Ramelteon (TAK-375) accelerates reentrainment of circadian rhythm after a phase advance of the lightdark cycle in rats. J Biol Rhythms 20:27-37
86. Högl B, Oertel WH, Stiasny-Kolster K, Geisler P, Beneš H, García-Borreguero D, Trenkwalder C, Poewe W, Schollmayer E, Kohnen R (2010) Treatment of moderate to severe restless legs syndrome: 2-year safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch. BMC Neurol 10:86
87. Holtbernd F, Gagnon JF, Postuma RB, Ma Y, Tang CC, Feigin A et al (2014) Abnormal metabolic network activity in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 82:620-627. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000130 (Epub 22 Jan 2014)
88. Hübner A, Krafft A, Gadient S, Werth E, Zimmermann R, Bassetti CL (2013) Characteristics and determinants of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a prospective study. Neurology 80:738-742. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318283baf3(Epub 6 Feb 2013)
89. Hurault-Delarue C, Montastruc JL, Beau AB, Lacroix I, Damase-Michel C (2014) Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to dopamine agonists during pregnancy: a pharmacoepidemiology study in EFEMERIS database. Arch Gynecol Obstet 290:263-270. doi:10.1007/s00404-014-3210-z(Epub 25 Mar 2014)
90. Huynh NT, Prilipko O, Kushida CA, Guilleminault C (2014) Volumetric Brain Morphometry Changes in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Effects of CPAP Treatment and Literature Review. Front Neurol 5:58. doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00058.eCollection 2014. Accessed on 12 Sept 2014
91. Inocente C, Arnulf I, Bastuji H, Thibault-Stoll A, Raoux A, Reimão R et al (2012) Pitolisant, an inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor: an alternative stimulant for narcolepsy-cataplexy in teenagers with refractory sleepiness. Clin Neuropharmacol 352:55-60
92. Inoue Y, Takata K, Sakamoto I et al (1999) Clinical efficacy and indication of acetazolamide treatment on sleep apnea syndrome. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 53:321-322
93. Iranzo A, Isetta V, Molinuevo JL, Serradell M, Navajas D, Farre R et al (2010) Electroencephalographic slowing heralds mild cognitive impairment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 11:534-539. doi:0.1016/j.sleep.2010.03.006(Epub 11 May 2010)
94. Jha A, Sharma SK, Tandon N, Lakshmy R, Kadhiravan T, Handa KK, Gupta R, Pandey RM, Chaturvedi PK (2006) Thyroxine replacement therapy reverses sleep-disordered breathing in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Sleep Med 7:55-61
95. Johnsa JD, Neville MW (2014) Tasimelteon: a melatonin receptor agonist for Non-24 sleep-wake disorder. Ann Pharmacother. pii: 1060028014550476 (Epub ahead of print). Accessed 17 Sept 2014
96. Joo EY, Hong SB, Han SJ, Suh M (2011) Suppression of motor evoked potential during cataplexy. Sleep Med 12:306-307
97. Joo EY, Hong SB, Kim HJ, Lim YH, Koo DL, Ji KH, Tae WS (2010) The effect of modafinil on cortical excitability in patients with narcolepsy: A randomized, placebo- controlled crossover study. Sleep Med 11:862-869
98. Juan WS, Huang SY, Chang CC, Hung YC, Lin YW, Chen TY et al (2013) Melatonin improves neuroplasticity by upregulating the growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and NMDAR postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) proteinsin cultured neurons exposed to glutamate excitotoxicity and in rats subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia even during a long-term recovery period. J Pineal Res. doi:10/111/jpi.12114.
99. Accessed 3 Sept 2014
100. Jung KY, Cho JH, Ko D, Seok HY, Yoon HK, Lee HJ et al (2012) Increased corticomuscular coherence in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Front Neurol 3:60. PubMed PMID: 2253619
101. Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Goddard JE, Cotreau MM, Harmatz JS, Shader RI (1997) Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 37:693-703
102. Karim A, Tolbert D, Cao C (2006) Disposition kinetics and tolerance of escalating single doses of ramelteon, a high affinity MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor agonist indicated for treatment of insomnia. J Clin Pharmacol 46:140-148
103. Keefe DL, Watson R, Naftolin F (1999) Hormone replacement therapy may alleviate sleep apnea in menopausal women: a pilot study. Menopause 6:196-200
104. Khan A, Harrison SL, Kezirian EJ, Ancoli-Israel S, O’Hearn D, Orwoll E et al (2013) Osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study research group. Obstructive sleep apnea during rapid eye movement sleep, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in older men in osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) sleep study. J Clin Sleep Med 9:191-198. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2474
105. Kheirandish L, Goldbart AD, Gozal D (2006) Intranasal steroids and oral leukotriene modifier therapy in residual sleep-disordered breathing after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children. Pediatrics 117:e61-e66
106. Kheirandish-Gozal L, Yoder K, Kulkarni R, Gozal D, Decety J (2014) Preliminary functional MRI neural correlates of executive functioning and empathy in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 37:587-592. doi:10.5665/sleep.3504
107. Kiely JL, Nolan P, Mchicholas WT (2004) Intranasal corticosteroid therapy for obstructive sleep apnea in patients with co-existing rhinitis. Thorax 59:50-55
108. Kim YK, Yoon IY, Kim JM, Jeong SH, Kim KW, Shin YK et al (2010) The implication of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in the pathogenesis of REM sleep behavior disorder. Eur J Neurol 17:487-492. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02854.x(Epub 24)
109. (Nov 2009) Kohler CA, da Silva WC, Benetti F, Bonini JS (2011) Histaminergic mechanisms for modulation of memory systems. Neural Plasticity Article ID 328602, 16 pages. doi:10.1.1155/2011/328602. Accessed on 29 Aug 2014
110. Koo BB, Patel SR, Strohl K, Hoffstein V (2008) Rapid eye movement-related sleep-disordered breathing: influence of age and gender. Chest 134:1156-1161. doi:10.1378/chest.08-1311(Epub 23)
111. (Sept 2008) Kraiczi H, Hedner J, Dahlof P et al (1999) Effect of serotonin uptake inhibition on breathing during sleep and daytime symptoms in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 22:61-67
112. Kume A (2014) Gabapentin enacarbil for the treatment of moderate to severe primary restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease): 600 or 1,200 mg dose? Neuropsychiatric Disease Treatment 10:249-262
113. Kutukcu Y, Dogruer E, Yetkin S, Ozgen F, Vural O, Aydin H (2006) Evaluation of periodic leg movements and associated transcranial magnetic stimulation parameters in restless legs syndrome. Muscle Nerve 33:133-137
114. Lam SP, Fong SY, Ho CK, Yu MW, Wing YK (2008) Parasomnia among psychiatric outpatients: clinical, epidemiologic, cross-sectional study. J Clin Psychiatry 69:1374-1382
115. Lanza G., Lanza G, Cantone M, Lanuzza B, Pennisi M, Bella R, Pennisi G, Ferri R (2014) Distinctive patterns of cortical excitability to transcranial magnetic stimulation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev pii: S1087-0792(14)00042-2. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.04.001 (Epub ahead of print); downloaded 09-14-14
116. LaPorte E, Sarris J, Stough C, Scholey A (2011) Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review. Hum Psychopharmacol 26:102-111. doi:10.1002/hup.1180(Epub 16)
117. (Mar 2011) Lazewska D, Kiec-Konowicz K (2010) Recent Advances in histamine H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 20:1147-1169
118. Lee DO, Ziman RB, Perkins AT, Poceta JS, Walters AS, Barrett RW (2011) XP053 Study Group. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with restless legs syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med 7:282-292
119. Leu-Semenescu S, Nittur N, Golmard JL, Arnulf I (2014) Effects of pitolisant, a histamine H3 inverse agonist, in drug-resistant idiopathic and symptomatic hypersomnia: a chart review. Sleep Med 15:681-687
120. Lin CC, Tsan KW, Chen PJ (1992) The relationship between sleep apnea syndrome and hypothyroidism. Chest 102(6):1663-1667
121. Lin JS, Sergeeva OA, Haas HL (2011) Histamine H3 receptors and sleep-wake regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 336:17-23
122. Liu PY, Yee B, Wishart SM et al (2003) The short-term effects of high- dose testosterone on sleep, breathing, and function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3605-3613
123. Lu Z, Tang X, Huang X (1998) Phrenic nerve conduction and diaphragmatic motor evoked potentials: evaluation of respiratory dysfunction. Chin Med J (Engl) 111:496-499
124. Lucassen PJ, Meerlo P, Naylor AS, Van Dam AM, Dayer AG, Fuchs E, Oomen CA, Czeh B (2010) Regulation of adult neurogenesis by stress, sleep disruption, exercise and inflammation: implications for depression and antidepressant action. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20:1-17
125. Luppi PH, Clément O, Valencia Garcia S, Brischoux F, Fort P (2013) New aspects in the pathophysiology of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: the potential role of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine. Sleep Med 14:714-718. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.02.004 (Epub 19Jun 2013)
126. Maffei A (2011) The many forms and functions of long-term plasticity at GABAergic synapses. Neural Plast 254724.Accessed 20 Aug 2014
127. Mair RG, McEntee WJ (1986) Cognitive enhancement in Korsakoff’s psychosis by clonidine: a comparison with L-dopa and ephedrine. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 88:374-380
128. Mamelak M (2007) Alzheimer’s disease, oxidative stress and gammahydroxybutyrate. Neurobiol Aging 28:1340-1360(Epub 11 Jul 2006)
129. Manber R, Kuo TF, Cataldo N et al (2003) The effects of hormone re placement therapy on sleepdisordered breathing in postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Sleep 26:163-168
130. Marín-Burgin A, Schinder AF (2012) Requirement of adult-born neurons for hippocampusdependent learning. Behav Brain Res 227:391-399. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.001 (Epub 7 Jul 2011)
131. Marshall NS, Yee BJ, Desai AV et al (2008) Two randomized placebo- controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 31:824-831
132. Mattay VS, Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Heaton I, Frank JA, Coppola R et al (2000) Effects of dextroamphetamine on cognitive performance and cortical activation. Neuroimage 12:268-275
133. Meisenzahl EM, Scheuerecker J, Zipse M, Ufer S, Wiesmann M, Frodl T et al (2006) Effects of treatment with the atypical neuroleptic quetiapine on working memory function: a functional MRI follow-up investigation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256:522-531(Epub 6 Dec 2006)
134. Melo-Silva CA, Borel JC, Gakwaya S, Sériès F (2013) Acute upper airway muscle and inspiratory flow responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during sleep in apnoeic patients. Exp Physiol 98:946-956.
135. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2012.070359 (Epub 7 Dec 2012)
136. Mets MA, De Vries JM, de Senerpont Domis LM, Volkerts ER, Olivier B, Verster JC (2011) Nextday effects of ramelteon (8 mg), zopiclone (7.5 mg), and placebo on highwaydriving performance, memory functioning, psychomotor performance and mood in healthy adult subjects. Sleep 34:1327-1334
137. Michelson D, Snyder E, Paradis E, Chengan-Liu M, Snavely DB, Hutzelmann J et al (2014) Safety and efficacy of suvorexant during 1-year treatment of insomnia with subsequent abrupt treatment discontinuation: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 13:461-471. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70053-5 (Epub 27 Mar 2014)
138. Mindell JA, Emslie G, Blumer J et al (2006) Pharmacologic management of insomnia in children and adolescents: consensus statement. Pediatrics 117:e1223
139. Morgenthaler T, Kapur VK, Brown T, Swick TJ, Alessi C, Aurora RN et al (2007) Standards of Practice committee of the American academy of sleep medicine. Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep 3012:1705-1711. Review
140. Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C et al (2006) American academy of sleep medicine. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American academy of sleep medicine report. Sleep 29:1415-1419
141. Nagane A, Baba H, Nakano Y, Maeshima H, Hukatsu M, Ozawa K et al (2014) Comparative study of cognitive impairment between medicated and medication-free patients with remitted major depression: Class-specific influence by tricyclic antidepressants and newer antidepressants. Psychiatry Res 218:101-105. Available online 16 pril 2014 at www.elsevier.com/locate/psychres. Accessed on 06 Sept 2014
142. Nakanishi S et al (2014) Distinct dopaminergic control of the direct and indirect pathways in reward-based and avoidance learning behaviors. Neuroscience http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.026. Accessed 13 Sept 2014
143. Nardone R, Ausserer H, Bratti A, Covi M, Lochner P, Marth R, Tezzon F (2006) Cabergoline reverses cortical hyperexcitability in patients with restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 114:244-249
144. Nardone R, Bergmann J, Brigo F, Christova M, Kunz A, Seidl M et al (2013a) Functional evaluation of central cholinergic circuits in patients with Parkinson’s disease and REM sleep behavior disorder: a TMS study. J Neural Transm 120:413-422. doi:10.1007/s00702-012- 0888-6 (Epub 19 Aug 2012)
145. Nardone R, Bergmann J, Kunz A, Christova M, Brigo F, Tezzon F et al (2012) Cortical afferent inhibition is reduced in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and cognitive impairment: a TMS study. Sleep Med 13:919-925. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.03.009 (Epub 21 Jun 2012)
146. Nardone R, Höller Y, Brigo F, Tezzon F, Golaszewski S, Trinka E (2013b) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and sleep disorders: pathophysiologic insights. Sleep Med 14:1047-1058.
147. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.025 (Epub 3 Aug 2013). Review
148. Nitsche MA, Müller-Dahlhaus F, Paulus W, Ziemann U (2012) The pharmacology of neuroplasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation: building models for the clinical use of CNS active drugs. J Physiol 590(Pt 19):4641-4662. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232975 (Epub 6 Aug 2012). Review
149. Nobili L, Ferrara M, Moroni F, De Gennaro L, Russo GL, Campus C et al (2011) Dissociated wake-like and sleep-like electro-cortical activity during sleep. Neuroimage 58:612-619. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.032 (Epub 21 Jun 2011)
150. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG (1999) Night terror, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 60:268-276
151. Olde Rikkert MG, Rigaud AS (2001) Melatonin in elderly patients with insomnia. A systematic review. Z Gerontol Geriatr 34:491-497
152. Oliviero A, Della Marca G, Tonali PA, Pilato F, Saturno E, Dileone M et al (2007) Functional involvement of cerebral cortex in adult sleepwalking. J Neurol 254:1066-1072(Epub 12 Mar 2007)
153. Opie GM, Catcheside PG, Usmani ZA, Ridding MC, Semmler JG (2013) Motor cortex plasticity induced by theta burst stimulation is impaired in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur J Neurosci 37:1844-1852. doi:10.1111/ejn.12203 (Epub 7 Apr 2013)
154. Oranje B, Glenthoj B (2013) Clonidine normalizes sensori-motor gating deficits in patients with schizophrenia on stable medication. Schizophr Bull 39:684-691
155. Owens JA, Mindell JA (2011) Pediatric insomnia. Pediatr Clin North Am 58:555-569
156. Owens JA (2009) Pharmacotherapy of pediatric insomnia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48:99-107
157. Park SW, Lee CH, Cho HY, Seo MK, Lee JG, Lee BJ et al (2013) Effects of antipsychotic drugs on the expression of synaptic proteins and dendritic outgrowth in hippocampal neuronal cultures. Synapse 67:224-234. doi:10.1002/syn.21634
158. Pawlik MT, Hansen E, Waldhauser D et al (2005) Clonidine premedication in patients with sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 101:1374-1380
159. Pedraza C, García FB, Navarro JF (2009) Neurotoxic effects induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in male rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12:1165-1177. doi:10.1017/S1461145709000157 (Epub 17 Mar 2009)
160. Pickett CK, Regensteiner JG, Woodard WD et al (1989) Progestin and estrogen reduce sleepdisordered breathing in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol 66:1656-1661
161. Pietrzak RH, Mollica CM, Maruff P, Snyder PJ (2006) Cognitive effects of immediate-release methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:1225-1245
162. Pilar-Cuéllar F, Vidal R, Díaz A, Castro E, dos Anjos S, Pascual-Brazo J et al (2013) Neural plasticity and proliferation in the generation of antidepressant effects: hippocampal implication. Neural Plast 2013:537265. doi:10.1155/2013/537265 (Epub 19Jun 2013). Accessed on 14 Sept 2014
163. Poe GR, Walsh CM, Bjorness TE (2010) Cognitive neuroscience of sleep. Prog Brain Res 185:1-19
164. Prilipko O, Huynh N, Thomason ME, Kushida CA, Guilleminault C (2014) An fMRI study of cerebrovascular reactivity and perfusion in obstructive sleep apnea patients before and after CPAP treatment. Sleep Med 15:892-898. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.04.004 (Epub 4 May 2014)
165. Puustinen J, Lahteenmaki R, Polo-Kantola P, Saio P, Vahlberg T, Lyles A et al (2014) Effect of withdrawal from long-term use of temazepam, zopiclone or zolpidem as hypnotic agents on cognition in older adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 70:319-329
166. Quatrale R, Manconi M, Gastaldo E, Eleopra R, Tugnoli V, Tola MR et al (2003) Neurophysiological study of corticomotor pathways in restless legs syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 114:1638-1645
167. Quera-Salva MA, Lemoine P, Guilleminault C (2010) Impact of the novel antidepressant agomelatine on disturbed sleep-wake cycles in depressed patients. Hum Psychopharmacol 25:222-229
168. Rajaratnam S, Cohen D, Rogers N (2009a) Melatonin and melatonin analogues. Sleep Med Clin 4:179-193
169. Rajaratnam SM, Polymeropoulos MH, Fisher DM, Roth T, Scott C, Birznieks G, Klerman EB (2009b) Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (VEC-162) for transient insomnia after sleep-time shift: two randomised controlled multicentre trials. Lancet 373:482-491.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61812-7
170. Reske M, Eidt CA, Delis DC, Paulus MP (2010) Nondependent stimulant users of cocaine and prescription amphetamines show verbal learning and memory deficits. Biol Psychiatry 68:762-769
171. Resta O, Carratù P, Carpagnano GE, Maniscalco M, Di Gioia G, Lacedonia D, Giorgino R, De Pergola G (2005) Influence of subclinical hypothyroidism and T4 treatment on the prevalence and severity of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). J Endocrinol Invest 28:893-898
172. Riekkinen M, Riekkinen P Jr (1999) Alpha2-adrenergic agonist clonidine for improving spatial working memory in Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19:444-449
173. Rizzo V, Aricò I, Liotta G, Ricciardi L, Mastroeni C, Morgante F et al (2010) Impairment of sensory-motor integration in patients affected by RLS. J Neurol 257:1979-1985. doi:10.1007/s00415-010-5644-y (Epub 16 Jul 2010)
174. Rizzo V, Arico I, Mastroeni C, Morgante F, Liotta G, Girlanda P, Silvestri R, Quartarone A (2009) Dopamine agonists restore cortical plasticity in patients with idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 24:710-715
175. Rosler KM, Nirkko AC, Rihs F, Hess CW (1994) Motor-evoked responses to transcranial brain stimulation persist during cataplexy: a case report. Sleep 17:168-171
176. Roth T, Rogowski R, Hull S, Schwartz H, Koshorek G, Corser B, Seiden D (2007) Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in adults with primary insomnia. Sleep 30:1555-1561
177. Roth T, White D, Schmidt-Nowara W et al (2006) Effects of armodafinil in the treatment of residual excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: a 12-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in nCPAP- adherent adults. Clin Ther 28:689-706
178. Sakellaropoulou AV, Hatzistilianou MN, Emporiadou MN, Aivazis VT, Rousso I, Athanasiadou- Piperopoulou F (2011) Evaluation of thyroid gland function in children with obstructive apnea hypopnea syndrome. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 24:377-386
179. Saletin JM, Walker MP (2012) Nocturnal mnemonics: sleep and hippocampal memory processing. Front Neurol 3:59
180. Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Mandl M, Saletu B, Zeithofer J (2009) Modafinil improves information processing speed and increases energetic resources for orientation of attention in narcoleptics: double-blind placebo-controlled ERP studies with low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Sleep Med 10:850-858. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.12.005 (Epub 1 Apr 2009)
181. Saletu-Zvhlarz G, Anderer P, Gruber G (2003) Insomnia related to post- menopausal syndrome and hormone replacement therapy: sleep laboratory studies on baseline differences between patients and controls and double-blind, placebo-controlled investigations on the effects of a novel estrogen-progestogen combination (Climodien, Lafamme) versus estrogen alone. J Sleep Res 12:239-254
182. Santarnecchi E, Sicilia I, Richiardi J, Vatti G, Polizzotto NR, Marino D et al (2013) Altered cortical and subcortical local coherence in obstructive sleep apnea: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Sleep Res 22:337-347. doi:10.1111/jsr.12006 (Epub 21 Nov 2012)
183. Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J (2005) Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature 437:1257-1263
184. Sasada K, Iwamoto K, Kawano N, Kohmura K, Yamamoto M, Aleksic B et al (2013) Effects of repeated dosing with mirtazapine, trazodone, or placebo on driving performance and cognitive function in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 28(3):281-286. doi:10.1002/hup.2321 (Epub 10 May 2013)
185. Scalise A, Cadore IP, Gigli GL (2004) Motor cortex excitability in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 5:393-396
186. Scalise A, Pittaro-Cadore I, Golob EJ, Gigli GL (2006) Absence of postexercise and delayed facilitation of motor cortex excitability in restless legs syndrome: evidence of altered cortical plasticity? Sleep 29:770-775
187. Scalise A, Pittaro-Cadore I, Janes F, Marinig R, Gigli GL (2010) Changes of cortical excitability after dopaminergic treatment in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 11:75-81. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.05.003
188. Scammell TE, Winrow CJ (2011) Orexin receptors: pharmacology and therapeutic opportunities. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 51:243-266
189. Scherfler C, Frauscher B, Schocke M, Iranzo A, Gschliesser V, Seppi K et al (2011) White and gray matter abnormalities in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a diffusion-tensor imaging and voxel-based morphometry study. Ann Neurol 69:400-407. doi:10.1002/ana.22245 (Epub 28 Dec 2010)
190. Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M (2008) Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 4:487-504
191. Schwartz JC (2011) The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant. Br J Pharmacol 163:713-721
192. Seibt J, Aton SJ, Jha SK, Coleman T, Dumoulin MC, Frank MG (2008) The non-benzodiazepine hypnotic zolpidem impairs sleep-dependent cortical plasticity. Sleep 31:1381-1391
193. Serafini A, Lorenzut S, Gigli GL, Merlino G, Valente M (2010) The use of rotigotine in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 3:241-248
194. Sériès F, Wang W, Similowski T (2009) Corticomotor control of the genioglossus in awake OSAS patients: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Respir Res 10:74. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-10-74
195. Shepherd JD (2012) Memory, plasticity and sleep—a role for calcium permeable AMPA receptors? Front Mol Neurosci 5:49
196. Silver N, Allen RP, Senerth J, Earley CJ (2011) A 10-year, longitudinal assessment of dopamine agonists and methadone in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 12:440-444
197. Epub 2011 Jan 15
198. Sircar R, Wu LC, Reddy K, Sircar D, Basak AK (2011) GHB-Induced cognitive deficits during adolescence and the role of NMDA receptor. Curr Neuropharmacol 9:240-243. doi:10.2174/157015911795017038
199. Smit HJ, Rogers PJ (2000) Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 152:167-173
200. Smith PL, Haponik EF, Allen RP et al (1983) The effects of protriptyline in sleep-disordered breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:8-13
201. Snead OC 3rd, Gibson KM (2005) Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. N Engl J Med 352:2721-2732
202. Srivanitchapoom P, Pandey S2, Hallett M (2014) Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20:716-722
203. Stahl SM (2008) Selective histamine H1 antagonism: novel hypnotic and pharmacologic actions challenge classical notions of antihistamines. CNS Spectr 13:1027-1038
204. Stenberg JH, Terevnikov V, Joffe M, Tiihonen J, Tchoukhine E, Burkin M, Joffe G (2010) Effects of add-on mirtazapine on neurocognition in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13:433-441
205. Stewart DA, Grunstein RR, Barthon-Jones M (1992) Androgen blockade does not affect sleepdisordered breathing or chemosensitivity in men with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:1389-1393
206. Stiasny-Kolster K, Haeske H, Tergau F, Müller HH, Braune HJ, Oertel WH (2003) Cortical silent period is shortened in restless legs syndrome independently from circadian rhythm. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 56:381-389.
207. Stickgold R, Walker MP (2013) Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing. Nat Neurosci 16:139-145
208. Stockmeier CA, Mahajan GJ, Konick LC et al (2004) Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 56(9):640-650
209. Sukys-Claudino L, Moraes W, Guilleminault C, Tufik S, Poyares D (2012) Beneficial effect of donepezil on obstructive sleep apnea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep Med 13:290-296. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.09.014 (Epub 26Jan 2012)
210. Sun H, Kennedy WP, Wilbraham D, Lewis N, Calder N, Li X et al (2013) Effects of suvorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist, on sleep parameters as measured by polysomnography in healthy men. Sleep 36:259-267. doi:10.5665/sleep.2386
211. Suratt PM, Wilhoit SC, Brown ED et al (1986) Effect of doxapram on obstructive sleep apnea. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 22:127-131
212. Tassniyom K, Paholpak S, Tassnyom S, Kiewyoo J (2010) Quetiapine for primary insomnia: a double blind, randomized control trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 93:729-734
213. Taylor F, Martin P, Thompson C et al (2008) Prazosin effects on objective sleep measures and clinical symptoms in civilian trauma posttraumatic stress disorder; a placebo controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 63:629-632
214. Tergau F, Wischer S, Paulus W (1999) Motor system excitability in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 23(52):1060-1063
215. Terzaghi M, Sartori I, Tassi L, Didato G, Rustioni V, LoRusso G et al (2009) Evidence of dissociated arousal states during NREM parasomnia from an intracerebral neurophysiological study. Sleep 323:409-412
216. Terzaghi M, Sartori I, Tassi L, Rustioni V, Proserpio P, Lorusso G et al (2012) Dissociated local arousal states underlying essential clinical features of non-rapid eye movement arousal parasomnia: an intracerebral stereo-electroencephalographic study. J Sleep Res 21:502-506. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01003.x (Epub 14 Feb 2012)
217. Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH (2005) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicol Rev 24:205-214
218. Trenkwalder C, Hening WA, Montagna P, Oertel WH, Allen RP, Walters AS, Costa J, Stiasny- Kolster K, Sampaio C (2008) Treatment of restless legs syndrome: an evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice. Mov Disord 23:2267-2302
219. Uslaner JM, Tye SJ, Eddins DM, Wang X, Fox SV, Savitz AT et al (2013) Orexin receptor antagonists differ from standard sleep drugs by promoting sleep at doses that do not disrupt cognition. Sci Transl Med 5:179ra44. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3005213
220. Van Amsterdam JG, Brunt TM, McMaster MT, Niesink RJ (2012) Possible long-term effects of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) due to neurotoxicity and overdose. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:1217-1227
221. Van der Werf YD, Altena E, van Dijk KD, Strijers RL, De Rijke W, Stam CJ et al (2010) Is disturbed intracortical excitability a stable trait of chronic insomnia? A study using transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after multimodal sleep therapy. Biol Psychiatry 68:950-955
222. Veasey SC, Guilleminault C, Strohl KP et al (2006) Medical Therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: a review by the medical therapy for ob- structive sleep apnea task force of the standards of practice committee of the american academy of sleep medicine. Sleep 29:1036-1044
223. Victorri-Vigneau C, Dailly E, Veyrac G, Jolliet P (2007) Evidence of zolpidem abuse and dependence: results of the French centre for evaluation and information on pharmacodependence (CEIP) network survey. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64:198-209
224. Vijayakumari AA, Khan FR, Varma RP, Radhakrishnan A (2013) Can transcranial magnetic stimulation be used to evaluate patients with narcolepsy? Neurol Sci 34:1411-1420. doi:10.1007/s10072-012-1253-0 (Epub 29 Nov 2012)
225. Vinkers CH, Olivier B (2012) Mechanisms Underlying Tolerance after Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use: A Future for Subtype-Selective GABAA Receptor Modulators? Adv Pharmacol Sci 2012:2012:416864. doi:10.1155/2012/416864 (Epub 29 Mar 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/416864. Accessed 12 Sept 2014
226. Wainwright SR, Galea LA (2013) The neural plasticity theory of depression: assessing the roles of adult neurogenesis and PSA-NCAM within the hippocampus. Neural Plast 2013:805497. doi:10.1155/2013/805497 (Epub 9 Apr 2013). Review. PMID: 23691371 [PubMed—indexed for MEDLINE]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649690/. Accessed on 10 September 2014
227. Walker MP (2009) The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Ann NY Acad Sci 1156:168-197
228. Walker MP (2010) Sleep, memory, and emotion. Prog Brain Res 185:49-68
229. Walker M, Stickgold R (2004) Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron 44:121-133
230. Walsh JK (2004) Drugs used to treat insomnia in 2002: regulatory-based rather than evidencebased medicine. Sleep 27:1441-1442
231. Wan H, Warburton EC, Zhu XO, Koder TJ, Park Y, Aggleton JP et al (2004) Benzodiazepine impairment of perirhinal cortical plasticity and recognition memory. Eur J Neurosci 20:2214-2224
232. Wang G, Grone B, Colas D, Appelbaum L, Mourrin P (2011) Synaptic plasticity in sleep: learning, homeostasis, and disease. Trends NeuroSci 34:452-463
233. Weaver TE, Maislin G, Dinges DF et al (2007) Relationship between hours of CPAP use and achieving normal levels of sleepiness and daily functioning. Sleep 30:711-719
234. Weeks BS (2009) Formulations of dietary supplements and herbal extracts for relaxation and anxiolytic action: Relarian. Med Sci Monit 15:RA256-62
235. Weisler RH, Pandina GJ, Daly EJ, Cooper K, Gassmann-Mayer C (2012) Randomized clinical study of a histamine H3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 26:421-434
236. Weng HH, Tsai YH, Chen CF, Lin YC, Yang CT, Tsai YH, Yang CY (2014) Mapping gray matter reductions in obstructive sleep apnea: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Sleep 37:167-175. doi:10.5665/sleep.3330
237. Whissell PD, Eng D, Lecker I, Martin L, Wang DS, Orser BA (2013) Acutely increasing δGABAA receptor activity impairs memory and inhibits synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Front Neural Circuits 7:146. doi:10.3389/fncir.2013.00146.eCollection 2013
238. Wilken JA, Kane RL, Ellis AK, Rafeiro E, Briscoe MP, Sullivan CL, Day JH (2003) A Comparison of the effect of diphenhydramine and desloratadine on vigilance and cognitive function during treatment of ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 91:375-385
239. Wingen M, Bothmer J, Langer S, Ramaekers JG (2005) Actual driving performance and psychomotor function in healthy subjects after acute and subchronic treatment with escitalopram, mirtazapine, and placebo. J Clin Psychiary 66:436-443
240. Winrow CJ, Renger JJ (2014) Discovery and development of orexin receptor antagonists as therapeutics for insomnia. Br J Pharmacol 171:283-293
241. Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Cox CD, Doran SM, Tannenbaum PL, Breslin MJ et al (2011) Promotion of sleep by suvorexant-a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. J Neurogenet 25:52-61
242. Winrow CJ, Tanis KQ, Reiss DR, Rigby AM, Uslaner JM, Uebele VN et al (2010) Orexin receptor antagonism prevents transcriptional and behavioral plasticity resulting from stimulant exposure. Neuropharmacology 58:185-194
243. Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (2014) Psychostimulants and Cognition: A continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation. Pharmacol Rev. 66:193-221
244. Won C, Mahmoudi M, Qin L, Purvis T, Mathur A, Mohsenin V (2014) The impact of gender on timeliness of narcolepsy diagnosis. J Clin Sleep Med 10:89-95
245. Xu TX, Ma Q, Spealman RD, Yao WD (2010) Amphetamine modulation of long-term potentiation in the prefrontal cortex: dose dependency, monoaminergic contributions, and paradoxical rescue in hyperdominergic mutant. J Neurochem 115:1643-1654
246. Yaouhi K, Bertran F, Clochon P, Mézenge F, Denise P, Foret J et al (2009) A combined neuropsychological and brain imaging study of obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 18:36-48. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00705.x
247. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J et al (1993) The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 328:1230-1235
248. Zhang J, Lam SP, Li SX, Li AM, Lai KY, Wing YK (2011) Longitudinal course and outcome of chronic insomnia in Hong Kong Chinese children: a 5-year follow-up study of a communitybased cohort. Sleep 34:1395-1402