Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: Past and future

Animal Feed Science and Technology

Volumn 203, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-22

  Henry, M ^a   Gasco, L ^b   Piccolo, G ^c   Fountoulaki, E ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chitin; Coleoptera; Diptera; Fishmeal alternative; Lepidoptera; Orthoptera

Indexed keywords

COLEOPTERA; DIPTERA; HERMETIA ILLUCENS; HEXAPODA; ISOPTERA; LEPIDOPTERA; ORTHOPTERA; ORYCTES RHINOCEROS; TENEBRIO MOLITOR;

EID: 84928339785     PISSN: 03778401     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.03.001     Document Type: Review

References (244)

1. Achionye-Nzeh, C.G., Ngwudo, O.S., 2003. Growth response of Clarias anguillaris finger lings fed larvaeofMusca domestica and soyabean dietinthe laboratory. Biosci. Res. Commun. 15, 221-223.
2. Adewolu, M.A., Ikenweiwe, N.B., Mulero, S.M., 2010. Evaluation of an animal protein mixture as a replacement for fishmeal in practical diets for fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Israel. J. Aquacult.-Bamidgeh 62, 237-244.
3. Aguilar-Miranda, E.D., López, M.G., Escamilla-Santana, C., Barba de la Rosa, A.P., 2002. Characteristics of maize flour tortilla supplemented with ground Tenebrio molitor larvae. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 192-195.
4. Ai, Q., Mai, K., Li, H., Zhang, C., Zhang, L., Duan, Q., Tan, B., Xu, W., Ma, H., Zhang, W., Liufu, Z., 2004. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus. Aquacuture 230, 507-516.
5. Ajani, E.K., Nwanna, L.C., Musa, B.O., 2004. Replacement of fishmeal with maggot meal in the diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. World Aquac. 35, 52-54.
6. Akiyama, T., Murai, T., Hirasawa, Y., Nose, T., 1984. Supplementation of various meals to fish meal diet for chum salmon fry. Aquaculture 37, 217-222.
7. Aksnes, A., Mundheim, H., Toppe, J., Albrektsen, S., 2008. The effect of dietary hydroxyproline supplementation on salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed high plant protein diets. Aquaculture 275, 242-249.
8. Alegbeleye, W.O., Obasa, S.O., Olude, O.O., Otubu, K., Jimoh, W., 2012. Preliminary evaluation of the nutritive value of the variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus L.) for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell. 1822) fingerlings. Aquac. Res. 43, 412-420.
9. Amberg, S., Hall, T., 2008. Communicating risks and benefits of aquaculture: a content analysis of US newsprint representations of farmed salmon. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 39, 143-157.
10. Aniebo, A.O., Erondu, E.S., Owen, O.J., 2009. Replacement of fish meal with maggot meal in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) diets. Rev. Cient. UDO Agric. 9, 666-671.
11. Aniebo, A.O., Erondu, E.S., Owen, O.J., 2008. Proximate composition of housefly larvae (Musca domestica) meal generated from mixture of cattle blood and wheat bran. Lives. Res. Rural Dev. (Cambridge) 20 (12), 1-5.
12. Aniebo, A.O., Odukwe, C.A., Ebenebe, C.I., Ajuogu, P.K., Owen, O.J., Onu, P.N., 2011. Effect of housefly larvae (Musca domestica) Meal on the carcass and sensory qualities of the mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Adv. Food Ener. Sec. 1, 24-28.
13. Aniebo, A.O., Owen, O.J., 2010. Effects of age and method of drying on the proximate composition of housefly larvae (Musca domestica Linnaeus) Meal (HFLM). Pak. J. Nutr. 9, 485-487.
14. Anon, 1999. Final report (CFTRI, Mysore)ofResearch project entitled Developmentof technology for the effective utilizationofsilkworm pupae with special reference to aquaculture feeds. Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
15. Banjo, A.D., Lawal, O.A., Songonuga, E.A., 2006. The nutritional value of fourteen species of edible insects in southwestern Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5, 298-301.
16. Barker, D., Fitzpatrick, M.P., Dierenfeld, E.S., 1998. Nutrient composition of selected whole invertebrates. Zoo Biol. 17, 123-134.
17. Barroso, F.G., de Haro, C., Sanchez-Muros, M.J., Venegas, E., Martinez-Sanchez, A., Perez-Ba n, C., 2014. The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish. Aquaculture 422-423, 193-201.
18. Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. In: Fischer, W., Bauchot, M.L., Schneider, M. (Eds.), Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 891-1421.
19. Bauchot, M.L., Hureau, J.C., 1990. Sparidae. In: Quero, J.C., Hureau, J.C., Karrer, C., Post, A., Saldanha, L. (Eds.), Check-List of the Fishes of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT/SEI/UNESCO, Lisbon/Paris/Paris, pp. 790-812.
20. Begun, N.N., Chakraborthy, S.C., Zaher, M., Abdul, M.M., Gupta, M.V., 1994. Replacement of fish meal by low cost animal protein as a quality fish feed ingredients for the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, fingerlings. J. Sci. Food Agric. 64, 191-197.
21. Belforti, M., Lussiana, C., Malfatto, V., Rotolo, L., Zoccarato, I., Gasco, L., 2014. Two rearing substrates on Tenebrio molitor meal composition: issues on aquaculture and biodeisel production. In: Vantomme, P., Munke, C., van Huis, A. (Eds.), 1st International Conference "Insects to Feed the World". Wageningen University, Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 59.
22. Bell, J.G., Ghioni, C., Sargent, J.R., 1994. Fatty acid compositions of 10 freshwater invertebrates which are natural food organisms of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar): a comparison with commercial diets. Aquaculture 128, 301-313.
23. Belluco, S., Losasso, C., Maggioletti, M., Alonzi, C., Paoletti, M., Ricci, A., 2013. Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 12, 296-313.
24. Bicker, G., 1992. Taurine in the insect central nervous system. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Comp. Pharmacol. 103, 423-428.
25. Bondari, K., Sheppard, D.C., 1981. Soldier fly larvae as feed in commercial fish production. Aquaculture 24, 103-109.
26. Bondari, K., Sheppard, D.C., 1987. Soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L., larvae as feed for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), and blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner). Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 18, 209-220.
27. Boonyaratpalin, M., 1997. Nutrient requirements of marine food fish cultured in Southeast Asia. Aquaculture 151, 283-313.
28. Borthakur, S., Sarma, K., 1998. Protein and fat digestibility of some non-conventional fish meal replacers incorporated in the diets of fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Environ. Ecol. 16, 368-371.
29. Boscolo, W.R., Hayashi, C., Meurer, F., 2001. Fish, meat and bone, poultry by-products and silkworm meals as attractive in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 30, 1397-1402.
30. Bowyer, J.N., Qin, J.G., Stone, D.A., 2013. Protein, lipid and energy requirements of cultured marine fish in cold, temperate and warm water. Rev. Aquac. 5, 10-32.
31. Briggs, M.H., 1962. Some aspects of the metabolism of ascorbic acid in insects. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 5, 241-252.
32. Buchanan-Smith, J.G., 1990. An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep. Anim. Prod. 50, 253-260.
33. Burgess, W.E., 1989. An Atlas of Freshwater and Marine Catfishes. A Preliminary Survey of the Siluriformes, Neptune City, New Jersey (USA).
34. Castell, J.D., 1986. Aquaculture nutrition. In: Bilio, M., Rosenthal, H., Sinderman, C.J. (Eds.), Realism in Aquaculture: Advances, Constraints, Perspectives. European Aquaculture Society, Bredene, Belgium, pp. 251-308.
35. Clark, E.W., Ball, G.H., 1952. The free amino acids in the whole bodies of culicid mosquitoes. Exp. Parasitol. 1, 339-346.
36. Clark, J., Quayle, K.A., MacDonald, N.L., Stark, J.R., 1988. Metabolism in marine flatfish. Chitinolytic activities in Dover Sole, Solea solea (L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Comp. Biochem. 90, 379-384.
37. Clutterbuck, M., 1993. From Thailand, everything you want to know about giant water bug. Food Insects Newsl. 6, 6-8.
38. Collins, S.A., 2014. Antinutritional Factors in Modeling Plant-Based Rainbow Trout. Department ofAnimal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, pp. 215.
39. Cowey, C.B., 1994. Amino acid requirements of fish: a critical appraisal of present values. Aquaculture 124, 1-11.
40. Cowey, C.B., Sargent, J.R., 1979. Nutrition. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J., Brett, J.R. (Eds.), Fish Physiol. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-69.
41. Dabrowski, K., Arslan, M., Terjesen, B.F., Zhang, Y., 2007. The effect of dietary indispensable amino acid imbalances on feed intake: is there a sensing of deficiency and neural signaling present in fish? Aquaculture 268, 136-142.
42. Danulat, E., Kausch, H., 1984. Chitinase activity in the digestive tract of the cod Gadus morhua (L.). J. Fish Biol. 24, 125-133.
43. DeFoliart, G., 1991. Insect fatty acids: similar to those of poultry and fish in their degree of unsaturation, but higher in the polyunsaturates. Food Insects Newsl. 4, 1-4.
44. DeFoliart, G., 1992. Insects as human food. Crop Prot. 11, 395-399.
45. Dheke, S., Gubhaju, R.S., 2013. Growth response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on substitution of shrimp meal by different protein sources. Nepalese J. Zool. 1, 24-29.
46. Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C., Tockner, K., 2009. Conversion of organic material by black soldier fly larvae: establishing optimal feeding rates. Waste Manage. Res. 27, 603-610.
47. Dong, G.F., Yang, Y.O., Song, X.M., Yu, L., Zhao, T.T., Huang, G.L., Hu, Z.J., Zhang, J.L., 2013. Comparative effects of dietary supplementation with maggot meal and soybean meal in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and darkbarbel catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli): Growth performance and antioxidant responses. Aquac. Nutr. 19, 543-554.
48. Dong, Y.P., Wu, Q.Y., 2010. Research status of development and utilization for silkworm chrysalis protein. Acad. Period. Farm Prod. Process. 211, 17-20.
49. Doos, B.R., 2002. Population growth and loss of arable land. Global Environ. Chang. 12, 303-311.
50. Drew, D.J.W., Drew, J.J., Kotze, J.A., Pieterse, E., Richards, C.S., Rudolphe, R., Watson, P.R., Claims, D., 2014. Agriprotein: Building the World's Largest Insect Rearing Protein Farm-A History Vision. Insects to Feed The World, Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 60.
51. Ebenso, I.E., Udo, M.T., 2003. Effect of live maggot on growth of the Nile perch, Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae) in South Eastern Nigeria. Glob. J. Agric. Sci. 2, 72-73.
52. Emehinaiye, P.A., 2012. Growth Performance of Oreochromis niloticus Fingerlings Fed with Varying Levels of Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria) Meal. Aquacult. Fish. Manage., Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
53. Erickson, M.C., Islam, M., Sheppard, C., Liao, J., Doyle, M.P., 2004. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella entericasero var Enteritidis in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly. J. Food Prot. 67, 685-690.
54. Espe, M., Lemme, A., Petri, A., El-Mowafi, A., 2006. Can Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grow on diets devoid of fishmeal? Aquaculture 255, 255-262.
55. Esteban, M.A., Cuesta, A., Ortuño, J., Meseguer, J., 2001. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 11, 303-315.
56. Fakayode, O.S., Ugwumba, A.A.A., 2013. Effects of replacement of fishmeal with palm grub (Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus, 1758)) meal on the growth of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 8, 101-107.
57. Fänge, R., Lundblad, G., Lind, J., Slettengren, K., 1979. Chitinolytic enzymes in the digestive system of marine fishes. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 53, 317-321.
58. FAO., 2013. Food Outlook, Biannual Report on Global Food Markets. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 134.
59. FAO., 2014. In: Graziano da Silva, J. (Ed.), The state of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Opportunities and Challenges. FAO, Rome, p. 3.
60. Fasakin, E.A., Balogun, A.M., Ajayi, O.O., 2003. Evaluation of full-fat and defatted maggot meals in the feeding of clariid catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Aquac. Res. 34, 733-738.
61. Fines, B.C., Holt, G.J., 2010. Chitinase and apparent digestibility of chitin in the digestive tract of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture 303, 34-39.
62. Finke, M.D., 2002. Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biol. 21, 269-285.
63. Finke, M.D., 2007. Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects. Zoo Biol. 26, 105-115.
64. Fontaneto, D., Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M., Galli, C., Risé, P., Glew, R.H., Paoletti, M.G., 2011. Differences in fatty acid composition between aquatic and terrestrial insects used as food in human nutrition. Ecol. Food Nutr. 50, 351-367.
65. Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., 2001. Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feeding ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199, 197-227.
66. Frimodt, C., 1995. Multilingual Illustrated Guide to the World's Commercial Warmwater Fish. Osney Mead, Oxford, England.
67. Gall, G.A.E., Crandell, P.A., 1992. The rainbow trout. Aquaculture 100, 1-10.
68. Gasco, L., Belforti, M., Rotolo, L., Lussiana, C., Parisi, G., Terova, G., Roncarati, A., Gai, F., 2014a. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as a potential ingredient in practical diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In: Vantomme, P., Munke, C., van Huis, A. (Eds.), 1st International Conference "Insects to Feed the World". Wageningen University, Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 69.
69. Gasco, L., Gai, F., Piccolo, G., Rotolo, L., Lussiana, C., Molla, P., Chatzifotis, S., 2014b. Substitution of fishmeal by Tenebrio molitor meal in the diet of Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles. In: Vantomme, P., Munke, C., van Huis, A. (Eds.), 1st International Conference "Insects to Feed the World". Wageningen University, Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 70.
70. Gatlin, D.M., FT, B., Brown, P., Dabrowski, K., Gaylord, T.G., Hardy, R.W., Herman, E., Hu, G.S., Krogdahl, A., Nelson, R., Overturf, K., Rust, M., Sealey, W., Skonberg, D., Souza, E.J., Stone, D., Wilson, R., Wurtele, E., 2007. Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquac. Res. 38, 551-579.
71. Ghaly, A.E., Alkoaik, F.N., 2009. The yellow mealworm as a novel source of protein. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4, 319-331.
72. Gopalakannan, A., Arul, V., 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture 255, 179-187.
73. Gutowska, M.A., Jefferey, C.D., Robinson, B.H., 2004. Digestive chitinolytic activity in marine fishes of Monterey Bay, California. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol. 139, 351-358.
74. Habib, M.A.B., Hasan, M.R., Akand, A.M., Siddiqua, A., 1994. Evaluation of silkworm pupae meal as a dietary protein source for Clarias batrachus fingerlings. Aquaculture 124, 62.
75. Hall, G.M., 1992. Fish processing technology. In: Ockerman, H.W. (Ed.), Fishery Byproducts. VCH Publishers, New York, USA, pp. 155-192.
76. Hanboonsong, Y., Durst, P.B., 2014. Edible Insectsin Lao PDR: Building on Traditionto Enhance Food Security. RAP Publication 2014/12, FAO, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 56.
77. Hansen, A.-C., Rosenlund, G., Karlsen, O., Koppe, W., Hemre, G.-I., 2007. Total replacement of fish meal with plant proteins in diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). I. Effects on growth and protein retention. Aquaculture 272, 599-611.
78. Hansen, J.O., Shearer, K.D., Overland, M., Penn, M.H., Krogdahl, A., Mydland, L.T., Storebakken, T., 2011. Replacement of LT fish meal with a mixture of partially deshelled krill meal and pea protein concentrates in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 315, 275-282.
79. Hardy, R.W., 2002. Rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss. In: Webster, C.D., Lim, C.E. (Eds.), Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. Harworth Press, Binghampton, New York, USA, pp. 184-202.
80. Hasan, M.R., 2001. Nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture development in the third millennium. In: Subasinghe, R.P., Bueno, P., Phillips, M.J., Hough, C., McGladdery, S.E., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. NACA, Bangkok/FAO, Rome/Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 193-219.
81. He, X., Jia, L., Li, Z., Yang, Y., 1990. Nutrient requirements of juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. In: Ryans, R.C. (Ed.), Fish Physiology, Fish Toxicology and Fisheries Management. Athens, Georgia, pp. 73-87.
82. Helland, S.l. J., Grisdale-Helland, B., 2006. Replacement of fish meal with wheat gluten in diets for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus): effect on whole-body amino acid concentrations. Aquaculture 261, 1363-1370.
83. Henry, M., Fountoulaki, E., 2014. Optimal dietary protein/lipid ratio for improved immune status of a newly cultivated Mediterranean fish species, the shi drum Umbrina cirrosa, L. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 37, 215-219.
84. Heuzé, V., Tran, G., 2013. Locust Meal, Locusts, Grasshoppers and Crickets. Feedipedia.org, INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
85. Heuzé, V., Tran, G., Giger-Reverdin, S., Lebas, F., 2014. Silkworm Pupae Meal. Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, FAO.
86. Hoffman, J., Johansen, A., Steiro, K., Gildberg, A., Stenberg, E., Bøgwald, J., 1997. Chitooligosaccharides stimulate Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., head kidney leukocytes to enhanced superoxide anion production in vitro. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. 118, 105-115.
87. Hossain, M.A., Islam, M.N., Alim, M.A., 1991. Evaluation of Silkworm Pupae Meal as Dietary Protein Source for Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch), Fish Nutrition in Practice: 4th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding. Biarritz, France.
88. Hossain, M.A., Nahar, N., Kamal, M., 1997. Nutrient digestibility coefficients of some plant and animal proteins for rohu (Labeo rohita). Aquaculture 151, 37-45.
89. Hossain, M.A., Nahar, N., Kamal, M., Islam, M.N., 1992. Nutrient digestibility coefficients of some plant and animal proteins for tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). J. Aquacult. Trop. 7, 257-265.
90. Howe, E.R., Simenstad, C.A., Toft, J.D., Cordell, J.R., Bollens, S.M., 2014. Macroinvertebrate prey availability andfish diet selectivityin relationto environmental variables in natural and restoring north San Francisco bay tidal marsh channels. San Franc. Estuary Waters. Sci. 12, 1-46.
91. Hu, L., Yun, B., Xue, M., Wang, J., Wu, X., Zheng, Y., Han, F., 2013. Effects of fish meal quality and fish meal substitution by animal protein blend on growth performance, flesh quality and liver histology of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Aquaculture 372-375, 52-61.
92. Hwangbo, J., Hong, E.C., Jang, A., Kang, H.K., Oh, J.S., Kim, B.W., et al., 2009. Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. J. Environ. Biol. 30 (4), 609-614.
93. Idowu, A.B., Amusan, A.A.S., Oyediran, A.G., 2003. The response of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (Burchell 1822) to the diet containing Housefly maggot (Musca domestica) (L.). Niger. J. Anim. Prod. 30, 139-144.
94. Jabir, M.D.A.R., Razak, S.A., Vikineswary, S., 2012a. Nutritive potential and utilization of super worm (Zophobas morio) meal in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11, 6592-6598.
95. Jabir, M.D.A.R.J., Razak, S.A., Sabaratnam, V., 2012b. Effect of mushroom supplementation as a prebiotic compound in super worm based diet on growth performance of red tilapia fingerlings. Sains Malaysiana 41, 1197-1203.
96. Jamali, H., Livesley, S.J., Dawes, T.Z., Cook, G.D., Hutley, L.B., Arndt, S.K., 2008. Diurnal and seasonal variations in CH4 flux from termite mounds in tropical savannas of the Northern Territory, Australia. Agric. For. Meteorol. 151, 1471-1479.
97. Jayaram, M.G., Shetty, H.P.C., 1980. Studies on the growth rate of Catla rohu and common carp fed on different formulated feeds. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 14, 421-424.
98. Jayaram, M.G., Shetty, H.P.C., Udupa, K.S., 1980. Organoleptic evaluation of flesh of carps fed on different kinds of feeds. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 14, 421-424.
99. Jeuniaux, C., 1993. Chitinolytic systems in the digestive tract of vertebrates: a review. In: Muzzarelli, R.A.A. (Ed.), Chitin Enzymology. European Chitin Society, Ancona, Italy, pp. 233-244.
100. Jeyachandran, P., Raj, S.P., 1976. Experiments with artificial feeds on Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India 8, 33-37.
101. Ji, H., Zhang, J.L., Huang, J.Q., Cheng, X.F., Liu, C., 2013. Effect of replacement of dietary fish meal with silkworm pupae meal on growth performance, body composition, intestinal protease activity and health status in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var Jian). Aquac. Res., 1-13 (Early view online version).
102. Ji, W., Wang, Y., Tang, J., 2010. Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) reared in sea water. J. Fish. China 34, 101-107.
103. Jindal, M., 2011. Protein requirements of catfish Clarias batrachus for sustainable aquaculture. Indian J. Fish. 58, 95-100.
104. Jintasatapom, O., Chumkam, S., Jintasatapom, O., 2011. Substitutionofsilkworm pupae (Bombyxmori) forfishmealinbroodstockdiets for snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis). J. Agric. Sci. Technol. A 1, 1341-1344.
105. Johnson, E.L., Peniston, Q.P., 1982. Utilization of shell waste for chitin and chitosan production. In: Martin, R.E., Flick, G.H., Hebard, C.E., Ward, D.R. (Eds.), Chemistry and Biochemistry of Marine Food Products. AVI Publishing Co., West Port, CT, pp. 514-522.
106. Johri, R., Singh, R., Johri, P.K., 2011. Impact of formulated plant and animal supplemented diets on nutritional efficiency, growth and body composition in juveniles of Clarias batrachus in experimental tanks. J. Exp. Zool. India 14, 59-68.
107. Kim, M.Y., Chung, L.M., Lee, S.J., Ahn, J.K., Kim, E.H., Kim, M.J., Kim, S.L., Moon, H.L., Ro, H.M., Kang, E.Y., SH, S., Song, H.K., 2009. Comparison of free amino acid, carbohydrates concentrations in Korean edible and medicinal mushrooms. Food Chem. 113, 386-393.
108. Kim, Y.K., 1974. Determination of true digestibility of dietary proteins in carp with Cr2O3 containing-diet. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 40, 651-653.
109. Kiron, V., 2012. Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 173, 111-133.
110. Kono, M., Matsui, T., Shimizu, C., 1987. Effect of chitin, chitosan and celllulose as diet supplements on the growth of cultured fish. Nippon Suisan Gakk. 53, 125-129.
111. Köprücü, K., özdemir, Y., 2005. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 250, 308-316.
112. Kottelat, M., Freyhof, J., 2007. Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland.
113. Kousoulaki, K., Albrektsen, S., Langmyhr, E., Olsen, H.J., Campbell, P., Aksnes, A., 2009. The water soluble fraction in fish meal (stickwater) stimulates growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) given high plant protein diets. Aquaculture 289, 74-83.
114. Kramer, K.J., Hopkins, T.L., Schaefer, J., 1995. Applications of solids NMR to the analysis of insect sclerotized structures. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25, 1067-1080.
115. Kroeckel, S., Harjes, A.G.E., Roth, I., Katz, H., Wuertz, S., Susenbeth, A., Schulz, C., 2012. When a turbot catches a fly: evaluation of a pre-pupae meal of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) asfish meal substitute-growth performance and chitin degradationinjuvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture 364-365, 345-352.
116. Kurokawa, T., Uji, S., Suzuki, T., 2004. Molecular cloning of multiple chitinase genes in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. 138, 255-264.
117. Lee, J., Choi, I.C., Kim, K.T., Cho, S.H., Yoo, J.Y., 2012. Response of dietary substitution of fishmeal with various protein sources on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 38, 735-744.
118. Lee, J.K., Cho, S.H., Park, S.U., Kim, K.-D., Lee, S.-M., 2003. Dietary protein requirement for young turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquac. Nutr. 9, 283-286.
119. Lee, S.-M., Park, C.S., Bang, I.C., 2002. Dietary protein requirement of young Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed isocaloric diets. Fish. Sci. (Tokyo) 68, 158-164.
120. Lin, S., Mao, S., Guan, Y., Lin, X., Luo, L., 2012a. Dietary administration of chitooligosaccharides to enhance growth, innate immune response and disease resistance of Trachinotus ovatus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 32, 909-913.
121. Lin, S., Mao, S., Guan, Y., Luo, L., Pan, Y., 2012b. Effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharides and Bacillus coagulans on the growth, innate immunity and resistance of koi (Cyprinus carpio koi). Aquaculture 342, 36-41.
122. Lindsay, G.J.H., Walton, M.J., Adron, J.W., Fletcher, T.C., Cho, C.Y., Cowey, C.B., 1984. The growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) given diets containing chitin and its relationship to chitinolytic enzymes and chitin digestibility. Aquaculture 38, 315-334.
123. Liu, Q., Tomberlin, J.K., Brady, J.A., Sanford, M.R., Yu, Z., 2008. Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reduce Escherichia coli in dairy manure. Environ. Entomol. 37, 1525-1530.
124. Lock, E.-J., Arsiwalla, T., Waagbo, R., 2014. Insect meal: a promising source of nutrients in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar). In: Vantomme, P., Munke, C., van Huis, A. (Eds.), 1st International Conference "Insects to Feed the World". Wageningen University, Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 67.
125. Longvah, T., Mangthya, K., Ramulu, P., 2011. Nutrient composition and protein quality evaluation of eri silkworm (Samia ricinii) prepupae and pupae. Food Chem. 128, 400-403.
126. Lovell, T., 1989. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
127. Madu, C.T., Ufodike, E.B.C., 2003. Growth and survival of catfish (Clarias anguillaris) juveniles fed live tilapia and maggot as unconventional diets. J. Aquat. Sci. 18, 47-51.
128. Makkar, H.P.S., Tran, G., Heuze, V., Ankers, P., 2014. State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 197 (0), 1-33, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.008.
129. Manikandavelu, D., Neethiselvan, N., Jagatheesan, G., Sundarsanam, K., 1992. Use of fermented ensilage based diet in enhancing the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var communis). Fish. Technol. 29, 111-113.
130. Manzano-Agugliaro, F., Sanchez-Muros, M.J., Barroso, F.G., Martínez-Sánchez, A., Rojo, S., Pérez-Bañón, C., 2012. Insects for biodiesel production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16, 3744-3753.
131. Martius, C., Wassmann, R., Thein, U., Bandeira, A., Rennenberg, H., Junk, W., Seiler, W., 1993. Methane emission from wood-feeding termites in Amazonia. Chemosphere 26, 623-632.
132. Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T., Yoshino, T., 1984. The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan.
133. McCafferty, W.P., 1981. Aquatic Entomology. The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones and Barlett, Sudbury, USA.
134. Merrifield, D.L., Olsen, R.E., Myklebust, R., Ringo, E., El-Shemy, H., 2011. Dietary effect of soybean (Glycine max) products on gut histology and microbiota of fish. In: El-Shemy, H. (Ed.), Soybean and Nutrition. InTech.
135. Ming, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Wu, C., Shao, X., Liu, P., 2013. The influence of maggot meal and l-carnitine on growth, immunity, antioxidant indices and disease resistance of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). J. Chin. Cereals Oils Assoc. 28, 80-86.
136. Mohd Din, A.R.J., Razak, S.A., Sabaratnam, V., 2012. Effect of mushroom supplementation as a prebiotic compound in super worm based diet on growth performance of red tilapia fingerlings. Sains Malays. 41, 1197-1203.
137. Nandeesha, M.C., Gangadhara, B., Manissery, J.K., 1999. Silkworm pupa oil and sardine oil as an additional energy source in the diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Asian Fish. Sci. 12, 207-215.
138. Nandeesha, M.C., Gangadhara, B., Varghese, T.J., Keshavanath, P., 2000. Growth response and flesh quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fed with high levels of non-defatted silkworm pupae. Asian Fish. Sci. 13, 235-242.
139. Nandeesha, M.C., Srikantha, G.K., Keshavanatha, P., Varghesea, T.J., Basavarajaa, N., Dasa, S.K., 1990. Effects of non-defatted silkworm-pupae in diets on the growth of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Biol. Waste 33, 17-23.
140. Nation, J.L., 2002. Insect Physiology and Biochemistry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
141. Naylor, R.L., Hardy, R.W., Bureau, D.P., Chiu, A., Elliott, M., Farrell, A.P., Forster, I., Gatlin, D.M., Goldburg, R.J., Hua, K., Nichols, P.D., 2009. Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B: Biol. Sci. 106, 15103-15110.
142. New, M.B., Wijkstroem, U.N., 2002. Use of Fishmeal and Fish Oil in Aquafeeds: Further Thoughts on the Fishmeal Trap. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 975.
143. Newton, G.L., Sheppard, D.C., Watson, D.W., Burtle, G.J., Dove, C.R., Tomberlin, J.K., Thelen, E.E., 2005. The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens as a manure management/resource recovery tool. In: Symposium on the State of the Science of Animal Manure and Waste Management, San Antonio, TX, USA.
144. Ng, W.-K., Liew, F.-L., Ang, L.-P., Wong, K.-W., 2001. Potential of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative protein source in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquac. Res. 32, 273-280.
145. Nguyen, T.N., Davis, D.A., Saoud, I.P., 2009. Evaluation of alternative protein sources to replace fish meal in practical diets for juvenile tilapia Oreochromis spp. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 40, 113-121.
146. Nico, L.G., Williams, J.D., Jelks, H.L., 2005. Black Carp: Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment of an Introduced Fish. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, USA.
147. No, H.K., Meyers, S.P., Lee, K.S., 1989. Isolation and characterization of chitin from crawfish shell waste. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37, 575-579.
148. NRC, 2011. Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA.
149. Nsofor, C.J., Osayamwen, E.M., Ewuim, S.C., Etaga, H.O., 2008. Effects of varying levels of maggot and fishmeal on food utilization and growth of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings reared in net hopas in concrete ponds. Nat. Appl. Sci. J. 9, 79-84.
150. Odesanya, B.O., Ajayi, S.O., Agbaogun, B.K.O., Okuneye, B., 2011. Comparative evaluation of nutritive value of maggots. Int. J. Sci. Engin. Res. 2 (11), 1-5.
151. Ogunji, J.O., 2004. Alternative protein sources in diets for farmed tilapia. Nutr. Abs. Rev. B 74, 23-32.
152. Ogunji, J.O., Kloas, W., Wirth, M., Neumann, N., Pietsch, C., 2008a. Effect of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the performance, concentration of plasma glucose, cortisol and blood characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 92, 511-518.
153. Ogunji, J.O., Kloas, W., Wirth, M., Schulz, C., Rennert, B., 2008b. Housefly maggot meal (magmeal) as a protein source for Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.). Asian Fish. Sci. 21, 319-331.
154. Ogunji, J.O., Nimptsch, J., Wiegand, C., Schulz, C., 2007. Evaluation of the influence of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glycogen concentration in the liver of Oreochromis niloticus fingerling. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 147, 942-947.
155. Ogunji, J.O., Pagel, T., Schulz, C., Kloas, W., 2009. Apparent digestibility coefficient of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). Asian Fish. Sci. 22, 1095-1105.
156. Ogunji, J.O., Summan Toor, R.-U.-A., Schulz, C., Kloas, W., 2008c. Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 8, 141-147.
157. Oliva-Teles, A., 2000. Recent advances in European sea bass and gilthead sea bream nutrition. Aquac. Int. 8, 477-492.
158. Oliva-Teles, A., 2012. Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish. J. Fish Dis. 35, 83-108.
159. Olufeagba, S.O., Aluko, P.O., Eyo, A.A., 2002. Dietary protein requirement of triploid Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings fed formulated diets. J. Aquat. Sci. 17, 1-4.
160. Omoyinmi, G.A.K., Olaoye, O.J., 2012. Growth performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed diets containing different sources of animal protein. Lybian Agric. Res. Center J. Int. 3, 18-23.
161. Oonincx, D.G.A.B., de Boer, I.J.M., 2012. Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans-a life cycle assessment. PLoS ONE, 7.
162. Ossey, Y.B., Koumi, A.R., Koffi, K.M., Atse, B.C., Kouame, L.P., 2012. Use of soybean, bovine brain and maggot as sources of dietary protein in larval Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840). J. Anim. Plant Sci. 15, 2099-2108.
163. Ostaszewska, T., Dabrowski, K., Kwasek, K., Verri, T., Kamaszewski, M., Sliwinski, J., Napora-Rutkowski, L., 2011. Effects of various diet formulations (experimental and commercial) on the morphology of the liver and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Aquac. Res. 42, 1796-1806.
164. Oyelese, O.A., 2007. Utilization of compounded ration and maggot in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Res. J. Appl. Sci. 2, 301-306.
165. Page, L.M., Burr, B.M., 1991. A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico, Boston, USA.
166. Pant, R., Agrawal, H.C, 1964. Free amino acids of the haemolymph of some insects. J. Insect Physiol. 10, 443-446.
167. Papatryphon, E., Soares, J.H., 2001. Optimizing the levels of feeding stimulants for use in high-fish meal and plant feedstuff-based diets for striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Aquaculture 202, 279-288.
168. Parsons, J.R., 2010. The pastoral niche in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica. In: Staller, J.E., Carrasco, M.D. (Eds.), Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica. Springer, New York, USA, pp. 109-136.
169. Piccolo, G., Marono, S., Gasco, L, Iannaccone, F., Bovera, F., Nizza, A., 2014. Use of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal in diets for Gilthead seabream Sparus aurata juveniles. In: Vantomme, P., Munke, C, van Huis, A. (Eds.), 1st International Conference "Insects to Feed the World". Wageningen University, Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 68.
170. Pinto, W., Ronnestad, I., Dinis, M.T., Aragao, C, 2013. Taurine and fish development: insights for the aquaculture industry. In: El Idrissi, A., L'Amoreaux, W.J. (Eds.), Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 329-334.
171. Rahman, A.K.A., 1989. Freshwater fishes of Bangladesh. Zoological Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bengladesh.
172. Rahman, M.A., Zaher, M., Mazid, M.A., Haque, M.Z., Mahata, S.C., 1996. Replacement of costly fish meal by silkworm pupae in diet of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 39, 64-67.
173. Rainboth, W.J., 1996. Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong. FAO, Rome, Italy.
174. Rainuzzo, J.R., Reitan, K.I., Olsen, Y., 1997. The significance of lipids at early stages of marine fish: a review. Aquaculture 155, 103-115.
175. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Avila Gonzalez, E., Rocha Hernandez, A., Pino, J.M., 2002. Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J. Econ. Entomol. 95, 214-220.
176. Rana, K.J., Siriwardena, S., Hasan, M.R., 2009. Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production. In: FAO (Ed.), Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. Food, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, p. 63.
177. Rangacharyulu, P.V., Giri, S.S., Paul, B.N., Yashoda, K.P., Rao, R.J., Mahendrakar, N.S., Mohanty, S.N., Mukhopadhyay, P.K., 2003. Utilization of fermented silkworm pupae silage in feed for carps. Bioresour. Technol. 86, 29-32.
178. Ravi, C, Jeyashree, A., Renuka Devi, K., 2011. Antimicrobial peptides from insects: an overview. Res. Biotechnol. 2, 1-7.
179. Reddy, P.S., Narahari, D., Talukdar, J.K., Sundararasu, V., 1991. Effect of mineral supplementation on the nutritive value of silkworm pupae meal in broilerfeeds. Cheiron 20, 106-109.
180. Riddick, E.W., 2014. Insect protein as partial replacement for fishmeal in the diets of juvenile fish and crustaceans. In: Morales-Ramos, J., Rojas, G., Shapiro- Ilan, D.I. (Eds.), Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms. Invertebrates and Entomopathogens. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 565-582.
181. Robin, J.H., Skalli, A., 2007. Incorporation of dietary fatty acid in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)-a methodological approach evidencing losses of highly unsaturated fatty acids. Aquaculture 263, 227-237.
182. Roncarati, A., Gasco, L, Parisi, G., Terova, G., 2014a. Growth performance of common catfish (Ameiurus melas Raf.) fingerlings fed insect meal diets. In: Vantomme, P., Munke, C, van Huis, A. (Eds.), 1st International Conference "Insects to Feed the World". Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 162.
183. Roncarati, A., Mordenti, O., Stocchi, L, Melotti, P., 2014b. Comparison of growth performance of common catfish Ameiurus melas, Rafinesque1820, reared in pond and in recirculating aquaculture system. J. Aquac. Res. Dev. 5, 218.
184. Rumpold, B.A., Schluter, O.K., 2013. Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 17, 1-11.
185. Rust, M.B., 2002. Nutritional physiology. In: Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition. The Academic Press, New York, USA, pp. 368-446.
186. Sales, J., Janssens, G.P.J., 2003. Nutrient requirements of ornamental fish. Aquat. Living Resour. 16, 533-540.
187. Sanchez-Muros, M.J., Barroso, F.G., Manzano-Agugliaro, F., 2014. Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review. J. Clean. Prod. 65, 16-27, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jjclepro.2013.11.068.
188. Sangipran, B., Phukan, B., Rajbongshi, A., Bordoloi, R., 2012. Growth performance of snakeskingourami Trichogasterpectoralis (Regan, 1910) using different dietary protein levels. Environ. Ecol. 30, 554-557.
189. Sargent, J., Bell, G., McEvoy, L, Tocher, D., Estevez, A., 1999. Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition offish. Aquaculture 177, 191-199.
190. Sargent, J.R., Tocher, D.R., Bell, J.G., 2002. The lipids. In: Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, USA, pp. 181-257.
191. Sawhney, S., 2014. Effect of partial substitution of expensive ingredient i.e. fishmeal on the growth of Tor putitora fed practical diets. J. Int. Acad. Res. Multidiscipl. 2 (7), 482-489.
192. Schabel, H.G., 2010. Forests insects as food: aglobal review. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N., Shono, K. (Eds.), Forests Insects as food: Humans Bite Back. FAO, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 37-64.
193. Schneider, J.C., Llecha, A., 2014. Black soldier fly farming: the entomology link in kiloton/month (and above) production chains. In: Vantomme, P., Munke, C, van Huis, A. (Eds.), 1st International Conference "Insects to Feed the World". Wageningen University, Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands, p. 59.
194. Scott, W.B., Crossman, E.J., 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184, 1-966.
195. Se-Kwon, K., Niranjan, R., 2005. Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS): a review. Carbohydr. Polym. 62, 357-368.
196. Sealey, W.M., Gaylord, T.G., Barrows, F.T., Tomberlin, J.K., McGuire, M.A., Ross, C, St-Hilaire, S., 2011. Sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae, Hermetia illucens. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 42, 34-45.
197. Seiliez, I., Panserat, S., Corraze, G., Kaushik, S., Bergot, P., 2003. Cloning and nutritional regulation of a A6-desaturase-like enzyme in the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Comp. Biochem. 135, 449-460.
198. Sheppard, C, Newton, G.L., Thompson, S.A., Savage, S., 1994. A value added manure management system using the black soldier fly. Bioresour. Technol. 50, 275-279.
199. Shiau, S.Y., Yu, Y.P., 1999. Dietary supplementation of chitin and chitosan depresses growth in tilapia Oreochromis niloticusxO. aureus. Aquaculture 179, 439-446.
200. Shrestha, J., 1999. Coldwater fish and fisheries in Nepal. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 385, 13-40.
201. Smith, C.L., 1990. Moronidae. In: Quero, J.C., Hureau, J.C., Karrer, C, Post, A., Saldanha, L. (Eds.), Check-List of the Fishes of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA).JNICT/SEI/UNESCO, Lisbon/Paris/Paris, pp. 692-694.
202. Sogbesan, A.O., Ajuonu, N., Musa, B.O., Adewole, A.M., 2006. Harvesting techniques and evaluation of maggot meal as animal dietary protein source for Heteroclarias in outdoor concrete tanks. World J. Agric. Sci. 2, 394-402.
203. Sogbesan, A.O., Ugwumba, A.A.A., 2008. Nutritional evaluation of Termite (Macrotermis subhyalinus) meal as animal protein supplement in the diets of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 8, 149-157.
204. Solomon, S.G., Sadiku, S.O.E., Tiamiyu, L.O., 2007. Wing reproductive termite (Macrotremes nigeriensis)-soybean (Glyxine max) meals blend as dietary protein source in the practical diets of Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings. Pak. J. Nutr. 6, 267-270.
205. Sowa, S.M., Keeley, L.L., 1996. Free amino acids in the hemolymphofthe cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.-Physiol. 113, 131-134.
206. Srivastava, S.K., Babu, N., Pandey, H., 2009. Traditional insect bioprocessing as human food and medecine. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 8, 485-494.
207. St-Hilaire, S., Cranfill, K., McGuire, M.A., Mosley, E.E., Tomberlin, J.K., Newton, L., Sealey, W., Sheppard, C, Irving, S., 2007a. Fish offal recycling by the black soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in omega-3 fatty acids. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 38, 309-313.
208. St-Hilaire, S., Sheppard, C, Tomberlin, J.K., Irving, S., Newton, L., McGuire, M.A., Mosley, E.E., Hardy, R.W., Sealey, W., 2007b. Fly prepupae as a feedstuff for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 38, 59-67.
209. Sun, G., Zhu, Y., Chen, J., Zhou, Z., 1994. Growth and feeding habits of Japanese sea-bass, Lateolabrax japonicus, in the estuary of Yangtze River. J. Fish. China 18 (3.), 183-189.
210. Sushchik, N.N., Gladyshev, M.I., Moskvichova, A.V., Makhutova, O.N., Kalachova, G.S., 2003. Comparison of fatty acid composition in major lipid classes of the dominant benthic invertebrates ofthe Yenisei river. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. 134, 111-122.
211. Tacon, A.G.J., 1993. Feed Ingredients for Warmwater Fish: Fish Meal and Other Processed Feedstuffs. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 856 856.
212. Takeuchi, T., 2014. Progress on larval and juvenile nutrition to improve the quality and health of seawater fish: a review. Fish. Sci. (Tokyo) 80, 389-403.
213. Tanaka, Y., Tanioka, S., Tanaka, M., Tanigawa, T., Kitamura, Y., Minami, S., Okamoto, Y., Miyashita, M., Namo, M., 1997. Effects of chitin and chitosan particles on BALB/c mice by oval and paranteral administration. Biomaterials 18, 591-595.
214. Tango, M., 1994. Insects as remedies for illnesses in Zaire. Food Insects Newsl. 7, 3-4.
215. Teugels, G.G., 1986. A Systematic Revision of the African Species of the Genus Clarias (Pisces; Clariidae).
216. Tharanathan, R.N., Kittur, F.S., 2003. Chitin-the undisputed biomolecule of great potential. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 43, 61-87.
217. Tocher, D., 2003. Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids inTeleost fish. Rev. Fish. Sci. 11, 107-184.
218. Tocher, D.R., 2010. Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish. Aquac. Res. 41, 717-732.
219. Tocher, D.R., Bendiksen, EX., Campbell, P.J., Bell, J.G., 2008. The role of phospholipids in nutrition and metabolism ofteleost fish. Aquaculture 280, 21-34.
220. Torstensen, B.E., Espe, M., Sanden, M., Stubhaug, I., Waagbo, R., Hemre, G.I., Fontanillas, R., Nordgarden, U., Hevroy, E.M., Olsvik, P., Berntssen, M.H.G., 2008. Novel production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) protein based on combined replacement offish meal and fish oil with plant meal and vegetable oil blends. Aquaculture 285, 193-200.
221. Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia, London, UK.
222. Tsushima, J., Ina, K., 1978. Survey of feeding stimulants for carp, Cyprinus carpio. J. Agric. Soc. Japan 52, 225-229.
223. Turchini, G.M., Mentati, T., Caprino, F., Panseri, S., Moretti, V.M., Valre, F., 2003. Effects of dietary lipid sources on flavour volatile compounds of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) fillet. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 20, 71-75.
224. Turner, J.L, 1966. Distribution and food habits of ictalurid fishes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. In: Turner, J.L., Kelly, D.W. (Eds.), Ecological Studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Part II Fishes of the Delta. Fishery Bulletin, pp. 130-143.
225. van der Spiegel, M., Noordam, M.Y., van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., 2013. Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 12, 662-678.
226. van Huis, A., 2013. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58, 563-583.
227. van Huis, A., van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., Vantomme, P., 2013. Edible Insects-Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security. FAO, pp. 171, Forestry Paper.
228. Van Itterbeeck, J., Van Huis, A., 2012. Environmental manipulation for edible insect procurement: a historical perspective. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 8, 3.
229. Veldkamp, T., van Duinkerken, G., van Huis, A., Lakemond, C.M.M., Ottevanger, E., Bosch, G., van Boekel, M.A.J.S., 2012. Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets-a feasibility study. Wageningen UR Livestock Production, report 638, pp. 1-48.
230. Venkatesh, B., Mukherji, A.P., Mukhopadhyay, P.K., Dehadrai, P.V., 1986. Growth and metabolism of the catfish Clarias batrachus fed with different experimental diets. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Anim. Sci. 95, 457-462.
231. Wei, M.C., Liu, G.Q., 2001. The research and exploitation of insect protein. J. Centr. South Forest. Univ. 21, 86-90.
232. Whitley, S.N., Bollens, S.M., 2014. Fish assemblages across a vegetation gradient in a restoring tidal freshwater wetland: Diets and potential for resource competition. Environ. Biol. Fishes 97, 659-674.
233. Whitton, P.S., Nicholson, R.A., Bell, M.F., Strang, R.H.C., 1995. Biosynthesis of taurine in tissues of the locust (Schistocerca americana gregaria) and the effect of physiological and toxicological stresses on biosynthetic rate of this amino acid. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25, 83-87.
234. Whitton, P.S., Strang, R.H.C., Nicholson, R.A., 1987. The distribution of taurine in the tissues of some species of insects. Insect Biochem. 17, 573-577.
235. Wilson, R.P., 2002. Protein and amino acids. In: Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition. Elsevier Science, San Diego, USA, pp. 144-179.
236. Wilson, R.P., Moreau, Y., 1996. Nutrient requirements of catfishes (Siluroidei). Aquat. Living Resour. 9, 103-111.
237. Winfree, R.A., Stickney, R.R., 1981. Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, feed conversion efficiency and body composition of Tilapiaaurea. J. Nutr. 111, 1001-1012.
238. Yang, L.F., Siriamornpun, S., Li, D., 2006. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of edible insects in Thailand. J. Food Lipids 13, 277-285.
239. Yen, A., 2014. Etno-entomophagy in Asia and the Pacific: historical perspectives and future directions. In: 1st International Conference "Insects to Feed the World", Wageningen Academic Publishers, Ede, The Netherlands, p. 17.
240. Yi, L., Lakemond, C.M.M., Sagis, L.M.C., Eisner-Schadler, V., van Huis, A., van Boekel, M.A.J.S., 2013. Extraction and characterisation of protein fractions from five insect species. Food Chem. 141, 3341-3348.
241. Zhang, Y., Overland, M., Shearer, K.D., Sorensen, M., Mydland, L.T., Storebakken, T., 2012a. Optimizing plant protein combinations in fish meal-free diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by a mixture model. Aquaculture 360-361, 25-36.
242. Zhang, Y., Overland, M., Xie, S., Dong, Z., Lv, Z., Xu, J., Storebakken, T., 2012b. Mixtures of lupin and pea protein concentrates can efficiently replace high-quality fish meal in extruded diets for juvenile black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli). Aquaculture 354-355, 68-74.
243. Zhang, Y., Zhou, Z., Liu, Y., Cao, Y., He, S., Huo, F., Qin, C, Yao, B., Ringo, E., 2014. High-yield production of a chitinase from Aeromonas veronii B565 as a potential feed supplement for warm-water aquaculture. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 1-12.
244. Zhao, W., Lu, L., Tang, Y., 2010. Research and application progress of insect antimicrobial peptides on food industry. Int. J. Food. Eng. 6, Article 10.