Mechanisms of allergic disease - environmental and genetic determinants for the development of allergy

Clinical and Experimental Allergy

Volumn 45, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 844-858

  Campbell, D E ^a,b   Boyle, R J ^c   Thornton, C A ^d   Prescott, S L ^e  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL AT WESTMEAD   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; PREBIOTIC AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ALLERGIC DISEASE; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CONCEPTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIGENETICS; FETUS CIRCULATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HEREDITY; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DYSREGULATION; IMMUNE PROGRAMMING; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; INFANT NUTRITION; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MATERNAL NUTRITION; METABOLOMICS; MICROBIOME; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PERINATAL PERIOD; PLACENTA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; RISK FACTOR; TH1 CELL; TH17 CELL; TH2 CELL; UTERUS; WESTERN DIET; AGE; ANIMAL; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; FOOD; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MICROFLORA; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE;

AGE FACTORS; ALLERGENS; ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; FEMALE; FOOD; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENETIC VARIATION; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; IMMUNITY; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; METABOLOMICS; MICROBIOTA; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS;

EID: 84927737001     PISSN: 09547894     EISSN: 13652222     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/cea.12531     Document Type: Article

References (175)

1. Barker DJ. Maternal nutrition, fetal nutrition, and disease in later life. Nutrition 1997; 13:807-13.
2. Gibbons D, Fleming P, Virasami A et al. Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) production is a signatory T cell effector function of human newborn infants. Nat Med 2014; 20:1206-10.
3. Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J Neurophysiol 1963; 26:1003-17.
4. Czeizel AE, Dudas I. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1832-5.
5. Olds DL, Eckenrode J, Henderson CR Jr et al. Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA 1997; 278:637-43.
6. Barker DJ, Osmond C, Forsen TJ, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG. Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1802-9.
7. Sicherer SH, Furlong TJ, Maes HH, Desnick RJ, Sampson HA, Gelb BD. Genetics of peanut allergy: a twin study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106(1 Pt 1):53-6.
8. Larsen FS, Holm NV, Henningsen K. Atopic dermatitis. A genetic-epidemiologic study in a population-based twin sample. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 15:487-94.
9. Liu X, Zhang S, Tsai HJ et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to allergen sensitization in a Chinese twin study. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:991-8.
10. Strachan DP, Wong HJ, Spector TD. Concordance and interrelationship of atopic diseases and markers of allergic sensitization among adult female twins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:901-7.
11. Koppelman GH, Los H, Postma DS. Genetic and environment in asthma: the answer of twin studies. Eur Respir J 1999; 13:2-4.
12. Cantone I, Fisher AG. Epigenetic programming and reprogramming during development. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:282-9.
13. Loss G, Bitter S, Wohlgensinger J et al. Prenatal and early-life exposures alter expression of innate immunity genes: the PASTURE cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:523-30.e9.
14. Paparo L, di Costanzo M, di Scala C et al. The influence of early life nutrition on epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. Nutrients 2014; 6:4706-19.
15. Vuillermin PJ, Ponsonby AL, Saffery R et al. Microbial exposure, interferon gamma gene demethylation in naive T-cells, and the risk of allergic disease. Allergy 2009; 64:348-53.
16. Martino D, Joo JE, Sexton-Oates A et al. Epigenome-wide association study reveals longitudinally stable DNA methylation differences in CD4+ T cells from children with IgE-mediated food allergy. Epigenetics 2014; 9:998-1006.
17. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006; 38:441-6.
18. Salimi M, Barlow JL, Saunders SP et al. A role for IL-25 and IL-33-driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis. J Exp Med 2013; 210:2939-50.
19. Walley AJ, Chavanas S, Moffatt MF et al. Gene polymorphism in Netherton and common atopic disease. Nat Genet 2001; 29:175-8.
20. Mark BJ, Becker BA, Halloran DR et al. Prevalence of atopic disorders and immunodeficiency in patients with ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:435-8.
21. Morikawa H, Sakaguchi S. Genetic and epigenetic basis of Treg cell development and function: from a FoxP3-centered view to an epigenome-defined view of natural Treg cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:192-205.
22. Wildin RS, Ramsdell F, Peake J et al. X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy. Nat Genet 2001; 27:18-20.
23. Minegishi Y, Saito M, Tsuchiya S et al. Dominant-negative mutations in the DNA-binding domain of STAT3 cause hyper-IgE syndrome. Nature 2007; 448:1058-62.
24. Engelhardt KR, McGhee S, Winkler S et al. Large deletions and point mutations involving the dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) in the autosomal-recessive form of hyper-IgE syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 1289-302.e4.
25. Marangoni F, Trifari S, Scaramuzza S et al. WASP regulates suppressor activity of human and murine CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) natural regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 2007; 204:369-80.
26. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Li YF, Rappaport EB, Peters JM. Effects of early onset asthma and in utero exposure to maternal smoking on childhood lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:917-24.
27. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, McConnell R et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function. Thorax 2000; 55:271-6.
28. Noakes PS, Hale J, Thomas R, Lane C, Devadason SG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-like-receptor-mediated immune responses. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:721-9.
29. Noakes PS, Holt PG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking in pregnancy alters neonatal cytokine responses. Allergy 2003; 58:1053-8.
30. Pfefferle PI, Prescott SL, Kopp M. Microbial influence on tolerance and opportunities for intervention with prebiotics/probiotics and bacterial lysates. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1453-63; quiz 64.
31. Rautava S, Luoto R, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Microbial contact during pregnancy, intestinal colonization and human disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 9:565-76.
32. Ege MJ, Bieli C, Frei R et al. Prenatal farm exposure is related to the expression of receptors of the innate immunity and to atopic sensitization in school-age children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:817-23.
33. Fink PJ. The biology of recent thymic emigrants. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:31-50.
34. Hebel K, Weinert S, Kuropka B et al. CD4+ T cells from human neonates and infants are poised spontaneously to run a nonclassical IL-4 program. J Immunol 2014; 192:5160-70.
35. Thornton CA, Upham JW, Wikstrom ME et al. Functional maturation of CD4+CD25+CTLA4+CD45RA+ T regulatory cells in human neonatal T cell responses to environmental antigens/allergens. J Immunol 2004; 173:3084-92.
36. Palin AC, Ramachandran V, Acharya S, Lewis DB. Human neonatal naive CD4+ T cells have enhanced activation-dependent signaling regulated by the microRNA miR-181a. J Immunol 2013; 190:2682-91.
37. Depner M, Ege MJ, Genuneit J et al. Atopic sensitization in the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:781-8.
38. Flicker S, Marth K, Kofler H, Valenta R. Placental transfer of allergen-specific IgG but not IgE from a specific immunotherapy-treated mother. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 1358-60.e1.
39. Thornton CA, Holloway JA, Popplewell EJ, Shute JK, Boughton J, Warner JO. Fetal exposure to intact immunoglobulin E occurs via the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:306-11.
40. Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Smallacombe T, Holt BJ, Sly PD, Holt PG. Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children. Lancet 1999; 353:196-200.
41. D'Vaz N, Ma Y, Dunstan JA et al. Neonatal protein kinase C zeta expression determines the neonatal T-Cell cytokine phenotype and predicts the development and severity of infant allergic disease. Allergy 2012; 67:1511-8.
42. Hrdy J, Novotna O, Kocourkova I, Prokesova L. Gene expression of subunits of the IL-12 family cytokines in moDCs derived in vitro from the cord blood of children of healthy and allergic mothers. Folia Biol (Praha) 2014; 60:74-82.
43. Tulic MK, Hodder M, Forsberg A et al. Differences in innate immune function between allergic and nonallergic children: new insights into immune ontogeny. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:470-8.e1.
44. Mustonen K, Orivuori L, Keski-Nisula L et al. Inflammatory response and IgE sensitization at early age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:395-401.
45. Lisciandro JG, Prescott SL, Nadal-Sims MG et al. Neonatal antigen-presenting cells are functionally more quiescent in children born under traditional compared with modern environmental conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1167-74.e10.
46. Holt PG, Strickland DH, Sly PD. Virus infection and allergy in the development of asthma: what is the connection? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12:151-7.
47. Holt PG, Strickland DH, Hales BJ, Sly PD. Defective respiratory tract immune surveillance in asthma: a primary causal factor in disease onset and progression. Chest 2014; 145:370-8.
48. Janssen E, Morbach H, Ullas S et al. Dedicator of cytokinesis 8-deficient patients have a breakdown in peripheral B-cell tolerance and defective regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1365-74.
49. Somerset DA, Zheng Y, Kilby MD, Sansom DM, Drayson MT. Normal human pregnancy is associated with an elevation in the immune suppressive CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T-cell subset. Immunology 2004; 112:38-43.
50. Aluvihare VR, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG. Regulatory T cells mediate maternal tolerance to the fetus. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:266-71.
51. Smith M, Tourigny MR, Noakes P, Thornton CA, Tulic MK, Prescott SL. Children with egg allergy have evidence of reduced neonatal CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(lo/-) regulatory T cell function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1460-6, 6.e1-7.
52. McLoughlin RM, Calatroni A, Visness CM et al. Longitudinal relationship of early life immunomodulatory T cell phenotype and function to development of allergic sensitization in an urban cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:392-404.
53. Tulic MK, Andrews D, Crook ML et al. Changes in thymic regulatory T-cell maturation from birth to puberty: differences in atopic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:199-206.e1-4.
54. Lisciandro JG, Prescott SL, Nadal-Sims MG et al. Comparison of neonatal T regulatory cell function in Papua New Guinean and Australian newborns. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012; 23:173-80.
55. Fu Y, Lou H, Wang C et al. T cell subsets in cord blood are influenced by maternal allergy and associated with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:178-86.
56. Hinz D, Bauer M, Roder S et al. Cord blood Tregs with stable FOXP3 expression are influenced by prenatal environment and associated with atopic dermatitis at the age of one year. Allergy 2012; 67:380-9.
57. Schaub B, Liu J, Hoppler S et al. Maternal farm exposure modulates neonatal immune mechanisms through regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:774-82.e5.
58. Raedler D, Illi S, Pinto LA et al. IL10 polymorphisms influence neonatal immune responses, atopic dermatitis, and wheeze at age 3 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:789-96.
59. Zhang L, Zhang Y, Desrosiers M, Wang C, Zhao Y, Han D. Genetic association study of FOXP3 polymorphisms in allergic rhinitis in a Chinese population. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:930-4.
60. Bottema RW, Kerkhof M, Reijmerink NE et al. X-chromosome Forkhead Box P3 polymorphisms associate with atopy in girls in three Dutch birth cohorts. Allergy 2010; 65:865-74.
61. Fodor E, Garaczi E, Polyanka H, Koreck A, Kemeny L, Szell M. The rs3761548 polymorphism of FOXP3 is a protective genetic factor against allergic rhinitis in the Hungarian female population. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:926-9.
62. Runyon RS, Cachola LM, Rajeshuni N et al. Asthma discordance in twins is linked to epigenetic modifications of T cells. PLoS ONE 2012; 7:e48796.
63. Herberth G, Bauer M, Gasch M et al. Maternal and cord blood miR-223 expression associates with prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and low regulatory T-cell numbers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:543-50.
64. de Roock S, Stoppelenburg AJ, Scholman R et al. Defective TH17 development in human neonatal T cells involves reduced RORC2 mRNA content. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:754-6.e3.
65. Dijkstra KK, Hoeks SB, Prakken BJ, de Roock S. TH17 differentiation capacity develops within the first 3 months of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:891-4.e5.
66. Lluis A, Ballenberger N, Illi S et al. Regulation of TH17 markers early in life through maternal farm exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:864-71.
67. Kemeny DM. The role of the T follicular helper cells in allergic disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:386-9.
68. van de Veen W, Stanic B, Yaman G et al. IgG4 production is confined to human IL-10-producing regulatory B cells that suppress antigen-specific immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1204-12.
69. Yu S, Kim HY, Chang YJ, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Innate lymphoid cells and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:943-50; quiz 51.
70. Gold MJ, Antignano F, Halim TY et al. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells facilitate sensitization to local, but not systemic, TH2-inducing allergen exposures. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1142-8.
71. Halim TY, Steer CA, Matha L et al. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are critical for the initiation of adaptive T helper 2 cell-mediated allergic lung inflammation. Immunity 2014; 40:425-35.
72. Chu DK, Mohammed-Ali Z, Jimenez-Saiz R et al. T helper cell IL-4 drives intestinal Th2 priming to oral peanut antigen, under the control of OX40L and independent of innate-like lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1395-404.
73. Hong JY, Bentley JK, Chung Y et al. Neonatal rhinovirus induces mucous metaplasia and airways hyperresponsiveness through IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:429-39.e8.
74. Forsberg A, Bengtsson M, Eringfalt A, Ernerudh J, Mjosberg J, Jenmalm MC. GATA binding protein 3(+) group 2 innate lymphoid cells are present in cord blood and in higher proportions in male than in female neonates. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:228-30.
75. Noti M, Kim BS, Siracusa MC et al. Exposure to food allergens through inflamed skin promotes intestinal food allergy through the thymic stromal lymphopoietin-basophil axis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1390-9, 9 e1-6.
76. Macfarlane TV, Seager AL, Moller M, Morgan G, Thornton CA. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is present in human breast milk. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21(2 Pt 2):e454-6.
77. Topping V, Romero R, Than NG et al. Interleukin-33 in the human placenta. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:327-38.
78. Prescott SL, Tulic M, Kumah AO et al. Reduced placental FOXP3 associated with subsequent infant allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:886-7.e5.
79. Reece P, Thanendran A, Crawford L et al. Maternal allergy modulates cord blood hematopoietic progenitor Toll-like receptor expression and function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:447-53.
80. Jones DM, Tobin BM. Isolation of mycoplasms and other organisms from the placenta after caesarean section. J Med Microbiol 1969; 2:347-52.
81. Fortner KB, Grotegut CA, Ransom CE et al. Bacteria localization and chorion thinning among preterm premature rupture of membranes. PLoS ONE 2014; 9:e83338.
82. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:237ra65.
83. Satokari R, Gronroos T, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus DNA in the human placenta. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:8-12.
84. Romano-Keeler J, Weitkamp JH. Maternal influences on fetal microbial colonization and immune development. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:189-95.
85. McDade TW. Early environments and the ecology of inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109(Suppl. 2):17281-8.
86. McDade TW, Metzger MW, Chyu L, Duncan GJ, Garfield C, Adam EK. Long-term effects of birth weight and breastfeeding duration on inflammation in early adulthood. Proc Biol Sci R Soc 2014; 281:20133116.
87. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003; 107:391-7.
88. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001; 286:327-34.
89. Jenny NS, Yanez ND, Psaty BM, Kuller LH, Hirsch CH, Tracy RP. Inflammation biomarkers and near-term death in older men. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165:684-95.
90. Visness CM, London SJ, Daniels JL et al. Association of obesity with IgE levels and allergy symptoms in children and adolescents: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:1163-9, 9 e1-4.
91. Leibowitz KL, Moore RH, Ahima RS et al. Maternal obesity associated with inflammation in their children. World J Pediatr 2012; 8:76-9.
92. Rothenbacher D, Weyermann M, Fantuzzi G, Brenner H. Adipokines in cord blood and risk of wheezing disorders within the first two years of life. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1143-9.
93. Reichman NE, Nepomnyaschy L. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and diagnosis of asthma in offspring at age 3 years. Matern Child Health J 2008; 12:725-33.
94. Haberg SE, Stigum H, London SJ, Nystad W, Nafstad P. Maternal obesity in pregnancy and respiratory health in early childhood. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2009; 23:352-62.
95. Aberg N. Familial occurrence of atopic disease: genetic versus environmental factors. Clin Exp Allergy 1993; 23:829-34.
96. Litonjua AA, Carey VJ, Burge HA, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Parental history and the risk for childhood asthma. Does mother confer more risk than father? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:176-81.
97. Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD. Differences in familial segregation of FEV1 between asthmatic and nonasthmatic families. Role of a maternal component. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:162-9.
98. Prescott S, Jenmalm M, Bjorksten B, Holt P. Effects of maternal allergen-specific IgG in cord blood on early postnatal development of allergen-specific T-cell immunity. Allergy 2000; 55:470-5.
99. Considine RV, Caro JF. Leptin and the regulation of body weight. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29:1255-72.
100. Drazen DL, Demas GE, Nelson RJ. Leptin effects on immune function and energy balance are photoperiod dependent in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Endocrinology 2001; 142:2768-75.
101. Matarese G, La Cava A. The intricate interface between immune system and metabolism. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:193-200.
102. Moore SI, Huffnagle GB, Chen GH, White ES, Mancuso P. Leptin modulates neutrophil phagocytosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4182-5.
103. Caldefie-Chezet F, Poulin A, Vasson MP. Leptin regulates functional capacities of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Free Radical Res 2003; 37:809-14.
104. Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1093-103.
105. Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 1998; 394:897-901.
106. Radon K, Schulze A, Schierl R, Dietrich-Gumperlein G, Nowak D, Jorres RA. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels and their association with allergic sensitization. Allergy 2008; 63:1448-54.
107. Matarese G, Leiter EH, La Cava A. Leptin in autoimmunity: many questions, some answers. Tissue Antigens 2007; 70:87-95.
108. Palmer G, Gabay C. A role for leptin in rheumatic diseases? Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62:913-5.
109. O'Neill LA, Hardie DG. Metabolism of inflammation limited by AMPK and pseudo-starvation. Nature 2013; 493:346-55.
110. Kiss M, Czimmerer Z, Nagy L. The role of lipid-activated nuclear receptors in shaping macrophage and dendritic cell function: from physiology to pathology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:264-86.
111. Coombes JL, Siddiqui KR, Arancibia-Carcamo CV et al. A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism. J Exp Med 2007; 204:1757-64.
112. Welch JS, Ricote M, Akiyama TE, Gonzalez FJ, Glass CK. PPARgamma and PPARdelta negatively regulate specific subsets of lipopolysaccharide and IFN-gamma target genes in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:6712-7.
113. Hanski I, von Hertzen L, Fyhrquist N et al. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109:8334-9.
114. Kawamoto S, Maruya M, Kato LM et al. Foxp3(+) T cells regulate immunoglobulin a selection and facilitate diversification of bacterial species responsible for immune homeostasis. Immunity 2014; 41:152-65.
115. Jones CA, Holloway JA, Popplewell EJ et al. Reduced soluble CD14 levels in amniotic fluid and breast milk are associated with the subsequent development of atopy, eczema, or both. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:858-66.
116. Maslowski KM, Mackay CR. Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:5-9.
117. Weiss ST. Bacterial components plus vitamin D: the ultimate solution to the asthma (autoimmune disease) epidemic? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1128-30.
118. Pelucchi C, Chatenoud L, Turati F et al. Probiotics supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2012; 23:402-14.
119. Rautava S, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Probiotics modulate host-microbe interaction in the placenta and fetal gut: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neonatology 2012; 102:178-84.
120. Prescott SL, Wickens K, Westcott L et al. Supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Bifidobacterium lactis probiotics in pregnancy increases cord blood interferon-gamma and breast milk transforming growth factor-beta and immunoglobin A detection. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:1606-14.
121. Koren O, Goodrich JK, Cullender TC et al. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell 2012; 150:470-80.
122. Jones CA, Vance GH, Power LL, Pender SL, Macdonald TT, Warner JO. Costimulatory molecules in the developing human gastrointestinal tract: a pathway for fetal allergen priming. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:235-41.
123. Jenmalm MC. Should more be done during pregnancy to reduce allergies in children? Clin Pract 2012; 9:227-31.
124. Jenmalm MC, Duchén K. Timing of allergy-preventive and immunomodulatory dietary interventions - are prenatal, perinatal or postnatal strategies optimal? Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:273-8.
125. Moro G, Arslanoglu S, Stahl B, Jelinek J, Wahn U, Boehm G. A mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis during the first six months of age. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91:814-9.
126. Kukkonen K, Savilahti E, Haahtela T et al. Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:192-8.
127. Shadid R, Haarman M, Knol J et al. Effects of galactooligosaccharide and long-chain fructooligosaccharide supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal microbiota and immunity-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1426-37.
128. Blumer N, Sel S, Virna S et al. Perinatal maternal application of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG suppresses allergic airway inflammation in mouse offspring. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:348-57.
129. Prescott SL. Early-life environmental determinants of allergic diseases and the wider pandemic of inflammatory noncommunicable diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:23-30.
130. Renz H, Brandtzaeg P, Hornef M. The impact of perinatal immune development on mucosal homeostasis and chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:9-23.
131. Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A et al. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature 2009; 461:1282-6.
132. Davie JR. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate. J Nutr 2003; 133(7 Suppl):2485S-93S.
133. Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Yadava K et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat Med 2014; 20:159-66.
134. Maurer AD, Reimer RA. Maternal consumption of high-prebiotic fibre or -protein diets during pregnancy and lactation differentially influences satiety hormones and expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in offspring in rats. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:329-38.
135. Fujiwara R, Takemura N, Watanabe J, Sonoyama K. Maternal consumption of fructo-oligosaccharide diminishes the severity of skin inflammation in offspring of NC/Nga mice. Br J Nutr 2010; 103:530-8.
136. Jackson DJ, Evans MD, Gangnon RE et al. Evidence for a causal relationship between allergic sensitization and rhinovirus wheezing in early life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:281-5.
137. Gill MA, Bajwa G, George TA et al. Counterregulation between the FcepsilonRI pathway and antiviral responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol 2010; 184:5999-6006.
138. Guarner F, Bourdet-Sicard R, Brandtzaeg P et al. Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3:275-84.
139. Arnold IC, Hitzler I, Muller A. The immunomodulatory properties of Helicobacter pylori confer protection against allergic and chronic inflammatory disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:10.
140. Amedei A, Codolo G, Del Prete G, de Bernard M, D'Elios MM. The effect of Helicobacter pylori on asthma and allergy. J Asthma Allergy 2010; 3:139-47.
141. Kosunen TU, Hook-Nikanne J, Salomaa A, Sarna S, Aromaa A, Haahtela T. Increase of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies from 1973 to 1994 in a Finnish population and a possible relationship to Helicobacter pylori infections. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:373-8.
142. Chen Y, Blaser MJ. Inverse associations of Helicobacter pylori with asthma and allergy. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:821-7.
143. Hollingsworth JW, Maruoka S, Boon K et al. In utero supplementation with methyl donors enhances allergic airway disease in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3462-9.
144. Whitrow MJ, Moore VM, Rumbold AR, Davies MJ. Effect of supplemental folic acid in pregnancy on childhood asthma: a prospective birth cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:1486-93.
145. Dunstan JA, West C, McCarthy S et al. The relationship between maternal folate status in pregnancy, cord blood folate levels, and allergic outcomes in early childhood. Allergy 2012; 67:50-7.
146. Crider KS, Cordero AM, Qi YP, Mulinare J, Dowling NF, Berry RJ. Prenatal folic acid and risk of asthma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1272-81.
147. Checkley W, West KP Jr, Wise RA et al. Maternal vitamin A supplementation and lung function in offspring. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1784-94.
148. Kandasamy S, Chattha KS, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Prenatal vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive immune responses to pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq(R)) in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. Vaccine 2014; 32:816-24.
149. Liu X, Li Y, Wang Y et al. Gestational vitamin A deficiency reduces the intestinal immune response by decreasing the number of immune cells in rat offspring. Nutrition 2014; 30:350-7.
150. Bacharier LB. Vitamin D status at birth: an important and potentially modifiable determinant of atopic disease in childhood? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:154-5.
151. Junge KM, Lehmann I, Borte M. Can vitamin D intake during pregnancy affect the risk of allergy in children? Exp Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:699-701.
152. Nurmatov U, Devereux G, Sheikh A. Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:724-33.e1-30.
153. Goldring ST, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR et al. Prenatal vitamin d supplementation and child respiratory health: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2013; 8:e66627.
154. Kull I, Bergstrom A, Melen E et al. Early-life supplementation of vitamins A and D, in water-soluble form or in peanut oil, and allergic diseases during childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118:1299-304.
155. Hypponen E, Sovio U, Wjst M et al. Infant vitamin d supplementation and allergic conditions in adulthood: northern Finland birth cohort 1966. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1037:84-95.
156. Dunstan J, Mori TA, Barden A et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomised controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:1178-84.
157. D'Vaz N, Meldrum SJ, Dunstan JA et al. Fish oil supplementation in early infancy modulates developing infant immune responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1206-16.
158. Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS et al. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants' allergies in first year of life: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012; 344:e184.
159. D'Vaz N, Meldrum SJ, Dunstan JA et al. Postnatal fish oil supplementation in high-risk infants to prevent allergy: randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2012; 130:674-82.
160. van den Elsen LW, Meulenbroek LA, van Esch BC et al. CD25+ regulatory T cells transfer n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids-induced tolerance in mice allergic to cow's milk protein. Allergy 2013; 68:1562-70.
161. Bunyavanich S, Rifas-Shiman SL, Platts-Mills TA et al. Peanut, milk, and wheat intake during pregnancy is associated with reduced allergy and asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1373-82.
162. Maslova E, Granstrom C, Hansen S et al. Peanut and tree nut consumption during pregnancy and allergic disease in children-should mothers decrease their intake? Longitudinal evidence from the Danish National Birth Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:724-32.
163. Frazier AL, Camargo CA Jr, Malspeis S, Willett WC, Young MC. Prospective study of peripregnancy consumption of peanuts or tree nuts by mothers and the risk of peanut or tree nut allergy in their offspring. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168:156-62.
164. Nwaru BI, Takkinen HM, Kaila M et al. Food diversity in infancy and the risk of childhood asthma and allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1084-91.
165. Roduit C, Frei R, Depner M et al. Increased food diversity in the first year of life is inversely associated with allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1056-64.
166. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9:Cd000133.
167. Weiner HL, da Cunha AP, Quintana F, Wu H. Oral tolerance. Immunol Rev 2011; 241:241-59.
168. Shreffler WG, Wanich N, Moloney M, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA. Association of allergen-specific regulatory T cells with the onset of clinical tolerance to milk protein. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:43-52.e7.
169. Krogulska A, Borowiec M, Polakowska E, Dynowski J, Mlynarski W, Wasowska-Krolikowska K. FOXP3, IL-10, and TGF-beta genes expression in children with IgE-dependent food allergy. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:205-15.
170. Karlsson MR, Rugtveit J, Brandtzaeg P. Allergen-responsive CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in children who have outgrown cow's milk allergy. J Exp Med 2004; 199:1679-88.
171. Syed A, Garcia MA, Lyu SC et al. Peanut oral immunotherapy results in increased antigen-induced regulatory T-cell function and hypomethylation of forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:500-10.
172. Varshney P, Jones SM, Scurlock AM et al. A randomized controlled study of peanut oral immunotherapy: clinical desensitization and modulation of the allergic response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:654-60.
173. Wu Z. Antigen specific immunotherapy generates CD27(+) CD35(+) tolerogenic dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2013; 283:75-80.
174. Noh J, Noh G, Kim HS, Kim AR, Choi WS. Allergen-specific responses of CD19(+)CD5(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory B cells (Bregs) and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (Tregs) in immune tolerance of cow milk allergy of late eczematous reactions. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:109-14.
175. Meldrum SJ, D'Vaz N, Dunstan JA et al. Allergic disease in the first year of life is associated with differences in subsequent neurodevelopment and behaviour. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88:567-73.