2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

Alzheimer's and Dementia

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 332-384

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

(ADLs); (IADLs); (MCBS); Activities of daily living; Alzheimer's disease Dementia; Beneficiary; Caregivers; Current; Diagnostic criteria; Disclosure awareness; Disclosure practices; Family caregiver; Health care costs; Health care expenditures; Incidence; Instrumental activities of daily living; Long term care costs; Medicaid spending; Medicare; Medicare spending; Morbidity; Mortality; Prevalence; Sandwich generation caregiver; Spouse caregiver; Survey

Indexed keywords

AGENTS INTERACTING WITH TRANSMITTER, HORMONE OR DRUG RECEPTORS; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

AGE; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMNESIA; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAREGIVER; CAREGIVER SUPPORT; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMPREHENSION; CONFUSION; CONSENSUS; COPING BEHAVIOR; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEATH CERTIFICATE; DEMENTIA; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE DURATION; EARLY INTERVENTION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EMPLOYMENT; FAMILY HISTORY; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH INSURANCE ELIGIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICE; HEART DISEASE; HOME CARE; HOSPICE CARE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LIFESPAN; LONG TERM CARE; MEDICAID; MEDICAL CARE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICARE; MEMORY THEAPY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUSIC THERAPY; NURSING HOME; ONSET AGE; PATIENT AUTONOMY; PERSONNEL SHORTAGE; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; POPULATION GROWTH; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PUBLIC HEALTH; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK; SALARY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIETY; STIGMA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; WORKING TIME; ECONOMICS; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CAREGIVERS; DISCLOSURE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK; RISK FACTORS; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84925880097     PISSN: 15525260     EISSN: 15525279     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.02.003     Document Type: Article

References (430)

1. R.S. Wilson, E. Segawa, P.A. Boyle, S.E. Anagnos, L.P. Hizel, and D.A. Bennett The natural history of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease Psychol Aging 27 2012 1008 1017
2. W.W. Barker, C.A. Luis, A. Kashuba, M. Luis, D.G. Harwood, and D. Loewenstein Relative frequencies of Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the State of Florida Brain Bank Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 16 2002 203 212
3. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition 2013 American Psychiatric Publishing Arlington, Va
4. M.S. Fernando, P.G. Ince MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Neuropathology Study Group Vascular pathologies and cognition in a population-based cohort of elderly people J Neurol Sci 226 2004 13 17
5. J.A. Schneider, Z. Arvanitakis, W. Bang, and D.A. Bennett Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons Neurology 69 2007 2197 2204
6. J.A. Schneider, Z. Arvanitakis, S.E. Leurgans, and D.A. Bennett The neuropathology of probable Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment Ann Neurol 66 2009 200 208
7. M. Verrees, and W.R. Selman Management of normal pressure hydrocephalus Am Fam Physician 70 2004 1071 1078
8. A. Viswanathan, W.A. Rocca, and C. Tzourio Vascular risk factors and dementia: How to move forward? Neurology 72 2009 368 374
9. K.A. Jellinger, and J. Attems Neuropathological evaluation of mixed dementia J Neurol Sci 257 2007 80 87
10. K.A. Jellinger The enigma of mixed dementia Alzheimers Dement 3 2007 40 53
11. A.M. Clarfield The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: An updated meta-analysis Arch Intern Med 163 2003 2219 2229
12. R. Katzman The prevalence and malignancy of Alzheimer disease: A major killer Arch Neurol 33 1976 217 218
13. R.A. Sperling, P.S. Aisen, L.A. Beckett, D.A. Bennett, S. Craft, and A.M. Fagan Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 7 2011 280 292
14. M.S. Albert, S.T. DeKosky, D. Dickson, B. Dubois, H.H. Feldman, and N. Fox The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 7 2011 270 279
15. G.M. McKhann, D.S. Knopman, H. Chertkow, B.T. Hyman, C.R. Jack, and C.H. Kawas The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 7 2011 263 269
16. C.R. Jack, M.S. Albert, D.S. Knopman, G.M. McKhann, R.A. Sperling, and M.C. Carrillo Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 7 2011 257 262
17. G. McKhann, D. Drachman, M. Folstein, R. Katzman, D. Price, and E.M. Stadlan Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease Neurology 34 1984 939 944
18. V.L. Villemagne, S. Burnham, P. Bourgeat, B. Brown, K.A. Ellis, and O. Salvado Amyloid β deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: A prospective cohort study Lancet Neurol 12 2013 357 367
19. E.M. Reiman, Y.T. Quiroz, A.S. Fleisher, K. Chen, C. Velez-Pardos, and M. Jimenez-Del-Rio Brain imaging and fluid biomarker analysis in young adults at genetic risk for autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease in the presenilin 1 E280A kindred: A case-control study Lancet Neurol 11 2012 1048 1056
20. C.R. Jack, V.J. Lowe, S.D. Weigand, H.J. Wiste, M.L. Senjem, and D.S. Knopman Serial PIB and MRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease Brain 132 2009 1355 1365
21. L.M. Bekris, C.E. Yu, T.D. Bird, and D.W. Tsuang Genetics of Alzheimer disease J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 23 2010 213 227
22. J.S. Goldman, S.E. Hahn, and T. Bird Genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer disease: Joint practice guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors Genet Med 13 2011 597 605
23. Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral Center Alzheimer's Disease Genetics: Fact Sheet 2011 National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Md Publication 11-6424
24. J. Raber, Y. Huang, and J.W. Ashford ApoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of Alzheimer's disease risk and Alzheimer's disease pathology Neurobiol Aging 25 2004 641 650
25. C.T. Loy, P.R. Schofield, A.M. Turner, and J.B.J. Kwok Genetics of dementia Lancet 383 2014 828 840
26. D.M. Holtzman, J. Herz, and G. Bu Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein E receptors: Normal biology and roles in Alzheimer disease Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2 2012 a006312
27. L. Spinney Alzheimer's disease: The forgetting gene Nature 510 2014 26 28
28. A.M. Saunders, W.J. Strittmatter, D. Schmechel, P.H. George-Hyslop, M.A. Pericak-Vance, and S.H. Joo Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease Neurology 43 1993 1467 1472
29. L.A. Farrer, L.A. Cupples, J.L. Haines, B. Hyman, W.A. Kukull, and R. Mayeux Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis JAMA 278 1997 1349 1356
30. V. Chouraki, and S. Seshadri Genetics of Alzheimer's disease Adv Genet 87 2014 245 294
31. R.C. Green, L.A. Cupples, R. Go, K.S. Benke, T. Edeki, and P.A. Griffith Risk of dementia among white and African American relatives of patients with Alzheimer disease JAMA 287 2002 329 336
32. N.T. Lautenschlager, L.A. Cupples, V.S. Rao, S.A. Auerbach, R. Becker, and J. Burke Risk of dementia among relatives of Alzheimer's disease patients in the MIRAGE Study: What is in store for the oldest old? Neurology 46 1996 641 650
33. K.J. Anstey, C. von Sanden, A. Salim, and R. O'Kearney Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies Am J Epidemiol 166 2007 367 378
34. M. Rusanen, M. Kivipelto, C.P. Quesenberry, J. Zhou, and R.A. Whitmer Heavy smoking in midlife and long-term risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia Arch Intern Med 171 2011 333 339
35. S.T. Pendlebury, and P.M. Rothwell Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet Neurol 8 2009 1006 1018
36. E. Rönnemaa, B. Zethelius, L. Lannfelt, and L. Kilander Vascular risk factors and dementia: 40-year follow-up of a population-based cohort Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 31 2011 460 466
37. M. Loef, and H. Walach Midlife obesity and dementia: Meta-analysis and adjusted forecast of dementia prevalence in the United States and China Obesity (Silver Spring) 21 2013 E51 E55
38. K.J. Anstey, N. Cherbuin, M. Budge, and J. Young Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: A meta-analysis of prospective studies Obes Rev 12 2011 e426 e437
39. W. Wu, A.M. Brickman, J. Luchsinger, P. Ferrazzano, P. Pichiule, and M. Yoshita The brain in the age of old: The hippocampal formation is targeted differentially by diseases of late life Ann Neurol 64 2008 698 706
40. K. Gudala, D. Bansal, F. Schifano, and A. Bhansali Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies Diabetes Investig 4 2013 640 650
41. N.T. Vagelatos, and G.D. Eslick Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: The confounders, interactions, and neuropathology associated with this relationship Epidemiol Rev 35 2013 152 160
42. C. Reitz, C. Brayne, and R. Mayeux Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease Nat Rev Neurol 7 2011 137 152
43. P.K. Crane, R. Walker, R.A. Hubbard, G. Li, D.M. Nathan, and H. Zheng Glucose levels and risk of dementia N Engl J Med 369 2013 540 548
44. Sajeev G, Weuve J, McQueen MB, Blacker D. Diabetes. The AlzRisk Database. Alzheimer Research Forum. Available at http://www.alzrisk.org. Accessed September 15, 2014.
45. L.J. Launer, G.W. Ross, H. Petrovitch, K. Masaki, D. Foley, and L.R. White Midlife blood pressure and dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Neurobiol Aging 21 2000 49 55
46. T. Ninomiya, T. Ohara, Y. Hirakawa, D. Yoshida, Y. Doi, and J. Hata Midlife and late-life blood pressure and dementia in Japanese elderly: The Hisayama Study Hypertension 58 2011 22 28
47. S. Debette, S. Seshadri, A. Beiser, R. Au, J.J. Himali, and C. Palumbo Midlife vascular risk factor exposure accelerates structural brain aging and cognitive decline Neurology 2011 461 468
48. A. Solomon, M. Kivipelto, B. Wolozin, J. Zhou, and R.A. Whitmer Midlife serum cholesterol and increased risk of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia three decades later Dement and Geriatr Disord 28 2009 75 80
49. X.F. Meng, J.T. Yu, H.F. Wang, M.S. Tan, C. Wang, and C.C. Tan Midlife vascular risk factors and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis J Alzheimers Dis 42 2014 1295 1310
50. B.L. Willis, A. Gao, D. Leonard, L.F. DeFina, and J.D. Berry Midlife fitness and the development of chronic conditions in later life Arch Intern Med 172 2012 1333 1340
51. Harrington M, Weuve J, Jackson JW, Blacker D. Physical Activity. The AlzRisk Database. Alzheimer Research Forum. Available at http://www.alzrisk.org. Accessed September 15, 2014.
52. P. Barberger-Gateau, C. Raffaitin, L. Letenneur, C. Berr, C. Tzourio, and J.F. Dartigues Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: The Three-City Cohort Study Neurology 69 2007 1921 1930
53. Y. Gu, J.W. Nieves, Y. Stern, J.A. Luchsinger, and N. Scarmeas Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: A protective diet Arch Neurol 67 2010 699 706
54. I. Lourida, M. Soni, J. Thompson-Coon, N. Purandare, I.A. Lang, and O.C. Ukoumunne Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: A systematic review Epidemiol 24 2013 479 489
55. M. Kivipelto, A. Solomon, S. Ahtiluoto, T. Ngandu, J. Lehtisalo, and R. Antikainen The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability: Study design and progress Alzheimers Dement 9 2013 657 665
56. A.L. Fitzpatrick, L.H. Kuller, D.G. Ives, O.L. Lopez, W. Jagust, and J.C. Breitner Incidence and prevalence of dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Study J Am Geriatr Soc 52 2004 195 204
57. W.A. Kukull, R. Higdon, J.D. Bowen, W.C. McCormick, L. Teri, and G.D. Schellenberg Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence: A prospective cohort study Arch Neurol 59 2002 1737 1746
58. D.A. Evans, D.A. Bennett, R.S. Wilson, J.L. Bienias, M.C. Morris, and P.A. Scherr Incidence of Alzheimer disease in a biracial urban community: Relation to apolipoprotein E allele status Arch Neurol 60 2003 185 189
59. Y. Stern Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease Lancet Neurol 11 2012 1006 1012
60. S.B. Sando, S. Melquist, A. Cannon, M. Hutton, O. Sletvold, and I. Saltvedt Risk-reducing effect of education in Alzheimer's disease Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23 2008 1156 1162
61. C.M. Roe, C. Xiong, J.P. Miller, and J.C. Morris Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia: Support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis Neurology 68 2007 223 228
62. Y. Stern Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer disease Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20 2006 112 117
63. I. McDowell, G. Xi, J. Lindsay, and M. Tierney Mapping the connections between education and dementia J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 29 2007 127 141
64. H.-X. Wang, W. Xu, and J.-J. Pei Leisure activities, cognition and dementia Biochim Biophys Acta 1822 2012 482 491
65. H.X. Wang, A. Karp, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased risk of dementia: A longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen Project Am J Epidemiol 155 2002 1081 1087
66. J.S. Saczynski, L.A. Pfeifer, K. Masaki, E.S. Korf, D. Laurin, and L. White The effect of social engagement on incident dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Am J Epidemiol 163 2006 433 440
67. A. Karp, S. Paillard-Borg, H.X. Wang, M. Silverstein, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni Mental, physical and social components in leisure activities equally contribute to decrease dementia risk Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 21 2005 65 73
68. L.Y. Di Marco, A. Marzo, M. Muñoz-Ruiz, M.A. Ikram, M. Kivipelto, and D. Ruefenacht Modifiable lifestyle factors in dementia: A systematic review of longitudinal observational cohort studies J Alzheimers Dis 42 2014 119 135
69. K.R. Krueger, R.S. Wilson, J.M. Kamenetsky, L.L. Barnes, J.L. Bienias, and D.A. Bennett Social engagement and cognitive function in old age Exp Aging Res 35 2009 45 60
70. E.S. Sharp, C.A. Reynolds, N.L. Pedersen, and M. Gatz Cognitive engagement and cognitive aging: Is openness protective? Psychol Aging 25 2010 60 73
71. L. Fratiglioni, S. Paillard-Borg, and B. Winblad An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia Lancet Neurol 3 2004 343 353
72. R.S. Wilson, P.A. Boyle, L. Yu, L.L. Barnes, J.A. Schneider, and D.A. Bennett Life-span cognitive activity, neuropathologic burden, and cognitive aging Neurology 81 2013 314 321
73. K. Ball, D.B. Berch, K.F. Helmers, J.B. Jobe, M.D. Leveck, and M. Marsiske Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled trial JAMA 288 2002 2271 2281
74. C.B. Hall, R.B. Lipton, M. Sliwinski, M.J. Katz, C.A. Derby, and J. Verghese Cognitive activities delay onset of memory decline in persons who develop dementia Neurology 73 2009 356 361
75. R.S. Wilson, C.F. Mendes De Leon, L.L. Barnes, J.A. Schneider, J.L. Bienias, and D.A. Evans Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease JAMA 287 2002 742 748
76. R.S. Wilson, D.A. Bennett, J.L. Bienias, N.T. Aggarwal, C.F. Mendes De Leon, and M.C. Morris Cognitive activity and incident Alzheimer's disease in a population-based sample of older persons Neurology 59 2002 1910 1914
77. T.C. Lye, and E.A. Shores Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: A review Neuropsychol Rev 10 2000 115 129
78. National Institutes of Health. Traumatic Brain Injury. Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/traumaticbraininjury.html. Accessed December 23, 2014.
79. B.L. Plassman, R.J. Havlik, D.C. Steffens, M.J. Helms, T.N. Newman, and D. Drosdick Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias Neurology 55 2000 1158 1166
80. F.C. Crawford, R.D. Vanderploeg, M.J. Freeman, S. Singh, M. Waisman, and L. Michaels APOE genotype influences acquisition and recall following traumatic brain injury Neurology 58 2002 1115 1118
81. D.H. Smith, V.E. Johnson, and W. Stewart Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: Substrates of dementia? Nat Rev Neurol 9 2013 211 221
82. K.M. Guskiewicz Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players Neurosurgery 57 2005 719 726
83. Institute for Social Research National Football League Player Care Foundation Study of NFL Retired Players 2009 University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Mich
84. Z. Groswasser, Reider-Groswasser II, K. Schwab, A.K. Ommaya, A. Pridgen, and H.R. Brown Quantitative imaging in late TBI. Part II: Cognition and work after closed and penetrating head injury: A report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study Brain Inj 16 2002 681 690
85. A.M. Salazar, D.L. Warden, K. Schwab, J. Spector, S. Braverman, and J. Walter Cognitive rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury: A randomized trial. Defense and Veterans Head Injury Program (DVHIP) Study Group JAMA 283 2000 3075 3081
86. E.J. Lehman, M.J. Hein, S.L. Baron, and C.M. Gersic Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players Neurology 79 2012 1970 1974
87. B.I. Omalu, S.T. DeKosky, R.L. Minster, M.I. Kamboh, R.L. Hamilton, and C.H. Wecht Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player Neurosurgery 57 2005 128 134
88. A.C. McKee, R.A. Stern, C.J. Nowinski, T.D. Stein, V.E. Alvarez, and D.H. Daneshvar The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy Brain 136 Pt 1 2013 43 64
89. J.M. Monti, M.W. Voss, A. Pence, E. McAuley, A.F. Kramer, and N.J. Cohen History of mild traumatic brain injury is associated with deficits in relational memory, reduced hippocampal volume, and less neural activity later in life Front Aging Neurosci 5 2013 41
90. J.L. Cummings, T. Morstorf, and K. Zhong Alzheimer's disease drug-development pipeline: Few candidates, frequent failures Alzheimer Res Therapy 6 2014 37
91. Cochrane Summaries. Dementia and Chronic Cognitive Impairment. Available at http://summaries.cochrane.org/search/site/dementia%20and%20chronic%20cognitive%20impairment. Accessed December 3, 2014.
92. B.G. Vickrey, B.S. Mittman, K.I. Connor, M.L. Pearson, R.D. Della Penna, and T.G. Ganiats The effect of a disease management intervention on quality and outcomes of dementia care: A randomized, controlled trial Ann Intern Med 145 2006 713 726
93. T. Voisin, and B. Vellas Diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe Alzheimer's disease Drugs Aging 26 2009 135 144
94. G.T. Grossberg, D.D. Christensen, P.A. Griffith, D.R. Kerwin, G. Hunt, and E.J. Hall The art of sharing the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease with patients and caregivers: Recommendations of an expert consensus panel Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 12 2010 PCC.09cs00833
95. B.T. Hyman, C.H. Phelps, T.G. Beach, E.H. Bigio, N.J. Cairns, and M.C. Carrillo National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines on neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 8 2012 1 13
96. O.L. Lopez, W.J. Jagust, S.T. DeKosky, J.T. Becker, A. Fitzpatrick, and C. Dulberg Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study Arch Neurol 60 2003 1385 1389
97. R.O. Roberts, Y.E. Geda, D.S. Knopman, R.H. Cha, V.S. Pankratz, and B.F. Boeve The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging: Design and sampling, participation, baseline measures and sample characteristics Neuroepidemiology 30 2008 58 69
98. T. Hanninen, M. Hallikainen, S. Tuomainen, M. Vanhanen, and H. Soininen Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment: A population-based study in elderly subjects Acta Neurol Scand 106 2002 148 154
99. R.C. Petersen, G.E. Smith, S.C. Waring, R.J. Ivnik, E.G. Tangalos, and E. Kokmen Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome Arch Neurol 56 1999 303 308
100. J.J. Manly, M.X. Tang, N. Schupf, Y. Stern, J.P. Vonsattel, and R. Mayeux Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in a multiethnic community Ann Neurol 63 2008 494 506
101. M. Ganguli, B.E. Snitz, J.A. Saxton, C.H. Chang, C. Lee, and J. Vanderbilt Outcomes of mild cognitive impairment by definition: A population study Arch Neurol 68 2011 761 767
102. L.M. Bloudek, E.D. Spackman, M. Blankenburg, and S.D. Sullivan Review and meta-analysis of biomarkers and diagnostic imaging in Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis 26 2011 627 645
103. L. Rami, C. Solé-Padullés, J. Fortea, B. Bosch, A. Lladó, and A. Antonell Applying the new research diagnostic criteria: MRI findings and neuropsychological correlations of prodromal Alzheimer's disease Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27 2012 127 134
104. S. Galluzzi, C. Geroldi, G. Amicucci, L. Bocchio-Chiavetto, M. Bonetti, and C. Bonvicini Supporting evidence for using biomarkers in the diagnosis of MCI due to Alzheimer's disease J Neurol 260 2013 640 650
105. C.M. Roe, A.M. Fagan, E.A. Grant, J. Hassenstab, K.L. Moulder, and D. Maue Amyloid imaging and CSF biomarkers in predicting cognitive impairment up to 7.5 years later Neurology 80 2013 1784 1791
106. G. Douaud, R.A. Menke, A. Gass, A.U. Monsch, A. Rao, and B. Whitcher Brain microstructure reveals early abnormalities more than two years prior to clinical progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease J Neurosci 33 2013 2147 2155
107. K.A. Johnson, S. Minoshima, N.I. Bohnen, K.J. Donohoe, N.L. Foster, and P. Herscovitch Appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET: A report of the Amyloid Imaging Task Force, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the Alzheimer's Association Alzheimer's Dement 9 2013 E1 E16
108. X. Yang, M.Z. Tan, and A. Qiu CSF and brain structural imaging markers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade PLoS One 7 2012 e47406
109. J.L. Shaffer, J.R. Petrella, F.C. Sheldon, K.R. Choudhury, V.D. Calhoun, and R.E. Coleman Predicting cognitive decline in subjects at risk for Alzheimer disease by using combined cerebrospinal fluid, MR imaging and PET biomarkers Radiology 266 2013 583 591
110. R.J. Bateman, C. Xiong, T.L. Benzinger, A.M. Fagan, A. Goate, and N.C. Fox Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease N Engl J Med 367 2012 795 804
111. B.B. Bendlin, C.M. Carlsson, S.C. Johnson, H. Zetterberg, K. Blennow, and A.A. Willette CSF T-tau/Aβ42 predicts white matter microstructure in healthy adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease PLoS One 7 2012 e37720
112. R.A. Honea, E.D. Vidoni, R.H. Swerdlow, and J.M. Burns Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Maternal family history is associated with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers J Alzheimers Dis 31 2012 659 668
113. N.H. Stricker, H.H. Dodge, N.M. Dowling, S.D. Han, E.A. Erosheva, and W.J. Jagust Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. CSF biomarker associations with change in hippocampal volume and precuneus thickness: Implications for the Alzheimer's pathological cascade Brain Imaging Behav 6 2012 599 609
114. B. Schmand, P. Eikelenboom, and W.A. van Gool Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Value of diagnostic tests to predict conversion to Alzheimer's disease in young and old patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment J Alzheimers Dis 29 2012 641 648
115. S. Vos, I. van Rossum, L. Burns, D. Knol, P. Scheltens, and H. Soininen Test sequence of CSF and MRI biomarkers for prediction of Alzheimer's disease in subjects with MCI Neurobiol Aging 33 2012 2272 2281
116. B.C. Dickerson, and D.A. Wolk Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. MRI cortical thickness biomarker predicts Alzheimer's disease-like CSF and cognitive decline in normal adults Neurology 78 2012 84 90
117. L. Wang, A.M. Fagan, A.R. Shah, M.F. Beg, J.G. Csernansky, and J.C. Morris Cerebrospinal fluid proteins predict longitudinal hippocampal degeneration in early-stage dementia of the Alzheimer type Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 26 2012 314 321
118. S.J. Furney, D. Kronenberg, A. Simmons, A. Güntert, R.J. Dobson, and P. Proitsi Combinatorial markers of mild cognitive impairment conversion to Alzheimer's disease: Cytokines and MRI measures together predict disease progression J Alzheimers Dis 26 Suppl 3 2011 395 405
119. B. Schmand, P. Eikelenboom, W.A. van Gool Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Value of neuropsychological tests, neuroimaging and biomarkers for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in younger and older age cohorts J Am Geriatr Soc 59 2011 1705 1710
120. L.E. Hebert, J. Weuve, P.A. Scherr, and D.A. Evans Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010-2050) estimated using the 2010 Census Neurology 80 2013 1778 1783
121. Alzheimer's Association Early-Onset Dementia: A National Challenge, a Future Crisis 2006 Alzheimer's Association Washington, D.C.
122. B.L. Plassman, K.M. Langa, G.G. Fisher, S.G. Heeringa, D.R. Weir, and M.B. Ofstedal Prevalence of dementia in the United States: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study Neuroepidemiology 29 2007 125 132
123. R.S. Wilson, D.R. Weir, S.E. Leurgans, D.A. Evans, L.E. Hebert, and K.M. Langa Sources of variability in estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States Alzheimers Dement 7 2011 74 79
124. M. Boustani, B. Peterson, L. Hanson, R. Harris, and K.N. Lohr Screening for dementia in primary care: A summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med 138 2003 927 937
125. A. Bradford, M.E. Kunik, P. Schultz, S.P. Williams, and H. Singh Missed and delayed diagnosis of dementia in primary care: Prevalence and contributing factors Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 23 2009 306 314
126. B. Reisberg, and S. Gauthier Current evidence for subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) as the pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of subsequently manifest Alzheimer's disease Int Psychogeriatr 20 2008 1 16
127. F. Jessen, B. Wiese, C. Bachmann, S. Eifflaender-Gorfer, F. Haller, and H. Kölsch Prediction of dementia by subjective memory impairment: Effects of severity and temporal association with cognitive impairment Arch Gen Psychiatry 67 2010 414 422
128. B. Reisberg, M.B. Shulman, C. Torossian, L. Leng, and W. Zhu Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment Alzheimers Dement 6 2010 11 24
129. Unpublished data provided to the Alzheimer's Association by the Healthy Aging Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
130. S. Seshadri, P.A. Wolf, A. Beiser, R. Au, K. McNulty, and R. White Lifetime risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: The impact of mortality on risk estimates in the Framingham Study Neurology 49 1997 1498 1504
131. L.E. Hebert, P.A. Scherr, J.J. McCann, L.A. Beckett, and D.A. Evans Is the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease greater for women than for men? Am J Epidemiol 153 2001 132 136
132. D.L. Bachman, P.A. Wolf, R.T. Linn, J.E. Knoefel, J.L. Cobb, and A.J. Belanger Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: The Framingham Study Neurology 43 3 Pt 1 1993 515 519
133. W.A. Rocca, R.H. Cha, S.C. Waring, and E. Kokmen Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A reanalysis of data from Rochester, Minn., 1975-1984 Am J Epidemiol 148 1998 51 62
134. L.L. Barnes, R.S. Wilson, J.A. Schneider, J.L. Bienias, D.A. Evans, and D.A. Bennett Gender, cognitive decline, and risk of Alzheimer's disease in older persons Neurology 60 2003 1777 1781
135. R.A. Miech, J.C. Breitner, P.P. Zandi, A.S. Khachaturian, J.C. Anthony, and L. Mayer Incidence of Alzheimer's disease may decline in the early 90s for men, later for women: The Cache County Study Neurology 58 2002 209 218
136. G.G. Fillenbaum, A. Heyman, M.S. Huber, M.A. Woodbury, J. Leiss, and K.E. Schmader The prevalence and 3-year incidence of dementia in older black and white community residents J Clin Epidemiol 51 1998 587 595
137. C.L. Carter, E.M. Resnick, M. Mallampalli, and A. Kalbarczyk Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations for future research J Women's Health 21 2012 1018 1023
138. G. Chene, A. Beiser, R. Au, S.R. Preis, P.A. Wolf, and C. Dufouil Gender and incidence of dementia in the Framingham Heart Study from mid-adult life Alzheimers Dement 2014 pii: S1552-5260(13)02875-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.10.005. [Epub ahead of print]
139. A. Altmann, L. Tian, V.W. Henderson, and M.D. Greicius Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Sex modifies the APOE-related risk of developing Alzheimer disease Ann Neurol 75 2014 563 573
140. L. Ungar, A. Altmann, and M.D. Greicius Apolipoprotein E, gender, and Alzheimer's disease: An overlooked, but potent and promising interaction Brain Imaging and Behav 8 2014 262 273
141. K. Yaffe, M. Haan, A. Byers, C. Tangen, and L. Kuller Estrogen use, APOE, and cognitive decline: Evidence of gene-environment interaction Neurology 54 2000 1949 1954
142. J.H. Kang, and F. Grodstein Postmenopausal hormone therapy, timing of initiation, APOE and cognitive decline Neurobiol Aging 33 2012 1129 1137
143. P. Dilworth-Anderson, H.C. Hendrie, J.J. Manly, A.S. Khachaturian, and S. Fazio Diagnosis and assessment of Alzheimer's disease in diverse populations Alzheimers Dement 4 2008 305 309
144. J. Manly, and R. Mayeux Ethnic differences in dementia and Alzheimer's disease N. Anderson, R. Bulatao, B. Cohen, Critical perspectives on racial and ethnic differentials in health in late life 2004 National Academies Press Washington, D.C. 95 141
145. G.G. Potter, B.L. Plassman, J.R. Burke, M.U. Kabeto, K.M. Langa, and D.J. Llewellyn Cognitive performance and informant reports in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia in African Americans and whites Alzheimers Dement 5 2009 445 453
146. B.J. Gurland, D.E. Wilder, R. Lantigua, Y. Stern, J. Chen, and E.H. Killeffer Rates of dementia in three ethnoracial groups Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14 1999 481 493
147. M.N. Haan, D.M. Mungas, H.M. Gonzalez, T.A. Ortiz, A. Acharya, and W.J. Jagust Prevalence of dementia in older Latinos: The influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke and genetic factors J Am Geriatr Soc 51 2003 169 177
148. C. Reitz, G. Jun, A. Naj, R. Rajbhandary, B.N. Vardarajan, and L.S. Wang Variants in the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA7), apolipoprotein E 4, and the risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease in African Americans JAMA 309 2013 1483 1492
149. A.L. Chin, S. Negash, and R. Hamilton Diversity and disparity in dementia: The impact of ethnoracial differences in Alzheimer disease Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 25 2011 187 195
150. K. Yaffe, C. Falvey, T.B. Harris, A. Newman, S. Satterfield, and A. Koster Effect of socioeconomic disparities on incidence of dementia among biracial older adults: Prospective study BMJ 347 2013 f7051
151. P.C. Clark, N.G. Kutner, F.C. Goldstein, S. Peterson-Hazen, V. Garner, and R. Zhang Impediments to timely diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in African Americans J Am Geriatr Soc 53 2005 2012 2017
152. L.J. Fitten, F. Ortiz, and M. Ponton Frequency of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in a community outreach sample of Hispanics J Am Geriatr Soc 49 2001 1301 1308
153. Unpublished tabulations based on data from the National 20% Sample Medicare Fee-for-Service Beneficiaries for 2009. Prepared under contract by Julie Bynum, M.D., M.P.H., Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Care, Dartmouth Medical School, November 2011.
154. J. Weuve, L.E. Hebert, P.A. Scherr, and D.A. Evans Prevalence of Alzheimer disease in U.S. states Epidemiology 26 2015 e4 e6
155. L.E. Hebert, L.A. Beckett, P.A. Scherr, and D.A. Evans Annual incidence of Alzheimer disease in the United States projected to the years 2000 through 2050 Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 15 2001 169 173
156. S. Seshadri, A. Beiser, M. Kelly-Hayes, C.S. Kase, R. Au, and W.B. Kannel The lifetime risk of stroke: Estimates from the Framingham Study Stroke 37 2006 345 350
157. K.C. Manton, X.L. Gu, and S.V. Ukraintseva Declining prevalence of dementia in the U.S. elderly population. Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii/Rossiiskaia Akademiia Nauk Gerontologicheskoe Obshchestvo 16 2005 30 37
158. K.M. Langa, E.B. Larson, J.H. Karlawish, D.M. Cutler, M.U. Kabeto, and S.Y. Kim Trends in the prevalence and mortality of cognitive impairment in the United States: Is there evidence of a compression of cognitive morbidity? Alzheimers Dement 4 2008 134 144
159. E.M. Schrijvers, B.F. Verhaaren, P.J. Koudstaal, A. Hofman, M.A. Ikram, and M.M. Breteler Is dementia incidence declining? Trends in dementia incidence since 1990 in the Rotterdam Study Neurology 78 2012 1456 1463
160. C. Qiu, E. von Strauss, L. Backman, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni Twenty-year changes in dementia occurrence suggest decreasing incidence in central Stockholm, Sweden Neurology 80 2013 1888 1894
161. K. Christensen, M. Thinggaard, A. Oksuzyan, T. Steenstrup, K. Andersen-Ranberg, and B. Jeune Physical and cognitive functioning of people older than 90 years: A comparison of two Danish cohorts born 10 years apart Lancet 382 2013 1507 1513
162. H.H. Dodge, J. Zhu, C.W. Lee, C.C. Chang, and M. Ganguli Cohort effects in age-associated cognitive trajectories J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69 2014 687 694
163. Satizabal CL, Beiser A, Chene G, Chouraki VA, Himali JJ, Preis SR, et al. Temporal trends in dementia incidence in the Framingham Study. Presentation at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference; July 17, 2014. Publication forthcoming.
164. Doblhammer G, Fink A, Zylla S, Fritze T, Willekens F. Short-term trends in German dementia prevalence, incidence, and mortality. Presentation at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference; July 16, 2014. Publication forthcoming.
165. L.E. Hebert, J.L. Bienias, N.T. Aggarwal, R.S. Wilson, D.A. Bennett, and R.C. Shah Change in risk of Alzheimer disease over time Neurology 75 2010 786 791
166. F.E. Matthews, A. Arthur, L.E. Barnes, J. Bond, C. Jagger, and L. Robinson A two-decade comparison of prevalence of dementia in individuals aged 65 years and older from three geographical areas of England: Results of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study I and II Lancet 382 2013 1405 1412
167. G.K. Vincent, and V.A. Velkof The Next Four Decades: The Older Population in the United States: 2010 to 2050 2010 U.S. Census Bureau Washington, D.C.
168. L.S. Hebert, P.A. Scherr, J.L. Bienias, D.A. Bennett, and D.A. Evans Alzheimer's disease in the U.S. population: Prevalence estimates using the 2000 Census Arch Neurol 60 2003 1119 1122
169. National Center for Health Statistics. Deaths: Final Data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Report. Volume 64, Number 2. Hyattsville, Md.; 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64-02.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2015.
170. World Health Organization International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th revision 2nd edition 2004 Geneva, Switzerland
171. D.G. Ives, P. Samuel, B.M. Psaty, and L.H. Kuller Agreement between nosologist and Cardiovascular Health Study review of deaths: Implications of coding differences J Am Geriatr Soc 57 2009 133 139
172. C.A. Macera, R.K. Sun, K.K. Yeager, and D.A. Brandes Sensitivity and specificity of death certificate diagnoses for dementing illnesses, 1988-1990 J Am Geriatr Soc 40 1992 479 481
173. J.M. Olichney, C.R. Hofstetter, D. Galasko, L.J. Thal, and R. Katzman Death certificate reporting of dementia and mortality in an Alzheimer's disease research center cohort J Am Geriatr Soc 43 1995 890 893
174. A. Burns, R. Jacoby, P. Luthert, and R. Levy Cause of death in Alzheimer's disease Age Ageing 19 1990 341 344
175. H.R. Brunnstrom, and E.M. Englund Cause of death in patients with dementia disorders Eur J Neurol 16 2009 488 492
176. B.D. James, S.E. Leurgans, L.E. Hebert, P.A. Scherr, K. Yaffe, and D.A. Bennett Contribution of Alzheimer disease to mortality in the United States Neurology 82 2014 1045 1050
177. M. Ganguli, and E.G. Rodriguez Reporting of dementia on death certificates: A community study J Am Geriatr Soc 47 1999 842 849
178. J. Weuve, L.E. Hebert, P.A. Scherr, and D.A. Evans Deaths in the United States among persons with Alzheimer's disease (2010-2050). Alzheimers Dement 10 2014 e40 e46
179. Unpublished tabulations based on data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey for 2008. Prepared under contract by Julie Bynum, M.D., M.P.H., Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Care, Dartmouth Medical School; November 2011.
180. M.E. Tinetti, G.J. McAvay, T.E. Murphy, C.P. Gross, H. Lin, and H.G. Allore Contribution of individual diseases to death in older adults with multiple diseases J Am Geriatr Soc 60 2012 1448 1456
181. H.M. Arrighi, P.J. Neumann, I.M. Lieberburg, and R.J. Townsend Lethality of Alzheimer disease and its impact on nursing home placement Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 24 2010 90 95
182. B. Tejada-Vera Mortality from Alzheimer's disease in the United States: Data for 2000 and 2010. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, No. 116 2013 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, Md
183. M. Ganguli, H.H. Dodge, C. Shen, R.S. Pandav, and S.T. DeKosky Alzheimer disease and mortality: A 15-year epidemiological study Arch Neurol 62 2005 779 784
184. S.C. Waring, R.S. Doody, V.N. Pavlik, P.J. Massman, and W. Chan Survival among patients with dementia from a large multi-ethnic population Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 19 2005 178 183
185. R. Brookmeyer, M.M. Corrada, F.C. Curriero, and C. Kawas Survival following a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease Arch Neurol 59 2002 1764 1767
186. E.B. Larson, M.F. Shadlen, L. Wang, W.C. McCormick, J.D. Bowen, and L. Teri Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease Ann Intern Med 140 2004 501 509
187. E.P. Helzner, N. Scarmeas, S. Cosentino, M.X. Tang, N. Schupf, and Y. Stern Survival in Alzheimer disease: A multiethnic, population-based study of incident cases Neurology 71 2008 1489 1495
188. J. Xie, C. Brayne, and F.E. Matthews Survival times in people with dementia: Analysis from a population based cohort study with 14-year follow-up BMJ 336 2008 258 262
189. S.L. Mitchell, J.M. Teno, S.C. Miller, and V. Mor A national study of the location of death for older persons with dementia J Am Geriatr Soc 53 2005 299 305
190. U.S. Burden of Disease Collaborators The state of U.S. health, 1990-2010: Burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors JAMA 310 2013 591 608
191. J.E. Gaugler, R.L. Kane, and R.A. Kane Family care for older adults with disabilities: Toward more targeted and interpretable research Int J Aging Hum Dev 54 2002 205 231
192. R. Schulz, and A.L. Quittner Caregiving through the life-span: Overview and future directions Health Psychol 17 1998 107 111
193. L.N. Gitlin, and R. Schulz Family caregiving of older adults R.T. Prohaska, L.A. Anderson, R.H. Binstock, Public health for an aging society 2012 The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, Md 181 204
194. Walmart Corporation Report. Available at http://cdn.corporate.walmart.com/66/e5/9ff9a87445949173fde56316ac5f/2014-annual-report.pdf. Accessed December 20, 2014.
195. McDonald's Corporation Report. Available at https://www.google.com/finance?fstype=ii&q=nyse:mcd. Accessed December 20, 2014.
196. M.D. Hurd, P. Martorell, A. Delavande, K.J. Mullen, and K.M. Langa Monetary costs of dementia in the United States N Engl J Med 368 2013 1326 1334
197. Kasper JD, Freedman VA, Spillman BC. (2014), Disability and Care Needs of Older Americans by Dementia Status: An Analysis of the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/2014/NHATS-DS.cfm. Accessed December 20, 2014.
198. Bouldin ED, Andresen E. Caregiving Across the United States: Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease or Dementia in 8 States and the District of Columbia. Data from the 2009 & 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Available at http://www.alz.org/documents-custom/public-health/2009-2010-combined-caregiving.pdf. Accessed December 20, 2014.
199. K.M. Langa, B.L. Plassman, R.B. Wallace, A.R. Herzog, S.G. Heeringa, and M.B. Ofstedal The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study: Study design and methods Neuroepidemiology 25 2005 181 191
200. G.G. Fisher, M.M. Franks, B.L. Plassman, S.L. Brown, G.G. Potter, and D. Llewellyn Caring for individuals with dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia: Findings from The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study J Am Ger Soc 59 2011 488 494
201. National Alliance for Caregiving and United Hospital Fund Young Caregivers in the U.S.: Report of Findings Sept. 2005 Available at www.caregiving.org Accessed December 20, 2014
202. National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. Caregiving in the U.S. Unpublished data analyzed under contract for the Alzheimer's Association; 2009.
203. E.M. Brody "Women in the middle" and family help to older people Gerontologist 21 1981 471 480
204. L.D. Riley, and C.P. Bowen The sandwich generation: Challenges and coping strategies of multigenerational families The Family Journal 13 2005 52 58
205. L.A.P. Schumacher, R. MacNeil, K. Mobily, M. Teague, and H. Butcher The leisure journey for sandwich generation caregivers Ther Recreation J 46 2012 42 60
206. G. Spitze, and J. Logan More evidence on women (and men) in the middle Res Aging 12 1990 182 198
207. L.B. Hammer, and M.B. Neal Working sandwiched-generation caregivers: Prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes Psychol-Manager J 11 2008 93 112
208. R. Rubin, and S. White-Means Informal caregiving: Dilemmas of sandwiched caregivers J Fam Econ Issues 30 2009 252 267
209. L. Chassin, J.T. Macy, D.-C. Seo, C.C. Presson, and S.J. Sherman The association between membership in the sandwich generation and health behaviors: A longitudinal study J Appl Dev Psychol 31 2010 38 46
210. J.D. Kasper, V.A. Freedman, and B.C. Spillman Classification of Persons by Dementia Status in the National Health and Aging Trends Study Technical Paper #5 July 2013 Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health Baltimore, Md Available at www.NHATS.org Accessed December 20, 2014
211. Spillman BC, Wolff J, Freedman VA, Kasper JD. (2014) Informal Caregiving for Older Americans: An Analysis of the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/2014/NHATS-IC.cfm. Accessed December 20, 2014.
212. R. Gillespie, J. Mullan, and L. Harrison Managing medications: The role of informal caregivers of older adults and people living with dementia. A review of the literature J Clin Nurs 2013 Dec 20 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12519. [Epub ahead of print]
213. J. Garity Caring for a family member with Alzheimer's disease: Coping with caregiver burden post-nursing home placement J Gerontol Nurs 32 2006 39 48
214. C.L. Port, S. Zimmerman, C.S. Williams, D. Dobbs, J.S. Preisser, and S.W. Williams Families filling the gap: Comparing family involvement for assisted living and nursing home residents with dementia Gerontologist 45 Special Issue 1 2005 87 95
215. R. Schulz, S.H. Belle, S.J. Czaja, K.A. McGinnis, A. Stevens, and S. Zhang Long-term care placement of dementia patients and caregiver health and well-being JAMA 292 2004 961 967
216. J.E. Gaugler, M.S. Mittelman, K. Hepburn, and R. Newcomer Clinically significant changes in burden and depression among dementia caregivers following nursing home admission BMC Medicine 8 2010 85
217. B.T. Mausbach, E.A. Chattillion, J. Ho, L.M. Flynn, D. Tiznado, and R. von Känel Why does placement of persons with Alzheimer's disease into long-term care improve caregivers' well-being? Examination of psychological mediators Psychol Aging 29 2014 776 786
218. K. Ornstein, and J.E. Gaugler The problem with "problem behaviors": A systematic review of the association between individual patient behavioral and psychological symptoms and caregiver depression and burden within the dementia patient-caregiver dyad Int Psychogeriatr 24 2012 1536 1552
219. J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, R. Glaser, S. Gravenstein, W.B. Malarkey, and J. Sheridan Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults Proc Natl Acad Sci 93 1996 3043 3047
220. R. Schulz, and S.R. Beach Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: The Caregiver Health Effects Study JAMA 282 1999 2215 2260
221. P.P. Vitaliano, J. Zhang, and J.M. Scanlan Is caregiving hazardous to one's physical health? A meta-analysis Psychol Bull 129 2003 946 972
222. W. Liu, and D. Gallagher-Thompson Impact of dementia caregiving: Risks, strains, and growth S.H. Qualls, S.H. Zarit, Aging families and caregiving 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken, N.J. 85 112
223. M. Pinquart, and S. Sörensen Associations of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: A meta-analysis J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 58 2003 112 128
224. S. Sörensen, P. Duberstein, D. Gill, and M. Pinquart Dementia care: Mental health effects, intervention strategies, and clinical implications Lancet Neurol 5 2006 961 973
225. S. Zarit Positive aspects of caregiving: More than looking on the bright side Aging Ment Health 16 2012 673 674
226. R. Schulz, A.T. O'Brien, J. Bookwala, and K. Fleissner Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates, and causes Gerontologist 35 1995 771 791
227. M. Baumgarten, R.N. Battista, C. Infante-Rivard, J.A. Hanley, R. Becker, and S. Gauthier The psychological and physical health of family members caring for an elderly person with dementia J Clin Epidemiol 45 1992 61 70
228. B.T. Mausbach, E.A. Chattillion, S.K. Roepke, T.L. Patterson, and I. Grant A comparison of psychosocial outcomes in elderly Alzheimer caregivers and noncaregivers Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 21 2013 5 13
229. R.C. Kessler, W.T. Chiu, O. Demler, K.R. Merikangas, and E.E. Walters Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 2005 617 627
230. K. Seeher, L.-F. Low, S. Reppermund, and H. Brodaty Predictors and outcomes for caregivers of people with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic literature review Alzheimers Dement 9 2013 346 355
231. G. Epstein-Lubow, B. Gaudiano, E. Darling, M. Hinckley, G. Tremont, and R. Kohn Differences in depression severity in family caregivers of hospitalized individuals with dementia and family caregivers of outpatients with dementia Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 20 2012 815 819
232. J.E. Gaugler, F. Yu, K. Krichbaum, and J.F. Wyman Predictors of nursing home admission for persons with dementia Med Care 47 2009 191 198
233. E. Marziali, K. Shulman, and T. Damianakis Persistent family concerns in long-term care settings: Meaning and management J Am Med Dir Assoc 7 2006 154 162
234. V.R. Strang, P.M. Koop, S. Dupuis-Blanchard, M. Nordstrom, and B. Thompson Family caregivers and transition to long-term care Clin Nurs Res 15 2006 27 45
235. S.C. Peacock The experience of providing end-of-life care to a relative with advanced dementia: An integrative literature review Palliat Support Care 11 2013 155 168
236. R. Schulz, A.B. Mendelsohn, W.E. Haley, D. Mahoney, R.S. Allen, and S. Zhang End-of-life care and the effects of bereavement on family caregivers of persons with dementia N Engl J Med 349 2003 1936 1942
237. I. Fonareva, and B.S. Oken Physiological and functional consequences of caregiving for relatives with dementia Int Psychogeriatr 26 2014 725 747
238. R. von Känel, B.T. Mausbach, S. Ancoli-Israel, P.J. Mills, J.E. Dimsdale, and T.L. Patterson Positive affect and sleep in spousal Alzheimer caregivers: a longitudinal study Behav Sleep Med 12 2014 358 372
239. H.-L. Peng, and Y.-P. Chang Sleep disturbance in family caregivers of individuals with dementia: A review of the literature Perspect Psychiatr Care 49 2012 135 146
240. MetLife Mature Market Institute The MetLife Study of Alzheimer's Disease: The Caregiving Experience Available at https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/studies/mmi-alzheimers-disease-caregiving-experience-study.pdf Aug. 2006 Accessed December 8, 2013
241. K.B. Dassel, and D.C. Carr Does Dementia Caregiving Accelerate Frailty? Findings From the Health and Retirement Study Gerontologist 2014 Aug 26 pii: gnu078. [Epub ahead of print]
242. L. Fredman, R.M. Bertrand, L.M. Martire, M. Hochberg, and E.L. Harris Leisure-time exercise and overall physical activity in older women caregivers and non-caregivers from the Caregiver-SOF Study Prev Med 43 2006 226 229
243. S.K. Roepke, M. Allison, R. von Kanel, B.T. Mausbach, E.A. Chattillion, and A.L. Harmell Relationship between chronic stress and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in elderly Alzheimer's disease caregivers Stress 15 2012 121 129
244. J. Gouin, R. Glaser, W.B. Malarkey, D. Beversdorf, and J. Kiecolt-Glaser Chronic stress, daily stressors, and circulating inflammatory markers Health Psychol 31 2012 264 268
245. R. von Kanel, P.J. Mills, B.T. Mausbach, J.E. Dimsdale, T.L. Patterson, and M.G. Ziegler Effect of Alzheimer caregiving on circulating levels of C-reactive protein and other biomarkers relevant to cardiovascular disease risk: A longitudinal study Gerontology 58 2012 354 365
246. R. von Kanel, B.T. Mausbach, J.E. Dimsdale, P.J. Mills, T.L. Patterson, and S. Ancoli-Israel Effect of chronic dementia caregiving and major transitions in the caregiving situation on kidney function: A longitudinal study Psychosom Med 74 2012 214 220
247. B.T. Mausbach, E. Chattillion, S.K. Roepke, M.G. Ziegler, M. Milic, and R. von Kanel A longitudinal analysis of the relations among stress, depressive symptoms, leisure satisfaction, and endothelial function in caregivers Health Psychol 31 2012 433 440
248. E.A. Chattillion, B.T. Mausbach, S.K. Roepke, R. von Kanel, P.J. Mills, and J.E. Dimsdale Leisure activities, caregiving demands and catecholamine levels in dementia caregivers Psychol Health 27 2012 1134 1149
249. R. von Kanel, J.E. Dimsdale, P.J. Mills, S. Ancoli-Israel, T.L. Patterson, and B.T. Mausback Effect of Alzheimer caregiving stress and age on frailty markers interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61 2006 963 969
250. J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, J.R. Dura, C.E. Speicher, O.J. Trask, and R. Galser Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: Longitudinal changes in immunity and health Psychosom Med 53 1991 345 362
251. J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, P.T. Marucha, A.M. Mercado, W.B. Malarkey, and R. Glaser Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress Lancet 346 1995 1194 1196
252. W.S. Shaw, T.L. Patterson, M.G. Ziegler, J.E. Dimsdale, S.J. Semple, and I. Grant Accelerated risk of hypertensive blood pressure recordings among Alzheimer caregivers J Psychosom Res 46 1999 215 227
253. P.P. Vitaliano, J.M. Scanlan, J. Zhang, M.V. Savage, I.B. Hirsch, and I. Siegler A path model of chronic stress, the metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease Psychosom Med 64 2002 418 435
254. B.T. Mausbach, S.K. Roepke, M.G. Ziegler, M. Milic, R. Von Kanel, and J.E. Dimsdale Association between chronic caregiving stress and impaired endothelial function in the elderly J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 2599 2606
255. C.C. Schubert, M. Boustani, C.M. Callahan, A.J. Perkins, S. Hui, and H.C. Hendrie Acute care utilization by dementia caregivers within urban primary care practices J Gen Intern Med 23 2008 1736 1740
256. N.A. Christakis, and P.D. Allison Mortality after the hospitalization of a spouse N Engl J Med 354 2006 719 730
257. S.L. Brown, D.M. Smith, R. Schulz, M.U. Kabeto, P.A. Ubel, and M. Poulin Caregiving behavior is associated with decreased mortality risk Psychol Sci 20 2009 488 494
258. L. Fredman, J.A. Cauley, M. Hochberg, K.E. Ensrud, and G. Doros Mortality associated with caregiving, general stress, and caregiving-related stress in elderly women: Results of Caregiver Study of Osteoporotic Fractures J Am Ger Soc 58 2010 937 943
259. C.S. Aneshensel, L.I. Pearlin, J.T. Mullan, S.H. Zarit, and C.J. Whitlatch Profiles in caregiving: The unexpected career 1995 Academic Press San Diego, Calif
260. S. Sörensen, M. Pinquart, and P. Duberstein How effective are interventions with caregivers? An updated meta-analysis Gerontologist 42 2002 356 372
261. M. Pinquart, and S. Sörensen Helping caregivers of persons with dementia: which interventions work and how large are their effects? Int Psychogeriatr 18 2006 577 595
262. M. Mittelman Psychosocial interventions to address the emotional needs of caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease S.H. Zarit, R.C. Talley, Caregiving for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders 2013 Springer New York, N.Y. 17 34
263. R.G. Logsdon Dementia: Psychosocial interventions for family caregivers Lancet 372 2008 182 183
264. R.G. Logsdon, S.M. McCurry, and L. Teri Evidence-based psychological treatments for disruptive behaviors in individuals with dementia Psychol and Aging 22 2007 28 36
265. S.H. Zarit Empirically supported treatment for family caregivers S.H. Qualls, S.H. Zarit, Aging families and caregiving 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken, N.J. 131 154
266. Gaugler JE. Dementia and families: Interventions that work; 2008. Available at http://www.mngero.org/downloads/dementiawebinar.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2008.
267. S.H. Belle, L. Burgio, R. Burns, D. Coon, S.J. Czaja, and D. Gallagher-Thompson Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health (REACH) II Investigators. Enhancing the quality of life of dementia caregivers from different ethnic or racial groups: A randomized, controlled trial Ann Intern Med 145 2006 727 738
268. M.S. Mittelman, W.E. Haley, O.J. Clay, and D.L. Roth Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease Neurology 67 2006 1592 1599
269. M.S. Mittelman, C. Epstein, and A. Pierzchala Counseling the Alzheimer's caregiver: A resource for health care professionals 2003 AMA Press Chicago, Ill
270. J.E. Gaugler, M. Reese, and M.S. Mittelman Effects of the NYU caregiver intervention-adult child on residential care placement Gerontologist 53 2013 985 997
271. G.J. Acton, and J. Kang Interventions to reduce the burden of caregiving for an adult with dementia: A meta-analysis Res Nurs Health 24 2001 349 360
272. S.K. Ostwald, K.W. Hepburn, W. Caron, T. Burns, and R. Mantell Reducing caregiver burden: A randomized psychoeducational intervention for caregivers of persons with dementia Gerontologist 39 1999 299 309
273. K.W. Hepburn, J. Tornatore, B. Center, and S.W. Ostwald Dementia family caregiver training: Affecting beliefs about caregiving and caregiver outcomes J Am Geriatr Soc 49 2001 450 457
274. K.W. Hepburn, M. Lewis, C.W. Sherman, and J. Tornatore The Savvy Caregiver Program: Developing and testing a transportable dementia family caregiver training program Gerontologist 43 2003 908 915
275. L. Teri, L.E. Gibbons, S.M. McCurry, R.G. Logsdon, D.M. Buchner, and W.E. Barlow Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: A randomized controlled trial JAMA 290 2003 2015 2022
276. L.N. Gitlin, M. Corcoran, L. Winter, A. Boyce, and W.W. Hauck A randomized, controlled trial of a home environmental intervention: effect on efficacy and upset in caregivers and on daily function of persons with dementia Gerontologist 41 2001 4 14
277. D.M. Bass, K.S. Judge, L.A. Snow, N.L. Wilson, R. Morgan, and W.J. Looman Caregiver outcomes of partners in dementia care: Effect of a care coordination program for veterans with dementia and their family members and friends J Am Geriatr Soc 61 2013 1377 1386
278. K.S. Judge, S.J. Yarry, W.J. Looman, and D.M. Bass Improved strain and psychosocial outcomes for caregivers of individuals with dementia: Findings from Project ANSWERS Gerontologist 53 2013 280 292
279. R.R. Whitebird, M. Kreitzer, A.L. Crain, B.A. Lewis, L.R. Hanson, and C.J. Enstad Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family caregivers: A randomized controlled trial Gerontologist 53 2013 676 686
280. T. Särkämö, M. Tervaniemi, S. Laitinen, A. Numminen, M. Kurki, and J.K. Johnson Cognitive, emotional, and social benefits of regular musical activities in early dementia: Randomized controlled study Gerontologist 54 2014 634 650
281. S.H. Zarit, and A.M. Reamy Developmentally appropriate long-term care for people with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders S.H. Zarit, R.C. Talley, Caregiving for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders 2013 Springer New York, N.Y. 51 69
282. J.E. Gaugler, K. Gallagher-Winker, K. Kehrberg, A.M. Lunde, C.M. Marsolek, and K. Ringham The memory club: Providing support to persons with early-stage dementia and their care partners Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 26 2011 218 226
283. R.G. Logsdon, K.C. Pike, S.M. McCurry, P. Hunter, J. Maher, and L. Snyder Early-stage memory loss support groups: Outcomes from a randomized controlled clinical trial J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 65 2010 691 697
284. L. Garand, D.E. Rinaldo, M.M. Alberth, J. Delany, S.L. Beasock, and O.L. Lopez Effects of problem solving therapy on mental health outcomes in family caregivers of persons with a new diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or early dementia: A randomized controlled trial Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 22 2014 771 781
285. K.J. Horvath, S.A. Trudeau, J.L. Rudolph, P.A. Trudeau, M.E. Duffy, and D. Berlowitz Clinical trial of a home safety toolkit for Alzheimer's disease Int J Alzheimers Dis 2013 2013 913606
286. R.C. Moore, E.A. Chattillion, J. Ceglowski, J. Ho, R. von Känel, and P.J. Mills A randomized clinical trial of Behavioral Activation (BA) therapy for improving psychological and physical health in dementia caregivers: Results of the Pleasant Events Program (PEP) Behav Res Ther 51 2013 623 632
287. V. Orgeta, and C. Miranda-Castillo Does physical activity reduce burden in carers of people with dementia? A literature review Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 29 2014 771 783
288. P. Narme, S. Clément, N. Ehrlé, L. Schiaratura, S. Vachez, and B. Courtaigne Efficacy of musical interventions in dementia: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial J Alzheimers Dis 38 2014 359 369
289. G. Livingston, J. Barber, P. Rapaport, M. Knapp, M. Griffin, and D. King Clinical effectiveness of a manual based coping strategy programme (START, STrAtegies for RelaTives) in promoting the mental health of carers of family members with dementia: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial BMJ 347 2013 f6276
290. G. Tremont, J.D. Davis, G.D. Papandonatos, B.R. Ott, R.H. Fortinsky, and P. Gozalo Psychosocial telephone intervention for dementia caregivers: A randomized, controlled trial Alzheimers Dement 2014 Jul 26 pii: S1552-5260(14)02460-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1752. [Epub ahead of print]
291. H.L. Menne, D.M. Bass, J.D. Johnson, B. Primetica, K.R. Kearney, and S. Bollin Statewide implementation of "reducing disability in Alzheimer's disease": Impact on family caregiver outcomes J Gerontol Soc Work 57 2014 626 639
292. L. Teri, G. McKenzie, R.G. Logsdon, S.M. McCurry, S. Bollin, and J. Mead Translation of two evidence-based programs for training families to improve care of persons with dementia Gerontologist 52 2012 452 459
293. L.N. Gitlin, M. Jacobs, and T.V. Earland Translation of a dementia caregiver intervention for delivery in homecare as a reimbursable Medicare service: Outcomes and lessons learned Gerontologist 50 2010 847 854
294. L.D. Burgio, I.B. Collins, B. Schmid, T. Wharton, D. McCallum, and J. Decoster Translating the REACH caregiver intervention for use by area agency on aging personnel: The REACH OUT program Gerontologist 49 2009 103 116
295. M.S. Mittelman, and S.J. Bartels Translating research into practice: Case study of a community-based dementia caregiver intervention Health Aff (Millwood) 33 2014 587 595
296. K.S. Cheung, B.H. Lau, P.W. Wong, A.Y. Leung, V.W. Lou, and G.M. Chan Multicomponent intervention on enhancing dementia caregiver well-being and reducing behavioral problems among Hong Kong Chinese: A translational study based on REACH II Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014;Jul 12 10.1002/gps. 4160 [Epub ahead of print]
297. L.W. Samia, A.M. Aboueissa, J. Halloran, and K. Hepburn The Maine Savvy Caregiver Project: Translating an evidence-based dementia family caregiver program within the RE-AIM Framework J Gerontol Soc Work 57 2014 640 661
298. K. Lykens, N. Moayad, S. Biswas, C. Reyes-Ortiz, and K.P. Singh Impact of a community based implementation of REACH II program for caregivers of Alzheimer's patients PLoS One 9 2014 e89290 10.1371/journal.pone.0089290
299. J.E. Gaugler, T. Potter, and L. Pruinelli Partnering with caregivers Clin Geriatr Med 30 2014 493 515
300. S.H. Zarit, J.E. Lee, M.J. Barrineau, C.J. Whitlatch, and E.E. Femia Fidelity and acceptability of an adaptive intervention for caregivers: An exploratory study Aging Ment Health 17 2013 197 206
301. J.G. Gonyea, L.M. López, and E.H. Velásquez The effectiveness of a culturally sensitive cognitive behavioral group intervention for Latino Alzheimer's caregivers Gerontologist 2014;May 22 pii: gnu045. [Epub ahead of print]
302. S.M. Llanque, and M. Enriquez Interventions for Hispanic caregivers of patients with dementia: A review of the literature Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 27 2012 23 32
303. Z. Kally, S.D. Cote, J. Gonzalez, M. Villarruel, D.L. Cherry, and S. Howland The Savvy Caregiver Program: Impact of an evidence-based intervention on the well-being of ethnically diverse caregivers J Gerontol Soc Work 57 2014 681 693
304. Z. Kally, D.L. Cherry, S. Howland, and M. Villarruel Asian Pacific Islander dementia care network: a model of care for underserved communities J Gerontol Soc Work 57 2014 710 727
305. S.J. Czaja, D. Loewenstein, R. Schulz, S.N. Nair, and D. Perdomo A videophone psychosocial intervention for dementia caregivers Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 21 2013 1071 1081
306. S.H. Zarit, K. Kim, E.E. Femia, D.M. Almeida, and L.C. Klein The effects of adult day services on family caregivers' daily stress, affect, and health: Outcomes from the Daily Stress and Health (DaSH) study Gerontologist 54 2014 570 579
307. N. Maayan, K. Soares-Weiser, and H. Lee Respite care for people with dementia and their carers Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 2014 CD004396 10.1002/14651858.CD004396.pub3
308. S.H. Zarit, K. Kim, E.E. Femia, D.M. Almeida, J. Savla, and P.C. Molenaar Effects of adult day care on daily stress of caregivers: A within-person approach J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 66 2011 538 546
309. H. Brodaty, and C. Arasaratnam Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia Am J Psychiatry 169 2012 946 953
310. J. Olazarán, B. Reisberg, L. Clare, I. Cruz, J. Peña-Casanova, and T. del Ser Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of efficacy Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 30 2010 161 178
311. H. Brodaty, A. Green, and A. Koschera Meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for caregivers of people with dementia J Am Geriatr Soc 51 2003 657 664
312. C.H. Smits, J. de Lange, R.M. Dröes, F. Meiland, M. Vernooij-Dassen, and A.M. Pot Effects of combined intervention programmes for people with dementia living at home and their caregivers: A systematic review Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 22 2007 1181 1193
313. Griffin JM, Meis L, Greer N, Jensen A, MacDonald R, Rutks I, et al. Effectiveness of family and caregiver interventions on patient outcomes among adults with cancer or memory-related disorders: A systematic review. VA ESP Project 2013. Available at: http://www.hsrd.research.va.gov/publications/esp/caregiver-interventions.cfm#.Ui5DMD89X2w. Accessed December 20, 2014.
314. A.L. Jones, L.L. Dwyer, A.R. Bercovitz, and G.W. Strahan The National Nursing Home Survey: 2004 Overview Vital Health Stat 13 2009 1 155
315. N.A. Kramer, and M.C. Smith Training nursing assistants to care for nursing home residents with dementia V. Molinari, Professional psychology in long term care 2000 Hatherleigh Press New York, N.Y. 227 256
316. M.P. McCabe, T.E. Davison, and K. George Effectiveness of staff training programs for behavioral problems among older people with dementia Aging Ment Health 11 2007 505 519
317. C. Beck, A. Ortigara, S. Mercer, and V. Shue Enabling and empowering certified nursing assistants for quality dementia care Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14 1999 197 211
318. Institute of Medicine. Retooling for an Aging America: Building the Health Care Workforce. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press 2008. Available at: http://www.nap.edu. Accessed December 20, 2014.
319. Eldercare Workforce Alliance Geriatrics Workforce Shortage: A Looming Crisis for our Families 2012 Eldercare Workforce Alliance Washington, D.C.
320. Association of American Medical Colleges. 2012 Physician Specialty Data Book. Available at https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/2012%20Physician%20Specialty%20Data%20Book.pdf. Accessed December 20, 2014.
321. A.A. Brody, and J.E. Galvin A review of interprofessional dissemination and education interventions for recognizing and managing dementia Gerontol Geriatr Educ 34 2013 225 256
322. R. McCaffrey, R.M. Tappen, D.M. Lichtstein, and M. Friedland Interprofessional education in community-based Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment J Interprof Care 27 2013 534 536
323. L. Köhler, C. Meinke-Franze, J. Hein, K. Fendrich, R. Heymann, and J.R. Thyrian Does an interdisciplinary network improve dementia care? Results from the IDemUck-study Curr Alzheimer Res 11 2014 538 548
324. Z.S. Tan, L. Jennings, and D. Reuben Coordinated care management for dementia in a large academic health system Health Aff (Millwood) 33 2014 619 625
325. C.M. Callahan, G.A. Sachs, M.A. Lamantia, K.T. Unroe, G. Arling, and M.A. Boustani Redesigning systems of care for older adults with Alzheimer's disease Health Aff (Millwood) 33 2014 626 632
326. D.D. French, M.A. LaMantia, L.R. Livin, D. Herceg, C.A. Alder, and M.A. Boustani Healthy aging brain center improved care coordination and produced net savings Health Aff (Millwood) 33 2014 613 618
327. S. Borson, and J. Chodosh Developing dementia-capable health care systems: A 12-step program Clin Geriatr Med 30 2014 395 420
328. D.B. Reuben, L.C. Evertson, N.S. Wenger, K. Serrano, J. Chodosh, and L. Ercoli The University of California at Los Angeles Alzheimer's and Dementia Care program for comprehensive, coordinated, patient-centered care: Preliminary data J Am Geriatr Soc 61 2013 2214 2218
329. G. Odenheimer, S. Borson, A.E. Sanders, R.J. Swain-Eng, H.H. Kyomen, and Tierney S Quality improvement in neurology: Dementia management quality measures (Executive Summary) Am J Occup Ther 67 2013 704 710
330. Z. Yang, K. Zhang, P.J. Lin, C. Clevenger, and A. Atherly A longitudinal analysis of the lifetime cost of dementia Health Serv Res 47 2012 1660 1678
331. J.L. Rudolph, N.M. Zanin, R.N. Jones, E.R. Marcantonio, T.G. Fong, and F.M. Yang Hospitalization in community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease: Frequency and causes J Am Geriatr Soc 58 2010 1542 1548
332. Medicare. Glossary. Medicare: The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare. Available at http://www.medicare.gov/HomeHealthCompare/Resources/Glossary.html. Accessed December 8, 2013.
333. Z. Feng, L.A. Coots, Y. Kaganova, and J.M. Wiener Hospital and ED use among Medicare beneficiaries with dementia varies by setting and proximity to death Health Affairs 33 2014 683 690
334. Healthy People 2020. Dementias, Including Alzheimer's Disease. Available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/dementias-including-alzheimers-disease/national-snapshot. Revised August 25, 2014. Accessed October 5, 2014.
335. B.T. Suehs, C.D. Davis, J. Alvir, D. van Amerongen, N.C. Patel, and A.V. Joshi The clinical and economic burden of newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease in a Medicare Advantage population Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement 28 2013 384 392
336. D.S. Geldmacher, N.Y. Kirson, H.G. Birnbaum, S. Eapen, E. Kantor, and A.K. Cummings Pre-diagnosis excess acute care costs in Alzheimer's patients among a U.S. Medicaid population Applied Health Econ Health Policy 11 2013 407 413
337. S.L. Stark, C.M. Roe, E.A. Grant, H. Hollingsworth, T.L. Benzinger, and A.M. Fagan Preclinical Alzheimer's disease and risk of falls Neurology 81 2013 437 443
338. P.J. Lin, H.M. Fillit, J.T. Cohen, and P.J. Neumann Potentially avoidable hospitalizations among Medicare beneficiaries with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders Alzheimers Dement 9 2013 30 38
339. Genworth Financial, Inc. Genworth 2014 Cost of Care Survey. Home Care Providers, Adult Day Health Care Facilities, Assisted Living Facilities and Nursing Homes. Available at https://www.genworth.com/corporate/about-genworth/industry-expertise/cost-of-care.html. Accessed December 20, 2014.
340. R.W. Johnson, and J.M. Wiener A profile of frail older Americans and their caregivers February 2006 Urban Institute Washington, D.C.
341. R.H. Fortinsky, J.R. Fenster, and J.O. Judge Medicare and Medicaid home health and Medicaid waiver services for dually eligible older adults: Risk factors for use and correlates of expenditures Gerontologist 44 2004 739 749
342. J.P. Hirdes, B.E. Fries, J.N. Morris, N. Ikegami, D. Zimmerman, and D.M. Dalby Home care quality indicators (HCQIs) based on the MDS-HC Gerontologist 44 2004 665 679
343. G. Mitchell, J.R. Salmon, L. Polivka, and H. Soberon-Ferrer The relative benefits and cost of Medicaid home- and community-based services in Florida Gerontologist 46 2006 483 494
344. Dwyer LL, Harris-Kojetin LD, Valverde RH. Differences in Adult Day Services Center Participant Characteristics by Center Ownership: United States, 2012. NCHS Data Brief, No. 164. September 2014.
345. Dwyer LL, Harris-Kojetin LD, Valverde RH. Differences in Adult Day Services Center Characteristics by Center Ownership: United States, 2012. NCHS Data Brief, No. 165.; September 2014.
346. R. Mollica, A. Houser, and K. Ujvari Assisted Living and Residential Care in the States in 2010 2012 AARP Public Policy Institute
347. Caffrey C, Harris-Kojetin L, Rome V, Sengupta M. Operating Characteristics of Residents Living in Residential Care Communities, by Community Bed Size: United States, 2012. NCHS Data Brief, No. 171.
348. Caffrey C, Harris-Kojetin L, Rome V, Sengupta M. Operating Characteristics of Residential Care Communities, by Community Bed Size: United States, 2012. NCHS Data Brief, No. 170.
349. American Health Care Association. LTC Stats: Nursing Facility Operational Characteristics Report. Table 5: Nursing Facility Beds in Dedicated Special Care Units, September 2014.
350. American Health Care Association. LTC Stats: Nursing Facility Operational Characteristics Report. Table 5: Nursing Facility Beds in Dedicated Special Care Units, June 2013.
351. C.M. Callahan, G. Arling, W. Tu, M.B. Rosenman, S.R. Counsell, and T.E. Stump Transitions in care among older adults with and without dementia J Am Geriatr Soc 60 2012 813 820
352. P. Gozalo, J.M. Teno, S.L. Mitchell, J. Skinner, J. Bynum, and D. Tyler End-of-life transitions among nursing home residents with cognitive issues N Engl J Med 365 2011 1212 1221
353. J.M. Teno, S.L. Mitchell, J. Skinner, J. Skinner, J. Bynum, and D. Tyler Churning: The association between health care transitions and feeding tube insertion for nursing home residents with advanced cognitive impairment J Palliat Med 12 2009 359 362
354. J. Teno, D.O. Meltzer, S.L. Mitchell, A.T. Fulton, P. Gozalo, and V. Mor Type of attending physician influenced feeding tube insertions for hospitalized elderly people with severe dementia Health Aff 33 2014 675 682
355. J.M. Teno, P.L. Gozalo, J.P. Bynum, N.E. Leland, S.C. Miller, and N.E. Morden Change in end-of-life care for Medicare beneficiaries: Site of death, place of care, and health care transitions in 2000, 2005, and 2009 JAMA 309 2013 470 477
356. Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC). Report to the Congress: Medicare Payment Policy. Chapter 10: Long-Term Care Hospital Services. Washington, D.C.: MedPAC; March 15, 2012.
357. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. What Are Long-Term Care Hospitals? CMS Publication No. 11347; 2012.
358. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Moratorium on Classification of Long-Term Care Hospitals or Satellites/Increase in Certified LTCH Beds. MLN Matters. Medicare Learning Network. MLN Matters Number MM6172; 2008.
359. National Conference of State Legislatures. Certificate of Need: State Health Laws and Programs. Updated March 2012. Available at http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/con-certificate-of-need-state-laws.aspx#moratoria. Accessed December 16, 2012.
360. MetLife Mature Market Institute Market Survey of Long-Term Care Costs: The 2012 MetLife Market Survey of Nursing Home, Assisted Living, Adult Day Services, and Home Care Costs 2012 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company New York, N.Y.
361. Jacobson G, Huang J, Neuman T, Smith KE. Income and Assets of Medicare Beneficiaries, 2013-2030. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Issue Brief. January 2014.
362. HHS Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy. Long-Term Care Insurance. ASPE Research Brief. June 2012.
363. R.I. Stone, and W.F. Benson Financing and organizing health and long-term care services for older populations T.R. Prohaska, L.A. Anderson, R.H. Binstock, Public health for an aging society 2012 Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, Md
364. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured Long-Term Services and Supports in the Financial Alignment Demonstrations for Dual Eligible Beneficiaries November 2013 Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Washington, D.C.
365. Moody's Investors Service. Special Comment: Long-Term Care Insurance: Sector Profile; September 18, 2012.
366. A.M. Gilligan, D.C. Malone, T.L. Warholak, and E.P. Armstrong Health disparities in cost of care in patients with Alzheimer's disease: An analysis across 4 state Medicaid populations American J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement 28 2013 84 92
367. M.G. Klug, G. Wagstrom Halaas, and M.-L. Peterson North Dakota Assistance Program for Dementia Caregivers lowered utilization, produced savings and increased empowerment Health Affairs 33 2014 605 612
368. K.H. Long, J.P. Moriarty, M.S. Mittelman, and S.S. Foldes Estimating the potential cost savings from the New York University Caregiver Intervention in Minnesota Health Aff 33 2014 596 604
369. D.D. French, M.A. LaMantia, L.R. Livin, D. Herceg, C.A. Alder, and M.A. Boustani Healthy Aging Brain Center improved care coordination and produced net savings Health Affairs 33 2014 613 618
370. U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare Hospice Data. Available at http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/Hospice/Medicare-Hospice-Data.html. Accessed December 20, 2014.
371. A.M. Barrett, W. Orange, M. Keller, P. Damgaard, and R.H. Swerdlow Short-term effect of dementia disclosure: how patients and families describe the diagnosis J Am Geriatr Soc 54 2006 1968 1970
372. P. Campbell, J. Wright, J. Oyebode, D. Job, P. Crome, and P. Bentham Determinants of burden in those who care for someone with dementia Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23 2008 1078 1085
373. A.K. Zaleta, B.D. Carpenter, E.K. Porensky, C. Xiong, and J.C. Morris Agreement on diagnosis among patients, companions, and professionals after a dementia evaluation Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 26 2012 232 237
374. HealthyPeople.gov. Dementias, including Alzheimer's disease. Available at https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/dementias-including-alzheimers-disease/national-snapshot. Accessed February 20, 2015.
375. D. Oken What to tell cancer patients: A study of medical attitudes JAMA 175 1961 1120 1128
376. G. Pinner, and W.P. Bouman To tell or not to tell: On disclosing the diagnosis of dementia Int Psychogeriatr 14 2002 127 137
377. Alzheimer's Association. Telling the truth in diagnosis. Available at: http://www.alz.org/documents-custom/statements/Telling-Truth-Diagnosis.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2015.
378. Alzheimer Europe. Disclosure of the diagnosis to people with dementia and carers. Available at: http://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Policy-in-Practice2/Our-opinion-on/Disclosure-of-the-diagnosis-to-people-with-dementia-and-carers#fragment-1. Accessed February 20, 2015.
379. R. Guttman, and M. Seleski Diagnosis, Management and Treatment of Dementia: A Practice Guide for Primary Care Physicians 1999 American Medical Association Chicago, IL
380. C.J. Patterson, S. Gauthier, H. Bergman, C.A. Cohen, J.W. Feightner, and H. Feldman The recognition, assessment and management of dementing disorders: Conclusions from the Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia CMAJ 160 1999 S1 15
381. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias of late life: American Psychiatric Association Am J Psychiatry 154 5 Suppl 1997 1 39
382. J. Hort, J.T. O'Brien, G. Gainotti, T. Pirttila, B.O. Popescu, and I. Rektorova EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease Eur J Neurol 17 2010 1236 1248
383. S.G. Post, and P.J. Whitehouse Fairhill guidelines on ethics of the care of people with Alzheimer's disease: A clinical summary: Center for Biomedical Ethics, Case Western Reserve University and the Alzheimer's Association J Am Geriatr Soc 43 1995 1423 1429
384. H. Wilkinson, and A.J. Milne Sharing a diagnosis of dementia: Learning from the patient perspective Aging Ment Health 7 2003 300 307
385. P.F. Cornett, and J.R. Hall Issues in disclosing a diagnosis of dementia Arch Clin Neuropsychol 23 2008 251 256
386. L. Ganzini, L. Volicer, W.A. Nelson, E. Fox, and A.R. Derse Ten myths about decision-making capacity J Am Med Dir Assoc 6 3 Suppl 2005 S100 S104
387. H. Brody Shared decision making and determining decision-making capacity Prim Care 32 2005 645 658
388. A. Shah, and D. Dickenson The capacity to make decisions in dementia: Some contemporary issues Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14 1999 803 806
389. C.P. Maguire, M. Kirby, R. Coen, D. Coakley, B.A. Lawlor, and D. O'Neill Family members' attitudes toward telling the patient with Alzheimer's disease their diagnosis BMJ 313 1996 529 530
390. S. Holroyd, Q. Turnbull, and A.M. Wolf What are patients and their families told about the diagnosis of dementia? Results of a family survey Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 2002 218 221
391. M. Marzanski Would you like to know what is wrong with you? On telling the truth to patients with dementia J Med Ethics 26 2000 108 113
392. A. Waite, P. Bebbington, M. Skelton-Robinson, and M. Orrell Life events, depression and social support in dementia Br J Clin Psychol 43 Pt 3 2004 313 324
393. G. Pinner, and W.P. Bouman Attitudes of patients with mild dementia and their carers towards disclosure of the diagnosis Int Psychogeriatr 15 2003 279 288
394. P. Werner, O. Karnieli-Miller, and S. Eidelman Current knowledge and future directions about the disclosure of dementia: A systematic review of the first decade of the 21st century Alzheimers Dement 9 2013 e74 e88
395. B. Carpenter, and J. Dave Disclosing a dementia diagnosis: A review of opinion and practice, and a proposed research agenda Gerontologist 44 2004 149 158
396. C. Bamford, S. Lamont, M. Eccles, L. Robinson, C. May, and J. Bond Disclosing a diagnosis of dementia: A systematic review Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19 2004 151 169
397. H. Kaduszkiewicz, C. Bachmann, and H. van den Bussche Telling "the truth" in dementia: Do attitude and approach of general practitioners and specialists differ? Patient Educ Couns 70 2008 220 226
398. H.P. van Hout, M.J. Vernooij-Dassen, D.A. Jansen, and W.A. Stalman Do general practitioners disclose correct information to their patients suspected of dementia and their caregivers? A prospective observational study Aging Ment Health 10 2006 151 155
399. B.S. Meyers Telling patients they have Alzheimer's disease BMJ 314 1997 321 322
400. K. Rice, N. Warner, T. Tye, and A. Bayer Telling the diagnosis to patients with Alzheimer's disease: Geriatricians' and psychiatrists' practice differs BMJ 314 1997 376
401. E. Derksen, M. Vernooij-Dassen, F. Gillissen, M. Olde Rikkert, and P. Scheltens Impact of diagnostic disclosure in dementia on patients and carers: Qualitative case series analysis Aging Ment Health 10 2006 525 531
402. E. Pucci, N. Belardinelli, G. Borsetti, and G. Giuliani Relatives' attitudes towards informing patients about the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease J Med Ethics 29 2003 51 54
403. J. Phillips, C.D. Pond, N.E. Paterson, C. Howell, A. Shell, and N.P. Stocks Difficulties in disclosing the diagnosis of dementia: A qualitative study in general practice Br J Gen Pract 62 2012 e546 e553
404. S. Iliffe, T. Koch, P. Jain, F. Lefford, G. Wong, and A. Warner Developing an educational intervention on dementia diagnosis and management in primary care for the EVIDEM-ED trial Trials 13 2012 142
405. T. Koch, S. Iliffe project E-E Rapid appraisal of barriers to the diagnosis and management of patients with dementia in primary care: A systematic review BMC Fam Pract 11 2010 52
406. M. Allen, S. Ferrier, and J. Sargeant Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: An organisational approach to identifying and addressing practices and learning needs of family physicians Educational Gerontol 31 2005 521 539
407. O. Karnieli-Miller, P. Werner, J. Aharon-Peretz, and S. Eidelman Dilemmas in the (un)veiling of the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Walking an ethical and professional tight rope Patient Educ Couns 67 2007 307 314
408. A. Jha, N. Tabet, and M. Orrell To tell or not to tell-comparison of older patients' reaction to their diagnosis of dementia and depression Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16 2001 879 885
409. M. Vernooij-Dassen, E. Derksen, P. Scheltens, and E. Moniz-Cook Receiving an diagnosis of dementia: The expereince over time Dementia 5 2006 397 410
410. B.D. Carpenter, C. Xiong, E.K. Porensky, M.M. Lee, P.J. Brown, and M. Coats Reaction to a dementia diagnosis in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment J Am GeriatrSoc 56 2008 405 412
411. W.S. Lim, E.H. Rubin, M. Coats, and J.C. Morris Early-stage Alzheimer disease represents increased suicidal risk in relation to later stages Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 19 2005 214 219
412. J.D. Fisk, B.L. Beattie, M. Donnelly, A. Byszewski, and F.J. Molnar Disclosure of the diagnosis of dementia Alzheimers Dement 3 2007 404 410
413. N.L. Batsch, and M.S. Mittelman World Alzheimer Report 2012: Overcoming the stigma of dementia 2012 Alzheimer's Disease International
414. 2011 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures Alzheimers Dement 7 2011 208 244
415. D.L. Frosch, and R.M. Kaplan Shared decision making in clinical medicine: Past research and future directions Am J Prev Med 17 1999 285 294
416. J.F. Kasper, A.G. Mulley Jr., and J.E. Wennberg Developing shared decision-making programs to improve the quality of health care QRB Qual Rev Bull 18 1992 183 190
417. Beyond 50.09 Chronic Care: A Call to Action for Health Reform 2009 AARP Public Policy Institute Washington, DC
418. J. Lecouturier, C. Bamford, J.C. Hughes, J.J. Francis, R. Foy, and M. Johnston Appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia: Identifying the key behaviours of 'best practice' BMC Health Serv Res 8 2008 95
419. N.D. Pope, S. Kolomer, and A.P. Glass How women in late midlife become caregivers for their aging parents J Women Aging 24 2012 242 261
420. C.M. Connell, L. Boise, J.C. Stuckey, S.B. Holmes, and M.L. Hudson Attitudes toward the diagnosis and disclosure of dementia among family caregivers and primary care physicians Gerontologist 44 2004 500 507
421. A.K. Zaleta, and B.D. Carpenter Patient-centered communication during the disclosure of a dementia diagnosis Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement 25 2010 513 520
422. R. Pratt, and H. Wilkinson A psychosocial model of understanding the experience of receiving a diagnosis of dementia Dementia 2 2003 181 191
423. C.P. Maguire Telling the diagnosis of dementia: consider each patient individually Int Psychogeriatr 14 2002 123 126
424. R. Brookmeyer, S. Gray, and C. Kawas Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset Am J Public Health 88 1998 1337 1342
425. National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. Caregiving in the U.S., November 2009. Available at http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/caregiving-09-fr.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2015.
426. P.S. Amo, C. Levine, and M.M. Memmott The economic value of informal caregiving Health Aff 18 1999 182 188
427. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics Survey. Series 10-CEU 6562160008, Home Health Care Services (NAICS code 6216), average hourly earnings, July 2014. Available at: www.bls.gov/ces. Accessed January 22, 2015.
428. S.M. Albert, and R. Schulz The MetLife Study of working caregivers and employer health care costs 2010 MetLife Mature Market Institute New York, N.Y.
429. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Center for Strategic Planning. Health Expenditures by State of Residence 1991-2009. Available at www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/NationalHealthAccountsStateHealthAccountsResidence.html. Accessed December 20, 2014.
430. M. Shriver The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Takes on Alzheimer's 2010 Alzheimer's Association Chicago, Ill.