Outside the coding genome, mammalian microRNAs confer structural and functional complexity

Science Signaling

Volumn 8, Issue 368, 2015, Pages re2-

  Olive, Virginie ^a   Minella, Alex C ^b   He, Lin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b BLOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; BIOGENESIS; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELLS BY BODY ANATOMY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENT; GENE; GENE CONTROL; GENOME; GLUCAGON BLOOD LEVEL; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MOUSE; MUSCLE REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA STRUCTURE; STRESS; ANIMAL; CONFORMATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; HUMAN GENOME; METABOLISM;

MAMMALIA;

ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENOME, HUMAN; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION;

EID: 84924971782     PISSN: 19450877     EISSN: 19379145     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005813     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. J. S. Mattick, RNA regulation: A new genetics? Nat. Rev. Genet. 5, 316-323 (2004).
2. S. Djebali, C. A. Davis, A. Merkel, A. Dobin, T. Lassmann, A. Mortazavi, A. Tanzer, J. Lagarde, W. Lin, F. Schlesinger, C. Xue, G. K. Marinov, J. Khatun, B. A. Williams, C. Zaleski, J. Rozowsky, M. Röder, F. Kokocinski, R. F. Abdelhamid, T. Alioto, I. Antoshechkin, M. T. Baer, N. S. Bar, P. Batut, K. Bell, I. Bell, S. Chakrabortty, X. Chen, J. Chrast, J. Curado, T. Derrien, J. Drenkow, E. Dumais, J. Dumais, R. Duttagupta, E. Falconnet, M. Fastuca, K. Fejes-Toth, P. Ferreira, S. Foissac, M. J. Fullwood, H. Gao, D. Gonzalez, A. Gordon, H. Gunawardena, C. Howald, S. Jha, R. Johnson, P. Kapranov, B. King, C. Kingswood, O. J. Luo, E. Park, K. Persaud, J. B. Preall, P. Ribeca, B. Risk, D. Robyr, M. Sammeth, L. Schaffer, L. H. See, A. Shahab, J. Skancke, A. M. Suzuki, H. Takahashi, H. Tilgner, D. Trout, N. Walters, H. Wang, J. Wrobel, Y. Yu, X. Ruan, Y. Hayashizaki, J. Harrow, M. Gerstein, T. Hubbard, A. Reymond, S. E. Antonarakis, G. Hannon, M. C. Giddings, Y. Ruan, B. Wold, P. Carninci, R. Guigó, T. R. Gingeras, Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature 489, 101-108 (2012).
3. M. B. Gerstein, A. Kundaje, M. Hariharan, S. G. Landt, K. K. Yan, C. Cheng, X. J. Mu, E. Khurana, J. Rozowsky, R. Alexander, R. Min, P. Alves, A. Abyzov, N. Addleman, N. Bhardwaj, A. P. Boyle, P. Cayting, A. Charos, D. Z. Chen, Y. Cheng, D. Clarke, C. Eastman, G. Euskirchen, S. Frietze, Y. Fu, J. Gertz, F. Grubert, A. Harmanci, P. Jain, M. Kasowski, P. Lacroute, J. Leng, J. Lian, H. Monahan, H. O'Geen, Z. Ouyang, E. C. Partridge, D. Patacsil, F. Pauli, D. Raha, L. Ramirez, T. E. Reddy, B. Reed, M. Shi, T. Slifer, J. Wang, L. Wu, X. Yang, K. Y. Yip, G. Zilberman-Schapira, S. Batzoglou, A. Sidow, P. J. Farnham, R. M. Myers, S. M. Weissman, M. Snyder, Architecture of the human regulatory network derived from ENCODE data. Nature 489, 91-100 (2012).
4. J. L. Rinn, H. Y. Chang, Genome regulation by long noncoding RNAs. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 81, 145-166 (2012).
5. T. R. Cech, J. A. Steitz, The noncoding RNA revolution-Trashing old rules to forge new ones. Cell 157, 77-94 (2014).
6. V. Ambros, The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature 431, 350-355 (2004).
7. L. He, G. J. Hannon, MicroRNAs: Small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5, 522-531 (2004).
8. P. D. Zamore, B. Haley, Ribo-gnome: The big world of small RNAs. Science 309, 1519-1524 (2005).
9. D. P. Bartel, MicroRNAs: Target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 136, 215-233 (2009).
10. V. N. Kim, J. Han, M. C. Siomi, Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 126-139 (2009).
11. W. Filipowicz, S. N. Bhattacharyya, N. Sonenberg, Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: Are the answers in sight? Nat. Rev. Genet. 9, 102-114 (2008).
12. R. C. Lee, R. L. Feinbaum, V. Ambros, The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75, 843-854 (1993).
13. B. Wightman, I. Ha, G. Ruvkun, Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell 75, 855-862 (1993).
14. J. T. Mendell, E. N. Olson, MicroRNAs in stress signaling and human disease. Cell 148, 1172-1187 (2012).
15. M. S. Ebert, P. A. Sharp, Roles for microRNAs in conferring robustness to biological processes. Cell 149, 515-524 (2012).
16. J. Krol, I. Loedige, W. Filipowicz, The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11, 597-610 (2010).
17. A. L. Kasinski, F. J. Slack, Epigenetics and genetics. MicroRNAs en route to the clinic: Progress in validating and targeting microRNAs for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 11, 849-864 (2011).
18. A. G. Bader, miR-34-A microRNA replacement therapy is headed to the clinic. Front. Genet. 3, 120 (2012).
19. R. E. Lanford, E. S. Hildebrandt-Eriksen, A. Petri, R. Persson, M. Lindow, M. E. Munk, S. Kauppinen, H. Ørum, Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Science 327, 198-201 (2010).
20. D. Haussecker, M. A. Kay, miR-122 continues to blaze the trail for microRNA therapeutics. Mol. Ther. 18, 240-242 (2010).
21. C. Y. Park, L. T. Jeker, K. Carver-Moore, A. Oh, H. J. Liu, R. Cameron, H. Richards, Z. Li, D. Adler, Y. Yoshinaga, M. Martinez, M. Nefadov, A. K. Abbas, A. Weiss, L. L. Lanier, P. J. de Jong, J. A. Bluestone, D. Srivastava, M. T. McManus, A resource for the conditional ablation of microRNAs in the mouse. Cell Rep. 1, 385-391 (2012).
22. E. Bernstein, S. Y. Kim, M. A. Carmell, E. P. Murchison, H. Alcorn, M. Z. Li, A. A. Mills, S. J. Elledge, K. V. Anderson, G. J. Hannon, Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat. Genet. 35, 215-217 (2003).
23. C. Kanellopoulou, S. A. Muljo, A. L. Kung, S. Ganesan, R. Drapkin, T. Jenuwein, D. M. Livingston, K. Rajewsky, Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing. Genes Dev. 19, 489-501 (2005).
24. T. L. Cuellar, T. H. Davis, P. T. Nelson, G. B. Loeb, B. D. Harfe, E. Ullian, M. T. McManus, Dicer loss in striatal neurons produces behavioral and neuroanatomical phenotypes in the absence of neurodegeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 5614-5619 (2008).
25. M. A. Newman, S. M. Hammond, Emerging paradigms of regulated microRNA processing. Genes Dev. 24, 1086-1092 (2010).
26. M. Mori, R. Triboulet, M. Mohseni, K. Schlegelmilch, K. Shrestha, F. D. Camargo, R. I. Gregory, Hippo signaling regulates microprocessor and links cell-density-dependent miRNA biogenesis to cancer. Cell 156, 893-906 (2014).
27. S. Hong, H. Noh, H. Chen, R. Padia, Z. K. Pan, S. B. Su, Q. Jing, H. F. Ding, S. Huang, Signaling by p38 MAPK stimulates nuclear localization of the microprocessor component p68 for processing of selected primary microRNAs. Sci. Signal. 6, ra16 (2013).
28. E. A. Miska, E. Alvarez-Saavedra, A. L. Abbott, N. C. Lau, A. B. Hellman, S. M. McGonagle, D. P. Bartel, V. R. Ambros, H. R. Horvitz, Most Caenorhabditis elegans microRNAs are individually not essential for development or viability. PLOS Genet. 3, e215 (2007).
29. E. Alvarez-Saavedra, H. R. Horvitz, Many families of C. elegans microRNAs are not essential for development or viability. Curr. Biol. 20, 367-373 (2010).
30. R. Song, R. Song, P. Walentek, N. Sponer, A. Klimke, J. S. Lee, G. Dixon, R. Harland, Y. Wan, P. Lishko, M. Lize, M. Kessel, L. He, miR-34/449 miRNAs are required for motile ciliogenesis by repressing cp110. Nature 510, 115-120 (2014).
31. A. Ventura, A. G. Young, M. M. Winslow, L. Lintault, A. Meissner, S. J. Erkeland, J. Newman, R. T. Bronson, D. Crowley, J. R. Stone, R. Jaenisch, P. A. Sharp, T. Jacks, Targeted deletion reveals essential and overlapping functions of the miR-17 through 92 family of miRNA clusters. Cell 132, 875-886 (2008).
32. K. Wystub, J. Besser, A. Bachmann, T. Boettger, T. Braun, miR-1/133a clusters cooperatively specify the cardiomyogenic lineage by adjustment of myocardin levels during embryonic heart development. PLOS Genet. 9, e1003793 (2013).
33. L. A. Medeiros, L. M. Dennis, M. E. Gill, H. Houbaviy, S. Markoulaki, D. Fu, A. C. White, O. Kirak, P. A. Sharp, D. C. Page, R. Jaenisch, Mir-290-295 deficiency in mice results in partially penetrant embryonic lethality and germ cell defects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 14163-14168 (2011).
34. A. Kozomara, S. Griffiths-Jones, miRBase: Annotating high confidence microRNAs using deep sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, D68-D73 (2014).
35. A. Tanzer, P. F. Stadler, Molecular evolution of a microRNA cluster. J. Mol. Biol. 339, 327-335 (2004).
36. J. T. Mendell, miRiad roles for the miR-17-92 cluster in development and disease. Cell 133, 217-222 (2008).
37. Kip1 tumor suppressor by miR-221 and miR-222 promotes cancer cell proliferation. EMBO J. 26, 3699-3708 (2007).
38. M. Kedde, M. van Kouwenhove, W. Zwart, J. A. F. Oude Vrielink, R. Elkon, R. Agami, A Pumilio-induced RNA structure switch in p27-3′UTR controls miR-221 and miR-222 accessibility. Nat. Cell Biol. 12, 1014-1020 (2010).
39. Q.-E. Yang, K. E. Racicot, A. V Kaucher, M. J. Oatley, J. M. Oatley, MicroRNAs 221 and 222 regulate the undifferentiated state in mammalian male germ cells. Development 140, 280-290 (2013).
40. N. Felli, L. Fontana, E. Pelosi, R. Botta, D. Bonci, F. Facchiano, F. Liuzzi, V. Lulli, O. Morsilli, S. Santoro, M. Valtieri, G. A. Calin, C. G. Liu, A. Sorrentino, C. M. Croce, C. Peschle, MicroRNAs 221 and 222 inhibit normal erythropoiesis and erythroleukemic cell growth via kit receptor down-modulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 18081-18086 (2005).
41. K. R. Cordes, K. R. Cordes, N. T. Sheehy, M. P. White, E. C. Berry, S. U. Morton, A. N. Muth, T. H. Lee, J. M. Miano, K. N. Ivey, D. Srivastava, miR-145 and miR-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity. Nature 460, 705-710 (2009).
42. M. Xin, E. M. Small, L. B. Sutherland, X. Qi, J. McAnally, C. F. Plato, J. A. Richardson, R. Bassel-Duby, E. N. Olson, MicroRNAs miR-143 and miR-145 modulate cytoskel-etal dynamics and responsiveness of smooth muscle cells to injury. Genes Dev. 23, 2166-2178 (2009).
43. D. M. Patrick, C. C. Zhang, Y. Tao, H. Yao, X. Qi, R. J. Schwartz, L. Jun-Shen Huang, E. N. Olson, Defective erythroid differentiation in miR-451 mutant mice mediated by 14-3-3z. Genes Dev. 24, 1614-1619 (2010).
44. J. F. Chen, E. M. Mandel, J. M. Thomson, Q. Wu, T. E. Callis, S. M. Hammond, F. L. Conlon, D. Z. Wang, The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation. Nat. Genet. 38, 228-233 (2006).
45. L. He, J. M. Thomson, M. T. Hemann, E. Hernando-Monge, D. Mu, S. Goodson, S. Powers, C. Cordon-Cardo, S. W. Lowe, G. J. Hannon, S. M. Hammond, A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature 435, 828-833 (2005).
46. V. Olive, M. J. Bennett, J. C. Walker, C. Ma, I. Jiang, C. Cordon-Cardo, Q. J. Li, S. W. Lowe, G. J. Hannon, L. He, miR-19 is a key oncogenic component of mir-17-92. Genes Dev. 23, 2839-2849 (2009).
47. V. Olive, E. Sabio, M. J. Bennett, C. S. De Jong, A. Biton, J. C. McGann, S. K. Greaney, N. M. Sodir, A. Y. Zhou, A. Balakrishnan, M. Foth, M. A. Luftig, A. Goga, T. P. Speed, Z. Xuan, G. I. Evan, Y. Wan, A. C. Minella, L. He, A component of the mir-17-92 poly-cistronic oncomir promotes oncogene-dependent apoptosis. Elife 2, e00822 (2013).
48. S. G. Chaulk, G. L. Thede, O. A. Kent, Z. Xu, E. M. Gesner, R. A. Veldhoen, S. K. Khanna, I. S. Goping, A. M. MacMillan, J. T. Mendell, H. S. Young, R. P. Fahlman, J. N. Glover, Role of pri-miRNA tertiary structure in miR-17~92 miRNA biogenesis. RNA Biol. 8, 1105-1114 (2011).
49. S. Chakraborty, S. Mehtab, A. Patwardhan, Y. Krishnan, Pri-miR-17-92a transcript folds into a tertiary structure and autoregulates its processing. RNA 18, 1014-1028 (2012).
50. S. Guil, J. F. Cáceres, The multifunctional RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1 is required for processing of miR-18a. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 591-596 (2007).
51. E. M. Heinrich, J. Wagner, M. Krüger, D. John, S. Uchida, J. E. Weigand, B. Suess, S. Dimmeler, Regulation of miR-17-92a cluster processing by the microRNA binding protein SND1. FEBS Lett. 587, 2405-2411 (2013).
52. I. Heo, C. Joo, Y. K. Kim, M. Ha, M. J. Yoon, J. Cho, K. H. Yeom, J. Han, V. N. Kim, TUT4 in concert with Lin28 suppresses microRNA biogenesis through pre-microRNA uridylation. Cell 138, 696-708 (2009).
53. A. J. Chen, J. H. Paik, H. Zhang, S. A. Shukla, R. Mortensen, J. Hu, H. Ying, B. Hu, J. Hurt, N. Farny, C. Dong, Y. Xiao, Y. A. Wang, P. A. Silver, L. Chin, S. Vasudevan, R. A. Depinho, STAR RNA-binding protein Quaking suppresses cancer via stabilization of specific miRNA. Genes Dev. 26, 1459-1472 (2012).
54. M. Dews, A. Homayouni, D. Yu, D. Murphy, C. Sevignani, E. Wentzel, E. E. Furth, W. M. Lee, G. H. Enders, J. T. Mendell, A. Thomas-Tikhonenko, Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster. Nat. Genet. 38, 1060-1065 (2006).
55. A. Bonauer, G. Carmona, M. Iwasaki, M. Mione, M. Koyanagi, A. Fischer, J. Burchfield, H. Fox, C. Doebele, K. Ohtani, MicroRNA-92a controls angiogenesis and functional recovery of ischemic tissues in mice. Science 324, 1710-1713 (2009).
56. C. Doebele, A. Bonauer, A. Fischer, A. Scholz, Y. Reiss, C. Urbich, W. K. Hofmann, A. M. Zeiher, S. Dimmeler, Members of the microRNA-17-92 cluster exhibit a cell-intrinsic antiangiogenic function in endothelial cells. Blood 115, 4944-4950 (2010).
57. L. Hong, M. Lai, M. Chen, C. Xie, R. Liao, Y. J. Kang, C. Xiao, W. Y. Hu, J. Han, P. Sun, The miR-17-92 cluster of microRNAs confers tumorigenicity by inhibiting oncogene-induced senescence. Cancer Res. 70, 8547-8557 (2010).
58. K. N. Ivey, A. Muth, J. Arnold, F. W. King, R. F. Yeh, J. E. Fish, E. C. Hsiao, R. J. Schwartz, B. R. Conklin, H. S. Bernstein, D. Srivastava, MicroRNA regulation of cell lineages in mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2, 219-229 (2008).
59. N. Liu, A. H. Williams, Y. Kim, J. McAnally, S. Bezprozvannaya, L. B. Sutherland, J. A. Richardson, R. Bassel-Duby, E. N. Olson, An intragenic MEF2-dependent enhancer directs muscle-specific expression of microRNAs 1 and 133. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 20844-20849 (2007).
60. Y. Zhao, E. Samal, D. Srivastava, Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature 436, 214-220 (2005).
61. S. Roush, F. J. Slack, The let-7 family of microRNAs. Trends Cell Biol. 18, 505-516 (2008).
62. H. Hasuwa, J. Ueda, M. Ikawa, M. Okabe, miR-200b and miR-429 function in mouse ovulation and are essential for female fertility. Science 341, 71-73 (2013).
63. R. Sanuki, R. Sanuki, A. Onishi, C. Koike, R. Muramatsu, S. Watanabe, Y. Muranishi, S. Irie, S. Uneo, T. Koyasu, R. Matsui, Y. Chérasse, Y. Urade, D. Watanabe, M. Kondo, T. Yamashita, T. Furukawa, miR-124a is required for hippocampal axogenesis and retinal cone survival through Lhx2 suppression. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1125-1134 (2011).
64. U. Klein, M. Lia, M. Crespo, R. Siegel, Q. Shen, T. Mo, A. Ambesi-Impiombato, A. Califano, A. Migliazza, G. Bhagat, R. Dalla-Favera, The DLEU2/miR-15a/16-1 cluster controls B cell proliferation and its deletion leads to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell 17, 28-40 (2010).
65. E. E. Cohen, H. Zhu, M. W. Lingen, L. E. Martin, W. L. Kuo, E. A. Choi, M. Kocherginsky, J. S. Parker, C. H. Chung, M. R. Rosner, A feed-forward loop involving protein kinase Ca and microRNAs regulates tumor cell cycle. Cancer Res. 69, 65-74 (2009).
66. Y. Zhao, J. F. Ransom, A. Li, V. Vedantham, M. von Drehle, A. N. Muth, T. Tsuchihashi, M. T. McManus, R. J. Schwartz, D. Srivastava, Dysregulation of cardiogenesis, cardiac conduction, and cell cycle in mice lacking miRNA-1-2. Cell 129, 303-317 (2007).
67. N. Liu, S. Bezprozvannaya, A. H. Williams, X. Qi, J. A. Richardson, R. Bassel-Duby, E. N. Olson, microRNA-133a regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and suppres ses smooth muscle gene expression in the heart. Genes Dev. 22, 3242-3254 (2008).
68. L. de Pontual, E. Yao, P. Callier, L. Faivre, V. Drouin, S. Cariou, A. Van Haeringen, D. Geneviève, A. Goldenberg, M. Oufadem, S. Manouvrier, A. Munnich, J. A. Vidigal, M. Vekemans, S. Lyonnet, A. Henrion-Caude, A. Ventura, J. Amiel, Germline deletion of the miR-17∼92 cluster causes skeletal and growth defects in humans. Nat. Genet. 43, 1026-1030 (2011).
69. B. J. Reinhart, F. J. Slack, M. Basson, A. E. Pasquinelli, J. C. Bettinger, A. E. Rougvie, H. R. Horvitz, G. Ruvkun, The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 403, 901-906 (2000).
70. J. E. Abrahante, A. L. Daul, M. Li, M. L. Volk, J. M. Tennessen, E. A. Miller, A. E. Rougvie, The Caenorhabditis elegans hunchback-like gene lin-57/hbl-1 controls developmental time and is regulated by microRNAs. Dev. Cell 4, 625-637 (2003).
71. S. Y. Lin, S. M. Johnson, M. Abraham, M. C. Vella, A. Pasquinelli, C. Gamberi, E. Gottlieb, F. J. Slack, The C. elegans hunchback homolog, hbl-1, controls temporal patterning and is a probable microRNA target. Dev. Cell 4, 639-650 (2003).
72. F. J. Slack, F. J. Slack, M. Basson, Z. Liu, V. Ambros, H. R. Horvitz, G. Ruvkun, The lin-41 RBCC gene acts in the C. elegans heterochronic pathway between the let-7 regulatory RNA and the LIN-29 transcription factor. Mol. Cell 5, 659-669 (2000).
73. M. C. Vella, E.-Y. Choi, S.-Y. Lin, K. Reinert, F. J. Slack, The C. elegans microRNA let-7 binds to imperfect let-7 complementary sites from the lin-41 3′UTR. Genes Dev. 18, 132-137 (2004).
74. H. Grosshans, T. Johnson, K. L. Reinert, M. Gerstein, F. J. Slack, The temporal patterning microRNA let-7 regulates several transcription factors at the larval to adult transition in C. elegans. Dev. Cell 8, 321-330 (2005).
75. A. L. Abbott, E. Alvarez-Saavedra, E. A. Miska, N. C. Lau, D. P. Bartel, H. R. Horvitz, V. Ambros, The let-7 MicroRNA family members mir-48, mir-84, and mir-241 function together to regulate developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Cell 9, 403-414 (2005).
76. V. Olive, I. Jiang, L. He, mir-17-92, a cluster of miRNAs in the midst of the cancer network. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 1348-1354 (2010).
77. J. Wu, J. Bao, M. Kim, S. Yuan, C. Tang, H. Zheng, G. S. Mastick, C. Xu, W. Yan, Two miRNA clusters, miR-34b/c and miR-449, are essential for normal brain development, motile ciliogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, E2851-E2857 (2014).
78. Y. J. Choi, C.-P. Lin, J. J. Ho, X. He, N. Okada, P. Bu, Y. Zhong, S. Y. Kim, M. J. Bennett, C. Chen, A. Ozturk, G. G. Hicks, G. J. Hannon, L. He, miR-34 miRNAs provide a barrier for somatic cell reprogramming. Nat. Cell Biol. 13, 1353-1360 (2011).
79. C. P. Concepcion, Y. C. Han, P. Mu, C. Bonetti, E. Yao, A. D'Andrea, J. A. Vidigal, W. P. Maughan, P. Ogrodowski, A. Ventura, Intact p53-dependent responses in miR-34-deficient mice. PLOS Genet. 8, e1002797 (2012).
80. M. Lagos-Quintana, R. Rauhut, A. Yalcin, J. Meyer, W. Lendeckel, T. Tuschl, Identification of tissue-specific MicroRNAs from mouse. Curr. Biol. 12, 735-739 (2002).
81. J. E. Babiarz, J. G. Ruby, Y. Wang, D. P. Bartel, R. Blelloch, Mouse ES cells express endogenous shRNAs, siRNAs, and other Microprocessor-independent, Dicer-dependent small RNAs. Genes Dev. 22, 2773-2785 (2008).
82. C. Ciaudo, N. Servant, V. Cognat, A. Sarazin, E. Kieffer, S. Viville, V. Colot, E. Barillot, E. Heard, O. Voinnet, Highly dynamic and sex-specific expression of microRNAs during early ES cell differentiation. PLOS Genet. 5, e1000620 (2009).
83. A. Jouneau, C. Ciaudo, O. Sismeiro, V. Brochard, L. Jouneau, S. Vandormael-Pournin, J. Y. Coppée, Q. Zhou, E. Heard, C. Antoniewski, M. Cohen-Tannoudji, Naive and primed murine pluripotent stem cells have distinct miRNA expression profiles. RNA 18, 253-264 (2012).
84. B. Marcet, B. Chevalier, G. Luxardi, C. Coraux, L. E. Zaragosi, M. Cibois, K. Robbe-Sermesant, T. Jolly, B. Cardinaud, C. Moreilhon, L. Giovannini-Chami, B. Nawrocki-Raby, P. Birembaut, R. Waldmann, L. Kodjabachian, P. Barbry, Control of vertebrate multiciliogenesis by miR-449 through direct repression of the Delta/Notch pathway. Nat. Cell Biol. 13, 693-699 (2011).
85. P. K. Rao, Y. Toyama, H. R. Chiang, S. Gupta, M. Bauer, R. Medvid, F. Reinhardt, R. Liao, M. Krieger, R. Jaenisch, H. F. Lodish, R. Blelloch, Loss of cardiac microRNA-mediated regulation leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Circ. Res. 105, 585-594 (2009).
86. P. Landgraf, M. Rusu, R. Sheridan, A. Sewer, N. Iovino, A. Aravin, S. Pfeffer, A. Rice, A. O. Kamphorst, M. Landthaler, C. Lin, N. D. Socci, L. Hermida, V. Fulci, S. Chiaretti, R. Foà, J. Schliwka, U. Fuchs, A. Novosel, R. U. Müller, B. Schermer, U. Bissels, J. Inman, Q. Phan, M. Chien, D. B. Weir, R. Choksi, G. De Vita, D. Frezzetti, H. I. Trompeter, V. Hornung, G. Teng, G. Hartmann, M. Palkovits, R. Di Lauro, P. Wernet, G. Macino, C. E. Rogler, J. W. Nagle, J. Ju, F. N. Papavasiliou, T. Benzing, P. Lichter, W. Tam, M. J. Brownstein, A. Bosio, A. Borkhardt, J. J. Russo, C. Sander, M. Zavolan, T. Tuschl, A mammalian microRNA expression atlas based on small RNA library sequencing. Cell 129, 1401-1414 (2007).
87. G. Michlewski, S. Guil, C. A. Semple, J. F. Cáceres, Posttranscriptional regulation of miRNAs harboring conserved terminal loops. Mol. Cell 32, 383-393 (2008).
88. M. Trabucchi, P. Briata, M. Garcia-Mayoral, A. D. Haase, W. Filipowicz, A. Ramos, R. Gherzi, M. G. Rosenfeld, The RNA-binding protein KSRP promotes the biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs. Nature. 459, 1010-1014 (2009).
89. Y. Kawahara, A. Mieda-Sato, TDP-43 promotes microRNA biogenesis as a component of the Drosha and Dicer complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 3347-3352 (2012).
90. J. Pilotte, E. E. Dupont-Versteegden, P. W. Vanderklish, Widespread regulation of miRNA biogenesis at the Dicer step by the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein, RBM3. PLOS One 6, e28446 (2011).
91. K. K. Kim, Y. Yang, J. Zhu, R. S. Adelstein, S. Kawamoto, Rbfox3 controls the biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 21, 901-910 (2014).
92. G. Michlewski, J. F. Cáceres, Antagonistic role of hnRNP A1 and KSRP in the regulation of let-7a biogenesis. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17, 1011-1018 (2010).
93. W. Yang, T. P. Chendrimada, Q. Wang, M. Higuchi, P. H. Seeburg, R. Shiekhattar, K. Nishikura, Modulation of microRNA processing and expression through RNA editing by ADAR deaminases. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13, 13-21 (2006).
94. H. I. Suzuki, K. Yamagata, K. Sugimoto, T. Iwamoto, S. Kato, K. Miyazono, Modulation of microRNA processing by p53. Nature 460, 529-533 (2009).
95. B. N. Davis, A. C. Hilyard, G. Lagna, A. Hata, SMAD proteins control DROSHA-mediated microRNA maturation. Nature 454, 56-61 (2008).
96. S. Kawai, A. Amano, BRCA1 regulates microRNA biogenesis via the DROSHA microprocessor complex. J. Cell Biol. 197, 201-208 (2012).
97. R. Tang, L. Li, D. Zhu, D. Hou, T. Cao, H. Gu, J. Zhang, J. Chen, C. Y. Zhang, K. Zen, Mouse miRNA-709 directly regulates miRNA-15a/16-1 biogenesis at the posttran-scriptional level in the nucleus: Evidence for a microRNA hierarchy system. Cell Res. 22, 504-515 (2012).
98. J. Liz, A. Portela, M. Soler, A. Gómez, H. Ling, G. Michlewski, G. A. Calin, S. Guil, M. Esteller, Regulation of pri-miRNA processing by a long noncoding RNA transcribed from an ultraconserved region. Mol. Cell 55, 138-147 (2014).
99. J. Wen, J. R. Friedman, miR-122 regulates hepatic lipid metabolism and tumor suppression. J. Clin. Invest. 122, 2773-2776 (2012).
100. D. Gatfield, G. Le Martelot, C. E. Vejnar, D. Gerlach, O. Schaad, F. Fleury-Olela, A. L. Ruskeepää, M. Oresic, C. C. Esau, E. M. Zdobnov, U. Schibler, Integration of microRNA miR-122 in hepatic circadian gene expression. Genes Dev. 23, 1313-1326 (2009).
101. S. H. Hsu, B. Wang, J. Kota, J. Yu, S. Costinean, H. Kutay, L. Yu, S. Bai, K. La Perle, R. R. Chivukula, H. Mao, M. Wei, K. R. Clark, J. R. Mendell, M. A. Caligiuri, S. T. Jacob, J. T. Mendell, K. Ghoshal, Essential metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic functions of miR-122 in liver. J. Clin. Invest. 122, 2871-2883 (2012).
102. W. C. Tsai, S. D. Hsu, C. S. Hsu, T. C. Lai, S. J. Chen, R. Shen, Y. Huang, H. C. Chen, C. H. Lee, T. F. Tsai, M. T. Hsu, J. C. Wu, H. D. Huang, M. S. Shiao, M. Hsiao, A. P. Tsou, MicroRNA-122 plays a critical role in liver homeostasis and hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 122, 2884-2897 (2012).
103. C. L. Jopling, M. Yi, A. M. Lancaster, S. M. Lemon, P. Sarnow, Modulation of hepatitis C virus RNA abundance by a liver-specific microRNA. Science 309, 1577-1581 (2005).
104. J. A. Vidigal, A. Ventura, The biological functions of miRNAs: Lessons from in vivo studies. Trends Cell Biol. 25, 137-147 (2014).
105. -/- mice reveals an important function of miR-92a in skeletal development. PLOS One 9, e101153 (2014).
106. J. Y. Krzeszinski, W. Wei, H. Huynh, Z. Jin, X. Wang, T.-C. Chang, X.-J. Xie, L. He, L. S. Mangala, G. Lopez-Berestein, A. K. Sood, J. T. Mendell, Y. Wan, miR-34a blocks osteoporosis and bone metastasis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and Tgif2. Nature 512, 431-435 (2014).
107. J. Bao, D. Li, L. Wang, J. Wu, Y. Hu, Z. Wang, Y. Chen, X. Cao, C. Jiang, W. Yan, C. Xu, MicroRNA-449 and microRNA-34b/c function redundantly in murine testes by targeting E2F transcription factor-retinoblastoma protein (E2F-pRb) pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 21686-21698 (2012).
108. A. Heidersbach, C. Saxby, K. Carver-Moore, Y. Huang, Y.-S. Ang, P. J. de Jong, K. N. Ivey, D. Srivastava, microRNA-1 regulates sarcomere formation and suppresses smooth muscle gene expression in the mammalian heart. Elife 2, e01323 (2013).
109. J. Bao, D. Li, L. Wang, J. Wu, Y. Hu, Z. Wang, Y. Chen, X. Cao, C. Jiang, W. Yan, C. Xu, MicroRNA-206 delays ALS progression and promotes regeneration of neuromuscular synapses in mice. Science 326, 1549-1554 (2009).
110. H. Cao, A. Jheon, X. Li, Z. Sun, J. Wang, S. Florez, Z. Zhang, M. T. McManus, O. D. Klein, B. A. Amendt, The Pitx2:miR-200c/141:noggin pathway regulates Bmp signaling and ameloblast differentiation. Development 140, 3348-3359 (2013).
111. R. Fragoso, T. Mao, S. Wang, S. Schaffert, X. Gong, S. Yue, R. Luong, H. Min, Y. Yashiro-Ohtani, M. Davis, W. Pear, C. Z. Chen, Modulating the strength and threshold of NOTCH oncogenic signals by mir-181a-1/b-1. PLOS Genet. 8, e1002855 (2012).
112. B. B. Madison, Q. Liu, X. Zhong, C. M. Hahn, N. Lin, M. J. Emmett, B. Z. Stanger, J. S. Lee, A. K. Rustgi, LIN28B promotes growth and tumorigenesis of the intestinal epithelium via Let-7. Genes Dev. 27, 2233-2245 (2013).
113. G. Stadthagen, D. Tehler, N. M. Høyland-Kroghsbo, J. Wen, A. Krogh, K. T. Jensen, E. Santoni-Rugiu, L. H. Engelholm, A. H. Lund, Loss of miR-10a activates Lpo and collaborates with activated Wnt signaling in inducing intestinal neoplasia in female mice. PLOS Genet. 9, e1003913 (2013).
114. K. M. Smith, M. Guerau-de-Arellano, S. Costinean, J. L. Williams, A. Bottoni, G. Mavrikis Cox, A. R. Satoskar, C. M. Croce, M. K. Racke, A. E. Lovett-Racke, C. C. Whitacre, miR-29ab1 deficiency identifies a negative feedback loop controlling Th1 bias that is dysregulated in multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. 189, 1567-1576 (2012).
115. A. S. Papadopoulou, J. Dooley, M. A. Linterman, W. Pierson, O. Ucar, B. Kyewski, S. Zuklys, G. A. Hollander, P. Matthys, D. H. D. Gray, B. De Strooper, A. Liston, The thymic epithelial microRNA network elevates the threshold for infection-associated thy-mic involution via miR-29a mediated suppression of the IFN-a receptor. Nat. Immunol. 13, 181-187 (2012).
116. C. L. Tan, J. L. Plotkin, M. T. Venø, M. von Schimmelmann, P. Feinberg, S. Mann, A. Handler, J. Kjems, D. J. Surmeier, D. O'Carroll, P. Greengard, A. Schaefer, MicroRNA-128 governs neuronal excitability and motor behavior in mice. Science 342, 1254-1258 (2013).
117. M. Shibata, H. Nakao, H. Kiyonari, T. Abe, S. Aizawa, MicroRNA-9 regulates neuro-genesis in mouse telencephalon by targeting multiple transcription factors. J. Neurosci. 31, 3407-3422 (2011).
118. M. P. Boldin, K. D. Taganov, D. S. Rao, L. Yang, J. L. Zhao, M. Kalwani, Y. Garcia-Flores, M. Luong, A. Devrekanli, J. Xu, G. Sun, J. Tay, P. S. Linsley, D. Baltimore, miR-146a is a significant brake on autoimmunity, myeloproliferation, and cancer in mice. J. Exp. Med. 208, 1189-1201 (2011).
119. J. L. Zhao, D. S. Rao, M. P. Boldin, K. D. Taganov, R. M. O'Connell, D. Baltimore, NF-kB dysregulation in microRNA-146a-deficient mice drives the development of my-eloid malignancies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 9184-9189 (2011).
120. J. L. Zhao, D. S. Rao, R. M. O'Connell, Y. Garcia-Flores, D. Baltimore, MicroRNA-146a acts as a guardian of the quality and longevity of hematopoietic stem cells in mice. Elife 2, e00537 (2013).
121. E. van Rooij, L. B. Sutherland, X. Qi, J. A. Richardson, J. Hill, E. N. Olson, Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA. Science 316, 575-579 (2007).
122. R. R. Chivukula, G. Shi, A. Acharya, E. W. Mills, L. R. Zeitels, J. L. Anandam, A. A. Abdelnaby, G. C. Balch, J. C. Mansour, A. C. Yopp, A. Maitra, J. T. Mendell, An essential mesenchymal function for miR-143/145 in intestinal epithelial regeneration. Cell 157, 1104-1116 (2014).
123. L. Elia, M. Quintavalle, J. Zhang, R. Contu, L. Cossu, M. V. Latronico, K. L. Peterson, C. Indolfi, D. Catalucci, J. Chen, S. A. Courtneidge, G. Condorelli, The knockout of miR-143 and-145 alters smooth muscle cell maintenance and vascular homeostasis in mice: Correlates with human disease. Cell Death Differ. 16, 1590-1598 (2009).
124. T. Boettger, N. Beetz, S. Kostin, J. Schneider, M. Krüger, L. Hein, T. Braun, Acquisition of the contractile phenotype by murine arterial smooth muscle cells depends on the Mir143/145 gene cluster. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 2634-2647 (2009).
125. S. Lumayag, C. E. Haldin, N. J. Corbett, K. J. Wahlin, C. Cowan, S. Turturro, P. E. Larsen, B. Kovacs, P. D. Witmer, D. Valle, D. J. Zack, D. A. Nicholson, S. Xu, Inactivation of the microRNA-183/96/182 cluster results in syndromic retinal degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, E507-E516 (2013).
126. Z. B. Jin, G. Hirokawa, L. Gui, R. Takahashi, F. Osakada, Y. Hiura, M. Takahashi, O. Yasuhara, N. Iwai, Targeted deletion of miR-182, an abundant retinal microRNA. Mol. Vis. 15, 523-533 (2009).
127. J. Remenyi, M. W. M. van den Bosch, O. Palygin, R. B. Mistry, C. McKenzie, A. Macdonald, G. Hutvagner, J. S. C. Arthur, B. G. Frenguelli, Y. Pankratov, miR-132/212 knockout mice reveal roles for these miRNAs in regulating cortical synaptic transmission and plasticity. PLOS One 8, e62509 (2013).
128. K. D. Rasmussen, S. Simmini, C. Abreu-Goodger, N. Bartonicek, M. Di Giacomo, D. Bilbao-Cortes, R. Horos, M. Von Lindern, A. J. Enright, D. O'Carroll, The miR-144/451 locus is required for erythroid homeostasis. J. Exp. Med. 207, 1351-1358 (2010).
129. D. Wang, Z. Zhang, E. O'Loughlin, L. Wang, X. Fan, E. C. Lai, R. Yi, MicroRNA-205 controls neonatal expansion of skin stem cells by modulating the PI(3)K pathway. Nat. Cell Biol. 15, 1153-1163 (2013).
130. S. Wang, A. B. Aurora, B. A. Johnson, X. Qi, J. McAnally, J. A. Hill, J. A. Richardson, R. Bassel-Duby, E. N. Olson, The endothelial-specific microRNA miR-126 governs vascular integrity and angiogenesis. Dev. Cell 15, 261-271 (2008).
131. F. Kuhnert, M. R. Mancuso, J. Hampton, K. Stankunas, T. Asano, C. Z. Chen, C. J. Kuo, Attribution of vascular phenotypes of the murine Egfl7 locus to the microRNA miR-126. Development 135, 3989-3993 (2008).
132. 2+ overload and cell death. J. Clin. Invest. 122, 1222-1232 (2012).
133. C. Xiao, D. P. Calado, G. Galler, T. H. Thai, H. C. Patterson, J. Wang, N. Rajewsky, T. P. Bender, K. Rajewsky, MiR-150 controls B cell differentiation by targeting the transcription factor c-Myb. Cell 131, 146-159 (2007).
134. A. Rodriguez, E. Vigorito, S. Clare, M. V. Warren, P. Couttet, D. R. Soond, S. van Dongen, R. J. Grocock, P. P. Das, E. A. Miska, D. Vetrie, K. Okkenhaug, A. J. Enright, G. Dougan, M. Turner, A. Bradley, Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for normal immune function. Science 316, 608-611 (2007).
135. T. H. Thai, D. P. Calado, S. Casola, K. M. Ansel, C. Xiao, Y. Xue, A. Murphy, D. Frendewey, D. Valenzuela, J. L. Kutok, M. Schmidt-Supprian, N. Rajewsky, G. Yancopoulos, A. Rao, K. Rajewsky, Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155. Science 316, 604-608 (2007).
136. C. Shi, Y. Liang, J. Yang, Y. Xia, H. Chen, H. Han, Y. Yang, W. Wu, R. Gao, H. Qin, MicroRNA-21 knockout improve the survival rate in DSS induced fatal colitis through protecting against inflammation and tissue injury. PLOS One 8, e66814 (2013).
137. J. B. Johnnidis, M. H. Harris, R. T. Wheeler, S. Stehling-Sun, M. H. Lam, O. Kirak, T. R. Brummelkamp, M. D. Fleming, F. D. Camargo, Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and granulocyte function by microRNA-223. Nature 451, 1125-1129 (2008).
138. M. N. Poy, J. Hausserb, M.Trajkovskia, M.Braunc, S. Collinsc, P.Rorsmanc, M. Zavolanb, M. Stoffel, miR-375 maintains normal pancreatic a-and b-cell mass. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 5813-5818 (2009).
139. B. K. Dey, K. Pfeifer, A. Dutta, The H19 long noncoding RNA gives rise to microRNAs miR-675-3p and miR-675-5p to promote skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration. Genes Dev. 28, 491-501 (2014).
140. S. Miyaki, T. Sato, A. Inoue, S. Otsuki, Y. Ito, S. Yokoyama, Y. Kato, F. Takemoto, T. Nakasa, S. Yamashita, S. Takada, M. K. Lotz, H. Ueno-Kudo, H. Asahara, Micro-RNA-140 plays dual roles in both cartilage development and homeostasis. Genes Dev. 24, 1173-1185 (2010).
141. T. Horie, K. Onoa, M. Horiguchia, H. Nishia, T. Nakamurac, K. Nagaoa, M. Kinoshitaa, Y. Kuwabaraa, H. Marusawad, Y. Iwanagae, K. Hasegawaf, M. Yokodeb, T. Kimuraa, T. Kita, MicroRNA-33 encoded by an intron of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (Srebp2) regulates HDL in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 17321-17326 (2010).
142. P. Gurha, C. Abreu-Goodger, T. Wang, M. O. Ramirez, A. L. Drumond, S. van Dongen, Y. Chen, N. Bartonicek, A. J. Enright, B. Lee, R. J. Kelm Jr., A. K. Reddy, G. E. Taffet, A. Bradley, X. H. Wehrens, M. L. Entman, A. Rodriguez, Targeted deletion of microRNA-22 promotes stress-induced cardiac dilation and contractile dysfunction. Circulation 125, 2751-2761 (2012).
143. P. Gurha, T. Wang, A. H. Larimore, Y. Sassi, C. Abreu-Goodger, M. O. Ramirez, A. K. Reddy, S. Engelhardt, G. E. Taffet, X. H. T. Wehrens, M. L. Entman, A. Rodriguez, microRNA-22 promotes heart failure through coordinate suppression of PPAR/ERR-nuclear hormone receptor transcription. PLOS One 8, e75882 (2013).
144. N. R. Choudhury, F. de Lima Alves, L. de Andrés-Aguayo, T. Graf, J. F. Cáceres, J. Rappsilber, G. Michlewski, Tissue-specific control of brain-enriched miR-7 biogenesis. Genes Dev. 27, 24-38 (2013).
145. T. L. Cheng, Z. Wang, Q. Liao, Y. Zhu, W. H. Zhou, W. Xu, Z. Qui, MeCP2 suppresses nuclear microRNA processing and dendritic growth by regulating the DGCR8/Drosha complex. Dev. Cell 28, 547-560 (2014).
146. H. Wu, S. Sun, K. Tu, Y. Gao, B. Xie, A. R. Krainer, J. Zhu, A splicing-independent function of SF2/ASF in microRNA processing. Mol. Cell 38, 67-77 (2010).
147. B. Yu, L. Bi, B. Zheng, L. Ji, D. Chevalier, M. Agarwal, V. Ramachandran, W. Li, T. Lagrange, J. C. Walker, X. Chen, The FHA domain proteins DAWDLE in Arabidopsis and SNIP1 in humans act in small RNA biogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 10073-10078 (2008).
148. S. Sakamoto, K. Aoki, T. Higuchi, H. Todaka, K. Morisawa, N. Tamaki, E. Hatano, A. Fukushima, T. Taniguchi, Y. Agata, The NF90-NF45 complex functions as a negative regulator in the icroRNA processing pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 3754-3769 (2009).
149. B. Xhemalce, S. C. Robson, T. Kouzarides, Human RNA methyltransferase BCDIN3D regulates microRNA processing. Cell 151, 278-288 (2012).
150. J. P. Upton, L. Wang, D. Han, E. S. Wang, N. E. Huskey, L. Lim, M. Truitt, M. T. McManus, D. Ruggero, A. Goga, F. R. Papa, S. A. Oakes, IRE1a cleaves select microRNAs during ER stress to derepress translation of proapoptotic caspase-2. Science 338, 818-822 (2012).
151. H. I. Suzuki, M. Arase, H. Matsuyama, Y. L. Choi, T. Ueno, H. Mano, K. Sugimoto, K. Miyazono, MCPIP1 ribonuclease antagonizes dicer and terminates microRNA biogenesis through precursor microRNA degradation. Mol. Cell 44, 424-436 (2011).
152. F. Rau, F. Freyermuth, C. Fugier, J. P. Villemin, M. C. Fischer, B. Jost, D. Dembele, G. Gourdon, A. Nicole, D. Duboc, K. Wahbi, J. W. Day, H. Fujimura, M. P. Takahashi, D. Auboeuf, N. Dreumont, D. Furling, N. Charlet-Berguerand, Misregulation of miR-1 processing is associated with heart defects in myotonic dystrophy. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18, 840-845 (2011).
153. I. Heo, M. Ha, J. Lim, M. J. Yoon, J. E. Park, S. C. Kwon, H. Chang, V. N. Kim, Mono-uridylation of pre-microRNA as a key step in the biogenesis of group II let-7 microRNAs. Cell 151, 521-532 (2012).
154. J. S. Nowak, N. R. Choudhury, F. de Lima Alves, J. Rappsilber, G. Michlewski, Lin28a regulates neuronal differentiation and controls miR-9 production. Nat. Commun. 5, 3687 (2014).
155. N. R. Choudhury, J. S. Nowak, J. Zuo, J. Rappsilber, S. H. Spoel, G. Michlewski, Trim25 Is an RNA-Specific Activator of Lin28a/TuT4-Mediated Uridylation. Cell Rep. 9, 1265-1272 (2014).
156. H. Ota, M. Sakurai, R. Gupta, L. Valente, B. E. Wulff, K. Wulff, H. Iizasa, R. V. Davuluri, K. Nishikura, ADAR1 forms a complex with Dicer to promote microRNA processing and RNA-induced gene silencing. Cell 153, 575-589 (2013).
157. Y. Kawahara, B. Zinshteyn, T. P. Chendrimada, R. Shiekhattar, K. Nishikura, RNA editing of the microRNA-151 precursor blocks cleavage by the Dicer-TRBP complex. EMBO Rep. 8, 763-769 (2007).
158. S. R. Viswanathan, G. Q. Daley, R. I. Gregory, Selective blockade of microRNA processing by Lin28. Science 320, 97-100 (2008).
159. E. Piskounova, C. Polytarchou, J. E. Thornton, R. J. LaPierre, C. Pothoulakis, J. P. Hagan, D. Iliopoulos, R. I. Gregory, Lin28A and Lin28B inhibit let-7 microRNA biogenesis by distinct mechanisms. Cell 147, 1066-1079 (2011).