Genetic factors in traumatic brain injury

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 128, Issue , 2015, Pages 723-739

  McAllister, Thomas W ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Genetic associations and outcome; Genetic factors in TBI outcome; Genetic predictors; Outcome differences

Indexed keywords

BRAIN INJURY; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMPLICATION; CONVALESCENCE; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN;

BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITION DISORDERS; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION;

EID: 84924943921     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: 22124152     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63521-1.00045-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (141)

1. Adler L.E., Hoffer L.J., Griffith J., et al. Normalization by nicotine of deficient auditory sensory gating in the relatives of schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 1992, 32:607-616.
2. Adler L.E., Hoffer L., Wiser A. Normalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150:1856-1861.
3. Adler L.E., Olincy A., Waldo M., et al. Schizophrenia, sensory gating, and nicotinic receptors. Schizophr Bull 1998, 24:189-202.
4. Alexander S., Kerr M.E., Kim Y., et al. Apolipoprotein E4 allele presence and functional outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007, 24:790-797.
5. Amouyel P., Richard F., Cottel D., et al. The deletion allele of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene as a genetic susceptibility factor for cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 1996, 217:203-205.
6. Ara S., Lee P.S.Y., Hansen M.F., et al. Codon 72 polymorphism of the TP53 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1990, 18:4961.
7. Arciniegas D.B., Olincy A., Topkoff J., et al. Impaired auditory gating and P50 nonsuppression following traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000, 12:77-85.
8. Ariza M., Matarin M.D., Jungue C., et al. Influence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism on neuropsychological subacute performance in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. J Neuropschiatry Clin Neurosci 2006, 18:39-44.
9. Artiga M.J., Bullido M.J., Sastre I., et al. Allelic polymorphisms in the transcriptional regulatory region of apolipoprotein E gene. FEBS Lett 1998, 421:105-108.
10. Bagnato S., Minafra L., Bravata V., et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Val66Met) polymorphism does not influence recovery from a post-traumatic vegetative state: a blinded retrospective multi-centric study. J Neurotrauma 2012, 29:2050-2059.
11. Bellivier F., Szoke A., Henry C., et al. Possible association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and violent suicidal behavior in mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 48:319-322.
12. Blum K., Braverman E.R., Wu S., et al. Association of polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes with schizoid/avoidant behaviors (SAB). Mol Psychiatry 1997, 2:239-246.
13. Blumbergs P.C., Scott G., Manavis J., et al. Topography of axonal injury as defined by amyloid precursor protein and the sector scoring method in mild and severe closed head injury. J Neurotrauma 1995, 12:565-572.
14. Capurso C., Solfrizzi V., D'Introno A., et al. Interleukin 6-174G/C promoter gene polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer's disease: geographic allele and genotype variations in Europe. Exp Gerontol 2004, 39:1567-1573.
15. Chao M.V. Neurotrophins and their receptors: a convergence point for many signalling pathways. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003, 4:299-309.
16. Chen Y., Lomnitski L., Michaelson D.M., et al. Motor and cognitive deficits in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice after closed head injury. Neuroscience 1997, 80:1255-1262.
17. Chen X.H., Johnson V.E., Uryu K., et al. A lack of amyloid beta plaques despite persistent accumulation of amyloid beta in axons of long-term survivors of traumatic brain injury. Brain Pathol 2009, 19:214-223.
18. Chiang M.F., Chang J.G., Hu C.J. Association between apolipoprotein E genotype and outcome of traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2003, 145:649-653. discussion 653-654.
19. Chuang P.Y., Conley Y.P., Poloyac S.M., et al. Neuroglobin genetic polymorphisms and their relationship to functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010, 27:999-1006.
20. Clark R.S., Kochanek P.M., Chen M., et al. Increases in Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in human brain after head injury. FASEB J 1999, 13:813-821.
21. Clark R.S., Vagni V.A., Nathaniel P.D., et al. Local administration of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor INO-1001 prevents NAD+depletion and improves water maze performance after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma 2007, 24:1399-1405.
22. Comings D.E., Rosenthal R.J., Lesieur H.R., et al. A study of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in pathological gambling. Pharmacogenetics 1996, 6:223-234.
23. Conley Y.P., Alexander S. Genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic approaches to recovery after acquired brain injury. PM R 2011, 3(6 Suppl 1):S52-S58.
24. Cook E.H., Stein M.A., Krasowski M.D., et al. Association of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: heterogeneity owing to diagnostic subtype and severity. Am J Hum Genet 1995, 56:993-998.
25. Crawford F.C., Vanderploeg R.D., Freeman M.J., et al. APOE genotype influences acquisition and recall following traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2002, 58:1115-1118.
26. Dalla Libera A.L., Regner A., de Paoli J., et al. IL-6 polymorphism associated with fatal outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2011, 25:365-369.
27. Daly G., Hawi Z., Fitzgerald M., et al. Mapping susceptibility loci in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: preferential transmission of parental alleles at DAT1, DBH and DRD5 to affected children. Mol Psychiatry 1999, 4:192-196.
28. Dash P.K., Orsi S.A., Moore A.N. Histone deactylase inhibition combined with behavioral therapy enhances learning and memory following traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 2009, 163:1-8.
29. Deary I.J., Johnson W., Houlihan L.M. Genetic foundations of human intelligence. Hum Genet 2009, 126:215-232.
30. DeKosky S.T., Kochanek P.M., Clark R.S.B., et al. Secondary injury after head trauma: subacute and long-term mechanisms. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1998, 3:176-185.
31. Dulawa S.C., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., et al. Dopamine D4 receptor-knock-out mice exhibit reduced exploration of novel stimuli. J Neurosci 1999, 19:9550-9556.
32. Dumont P., Leu J.I., Della Pietra A.C., et al. The codon 72 polymorphic variants of p53 have markedly different apoptotic potential. Nat Genet 2003, 33:357-365.
33. Dutcher S.A., Michael D.B. Gene expression in neurotrauma. Neurol Res 2001, 23:203-206.
34. Ebstein R.P., Benjamin J., Belmaker R.H. Personality and polymorphisms of genes involved in aminergic neurotransmission. Eur J Pharmacol 2000, 410:205-214.
35. Ebstein R.P., Levine J., Geller V., et al. Dopamine D4 receptor and serotonin transporter promoter in the determination of neonatal temperament. Mol Psychiatry 1998, 3:238-246.
36. Egan M.F., Goldberg T.E., Kolachana B.S., et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:6917-6922.
37. Egan M.F., Kojima M., Callicott J.H., et al. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 2003, 112:257-269.
38. Farkas O., Povlishock J.T. Cellular and subcellular change evoked by diffuse traumatic brain injury: a complex web of change extending far beyond focal damage. Prog Brain Res 2007, 161:43-59.
39. Fisher D.E. The p53 tumor suppressor: critical regulator of life and death in cancer. Apoptosis 2001, 6:7-15.
40. Friedlander R.M. Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases. New Engl J Med 2003, 348:1365-1375.
41. Friedman G., Froom P., Sazbon L., et al. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury. Neurology 1999, 52:244-248.
42. Gennarelli T.A., Graham D.I. Neuropathology. Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury 2005, 27-50. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC. J.M. Silver, T.W. McAllister, S.C. Yudofsky (Eds.).
43. Gogos J.A., Morgan M., Luine V., et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95:9991-9996.
44. Graham D.I., Gentleman S.M., Lynch A., et al. Distribution of beta-amyloid protein in the brain following severe head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1995, 21:27-34.
45. Hadjigeorgiou G.M., Paterakis K., Dardiotis E., et al. IL-1RN and IL-1B gene polymorphisms and cerebral hemorrhagic events after traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2005, 65:1077-1082.
46. Halmosi R., Berente Z., Osz E., et al. Effect of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors on the ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative cell damage and mitochondrial metabolism in Langendorff heart perfusion system. Mol Pharmacol 2001, 59:1497-1505.
47. Hartman R.E., Laurer H., Longhi L., et al. Apolipoprotein E4 influences amyloid deposition but not cell loss after traumatic brain injury in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2002, 22:10083-10087.
48. Hicks R.R., Numan S., Dhillon H.S., et al. Alterations in BDNF and NT-3 mRNAs in rat hippocampus after experimental brain trauma. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1997, 48:401-406.
49. Hicks R.R., Zhang L., Dhillon H.S., et al. Expression of trkB mRNA is altered in rat hippocampus after experimental brain trauma. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1998, 59:264-268.
50. Hoh N.Z., Wagner A.K., Alexander S.A., et al. BCL2 genotypes: functional and neurobehavioral outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010, 27:1413-1427.
51. Holmin S., Soderlund J., Biberfeld P., et al. Intracerebral inflammation after human brain contusion [see comment]. Neurosurgery 1998, 42:291-298. discussion 298-299.
52. Hu J., Igarashi A., Kamata M., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme degrades Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide (A beta); retards A beta aggregation, deposition, fibril formation; and inhibits cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2001, 278:47863-47868.
53. Ibelgaufts H (2013). Prof Dr H Horst Ibelgaufts' COPE: Cytokines amd Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia. Available at: . http://www.copewithcytokines.de/copecgi?004045.
54. Johnson W.D., Hedges L.V., Diaz R.M. Interventions to modify sexual risk behaviors for preventing HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, 1. CD001230.
55. Johnson V.E., Stewart W., Smith D.H. Widespread tau and amyloid-beta pathology many years after a single traumatic brain injury in humans. Brain Pathol 2012, 22:142-149.
56. Johnson V.E., Stewart J.E., Begbie F.D., et al. Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury. Brain 2013, 136:28-42.
57. Johnson V.E., Stewart W., Smith D.H. Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2013, 246:35-43.
58. Joiner T.E., Johnson F., Soderstrom K., et al. Is there an association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and family history of depression?. J Affect Disord 2003, 77:273-275.
59. Jordan B.D. Genetic influences on outcome following traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Res 2007, 32:905-915.
60. Kaneko N., Sawamoto K. Adult neurogenesis and its alteration under pathological conditions. Neurosci Res 2009, 63:155-164.
61. Kempermann G. Neuronal stem cells and adult neurogenesis. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 2002, 35:17-28.
62. Kors E.E., Terwindt G.M., Vermeulen F.L., et al. Delayed cerebral edema and fatal coma after minor head trauma: role of the CACNA1A calcium channel subunit gene and relationship with familial hemiplegic migraine. Ann Neurol 2001, 49:753-760.
63. Krueger F., Pardini M., Huey E.D., et al. The role of the Met66 brain-derived neurotrophic factor allele in the recovery of executive functioning after combat-related traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 2011, 31:598-606.
64. Kulbatski I., Mothe A.J., Nomura H., et al. Endogenous and exogenous CNS derived stem/progenitor cell approaches for neurotrauma. Curr Drug Targ 2005, 6:111-126.
65. Lanctot K.L., Rapoport M.J., Chan F., et al. Genetic predictors of response to treatment with citalopram in depression secondary to traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2010, 24:959-969.
66. Lang U.E., Jockers-Scherubl M.C., Hellweg R. State of the art of the neurotrophin hypothesis in psychiatric disorders: implications and limitations. J Neural Transm 2004, 111:387-411.
67. Laskowitz D.T., Song P., Wang H., et al. Traumatic brain injury exacerbates neurodegenerative pathology: improvement with an apolipoprotein E-based therapeutic. J Neurotrauma 2010, 27:1983-1995.
68. Laurer H.L., McIntosh T.K. Pharmacologic therapy in traumatic brain injury: update on experimental treatment strategies. Curr Pharm Des 2001, 7:1505-1516.
69. Laws S.M., Clarnette R.M., Taddei K., et al. APOE-epsilon4 and APOE -491A polymorphisms in individuals with subjective memory loss. Mol Psychiatry 2002, 7:768-775.
70. Lendon C.L., Harris J.M., Pritchard A.L., et al. Genetic variation of the APOE promoter and outcome after head injury. Neurology 2003, 61:683-685.
71. Liberman J.N., Stewart W.F., Wesnes K., et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and short-term recovery from predominantly mild brain injury. Neurology 2002, 58:1038-1044.
72. Lichtman S.W., Seliger G., Tycko B., et al. Apolipoprotein E and functional recovery from brain injury following postacute rehabilitation. Neurology 2000, 55:1536-1539.
73. Liljequist R., Haapalinna A., Ahlander M., et al. Catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitor tolcapone has minor influence on performance in experimental memory models in rats. Behav Brain Res 1997, 82:195-202.
74. Lim K.C., Lim S.T., Federoff H.J. Neurotrophin secretory pathways and synaptic plasticity. Neurobiol Aging 2003, 24:1135-1145.
75. Lipsky R.H., Goldman D. Genomics and variation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 1003:22-35.
76. Lipsky R.H., Sparling M.B., Ryan L.M., et al. Association of COMT Val158Met genotype with executive functioning following traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003, 17:465-471.
77. Lu B., Gottschalk W. Modulation of hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity by neurotrophins. Progr Brain Res 2000, 126:231-241.
78. McAllister T.W. Genetic factors modulating outcome after neurotrauma. PM R 2010, 2:S241-S252.
79. McAllister T.W. Genetic factors. Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury 2011, 37-53. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC. 2nd edn. J.M. Silver, T.W. McAllister, S.C. Yudofsky (Eds.).
80. McAllister T.W., Harker Rhodes C., Flashman L.A., et al. Effect of the dopamine D2 receptor T allele on response latency after mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:1749-1751.
81. McAllister T.W., Flashman L.A., Harker Rhodes C., et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ANKK1 and the dopamine D2 receptor gene affect cognitive outcome shortly after traumatic brain injury: a replication and extension study. Brain Inj 2008, 22:705-714.
82. McAllister T.W., Huckins J., Flashman L.A., et al. In: International Neurotrauma Society Meetings, September 9. Polymorphisms in dopaminergic system genes impact cognitive function after mild-monderate TBI (MTBI) 2009, Barbara, CA, Santa.
83. McAllister T.W., Tyler A.L., Flashman L.A., et al. Polymorphisms in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene influence memory and processing speed one month after brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012, 29:1111-1118.
84. McIntosh T.K., Juhler M., Wieloch T. Novel pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1998, 15:731-769.
85. Malaspina D., Goetz R.R., Friedman J.H., et al. Traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia in members of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:440-446.
86. Malhotra A.K., Kestler L.J., Mazzanti C., et al. A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene and performance on a test of prefrontal cognition. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:652-654.
87. Mann J.J., Huang Y.Y., Underwood M.D., et al. A serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and prefrontal cortical binding in major depression and suicide [see comment]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:729-738.
88. Martinez-Lucas P., Moreno-Cuesta J., García-Olmo D.C., et al. Relationship between the Arg72Pro polymorphism of p53 and outcome for patients with traumatic brain injury. Intensive Care Med 2005, 31:1168-1173.
89. Martland H. Dementia pugilistica. JAMA 1928, 91:1103-1107.
90. Mayeux R., Ottman R., Maestre G., et al. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-epsilon 4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995, 45:555-557.
91. Mehta K.M., Ott A., Kalmijn S., et al. Head trauma and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology 1999, 53:1959-1962.
92. Michael D.B., Byers D.M., Irwin L.N. Gene expression following traumatic brain injury in humans: analysis by microarray. J Clin Neurosci 2005, 12:284-290.
93. Mihailescu S., Drucker-Colin R. Nicotine, brain nicotinic receptors, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Med Res 2000, 31:131-144.
94. Miller G.M., Madras B.K. Polymorphisms in the 3'-untranslated region of human and monkey dopamine transporter genes affect reporter gene expression. Mol Psychiatry 2002, 7:44-55.
95. Minambres E., Cemborain A., Sanchez-Velasco P., et al. Correlation between transcranial interleukin-6 gradient and outcome in patients with acute brain injury. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:933-938.
96. Minambres E., Ballesteros M.A., Mayorga M., et al. Cerebral apoptosis in severe traumatic brain injury patients: an in vitro, in vivo, and postmortem study. J Neurotrauma 2008, 25:581-591.
97. Morley K.I., Montgomery G.W. The genetics of cognitive processes: candidate genes in humans and animals. Behav Genet 2001, 31:511-531.
98. Mufson E.J., Chen E.-Y., Cochran E.J., et al. Entorhinal cortex B-amyloid load in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Exp Neurol 1999, 158:469-490.
99. Nathoo N., Chetry R., van Dellen J.R., et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and outcome after closed traumatic brain injury: influence of ethnic and regional differences. J Neurosurg 2003, 98:302-306.
100. Noble E.P., Blum K., Ritchie T., et al. Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor-binding characteristics in alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991, 48:648-654.
101. Oyesiku N.M., Evans C.O., Houston S., et al. Regional changes in the expression of neurotrophic factors and their receptors following acute traumatic brain injury in the adult rat brain. Brain Res 1999, 833:161-172.
102. Parasuraman R., Greenwood P.M. The apolipoprotein E gene, attention, and brain function. Neuropsychology 2002, 16:254-274.
103. Pardini M., Krueger F., Hodgkinson C., et al. Prefrontal cortex lesions and MAO-A modulate aggression in penetrating traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2011, 76:1038-1045.
104. Pola R., Flex A., Gaetani E., et al. The -174G/C polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene promoter is associated with Alzheimer's disease in an Italian population. NeuroReport 2002, 13:1645-1647.
105. Ponsford J., McLaren A., Schonberger M., et al. The association between apolipoprotein E and traumatic brain injury severity and functional outcome in a rehabilitation sample. J Neurotrauma 2011, 28:1683-1692.
106. Poo M. Neurotrophins as synaptic modulators. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001, 2:24-32.
107. Quan N., Herkenham M. Connecting cytokines and brain: a review of current issues. Histol Histopathol 2002, 17:273-288.
108. Raghupathi R. Cell death mechanisms following traumatic brain injury. Brain Pathol 2004, 14:215-222.
109. Ramasubbu R., Ravindran A., Lapierre Y. Serotonin and dopamine antagonism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000, 33:236-238.
110. Ray S.K., Dixon C.E., Banik N.L. Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury. Histol Histopathol 2002, 17:1137-1152.
111. Raymont V., Greathouse A., Reding K., et al. Demographic, structural and genetic predictors of late cognitive decline after penetrating head injury. Brain 2008, 131:543-558.
112. Richard F., Fromentin-David I., Ricolfi F., et al. The angiotensin I converting enzyme gene as a susceptibility factor for dementia. Neurology 2001, 56:1593-1595.
113. Roberts G.W., Bruton C.J. Notes from the graveyard: neuropathology and schizophrenia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1990, 16:3-16.
114. Robertson C.S., Gopinath S.P., Valadka A.B., et al. Variants of the endothelial nitric oxide gene and cerebral blood flow after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011, 28:727-737.
115. Rostami E., Krueger F., Zoubak S., et al. BDNF polymorphism predicts general intelligence after penetrating traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2011, 6:e27389.
116. Sarnaik A.A., Conley Y.P., Okonkwo D.O., et al. Influence of PARP-1 polymorphisms in patients after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010, 27:465-471.
117. Savitz J., Solms M., Ramesar R. The molecular genetics of cognition: dopamine, COMT and BDNF. Genes Brain Behav 2006, 5:311-328.
118. Saykin A.J., Wishart H.A., McHugh T.L., et al. IL-6 allelic variation and medial temporal morphology in MCI and older adults with cognitive complaints 2005.
119. Schaffer D.V., Gage F.H. Neurogenesis and neuroadaptation. NeuroMol Med 2004, 5:1-9.
120. Sivanandam T.M., Thakur M.K. Traumatic brain injury: a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012, 36:1376-1381.
121. Skaper S.D. The biology of neurotrophins, signalling pathways, and functional peptide mimetics of neurotrophins and their receptors. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targ 2008, 7:46-62.
122. Smith C. Neuropathology. Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury 2011, 23-36. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., Washington DC. 2nd edn. J.M. Silver, T.W. McAllister, S.C. Yudofsky (Eds.).
123. Stam A.H., Luijckx G.J., Poll-The B.T., et al. Early seizures and cerebral oedema after trivial head trauma associated with the CACNA1A S218L mutation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009, 80:1125-1129.
124. Tanriverdi T., Uzan M., Sanus G.Z., et al. Lack of association between the IL1A gene (-889) polymorphism and outcome after head injury. Surg Neurol 2006, 65:7-10.
125. Teasdale T.W., Engberg A. Duration of cognitive dysfunction after concussion, and cognitive dysfunction as a risk factor: a population study of young men. BMJ 1997, 315:569-572.
126. Thompson J., Thomas N., Singleton A., et al. D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) TaqI A polymorphism: reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the human striatum associated with the A1 allele. Pharmacogenetics 1997, 7:479-484.
127. Tiret L., Rigat B., Visvikis S., et al. Evidence, from combined segregation and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE levels. Am J Hum Genet 1992, 51:197-205.
128. Uryu K., Chen X.H., Graham D.J. Short-term accumulation of beta-amyloid in axonal pathology following traumatic brain injury in humans. Neurobiol Aging 2004, 25(Suppl 1):P2-P250.
129. Uryu K., Chen X.H., Martinez D., et al. Multiple proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axons after brain trauma in humans. Exp Neurol 2007, 208:185-192.
130. Uzan M., Tanriverdi T., Baykara O., et al. Association between interleukin-1beta (IL-1b) gene polymorphism and outcome after head injury: an early report. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005, 147:715-720.
131. Van Den Heuvel C., Blumbergs P.C., Finnie J.W., et al. Upregulation of amyloid precursor protein messenger RNA in response to traumatic brain injury: an ovine head impact model. Exp Neurol 1999, 159:441-450.
132. Van Den Heuvel C., Thornton E., Vink R. Traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Prog Brain Res 2007, 161:303-316.
133. Virag L., Szabo C. The therapeutic potential of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2002, 54:375-429.
134. Waldman I.D., Rowe D.C., Abramaowitz A., et al. Association and linkage of the dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: heterogeneity owing to diagnostic subtype and severity. Am J Hum Genet 1998, 63:1767-1776.
135. Weiland S., Bertrand D., Leonard S. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from the gene to the disease. Behav Brain Res 2000, 113:43-56.
136. Weinberger D.R., Egan M.F., Bertolino A., et al. Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001, 50:825-844.
137. Willemse-van Son A.H., Ribbers G.M., Hop W.C., et al. Association between apolipoprotein-epsiilon4 and long-term outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008, 79:426-430.
138. Wilson J.T., Pettigrew L.E., Teasdale G.M. Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: guidelines for their use. J Neurotrauma 1998, 15:573-585.
139. Winter C.D., Pringle A.K., Clough G.F., et al. Raised parenchymal interleukin-6 levels correlate with improved outcome after traumatic brain injury. Brain 2004, 127:315-320.
140. Wong A.H., Buckle C.E., Van Tol H.H. Polymorphisms in dopamine receptors: what do they tell us?. Eur J Pharmacol 2000, 410:183-203.
141. Xie P., Kranzler H.R., Poling J., et al. Interactive effect of stressful life events and the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR genotype on posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in 2 independent populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66:1201-1209.