The interferon-inducible DNA-sensor protein IFI16: A key player in the antiviral response

New Microbiologica

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 5-20

  Dell'Oste, Valentina ^a   Gatti, Deborah ^a   Giorgio, Alessandro G ^a   Gariglio, Marisa ^b   Landolfo, Santo ^a   De Andrea, Marco ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antiviral defense; DNA sensors; IFI16; Intrinsic immunity; Restriction factors; Viral escape mechanisms

Indexed keywords

IFI16 PROTEIN, HUMAN; NUCLEAR PROTEIN; PHOSPHOPROTEIN; VIRUS DNA;

ANIMAL; GENETICS; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HERPESVIRIDAE; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY; PHYSIOLOGY; VIROLOGY;

ANIMALS; DNA, VIRAL; HERPESVIRIDAE; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; PHOSPHOPROTEINS;

EID: 84923006060     PISSN: 11217138     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. ABBINK T.E., BERKHOUT B. (2008). HIV-1 reverse transcription initiation: a potential target for novel antivirals? Virus Res. 134, 4-18.
2. AGLIPAY J.A., LEE S.W., OKADA S., FUJIUCHI N., OHTSUKA T., KWAK J.C., WANG Y., JOHNSTONE R.W., DENG C., QIN J., OUCHI T. (2003). A member of the Pyrin family, IFI16, is a novel Brca1-associated protein involved in the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Oncogene. 22, 8931-8938.
3. AMON W., FARRELL P.J. (2005). Reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus from latency. Rev. Med. Virol. 15, 149-156.
4. ANSARI M.A., SINGH V.V., DUTTA S., VEETTIL M.V., DUTTA D., CHIKOTI L., LU J., EVERLY D., CHANDRAN B. (2013). Constitutive Interferon-inducible protein 16-inflammasome activation during Epstein-Barr virus latency I, II, and III in B and epithelial cells. J. Virol. 87, 8606-8623.
5. BAUMANN J.G. (2006). Intracellular restriction factors in mammalian cells - an ancient defense system finds a modern foe. Curr. HIV Res. 4, 141-168.
6. BERG R.K., RAHBEK S.H., KOFOD-OLSEN E., HOLM C.K., MELCHJORSEN J., JENSEN D.G., HANSEN A.L., JØRGENSEN L.B., OSTERGAARD L., TOLSTRUP M., LARSEN C.S., PALUDAN S.R., JAKOBSEN M.R., MOGENSEN T.H. (2014). T cells detect intracellular DNA but fail to induce type I IFN responses: implications for restriction of HIV replication. PLoS One. 9, e84513.
7. BIENIASZ P.D. (2003). Restriction Factors: a defense against Retroviral infection. Trends Microbiol. 11, 286-291.
8. BIENIASZ P.D. (2004). Intrinsic Immunity: a front-line defense against viral attack. Nat. Immunol. 5, 1109-1115.
9. BOUTELL C., EVERETT R.D. (2013). Regulation of Alphaherpesvirus infections by the ICP0 family of proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 94, 465-81.
10. BOZEK K., LENGAUER T. (2010). Positive selection of HIV host factors and the evolution of Lentivirus genes. BMC Evol. Biol. 10, 186.
11. BRIGGS L.J., JOHNSTONE R.W., ELLIOT R.M., XIAO C.Y., DAWSON M., TRAPANI J.A., JANS D.A. (2001). Novel properties of the Protein Kinase Ck2-site-regulated nuclear- localization sequence of the Interferon-Induced Nuclear Factor IFI 16. Biochem. J. 353, 69-77.
12. BRUNETTE R.L., YOUNG J.M., WHITLEY D.G., BRODSKY I.E., MALIK H.S., STETSON D.B. (2012). Extensive evolutionary and functional diversity among mammalian AIM2-like receptors. J. Exp. Med. 209, 1969-1983.
13. CANEPARO V., CENA T., DE ANDREA M., DELL'OSTE V., STRATTA P., QUAGLIA M., TINCANI A., ANDREOLI L., CEFFA S., TARABORELLI M., MAGNANI C., LANDOLFO S., GARIGLIO M. (2013). Anti-IFI16 antibodies and their relation to disease characteristics in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Lupus. 22, 607-613.
14. CHANDRAN B. (2010). Early Events in Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus infection of target cells. J. Virol. 84, 2188-2199.
15. CHIN K.C., CRESSWELL P. (2001). Viperin (Cig5), an IFN-inducible antiviral protein directly induced by Human Cytomegalovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98, 15125-15130.
16. COMPTON A.A., HIRSCH V.M., EMERMAN M. (2012). The host restriction factor APOBEC3G and retroviral vif protein coevolve due to ongoing genetic conflict. Cell. Host Microbe. 11, 91-98.
17. CONNOLLY D.J., BOWIE A.G. (2014). The emerging role of human PYHIN proteins in innate immunity: implications for health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol. pii: S0006-2952(14)00521-8.
18. CONRADY C.D., ZHENG M., FITZGERALD K.A., LIU C., CARR D.J. (2012). Resistance to HSV-1 infection in the epithelium resides with the novel innate sensor, IFI-16. Mucosal Immunol. 5, 173-183.
19. COSTA S., BORGOGNA C., MONDINI M., DE ANDREA M., MERONI P.L., BERTI E., GARIGLIO M., LANDOLFO S. (2011). Redistribution of the nuclear protein IFI16 into the cytoplasm of ultraviolet b-exposed keratinocytes as a mechanism of autoantigen processing. Br. J. Dermatol. 164, 282-290.
20. CRIDLAND J.A., CURLEY E.Z., WYKES M.N., SCHRODER K., SWEET M.J., ROBERTS T.L., RAGAN M.A., KASSAHN K.S., STACEY K.J. (2012). The mammalian PYHIN gene family: phylogeny, evolution and expression. BMC Evol. Biol. 12, 140.
21. CRISTEA I.M., MOORMAN N.J., TERHUNE S.S., CUEVAS C.D., O'KEEFE E.S., ROUT M.P., CHAIT B.T., SHENK T. (2010) Human Cytomegalovirus pUL83 stimulates activity of the viral immediate-early promoter through its interaction with the cellular IFI16 protein. J. Virol. 84, 7803-7814.
22. CUCHET-LOURENCO D., ANDERSON G., SLOAN E., ORR A., EVERETT R.D. (2013). The viral ubiquitin ligase ICP0 is neither sufficient nor necessary for degradation of the cellular DNA sensor IFI16 during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 infection. J. Virol. 87, 13422-13432.
23. DAWSON M.J., TRAPANI J.A. (1995). The Interferon-inducible autoantigen, IFI16: localization to the nucleolus and identification of a DNA-binding domain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 214, 152-162.
24. DE COCK K.M., JAFFE H.W., CURRAN J.W. (2012). The evolving epidemiology of Hiv/Aids. Aids. 26, 1205-1213.
25. DELL'OSTE V., GATTI D., GUGLIESI F., DE ANDREA M., BAWADEKAR M., LO CIGNO I., BIOLATTI M., VALLINO M., MARSCHALL M., GARIGLIO M., LANDOLFO S. (2014). Innate nuclear sensor IFI16 translocates into the cytoplasm during the early stage of in vitro Human Cytomegalovirus infection and is entrapped in the egressing virions during the late stage. J. Virol. 88, 6970-6982.
26. DOITSH G., GALLOWAY N.L., GENG X., YANG Z., MONROE K.M., ZEPEDA O., HUNT P.W., HATANO H., SOWINSKI S., MUÑOZ-ARIAS I., GREENE W.C. (2014). Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 505, 509-514.
27. DUAN X., PONOMAREVA L., VEERANKI S., PANCHANATHAN R., DICKERSON E., CHOUBEY D. (2011). Differential roles for the interferon-inducible IFI16 and AIM2 innate immune sensors for cytosolic DNA in cellular senescence of human fibroblasts. Mol. Cancer. Res. 9, 589-602.
28. DUGGAL N.K., EMERMAN M. (2012). Evolutionary conflicts between viruses and restriction factors shape immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12, 687-695.
29. EVERETT R.D., MURRAY J. (2005). ND10 components relocate to sites associated with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 nucleoprotein complexes during virus infection. J. Virol. 79, 5078-5089.
30. GANEM D. (2006). KSHV Infection and the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 1, 273-296.
31. GAO D., WU J., WU Y.T., DU F., AROH C., YAN N., SUN L., CHEN Z.J. (2013). Cyclic Gmp-Amp Synthase is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other Retroviruses. Science. 341, 903-906.
32. GARIANO G.R., DELL'OSTE V., BRONZINI M., GATTI D., LUGANINI A., DE ANDREA M., GRIBAUDO G., GARIGLIO M., LANDOLFO S. (2012). The intracellular DNA sensor IFI16 gene acts as restriction factor for human Cytomegalovirus replication. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002498.
33. GARIGLIO M., AZZIMONTI B., PAGANO M., PALESTRO G., DE ANDREA M., VALENTE G., VOGLINO G., NAVINO L., LANDOLFO S. (2002) Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human interferon-inducible gene IFI16, a member of the HIN200 family, not restricted to hematopoietic cells. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 22, 815-821.
34. GARIGLIO M., MONDINI M., DE ANDREA M., LANDOLFO S. (2011). The multifaceted Interferon-inducible P200 family proteins: from cell biology to human pathology. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 31, 159-172.
35. GOUGEON M.L., HERBEUVAL J.P. (2012). IFN-Alpha and Trail: a double edge sword in HIV-1 disease? Exp. Cell. Res. 318, 1260-1268.
36. GRIFFITHS P., BARANIAK I., REEVES M. (2014). The Pathogenesis of Human Cytomegalovirus. J. Pathol.
37. GRUTTER M.G., LUBAN J. (2012). Trim5 structure, HIV-1 capsid recognition, and innate immune signaling. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2, 142-150.
38. GUGLIESI F., MONDINI M., RAVERA R., ROBOTTI A., DE ANDREA M., GRIBAUDO G., GARIGLIO M., LANDOLFO S. (2005). Up-Regulation of the Interferon-Inducible IFI16 gene by oxidative stress triggers p53 transcriptional activity in endothelial cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77, 820-829.
39. GUGLIESI F., DE ANDREA M., MONDINI M., CAPPELLO P., GIOVARELLI M., SHOENFELD Y., MERONI P., GARIGLIO M., LANDOLFO S. (2010). The proapoptotic activity of the interferon-inducible gene IFI16 provides new insights into its etiopathogenetic role in autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 35, 114-123.
40. GUGLIESI F., BAWADEKAR M., DE ANDREA M., DELL'OSTE V., CANEPARO V., TINCANI A., GARIGLIO M., LANDOLFO S. (2013). Nuclear DNA sensor IFI16 as circulating protein in autoimmune diseases is a signal of damage that impairs endothelial cells through high-affinity membrane binding. PLoS One. 8, e63045.
41. HAMMONDS J., WANG J.J., SPEARMAN P. (2012). Restriction of Retroviral replication by Tetherin/Bst-2. Mol. Biol. Int. 2012: 424768.
42. HEIL F., HEMMI H., HOCHREIN H., AMPENBERGER F., KIRSCHNING C., AKIRA S., LIPFORD G., WAGNER H., BAUER S. (2004). Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8. Science. 303, 1526-1529.
43. HORAN K.A., HANSEN K., JAKOBSEN M.R., HOLM C.K., SOBY S., UNTERHOLZNER L., THOMPSON M., WEST J.A., IVERSEN M.B., RASMUSSEN S.B., ELLERMAN-ERIKSEN S., KURT-JONES E., LANDOLFO S., DAMANIA B., MELCHJORSEN J., BOWIE A.G., FITZGERALD K.A., PALUDAN S.R. (2013). Proteasomal degradation of Herpes Simplex Virus capsids in macrophages releases DNA to the cytosol for recognition by DNA sensors. J. Immunol. 190, 2311-2319.
44. IWASAKI A. (2012). Innate immune recognition of HIV-1. Immunity. 37, 389-98.
45. JAKOBSEN M.R., PALUDAN S.R. (2014). IFI16: at the interphase between innate DNA sensing and genome regulation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. pii: S1359-6101(14)00058-6.
46. JAKOBSEN M.R., BAK R.O., ANDERSEN A., BERG R.K., JENSEN S.B., TENGCHUAN J., LAUSTSEN A., HANSEN K., OSTERGAARD L., FITZGERALD K.A., XIAO T,S., MIKKELSEN J.G., MOGENSEN T.H., PALUDAN S.R. (2013). From the Cover: IFI16 senses DNA forms of the lentiviral replication cycle and controls HIV-1 replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 110, E4571-4580.
47. JIN T., PERRY A., JIANG J., SMITH P., CURRY J.A., UNTERHOLZNER L., JIANG Z., HORVATH G., RATHINAM V.A, JOHNSTONE R.W., HORNUNG V., LATZ E., BOWIE A.G., FITZGERALD K.A., XIAO T.S. (2012). Structures of the HIN domain:DNA complexes reveal ligand binding and activation mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome and IFI16 receptor. Immunity. 36, 561-571.
48. JOHNSON K.E., CHIKOTI L., CHANDRAN B. (2013) Herpes Simplex Virus 1 infection induces activation and subsequent inhibition of the IFI16 and NLRP3 inflammasomes. J. Virol. 87, 5005-5018.
49. JOHNSON W.E. (2013). Rapid adversarial co-evolution of viruses and cellular restriction factors. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 371, 123-151.
50. JOHNSTONE R.W., KERSHAW M.H., TRAPANI J.A. (1998). Isotypic variants of the interferon-inducible transcriptional repressor IFI16 arise through differential mRNA splicing. Biochemistry. 37, 11924-11931.
51. JOHNSTONE R.W., WEI W., GREENWAY A., TRAPANI J.A. (2000). Functional interaction between p53 and the Interferon-Inducible nucleoprotein IFI 16. Oncogene. 19, 6033-6042.
52. KERUR N., VEETTIL M.V., SHARMA-WALIA N., BOTTERO V., SADAGOPAN S., OTAGERI P., CHANDRAN B. (2011). IFI16 acts as a nuclear pathogen sensor to induce the inflammasome in response to Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus infection. Cell. Host Microbe. 9, 363-375.
53. KIS-TOTH K., SZANTO A., THAI T.H., TSOKOS G.C. (2011). Cytosolic DNA-activated human dendritic cells are potent activators of the adaptive immune response. J. Immunol. 187, 1222-1234.
54. LAGUETTE N., BENKIRANE M. (2012). How Samhd1 changes our view of viral restriction. Trends Immunol. 33, 26-33.
55. LI T., DINER B.A., CHEN J., CRISTEA I.M. (2012). Acetylation modulates cellular distribution and dna sensing ability of interferon-inducible protein IFI16. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 109, 10558-10563.
56. LI T., CHEN J., CRISTEA I.M. (2013). Human Cytomegalovirus tegument protein pUL83 inhibits IFI16-mediated DNA sensing for immune evasion. Cell. Host Microbe. 14, 591-599.
57. LIAO J.C., LAM R., BRAZDA V., DUAN S., RAVICHANDRAN M., MA J., XIAO T., TEMPEL W., ZUO X., WANG Y.X., CHIRGADZE N.Y., ARROWSMITH C.H. (2011). Interferon-Inducible protein 16: insight into the interaction with tumor suppressor p53. Structure. 19, 418-429.
58. LILLEY C.E., CHAURUSHIYA M.S., BOUTELL C., EVERETT R.D., WEITZMAN M.D. (2011). The intrinsic antiviral defense to incoming HSV-1 genomes includes specific DNA repair proteins and is counteracted by the viral protein ICP0. PLoS Pathog. 7, e1002084.
59. LIU Z., ZHENG X., WANG Y., SONG H. (2014). Bacterial expression of the HIN AB domain of IFI16: purification, characterization of DNA binding activity, and co-crystallization with viral dsDNA. Protein Expr. Purif. 102, 13-19.
60. LUU P., FLORES O. (1997). Binding of Sp1 to the immediate-early protein-responsive element of the Human Cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase promoter. J. Virol. 71, 6683-91.
61. MAEDA E., AKAHANE M., KIRYU S., KATO N., YOSHIKAWA T., HAYASHI N., AOKI S., MINAMI M., UOZAKI H., FUKAYAMA M., OHTOMO K. (2009). Spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases: a pictorial review. Jpn. J. Radiol. 27, 4-19.
62. MALIM M.H., BIENIASZ P.D. (2012). HIV restriction factors and mechanisms of evasion. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2, a006940.
63. MANGEAT B., TURELLI P., CARON G., FRIEDLI M., PERRIN L., TRONO D. (2003). Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts. Nature. 424, 99-103.
64. MOGENSEN T.H., MELCHJORSEN J., LARSEN C.S., PALUDAN S.R. (2010). Innate immune recognition and activation during HIV infection. Retrovirology. 7, 54.
65. MONDINI M., VIDALI M., DE ANDREA M., AZZIMONTI B., AIRO P., D'AMBROSIO R., RIBOLDI P., MERONI P.L., ALBANO E., SHOENFELD Y., GARIGLIO M., LANDOLFO S. (2006). A Novel autoantigen to differentiate limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis from diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: the interferon-inducible gene IFI16. Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3939-3944.
66. MONDINI M., VIDALI M., AIRO P., DE ANDREA M., RIBOLDI P., MERONI P.L., GARIGLIO M., LANDOLFO S. (2007). Role of the Interferon-inducible gene IFI16 in the etiopathogenesis of systemic autoimmune disorders. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1110, 47-56.
67. MONROE K.M., YANG Z., JOHNSON J.R., GENG X., DOITSH G., KROGAN N.J., GREENE W.C. (2014). IFI16 DNA sensor is required for death of lymphoid CD4 T cells abortively infected with HIV. Science. 343, 428-432.
68. MORRONE S.R., WANG T., CONSTANTOULAKIS L.M., HOOY R.M., DELANNOY M.J., SOHN J. (2014). cooperative assembly of IFI16 filaments on dsDNA provides insights into host defense strategy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 111, E62-71.
69. NIE Y., WANG Y.Y. (2013). Innate immune responses to DNA viruses. Protein Cell. 4, 1-7.
70. NISSEN S.K., HOJEN J.F., ANDERSEN K.L., KOFOD-OLSEN E., BERG R.K., PALUDAN S.R., ØSTERGAARD L., JAKOBSEN M.R., TOLSTRUP M., MOGENSEN T.H. (2014). Innate DNA sensing is impaired in HIV patients and IFI16 expression correlates to chronic immune activation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 177, 295-309.
71. ORZALLI M.H., DELUCA N.A., KNIPE D.M. (2012). Nuclear IFI16 induction of IRF-3 signaling during herpesviral infection and degradation of IFI16 by the viral ICP0 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 109, E3008-3017.
72. ORZALLI M.H., CONWELL S.E., BERRIOS C., DECAPRIO J.A., KNIPE D.M. (2013) Nuclear Interferon-Inducible protein 16 promotes silencing of herpesviral and transfected DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 110, E4492-4501.
73. ORZALLI M.H., KNIPE D.M. (2014). Cellular sensing of viral DNA and viral evasion mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 68, 477-492.
74. OUCHI M., OUCHI T. (2008). Role of IFI16 in DNA damage and checkpoint. Front. Biosci. 13, 236-239.
75. PALUDAN S.R., BOWIE A.G., HORAN K.A., FITZGERALD K.A. (2011). Recognition of Herpesviruses by the innate immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 143-154.
76. PALUDAN S.R., BOWIE A.G. (2013). Immune sensing of DNA. Immunity. 38, 870-880.
77. ROIZMAN B., KNIPE D.M., WHITLEY R.J. (2006). Fields' Virology, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
78. ROY C.R., MOCARSKI E.S. (2007). Pathogen subversion of cell-intrinsic innate immunity. Nat. Immunol. 8, 1179-1187.
79. SINGH V.V., KERUR N., BOTTERO V., DUTTA S., CHAKRABORTY S., ANSARI M.A., PAUDEL N., CHIKOTI L., CHANDRAN B. (2013) Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus latency in endothelial and B cells activates gamma Interferon-Inducible Protein 16-mediated inflammasomes. J. Virol. 87, 4417-4431.
80. SKAUG B., CHEN Z.J. (2010). Emerging Role of ISG15 in antiviral immunity. Cell. 143, 187-90.
81. SOBY S., LAURSEN R.R., OSTERGAARD L., MELCHJORSEN J. (2012). HSV-1-induced chemokine expression via IFI16-dependent and IFI16-independent pathways in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Herpesviridae. 3, 6.
82. SOLIS M., NAKHAEI P., JALALIRAD M., LACOSTE J., DOUVILLE R., ARGUELLO M., ZHAO T., LAUGHREA M., WAINBERG M.A., HISCOTT J. (2011). Rig-I-mediated antiviral signaling is inhibited in HIV-1 infection by a protease-mediated sequestration of RIG-I. J. Virol. 85, 1224-1236.
83. SONG L.L., PONOMAREVA L., SHEN H., DUAN X., ALIMIRAH F., CHOUBEY D. (2010). Interferon-Inducible IFI16, a negative regulator of cell growth, down-regulates expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) Gene. PLoS One. 5, e8569.
84. STREBEL K., LUBAN J., JEANG K.T. (2009). Human cellular restriction factors that target HIV-1 replication. BMC Med. 7, 48.
85. TAKEUCHI H., MATANO T. (2008). Host factors involved in resistance to retroviral infection. Microbiol. Immunol. 52, 318-325.
86. TAKEUCHI O., AKIRA S. (2010). Pattern Recognition Receptors and inflammation. Cell. 140, 805-820.
87. TAMASSIA N., BAZZONI F., LE MOIGNE V., CALZETTI F., MASALA C., GRISENDI G., BUSSMEYER U., SCUTERA S., DE GIRONCOLI M., COSTANTINI C., MUSSO T., CASSATELLA M.A. (2012). IFN-Beta expression is directly activated in human neutrophils transfected with plasmid DNA and is further increased via TLR-4-mediated signaling. J. Immunol. 189, 1500-1509.
88. TANDON R., MOCARSKI E.S. (2012). Viral and host control of Cytomegalovirus maturation. Trends Microbiol. 20, 392-401.
89. TAVALAI N., STAMMINGER T. (2011). Intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms targeting Human Cytomegalovirus. Virus Res. 157, 128-233.
90. THOMPSON M.R., KAMINSKI J.J., KURT-JONES E.A., FITZGERALD K.A. (2011). Pattern Recognition Receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection. Viruses. 3, 920-940.
91. UNTERHOLZNER L., KEATING S.E., BARAN M., HORAN K.A., JENSEN S.B., SHARMA S., SIROIS C.M., JIN T., LATZ E., XIAO T.S., FITZGERALD K.A., PALUDAN S.R., BOWIE A.G. (2010). IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA. Nat. Immunol. 11, 997-1004.
92. VAN MONTFOORT N., OLAGNIER D., HISCOTT J. (2014). Unmasking immune sensing of Retroviruses: interplay between innate sensors and host effectors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. pii: S1359-6101(14)00089-6.
93. VEERANKI S., CHOUBEY D. (2012). Interferon-inducible P200-family protein IFI16, an innate immune sensor for cytosolic and nuclear double-stranded DNA: regulation of subcellular localization. Mol. Immunol. 49, 567-571.
94. WEI W., CLARKE C.J., SOMERS G.R., CRESSWELL K.S., LOVELAND K.A., TRAPANI J.A., JOHNSTONE R.W. (2003). Expression of IFI 16 in epithelial cells and lymphoid tissues. Histochem. Cell. Biol. 119, 45-54.
95. XIN H., CURRY J., JOHNSTONE R.W., NICKOLOFF B.J., CHOUBEY D. (2003). Role of IFI16, a member of the Interferon-inducible p200-protein family, in prostate epithelial cellular senescence. Oncogene. 22, 4831-4840.
96. YAN H., DALAL K., HON B.K., YOUKHARIBACHE P., LAU D., PIO F. (2008). RPA nucleic acid-binding properties of IFI16-HIN200. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1784, 1087-1097.
97. YAN N., CHEN Z.J. (2012). Intrinsic antiviral immunity. Nat. Immunol. 13, 214-222.
98. ZHANG Y., HOWELL R.D., ALFONSO D.T., YU J., KONG L., WITTIG J.C., LIU C.J. (2007). IFI16 inhibits tumorigenicity and cell proliferation of bone and cartilage tumor cells. Front. Biosci. 12, 4855-4863.