Binding of SP1 to the immediate-early protein-responsive element of the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase promoter

Journal of Virology

Volumn 71, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 6683-6691

  Luu, Percy ^a,b   Flores, Osvaldo ^a  

^a AMGEN INC   (United States)

^b University of California Berkeley   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL PROTEIN; DNA POLYMERASE; IMMEDIATE EARLY PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SP1; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS ENZYME;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA SEQUENCE; ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MUTAGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN ISOLATION; TRANSACTIVATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 0030769357     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.9.6683-6691.1997     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Alford, C. A., and W. J. Britt. 1993. Cytomegalovirus, p. 227-246. In R. J. Whitley, B. Roizman, and C. Lopez (ed.). The human herpesviruses. Raven Press, New York, N.Y.
2. Arlt, H., D. Lang, S. Gebert, and T. Stamminger. 1994. Identification of binding sites for the 86-kilodalton IE2 protein of human cytomegalovirus within an IE2-responsive viral early promoter. J. Virol. 68:4117-4125.
3. Blau, J., H. Xiao, S. McCracken, P. O'Hare, J. Greenblatt, and D. Bentley. 1996. Three functional classes of transcriptional activation domains. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2044-2055.
4. Briggs, M. R., J. T. Kadonaga, S. P. Bell, and R. Tjlan. 1986. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter-specific transcription factor, Spl. Science 234:47-52.
5. Caswell, R., C. Hagemeier, C. J. Chiou, G. Hayward, T. Kouzarides, and J. Sinclair. 1993. The human cytomegalovirus 86K immediate early (IE) 2 protein requires the basic region of the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) for binding, and interacts with TBP and transcription factor TFIIB via regions of IE2 required for transcriptional regulation. J. Gen. Virol. 74:2691-2698.
6. Chiou, C. J., J. Zong, I. Waheed, and G. S. Hayward. 1993. Identification and mapping of dimerization and DNA-binding domains in the C terminus of the IE2 regulatory protein of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 67:6201-6214.
7. Dawson, M. J., and J. A. Trapani. 1995. IFI 16 gene encodes a nuclear protein whose expression is induced by interferons in human myeloid leukaemia cell lines. J. Cell. Biochem. 57:39-51.
8. DeMarchi, J., C. Schmidt, and A. Kaplan. 1980. Patterns of transcription of human cytomegalovirus in permissively infected cells. J. Virol. 35:277-286.
9. Depto, A. S., and R. M. Stenberg. 1989. Regulated expression of the human cytomegalovirus pp65 gene:octamer sequence in the promoter is required for activation by viral gene products. J. Virol. 63:1232-1238.
10. Dignam, J. D., R. M. Lebovitz, and R. G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475-1489.
11. Ghazal, P., J. Young, E. Giulietti, C. DeMattei, J. Garcia, R. Gaynor, R. M. Stenberg, and J. A. Nelson. 1991. A discrete cis element in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat mediates synergistic trans activation by cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins, J. Virol. 65:6735-6742.
12. Hagemeier, C., R. Caswell, G. Hayhurst, J. Sinclair, and T. Kouzarides. 1994. Functional interaction between the HCMV IE2 transactivator and the retinoblastoma protein. EMBO J. 13:2897-2903.
13. Hagemeier, C., S. Walker, R. Caswell, T. Kouzarides, and J. Sinclair. 1992. The human cytomegalovirus 80-kilodalton but not the 72-kilodalton immediate-early protein transactivates heterologous promoters in a TATA boxdependent mechanism and interacts directly with TFIID. J. Virol. 66:4452-4456.
14. Hagemeier, C., S. M. Walker, P. J. Sissons, and J. H. Sinclair. 1992. The 72K IE1 and 80K IE2 proteins of human cytomegalovirus independently transactivate the c-fos, c-myc and hsp70 promoters via basal promoter elements. J. Gen. Virol. 73:2385-2393.
15. Hagen, G., S. Muller, M. Beato, and G. Suske. 1994. Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation is repressed by Sp3. EMBO J. 13:3843-3851.
16. Hayhurst, G. P., L. A. Bryant, R. C. Caswell, S. M. Walker, and J. H. Sinclair. 1995. CCAAT box-dependent activation of the TATA-less human DNA polymerase alpha promoter by the human cytomegalovirus 72-kilodalton major immediate-early protein. J. Virol. 69:182-188.
17. Hermiston, T. W., C. L. Malone, P. R. Witte, and M. F. Stinski. 1987. Identification and characterization of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early region 2 gene that stimulates gene expression from an inducible promoter. J. Virol. 61:3214-3221.
18. Hoey, T., R. O. J. Weinzierl, G. Gill, J. Chen, B. D. Dynlacht, and R. Tjian. 1993. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of drosophila TAF110 reveal properties expected of coactivators. Cell 72:247-260.
19. Jackson, S. P., and R. Tjian. 1988. O-glycosylation of eukaryotic transcription factors:implications for mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. Cell 55:125-133.
20. Jackson, S. P., and R. Tjian. 1989. Purification and analysis of RNA polymerase II transcription factors by using wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1781-1785.
21. Jahn, G., E. Knurst, H. Schmolle, T. Sarre, J. Nelson, J. McDougall, and B. Fleckenstein. 1984. Predominant immediate-early transcripts of human cytomegalovirus AD169. J. Virol. 49:363-370.
22. Jupp, R., S. Hoffmann, R. M. Stenberg, J. A. Nelson, and P. Ghazal. 1993. Human cytomegalovirus IE86 protein interacts with promoter-bound TATA-binding protein via a specific region distinct from the autorepression domain. J. Virol. 67:7539-7546.
23. Kerry, J. A., M. A. Priddy, T. Y. Jervey, C. P. Kohler, T. L. Staley, C. D. Vanson, T. R. Jones, A. C. Iskenderian, D. G. Anders, and R. M. Stenberg. 1996. Multiple regulatory events influence human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase (UL54) expression during viral infection. J. Virol. 70:373-382.
24. Kerry, J. A., M. A. Priddy, und R. M. Stenberg. 1994. Identification of sequence elements in the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase gene promoter required for activation by viral gene products. J. Virol. 68:4167-4176.
25. Kingsley, C., and A. Winoto. 1992. Cloning of GT box-binding proteins:a novel Sp1 multigene family regulating T-cell receptor gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:4251-4261.
26. Klucher, K. M., and D. H. Spector. 1990. The human cytomegalovirus 2.7-kilobase RNA promoter contains a functional binding site for the adenovirus major late transcription factor. J. Virol. 64:4189-4198.
27. Kouzarides, T., A. T. Bankier, S. C. Satchwell, K. Weston, P. Tomlinson, and B. G. Barrell. 1987. Sequence and transcription analysis of the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase gene. J. Virol. 61:125-133.
28. Lang, D., S. Gebert, H. Arlt, and T. Stamminger. 1995. Functional interaction between the human cytomegalovirus 86-kilodalton IE2 protein and the cellular transcription factor CREB. J. Virol. 69:6030-6037.
29. Lang, D., and T. Stamminger. 1993. The 86-kilodalton IE-2 protein of human cytomegalovirus is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts directly with the negative autoregulatory response element located near the cap site of the IE-1/2 enhancer-promoter. J. Virol. 67:323-331.
30. Lang, D., and T. Stamminger. 1994. Minor groove contacts are essential for an interaction of the human cytomegalovirus IE2 protein with its DNA target. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:3331-3338.
31. Liu, F., and M. R. Green. 1994. Promoter targeting by adenovirus E1a through interaction with different cellular DNA-binding domains, Nature 368:520-525.
32. Lukac, D. M., J. R. Manuppello, and J. C. Alwine. 1994. Transcriptional activation by the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins; requirements for simple promoter structures and interactions with multiple components of the transcription complex. J. Virol. 68:5184-5193.
33. Malone, C. L., D. H. Vesole, and M. F. Stinski. 1990. Transactivation of a human cytomegalovirus early promoter by gene products from the immediate-early gene IE2 and augmentation by IE1:mutational analysis of the viral proteins. J. Virol. 64:1498-1506.
34. McDonough, S. H., and D. H. Spector. 1983. Analysis of the major transcripts encoded by the long repeat of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Virology 125:31-46.
35. Mocarski, E. S. 1993. Cytomegalovirus biology and replication, p. 173-226. In R. J. Whitley, B. Roizman, and C. Lopez (ed.), The human herpesviruses. Raven Press, New York, N.Y.
36. Monick, M. M., L. J. Geist, M. F. Stinski, and G. W. Hunninghake. 1992. The immediate early genes of human cytomegalovirus upregulate expression of the cellular genes myc and fos. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 7:251-256.
37. Ossipow, V., U. K. Laemmli. and U. Schibier. 1993. A simple method to renature DNA-binding proteins separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:6040-6041.
38. Pari, G. S., and D. G. Anders. 1993. Eleven loci encoding trans-acting factors are required for transient complementation of human cytomegalovirus ori-Lyt-dependcnt DNA replication. J. Virol. 67:6979-6988.
39. Pizzorno, M. C., M. A. Mullen, Y. N. Chang, and G. S. Hayward. 1991. The functionally active IE2 immediate-early regulatory protein of human cytomegalovirus is an 80-kilodalton polypeptide that contains two distinct activator domains and a duplicated nuclear localization signal. J. Virol. 65:3839-3852.
40. Pizzorno, M. C., P. O'Hare, L. Sha, R. L. LaFemina, and G. S. Hayward. 1988. trans- Activation and autoregulation of gene expression by immediateearly region 2 gene products of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 62:1167-1179.
41. Schwartz, R., B. Helmich, and D. H. Spector. 1996. CREB and CREB-binding proteins play an important role in the IE2 86-kilodalton protein-mediated transactivation of the human cytomegalovirus 2.2-kilobase RNA promoter. J. Virol. 70:6955-6966.
42. Schwartz, R., M. H. Sommer, A. Scully, and D. H. Spector. 1994. Site-specific binding of the human cytomegalovirus IE2 86-kilodalton protein to an early gene promoter. J. Virol. 68:5613-5622.
43. Scully, A. L., M. H. Sommer, R. Schwartz, and D. H. Spector. 1995. The human cytomegalovirus IE2 86-kilodalton protein interacts with an early gene promoter via site-specific DNA binding and protein-protein associations. J. Virol. 69:6533-6540.
44. Spaete, R. R., and E. S. Mocarski. 1985. Regulation of cytomegalovirus gene expression:a and β promoters are trans activated by viral functions in permissive human fibroblasts. J. Virol. 56:135-143.
45. Staprans, S. I., D. K. Rabert, and D. H. Spector. 1988. Identification of sequence requirements and trans-acting functions necessary for regulated expression of a human cytomegalovirus early gene. J. Virol. 62:3463-3473.
46. Stenberg, R. M. 1993. Immediate early genes of human cytomegalovirus:organization and function, p. 330-359. In E. S. Huang (ed.), Molecular aspects of human cytomegalovirus diseases. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
47. Stenberg, R. M., A. S. Depto, J. Fortney, and J. A. Nelson. 1989. Regulated expression of early and late RNAs and proteins from the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene region. J. Virol. 63:2699-2708.
48. Stenberg, R. M., J. Fortney, S. W. Barlow, B. P. Magrane, J. A. Nelson, and P. Ghazal. 1990. Promoter-specific trans activation and repression hy hitman cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins involves common and unique protein domains. J. Virol. 64:1556-1565.
49. Stenberg, R. M., P. R. Witte, and M. F. Stinski. 1985. Multiple spliced and unspliced transcripts from human cytomegalovirus immediate-early region 2 and evidence for a common initiation site within immediate-early region 1. J. Virol. 56:665-675.
50. Tevethia, M. J., D. J. Spector, K. M. Leisure, and M. F. Stinski. 1987. Participation of two human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene regions in transcriptional activation of adenovirus promoters. Virology 161:276-285.
51. Trapani, J. A., K. A. Browne, M. J. Dawson, R. G. Ramsay, R. L. Eddy. T. B. Show, P. C. White, and B. Dupont. 1992. A novel gene constitutively expressed in human lymphoid cells is induciblc with interferon-gamma in myeloid cells. Immunogenetics 36:369-376.
52. Wade, E. J., K. M. Klucher, and D. H. Spector. 1992. An AP-1 binding site is the predominant cis-acting regulatory element in the 1.2-kilobase early RNA promoter of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 66:2407-2417.
53. Walker, S., C. Hagemeier, J. G. Sissons. and J. H. Sinclair. 1992. A 10-basepair element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is an absolute requirement for transactivation by the human cytomegalovirus 72-kilodalton IE1 protein but can be compensated for hy other LTR regions in transactivation by the 80-kilodalton IE2 protein. J. Virol. 66:1543-1550.
54. Wathen, M. W., and M. F. Stinski. 1982. Temporal patterns of human cytomegalovirus transcription:mapping the viral RNAs synthesized at immediate early, early, and late times after infection. J. Virol. 41:462-477.
55. Wilkinson, G., A. Akriegg, and P. Greenaway, 1984. Transcription of the immediate early genes of human cytomegalovirvis strain AD169. Virus Res. 1:101-116.
56. Wilson, A. C., K. LaMarco, M. G. Peterson, and W. Herr. 1993. The VP16 accessory protein HCF is a family of polypeptides processed from a large precursor protein. Cell 74:115-l25.
57. Yankulov, K., J. Blau, T. Purtun, S. Roberts, and D. Bentley. 1994. Transcriptional elongation hy RNA polymerase II is stimulated by transactivators. Cell 77:749-759.
58. Yeung, K. C., C. M. Stoltzfus, and M. F. Stinski. 1993. Mutations of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 2 protein define regions and amono acid motifs important in transactivation of transcription from the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Virology 195:786-792.
59. Yurochko, A. D., T. F. Kowalik, S. M. Huong, and E. S. Huang. 1995. Human cytomegalovirus upregulates NF-κB activity by transactivating the NF-κB p105/p50 and p65 promoters. J. Virol. 69:5391-5400.