The greatest magic of Harry Potter: Reducing prejudice

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 105-121

  Vezzali, Loris ^a   Stathi, Sofia ^b   Giovannini, Dino ^a   Capozza, Dora ^c   Trifiletti, Elena ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922691463     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: 15591816     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12279     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Aberson, C. L., & Haag, S. C. (2007). Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes, and implicit attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, 179-201.
2. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
3. Alton, A. H. (2009). Playing the genre game: Generic fusions of the Harry Potter series. In E. E.Heilman (Ed.), Critical perspectives on Harry Potter (2nd ed., pp. 199-223). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group.
4. Andrighetto, L., Mari, S., Volpato, C., & Behluli, B. (2012). Reducing competitive victimhood in Kosovo: The role of extended contact and common ingroup identity. Political Psychology, 33, 513-529.
5. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
6. Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In D.Cervone & Y.Shoda (Eds.), The coherence of personality (pp. 185-241). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
7. Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J.Bryant & D.Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 121-153). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
9. Batson, C. D. (2010). Empathy-induced altruistic motivation. In M.Mikulincer & P. R.Shaver (Eds.), Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature (pp. 15-34). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10. Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednor, L. L., etal. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feelings for a member of stigmatised group improve feelings toward the group?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105-118.
11. Beers, M. J., & Apple, K. J. (2006). Intergroup conflict in the world of Harry Potter. In N.Mulholland (Ed.), The psychology of Harry Potter (pp. 33-44). Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.
12. Bennett, M., Barrett, M., Karakozov, R., Kipiani, G., Lyons, E., Pavlenko, V., etal. (2004). Young children's evaluations of the ingroup and of outgroups: A multi-national study. Social Development, 13, 124-141.
13. Bilali, R., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2013). Priming effects of a reconciliation radio drama on historical perspective-taking in the aftermath of mass violence in Rwanda. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 144-151.
14. Brehm, J. W., & Brehm, S. S. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
15. Cameron, L., & Rutland, A. (2006). Extended contact through story reading in school: Reducing children's prejudice toward the disabled. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 469-488.
16. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., & Brown, R. (2007). Promoting children's positive intergroup attitudes towards stigmatized groups: Extended contact and multiple classification skills training. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 454-466.
17. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Brown, R., & Douch, R. (2006). Changing children's intergroup attitudes toward refugees: Testing different models of extended contact. Child Development, 77, 1208-1219.
18. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Hossain, R., & Petley, R. (2011). When and why does extended contact work? The role of high quality direct contact and group norms in the development of positive ethnic intergroup attitudes amongst children. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14, 193-206.
19. Capozza, D., Vezzali, L., Trifiletti, E., Falvo, R., & Favara, I. (2010). Improving intergroup relationships within and outside the contact situation: The role of common ingroup identity and emotions of anxiety and empathy. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 17, 17-36.
20. Cehajic, S., Brown, R., & Castano, E. (2008). Forgive and forget? Antecedents and consequences of intergroup forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Political Psychology, 29, 351-367.
21. Cristol, D., & Gimbert, B. (2008). Racial perceptions of young children: A review of the literature post-1999. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 201-207.
22. Delzescaux, S. (2009). Harry Potter or the strange paths of the resistance. Nouvelle Revue de Psychosociologie, 7, 85-100.
23. Eller, A., Abrams, D., & Zimmermann, A. (2011). Two degrees of separation: A longitudinal study of actual and perceived extended international contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14, 175-191.
24. Esses, V. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2002). The role of emotions in determining willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 28, 1202-1214.
25. Eurobarometer. (2012). Discrimination in the EU in 2012 (Publication No 393). European Commission.
26. Eyal, K., & Rubin, A. M. (2003). Viewer aggression and homophily, identification, and parasocial relationships with television characters. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 47, 77-98.
27. Fields, J. W. (2007). Harry Potter, Benjamin Bloom, and the sociological imagination. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 19, 167-177.
28. Fisher, F. L. (1968). Influences of reading and discussion on the attitudes of fifth graders toward American Indians. Journal of Educational Research, 623, 130-134.
29. Franklin, N. (2006). The social dynamics of power and cooperation in the wizarding world. In N.Mulholland (Ed.), The psychology of Harry Potter (pp. 169-174). Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.
30. Galinsky, A. D., & Ku, G. (2004). The effects of perspective taking on prejudice: The moderating role of self-evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 599-604.
31. Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005). Perspective-taking and self-other overlap: Fostering social bonds and facilitating social coordination. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 109-124.
32. Galinsky, A. D., Maddux, W. W., Gilin, D., & White, J. B. (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent: The differential effects of perspective-taking and empathy in strategic interactions. Psychological Science, 19, 378-384.
33. Gomez, A., Tropp, L. R., & Fernandez, S. (2011). When extended contact opens the door to future contact: Testing the effects of extended contact on attitudes and intergroup expectancies in majority and minority groups. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14, 161-173.
34. Griesinger, E. (2002). Harry Potter and the "deeper magic": Narrating hope in children's literature. Christianity and Literature, 51, 455-482.
35. Harwood, J., Paolini, S., Joyce, N., Rubin, M., & Arroyo, A. (2011). Secondary transfer effects from imagined contact: Group similarity affects the generalization gradient. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 180-189.
36. Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. Retrieved February 8, 2014, from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
37. Heilman, E. E. (Ed.). (2009). Critical perspectives on Harry Potter (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group.
38. Hodson, G., Harry, H., & Mitchell, A. (2009). Independent benefits of contact and friendship on attitudes toward homosexuals among authoritarians and highly identified heterosexuals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 509-525.
39. Hodson, G., & Hewstone, M. (Eds.). (2013). Advances in intergroup contact. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
40. Hong, S.-M., & Faedda, S. (1996). Refinement of the Hong psychological reactance scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 173-182.
41. Johnson, D. R., Huffman, B. L., & Jasper, D. M. (2014). Changing race boundary perception by reading narrative fiction. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36, 83-90.
42. Johnson, D. R., Jasper, D. M., Griffin, S., & Huffman, B. L. (2013). Reading narrative fiction reduces Arab-Muslim prejudice and offers a safe haven from intergroup anxiety. Social Cognition, 31, 578-598.
43. Johnson, P. J., & Aboud, F. E. (2013). Modifying ethnic attitudes in young children: The impact of communicator race and message strength. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37, 182-191.
44. Kaufman, G. F., & Libby, L. K. (2012). Changing beliefs and behavior through experience-taking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 1-19.
45. Kelman, H. C., & Fisher, R. J. (2003). Conflict analysis and resolution. In D. O.Sears, L.Huddy, & R.Jervis (Eds.), Political psychology (pp. 315-356). London, UK: Oxford University Press.
46. Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science, 342, 377-380.
47. Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil rights: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 336-353.
48. Knapp, N. F. (2003). In defence of Harry Potter: An apologia. School Libraries Worldwide (International Association of School Librarianship), 9, 78-91.
49. Liebkind, K., & McAlister, A. L. (1999). Extended contact through peer modelling to promote tolerance in Finland. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 765-780.
50. Lolliot, S., Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Al Ramiah, A., Tausch, N., & Swart, H. (2013). Generalized effects of intergroup contact: The secondary transfer effect. In G.Hodson & M.Hewstone (Eds.), Advances in intergroup contact (pp. 81-112). London, UK: Psychology Press.
51. McLaren, L. M. (2003). Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: Contact, threat perception, and preferences for the expulsion of migrants. Social Forces, 81, 909-936.
52. Meleady, R., Hopthrow, T., & Crisp, R. J. (2013). The group discussion effect: Integrative processes and suggestions for implementation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 56-71.
53. Mulholland, N. (Ed.). (2006). The psychology of Harry Potter. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.
54. Muller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 852-863.
55. Nier, J. A., & Gaertner, S. L. (2012). The challenge of detecting contemporary forms of discrimination. Journal of Social Issues, 68, 207-220.
56. Ortiz, M., & Harwood, J. (2007). A social cognitive theory approach to the effect of mediated intergroup contact on intergroup attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 51, 615-631.
57. Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? A critical look at evidence from the field and the laboratory. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339-367.
58. Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 770-786.
59. Patrick, C. J., & Patrick, S. K. (2006). Exploring the dark side. In N.Mulholland (Ed.), The psychology of Harry Potter (pp. 221-232). Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.
60. Pehrson, S., Brown, R., & Zagefka, H. (2009). When does national identification lead to the rejection of immigrants? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence for the role of essentialist ingroup definitions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 61-76.
61. Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Costa-Lopez, R. (2010). From prejudice to discrimination: The legitimizing role of perceived threat in discrimination against immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1231-1250.
62. Pettigrew, T. F. (2009). Secondary transfer effect of contact: Do intergroup contact effects spread to noncontacted outgroups?Social Psychology, 40, 55-65.
63. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. (2011). When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
64. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 922-934.
65. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185-227.
66. Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 515-526.
67. Rowling, J. K. (1998). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. London, UK: Bloomsbury.
68. Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Milne, A., & McGeorge, P. (2005). Social norms and self-presentation: Children's implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Child Development, 76, 451-466.
69. Saxe, R., Carey, S., & Kanwisher, N. (2004). Understanding other minds: Linking developmental psychology and functional neuroimaging. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 87-124.
70. Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72, 92-115.
71. Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Kupper, B., Zick, A., & Wagner, U. (2012). Secondary transfer effects of intergroup contact: A cross-national comparison in Europe. Social Psychology Quarterly, 75, 28-51.
72. Senland, A., & Vozzola, E. (2007). Christian perspectives on Harry Potter: Tool of Satan or Christian parable?Journal of Research in Character Education, 5, 149-165.
73. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
74. Stasiuk, K., & Bilewicz, M. (2013). Extending contact across generations: Comparison of direct and ancestral intergroup contact effects on current attitudes toward outgroup members. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 481-491.
75. Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 729-743.
76. Swart, H., Hewstone, M., Christ, O., & Voci, A. (2011). Affective mediators of intergroup contact: A three-wave longitudinal study in South Africa. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1221-1238.
77. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G.Austin & S.Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
78. Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J. B., Psaltis, C., Schmid, K., Popan, J. R., etal. (2010). Secondary transfer effects of intergroup contact: Alternative accounts and underlying processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 282-302.
79. Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., Schmid, K., Hughes, J., & Cairns, E. (2011). Extended contact as a function of closeness of relationship with ingroup contacts. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14, 239-254.
80. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 369-388.
81. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Paolini, S., & Christ, O. (2007). Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 212-255.
82. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., & Vonofakou, C. (2008). A test of the extended contact hypothesis: The mediating role of intergroup anxiety, perceived ingroup and outgroup norms, and inclusion of the outgroup in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 843-860.
83. Turner, R. N., Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J., & Cairns, E. (2013). Contact between Catholic and Protestant schoolchildren in Northern Ireland. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43 (Suppl. 2), E216-E228.
84. Vescio, T. K., Sechrist, G. B., & Paolucci, M. P. (2003). Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: The mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 455-472.
85. Vezzali, L., & Giovannini, D. (2012). Secondary transfer effect of intergroup contact: The role of intergroup attitudes, intergroup anxiety and perspective-taking. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 22, 125-144.
86. Vezzali, L., Giovannini, D., & Capozza, D. (2010). Longitudinal effects of contact on intergroup relations: The role of majority and minority group membership and intergroup emotions. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 20, 462-479.
87. Vezzali, L., Giovannini, D., & Capozza, D. (2012). Social antecedents of children's implicit prejudice: Direct contact, extended contact, explicit and implicit teachers' prejudice. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 569-581.
88. Vezzali, L., Hewstone, M., Capozza, D., Giovannini, D., & Wöelfer, R. (2014). Improving intergroup relations with extended and vicarious contact: An integrative review. Under review.
89. Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., & Giovannini, D. (2012). Indirect contact through book reading: Improving adolescents' attitudes and behavioral intentions toward immigrants. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 148-162.
90. Vorauer, J. D., & Sasaki, S. J. (2012). The pitfalls of empathy as a default intergroup interaction strategy: Distinct effects of trying to empathize with a lower status outgroup member who does versus does not express distress. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 519-524.
91. Wagner, U., Christ, O., Wolf, C., vanDick, R., Stellmacher, J., Schluter, E., etal. (2008). Social and political context effects on intergroup contact and intergroup attitudes. In U.Wagner, L. R.Tropp, G.Finchilescu, & C.Tredoux (Eds.), Emerging research directions for improving intergroup relations: Building on the legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew (pp. 195-209). New York, NY: Wiley.
92. West, K., & Hewstone, M. (2012). Relatively socially acceptable prejudice within and between societies. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 22, 269-282.
93. Whitney, M. P., Vozzola, E. C., & Hofmann, J. (2005). Children's moral reading of Harry Potter: Are children and adults reading the same books?Journal of Research in Character Education, 3, 1-24.
94. Wikipedia. (2014). List of best-selling books. Retrieved February 21, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books
95. Worthy, J., Moorman, M., & Turner, M. (1999). What Johnny likes to read is hard to find in school. Reading Research Quarterly, 34, 12-27.
96. Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73-90.
97. Zick, A., Pettigrew, J. F., & Wagner, U. (2008). Ethnic prejudice and discrimination in Europe. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 233-251.
98. Zitek, E. M., & Hebl, M. R. (2007). The role of social norm clarity in the influenced expression of prejudice over time. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 867-876.