Changing beliefs and behavior through experience-taking

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 103, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-19

  Kaufman, Geoff F ^a   Libby, Lisa K ^b  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Fictional narratives; Mental simulation; Persuasion; Self other overlap; Stereotypes and prejudice

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTITUDE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DECISION MAKING; EGO; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMAGINATION; LITERATURE; MALE; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STUDENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTITUDE; CUES; CULTURE; EGO; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; JUDGMENT; LITERATURE, MODERN; MALE; PERSONALITY; PREJUDICE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STEREOTYPING; STUDENTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84871681228     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0027525     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Ackerman, J. M., Goldstein, N. J., Shapiro, J. R., & Bargh, J. A. (2009). You wear me out: The vicarious depletion of self-control. Psychological Science, 20, 326-332. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02290.x
2. Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772-790. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.772
3. Anderson, E. M., Bohon, L. M., & Berrigan, L. P. (1996). Factor structure of the Private Self-Consciousness Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 144-152. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_11
4. Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1986). Love and the expansion of self: Understanding attraction and satisfaction. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
5. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596-612. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
6. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 241-253. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.241
7. Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230
8. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
9. Brewer, M. B., Manzi, J. M., & Shaw, J. S. (1993). In-group identification as a function of depersonalization, distinctiveness, and status. Psychological Science, 4, 88-92. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00466.x
10. Bushman, B. J. (1995). Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 950-960. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.950
11. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, F. (1978). Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 324-332. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.3.324
12. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, F. (1981). The self-attention-induced feedback loop and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 545-568. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(81)90039-1
13. Charlesworth, A., & Glantz, S. A. (2005). Smoking in the movies increases adolescent smoking: A review. Pediatrics, 116, 1516-1528.
14. Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1997). Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 541-560. doi: 10.1006/jesp.1997.1329
15. Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 481-494. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481
16. Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication & Society, 4, 245-264. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_01
17. Cooper, J., & Hogg, M. A. (2007). Feeling the anguish of others: A theory of vicarious dissonance. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 39, pp. 359-403). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
18. Dal Cin, S., Gibson, B., Zanna, M. P., Shumate, R., & Fong, G. T. (2007). Smoking in movies, implicit associations of smoking with the self, and intentions to smoke. Psychological Science, 18, 559-563. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01939.x
19. Dal Cin, S., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. (2004). Narrative persuasion and overcoming resistance. In E. S. Knowles & J. A. Linn (Eds.), Resistance and persuasion (pp. 175-191). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Davis, D., & Brock, C. (1975). Use of first person pronouns as a function of increased objective self-awareness and performance feedback. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 381-388. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90017-7
21. Davis, M. H., Conklin, L., Smith, A., & Luce, C. (1996). Effect of perspective-taking on the cognitive representation of persons: A merging of self and other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 713-726. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.713
22. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
23. Dijksterhuis, A., & Van Knippenberg, A. (1998). The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 865-877. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.865
24. Dijksterhuis, A., & Van Knippenberg, A. (2000). Behavioral indecision: Effects of self-focus on automatic behavior. Social Cognition, 18, 55-74. doi:10.1521/soco.2000.18.1.55
25. Epley, N., Keysar, B., Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2004). perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 327-339. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.327
26. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527. doi:10.1037/h0076760
27. Franzoi, S. L. (1983). Self-concept differences as a function of private self-consciousness and social anxiety. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 275-287. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(83)90019-3
28. Gabriel, S., Kawakami, K., Bartak, C., Kang, S., & Mann, N. (2010). Negative self-synchronization: Will I change to be like you when it is bad for me? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 857-871. doi:10.1037/a0019272
29. Gabriel, S., & Young, A. F. (2011). Being a vampire without being bitten: The narrative collective-assimilation hypothesis. Psychological Science, 22, 990-994. doi:10.1177/0956797611415541
30. Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708-724. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.708
31. Gibbons, F. X. (1990). Self-attention and behavior: A review and theoretical update. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 249-303). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
32. Goldstein, N. J., & Cialdini, R. B. (2007). The spyglass self: A model of vicarious self-perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 402-417. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.402
33. Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 701-721. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701
34. Gunasekera, H., Chapman, S., & Campbell, S. (2005). Sex and drugs in popular movies: An analysis of the top 200 films. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98, 464-470. doi:10.1258/jrsm.98.10.464
35. Harwood, J. (2008, March 3). Tuesday is the end, or the beginning. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
36. Hayakawa, S. I. (1990). Language in thought and action. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.
37. Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, P. (1999). Sex differences in how heterosexuals think about lesbians and gay men: Evidence from survey context effects. Journal of Sex Research, 36, 348-360. doi:10.1080/00224499909552007
38. Holbrook, A. L., Green, M. C., & Krosnick, J. A. (2003). Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires: Comparisons of respondent satisficing and social desirability response bias. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67, 79-125. doi: 10.1086/346010
39. Hull, J. G., Slone, L. B., Meteyer, K. B., & Matthews, A. R. (2002). The nonconsciousness of self-consciousness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 406-424. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.406
40. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Holt. doi:10.1037/11059-000
41. Kaufman, G. F., & Libby, L. K. (2009). [The impact of perspective-taking instructions on readers' experience-taking levels]. Unpublished raw data.
42. Lieberson, S., & Mikelson, K. S. (1995). Distinctive African American names: An experimental, historical, and linguistic analysis of innovation. American Sociological Review, 60, 928-946. doi:10.2307/2096433
43. Livingstone, S. M. (1998). Making sense of television: The psychology of audience interpretation. New York, NY: Routledge.
44. Mackinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17, 144-158. doi:10.1177/0193841X9301700202
45. Mandelbaum, K. (1989). A Chorus Line and the musicals of Michael Bennett. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
46. Mar, R., & Oatley, K. (2008). The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 173-192. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x
47. McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91-125). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
48. Norton, M. I., Monin, B., Cooper, J., & Hogg, M. A. (2003). Vicarious dissonance: Attitude change from the inconsistency of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 47-62. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.47
49. Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 44-59. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.44
50. Oatley, K. (1995). A taxonomy of the emotions of literary response and a theory of identification in fictional narrative. Poetics, 23, 53-74. doi: 10.1016/0304-422X(94)P4296-S
51. Oatley, K. (1999). Meetings of minds: Dialogue, sympathy, and identification, in reading fiction. Poetics, 26, 439-454. doi:10.1016/S0304-422X(99)00011-X
52. Otten, S., & Epstude, K. (2006). Overlapping mental representations of self, ingroup, and outgroup: Unraveling self-stereotyping and self-anchoring. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 957-969. doi:10.1177/0146167206287254
53. Piliavin, J. A., Dovidio, J., Gaertner, S., & Clark, R. D., III. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York, NY: Academic Press.
54. Pilkonis, P. A. (1977). Shyness, public and private, and its relationship to other measures of social behavior. Journal of Personality, 45, 585-595. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1977.tb00173.x
55. Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2001). Effect of subjective perspective-taking during simulation of action: A PET investigation of agency. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 546-550.
56. Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2004). How would you feel versus how do you think she would feel? A neuroimaging study of perspective-taking with social emotions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 988-999. doi: 10.1162/0898929041502661
57. Salinger, J. D. (1951). The catcher in the rye. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
58. Smeesters, D., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Corneille, O., & Warlop, L. (2009). When do primes prime? The moderating role of the self-concept in individuals' susceptibility to priming effects on social behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 211-216. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.002
59. Srull, T. K., & Wyer, S. (1979). The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1660-1672. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1660
60. Viagas, R., Lee, B., & Walsh, T. (1990). On the line: The creation of A Chorus Line. Scranton, PA: William Morrow.
61. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
62. Wheeler, S. C., & DeMarree, K. G. (2009). Multiple mechanisms of prime-to-behavior effects. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 566-581. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00187.x
63. Wheeler, S. C., Jarvis, W. B. G., & Petty, R. E. (2001). Think unto others: The self-destructive impact of negative racial stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 173-180. doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1448
64. Wheeler, S. C., Morrison, K. R., DeMarree, K. G., & Petty, R. E. (2008). Does self-consciousness increase or decrease priming effects? It depends. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 882-889. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.09.002