Relatively Socially Acceptable Prejudice Within and Between Societies

Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 269-282

  West, Keon ^a   Hewstone, Miles ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Black; Discrimination; Homosexuality; Jamaica; Motivation; Prejudice; Schizophrenia; UK; USA

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858286813     PISSN: 10529284     EISSN: 10991298     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/casp.1112     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Devine, P. G. (2003). Individual differences in the activation and control of affective race bias as assessed by startle eyeblink response and self-report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 738-753.
2. Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2003). Public beliefs about schizophrenia and depression: Similarities and differences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(9), 526-34.
3. Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2004). The stereotype of schizophrenia and its impact on discrimination against people with schizophrenia: Results from a representative survey in Germany. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4), 1049-61.
4. Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2005). Causal beliefs and attitudes to people with schizophrenia. Trend analysis based on data from two population surveys in Germany. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 186, 331-4.
5. Apfelbaum, E. P., Pauker, K., Ambady, N., Sommers, S. R., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Learning (not) to talk about race: When older children underperform in social categorization. Developmental Psychology, 44(5), 1513-8.
6. Bird, S., & Reid, T. (2009). British honorary consul, John Terry, murdered in Jamaica. The Times. Retrieved from.
7. Bishop, G. D. (1991). Lay disease representations and responses to victims of disease. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12(1), 115-132.
8. Blanchard, F. A., Crandall, C. S., Brigham, J. C., & Vaughn, L. A. (1994). Condemning and condoning racism: A social context approach to interracial settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(6), 993-997.
9. Blanchard, F. A., Lilly, T., & Vaughn, L. A. (1991). Reducing the Expression of Racial Prejudice. Psychological Science, 2(2), 101-105.
10. Boxhill, I., Lewis, B., Russell, R., & Bailey, A. (2007). The political culture of democracy in Jamaica: 2006. Nashville, TN: Vanderbuilt University.
11. Campbell, H. (2009). Buju meets gay group in San Francisco. The Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved January, 20, 2010 from.
12. Chin, T. (1997). "Bullers" and "battymen": Contesting homophobia in black popular culture and contemporary Caribbean literature. Callaloo, 20(1), 127-141.
13. Coverdale, J., Nairn, R., & Claasen, D. (2002). Depictions of mental illness in print media: A prospective national sample. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(5), 697-700.
14. Crandall, C. S. (2000). Ideology and lay theories of stigma: The justification of stigmatization. In T. Heatherton, J. Hull, R. Kleck, & M. Hebl (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 126-150). New York: Guilford.
15. Crandall, C. S., & Eshleman, A. (2003). A justification-suppression of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 414-446.
16. Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A., & O'Brien, L. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 359-378.
17. Crisp, A., Gelder, M., Goddard, E., & Meltzer, H. (2005). Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: A follow-up study within the Changing Minds campaign of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. World Psychiatry: Official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 4(2), 106-13.
18. Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M, Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 4-7.
19. Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 835-848.
20. Dowden, B. C., & Robinson, J. P. (1993). Age and cohort differences in American racial attitudes: The generational replacement hypothesis revisited. In P. M. Sniderman, P. E. Tetlock, & E. G. Carmines (Eds.), Prejudice, politics, and the American dilemma (pp. 86-103). California: Standford.
21. Dunton, B. C., & Fazio, R. H. (1997). An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(3), 316-326.
22. Feldman, D. B., & Crandall, C. S. (2007). Dimensions of mental illness stigma: What about mental illness causes social rejection? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(2), 137-154.
23. Firebaugh, G., & Davis, K. E. (1988). Trends in antiblack prejudice, 1972-1984: Region and cohort effects. The American Journal of Sociology, 94(2), 251-272.
24. Fiske, S., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878-902.
25. Gay lobby rebuked. Church says won't accept homosexual lifestyle in Jamaica. (2008). Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved December 3, 2008 from.
26. Gopinath, G. (2005). Impossible desires. Queer diasporas and South Asian public cultures. Durham, NC: Duke University Publishers.
27. Gordijn, E. H., Hindriks, I., Koomen, W., Dijksterhuis, A., & Van Knippenberg, A. (2004). Consequences of stereotype suppression and internal suppression motivation: A self-regulation approach. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 30(2), 212-24.
28. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-80.
29. Henderson, N., & Shefer, T. (2008). Practices of power and abuse in gay male relationships: An exploratory case study of a young, Xhosa-speaking man in the Western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(1), 1-20.
30. Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (1999). Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 945-951. American Psychological Association.
31. Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.
32. Hinshaw, S. P., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). Stigma and mental disorder: Conceptions of illness, public attitudes, personal disclosure, and social policy. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 555-98.
33. Hron, A., Dayle, P., McKnight, I., & Carr, R. (2003). Report on Persecution of Sexual Minorities in Jamaica. Jamaica Forum For Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays (pp. 1-19).
34. Johns, M., Cullum, J., Smith, T., & Freng, S. (2008). Internal motivation to respond without prejudice and automatic egalitarian goal activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(6), 1514-1519.
35. Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6), 881-919.
36. Klein, O., Snyder, M., & Livingston, R. W. (2004). Prejudice on the stage: Self-monitoring and the public expression of group attitudes. The British journal of social psychology/the British Psychological Society, 43(Pt 2), 299-314.
37. Klonis, S. C., Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2005). Internal and external motivation to respond without sexism. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 31(9), 1237-49.
38. Kole, S. K. (2007). Globalizing queer? AIDS, homophobia and the politics of sexual identity in India. Globalization and Health, 3, 1-16.
39. Leach, C. W., Peng, T. R., & Volckens, J. (2000). Is racism dead? Comparing (expressive) means and (structural equation) models. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(Pt 3), 449-65.
40. Lemm, K. M. (2006). Positive associations among interpersonal contact, motivation, and implicit and explicit attitudes toward gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 5(2), 79-98.
41. Monohan, J., & Appelbaum, P. (2000). Reducing violence risk: Diagonistically based clues from the MacArthur violence risk assessment study. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Effective prevention of crime and violence among the mentally ill (pp. 19-34). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
42. Moskowitz, G. B., Gollwitzer, P. M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. (1999). Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 167-184.
43. OUTRAGED!. British gays use Brian Williamson's death to push agenda. (2004). Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved December 3, 2008 from.
44. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-83.
45. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 811-832.
46. Read, J. (2007). Why promoting biological ideology increases prejudice against people labelled "schizophrenic". Australian Psychologist, 42(2), 118-128.
47. Rivers, I., & Cowie, H. (2006). Bullying and homophobia in UK schools: A perspective on factors affecting resilience and recovery. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(4), 11-43. Routledge.
48. Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Bennett, L., & Ferrell, J. (2005). Interracial contact and racial constancy: A multi-site study of racial intergroup bias in 3-5year old Anglo-British children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 699-713.
49. Ryan, C., & Rivers, I. (2003). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth: Victimization and its correlates in the USA and UK. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 5(2), 103-119.
50. Schulze, B., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2003). Subjective experiences of stigma. A focus group study of schizophrenic patients, their relatives and mental health professionals. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 299-312.
51. Stier, A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2007). Explicit and implicit stigma against individuals with mental illness. Australian Psychologist, 42(2), 106-117.
52. Tatum, B. D. (1999). "Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?" and other conversations about race. New York: Basic Books.
53. Teplin, L. A. (1990). The prevalence of severe mental disorder among male urban jail detainees: Comparison with the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. American Journal of Public Health, 80(6), 663-669.
54. Wagner, U., & Zick, A. (1995). The relation of formal education to ethnic prejudice: Its reliability, validity and explanation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 41-56.
55. Wahl, O. F. (1995). Media madness: Public images of mental illness. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
56. Walsh, E. (2002). Violence and schizophrenia: Examining the evidence. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 490-495.
57. White, R. C., & Carr, R. (2005). Homosexuality and HIV/AIDS stigma in Jamaica. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7(4), 347-59.
58. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 262-74.