When extended contact opens the door to future contact: Testing the effects of extended contact on attitudes and intergroup expectancies in majority and minority groups

Group Processes and Intergroup Relations

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 161-173

  Gómez, Angel ^a   Tropp, Linda R ^b   Fernández, Saulo ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

cross group friendships; extended contact; intergroup anxiety; intergroup contact; intergroup expectancies; minority majority relations; norms

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953254050     PISSN: 13684302     EISSN: 14617188     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1368430210391119     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Abrams, D., & Hogg, M.A. (1990). Social identification, self-categorization, and social influence. European Review of Social Psychology, 1, 195-228.
2. Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Aron, A., Aron, E.N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596-612.
4. Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., Mashek, D., Lewandowski, G., Wright, S.C., & Aron, E.N. (2004). Including close others in the self. European Review of Social Psychology, 15, 101-132.
5. Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Butler, J.S., & Wilson, K.L. (1978). The American Soldier revisited: Race relations and the military. Social Science Quarterly, 59, 451-467.
7. Cameron, L., & Rutland, A. (2006). Extended contact through story reading in school: Reducing children's prejudice toward the disabled. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 469-488.
8. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., & Brown, R. (2007). Promoting children's positive intergroup attitudes towards stigmatized groups: Extended contact and multiple classification skills training. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31,454-466.
9. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Brown, R., & Douch, R. (2006). Changing children's intergroup attitudes toward refugees: Testing different models of extended contact. Child Development, 77, 1208-1219.
10. Christ, O., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Wagner, U., Voci, A., Hughes, J., & Cairns, E. (2010). Direct contact as a moderator of extended contact effects: Cross-sectional and longitudinal impact on outgroup attitudes, behavioral intentions, and attitude certainty. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210386969.
11. Devine, P.G., & Vasquez, K.A. (1998). The rocky road to positive intergroup relations. In J. L. Eberhardt & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting racism: The problem and the response(pp. 234-262). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner, S.L., & Saguy, T. (2009). Commonality and the complexity of 'we': Social attitudes and social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 3-20.
13. Eller, A., Abrams, D., & Gómez, Á. (under review). When does extended contact work best and what are its long-term effects?.
14. Eller, A., Abrams, D., Viki, G.T., & Imara, D.A. (2007). When my friend's friend is a police officer: Extended contact, crossed-categorization, and public-police relations of Black and White people. South African Journal of Psychology, 3, 783-802.
15. Frey, F.E., & Tropp, L.R. (2006). Being seen as individuals versus as group members: Extending research on metaperception to intergroup contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 265-280.
16. Haddock, G., Zanna, M.P., & Esses, V.M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1105-1118.
17. Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A.S.R. (1997). Distinctiveness threat and prototypicality: Combined effects on intergroup discrimination and collective self-esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 635-657.
18. Kramer, R.M., & Messick, D.M. (1998). Getting by with a little help from our enemies: Collective paranoia and its role in intergroup relations. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler, & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 233-255). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Mallett, R.K., Wilson, T.D., & Gilbert, D.T. (2008). Expect the unexpected: Failure to anticipate similarities leads to an intergroup forecasting error. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 265-277.
20. Méndez, E., Gómez, A., & Tropp. L. (2007). The role of prototipicality and meta-stereotypes for intergroup relations. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 7, 189-200.
21. Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 770-786.
22. Pettigrew, T.F., Christ, O., Wagner, U., & Stellmacher, J. (2007). Direct and indirect intergroup contact effects on prejudice: A normative interpretation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 411-425.
23. Pettigrew, T.F., & Tropp, L.R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 922-934.
24. Plant, E.A. (2004). Responses to interracial interactions over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1458-1471.
25. Plant, E.A., & Devine, P.G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 790-801.
26. Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
27. Shelton, J.N., & Richeson, J.A. (2005). Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 91-107.
28. Shelton, J.N., Richeson, J.A., & Vorauer, J.D. (2006). Threatened identities and interethnic interactions. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 321-358.
29. Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues 41, 157-175.
30. Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J., & Cairns, E. (2009). Intergroup trust in Northern Ireland. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1, 45-59.
31. Tropp, L.R. (2003). The psychological impact of prejudice: Implications for intergroup contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 131-149.
32. Tropp, L.R., & Bianchi, R.A. (2006). Valuing diversity and intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 533-551.
33. Tropp, L.R., & Pettigrew, T.F. (2005). Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science, 16, 951-957.
34. Turner, R.N., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 369-388.
35. Turner, R.N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., & Vonofakou, C. (2008). A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis: The mediating role of intergroup anxiety, perceived ingroup and outgroup norms, and inclusion of the outgroup in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 843-860.
36. Vorauer, J.D. (2006). An information search model of evaluative concerns in intergroup interaction. Psychological Review, 113, 862-886.
37. Vorauer, J.D. (2008). Unprejudiced and self-focused: When intergroup contact is experienced as being about the ingroup rather than the outgroup. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44,912-919.
38. Wright, S.C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S.A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73-90.
39. Wright, S.C., Aron, A., & Tropp, L.R. (2002). Including others (and their groups) in the self: Self-expansion theory and intergroup relations. In J. P. Forgas & K. D. Williams (Eds.), The social self: Cognitive, interpersonal, and intergroup perspectives (pp. 343-363). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.