Reducing Explicit and Implicit Outgroup Prejudice Via Direct and Extended Contact: The Mediating Role of Self-Disclosure and Intergroup Anxiety

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 93, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 369-388

  Turner, Rhiannon N ^a   Hewstone, Miles ^b   Voci, Alberto ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

cross group friendship; explicit and implicit attitudes; extended contact; intergroup anxiety; self disclosure

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ASIAN; ATTITUDE; CAUCASIAN; CHILD; EMPATHY; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; FRIEND; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SELF DISCLOSURE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOUTHEAST ASIA; TRUST; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY; ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ATTITUDE; CHILD; EMPATHY; ENGLAND; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; FRIENDS; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; PREJUDICE; SELF DISCLOSURE; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; STEREOTYPING; TRUST;

EID: 34548833872     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.369     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Aberson, C. L., & Haag, S. C. (in press). Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes, and implicit attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations
2. Allport G.W. The nature of prejudice (1979), Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA (Original work published 1954)
3. Altman I., and Taylor D.A. Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships (1973), Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York
4. Aron A., Aron E.N., and Norman C. Self-expansion model of motivation and cognition in close relationships and beyond. In: Fletcher G.J.O., and Clark M.S. (Eds). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal relations (2001), Blackwell, Malden, MA 478-502
5. Aron A., Aron E.N., Tudor M., and Nelson G. Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1991) 241-253
6. Bagozzi R.P., and Heatherton T.F. A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self-esteem. Structural Equation Modeling 1 (1994) 35-67
7. Bandura A. Social learning theory (1977), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
8. Batson C.D., Polycarpou M.P., Harmon-Jones E., Imhoff H.J., Mitchener E.C., Bednar L.L., et al. Empathy and attitudes: Can feelings for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997) 105-118
9. Berg J.H., and Wright-Buckley C. Effects of racial similarity and interviewer intimacy in a peer counseling analogue. Journal of Counseling Psychology 35 (1988) 377-384
10. Braddock II J.H., and McPartland J. How minorities continue to be excluded from equal employment opportunities: Research on labor market and institutional barriers. Journal of Social Issues 43 (1987) 5-39
11. Brewer M.B., and Miller N. Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on segregation. In: Miller N., and Brewer M.B. (Eds). Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (1984), Academic Press, Orlando, FL 281-302
12. Brown R., and Hewstone H. An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 37 (2005), Elsevier, New York 255-343
13. Cameron L., Rutland A., Brown R., and Douch R. Changing children's intergroup attitudes toward refugees: Testing different models of extended contact. Child Development 77 (2006) 1208-1219
14. Chen M., and Bargh J. Nonconscious behavioural confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (1997) 541-560
15. Dasgupta N., and Asgari S. Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effects on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40 (2004) 642-658
16. Dasgupta N., and Greenwald A.G. On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001) 800-814
17. Dovidio J.F., and Fazio R.H. New technologies for the direct and indirect assessment of attitudes. In: Tanur J. (Ed). Questions about survey questions: Meaning, memory, attitudes, and social interaction (1992), Russell Sage Foundation, New York 204-237
18. Dovidio J.F., Gaertner S.L., Validzic A., Matoka K., Johnson B., and Frazier S. Extending the benefits of recategorization: Evaluations, self-disclosure, and helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (1997) 401-420
19. Dovidio J.F., Kawakami K., and Gaertner S.L. Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002) 62-68
20. Dovidio J.F., Vergert M., Stewart T.L., Gaertner S.L., Johnson J.D., Esses V.M., et al. Perspective and prejudice: Antecedents and mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (2004) 1537-1549
21. DuBois D., and Hirsch B. School and neighbourhood friendship patterns of Black and Whites in early adolescence. Child Development 61 (1990) 524-536
22. Ellemers N., Van Dyck C., Hinkle S., and Jacobs A. Intergroup differentiation in social context: Identity needs versus audience constraints. Social Psychology Quarterly 63 (2000) 60-74
23. Ensari N., and Miller N. The outgroup must not be so bad after all: The effect of disclosure, typicality, and salience on intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 313-329
24. Fazio R.H., and Olson M.A. Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003) 297-327
25. Florack A., Scarabis M., and Bless H. When do associations matter? The use of automatic associations toward ethnic groups in person judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37 (2001) 518-524
26. Greenwald A.G., and Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review 102 (1995) 4-27
27. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., and Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1464-1480
28. Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., and Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the implicit association test: An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 197-216
29. Harwood J., Hewstone M., Paolini S., and Voci A. Grandparent-grandchild contact and attitudes toward older adults: Moderator and mediator effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31 (2005) 393-406
30. Hewstone M., and Brown R. Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the "contact hypothesis.". In: Hewstone M., and Brown R. (Eds). Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (1986), Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom 1-44
31. Hu L., and Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6 (1999) 1-55
32. Inquisit. (2002). (Version 1.29) [Computer software]. Seattle, WA: Millisecond Software.
33. Islam R.M., and Hewstone M. Dimension of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived outgroup variability, and outgroup attitudes: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19 (1993) 700-710
34. Jöreskog K.G., and Sörbom D. LISREL 8 user's reference guide (1996), Scientific Software International, Chicago
35. Jourard S.M. Self-disclosure and other cathexis. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 59 (1959) 428-431
36. Karpinski A., and Hilton J.L. Attitudes and the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001) 774-788
37. Kerr M., Stattin H., and Trost K. To know you is to trust you: Parents' trust is rooted in child disclosure of information. Journal of Adolescence 22 (1999) 737-752
38. Levin S., van Laar C., and Sidanius J. The effects of ingroup and outgroup friendships on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 6 (2003) 76-92
39. Liebkind K., and McAlister A.L. Extended contact through peer modelling to promote tolerance in Finland. European Journal of Social Psychology 29 (1999) 765-780
40. MacCallum R.C., and Austin J.T. Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology 51 (2000) 201-226
41. McConnell A.R., and Leibold J.M. Relations among the implicit association test, discriminatory behaviour, and explicit measures of racial attitude. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37 (2001) 435-442
42. Miller N. Personalization and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues 58 (2002) 387-410
43. Paolini S., Hewstone M., Cairns E., and Voci A. Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholic and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (2004) 770-786
44. Pettigrew T.F. Generalised intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23 (1997) 173-185
45. Pettigrew T.F. Intergroup contact: Theory, research and new perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology 49 (1998) 65-85
46. Pettigrew T.F., and Tropp L.R. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (2006) 751-783
47. Petty R.E., and Mirels H.L. Intimacy and scarcity of self-disclosure: Effects on interpersonal attraction for males and females. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 7 (1981) 493-503
48. Phinney J.S., Ferguson D.L., and Tate J.D. Intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority adolescents: A causal model. Child Development 68 (1997) 955-969
49. Pretzlik U., and Sylva K. Paediatric patients' distress and coping during medical treatment: A self-report measure. Archives of Disease in Childhood 81 (1999) 525-527
50. Reis H.T., and Shaver P. Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In: Duck S. (Ed). Handbook of personal relationships (1988), Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom 367-389
51. Slavin R.E. Cooperative learning: Applying contact theory in desegregated schools. Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985) 45-62
52. Stephan W.G., and Finlay K. The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues 55 (1999) 729-743
53. Stephan W.G., and Stephan C.W. Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985) 157-176
54. Super Lab. (2003). (Version 2.0). [Computer software]. San Pedro, CA: Cedrus.
55. Tajfel H. Social stereotypes and social groups. In: Turner J., and Giles H. (Eds). Intergroup behaviour (1981), Basil Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom 132-145
56. Tropp L.R., and Wright S.C. Evaluations and perceptions of self, ingroup, and outgroup: Comparisons between Mexican American and European American children. Self and Identity 2 (2003) 203-221
57. U.K. Home Office. Community cohesion: A report of the Community Cohesion Review Team chaired by Ted Cantle (2003), Author, London
58. U.K. Office of National Statistics. 2001 census: Key statistics. Ethnic groups (2001). http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/ Retrieved October 20, 2003, from http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/
59. Van Dick R., Wagner U., Pettigrew T.F., Christ O., Wolf C., Petzel T., Smith Castro V., and Jackson J.S. Role of perceived importance in intergroup contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (2004) 211-227
60. Voci A., and Hewstone M. Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 6 (2003) 37-54
61. Wagner U., Hewstone M., and Machleit U. Contact and prejudice between Germans and Turks: A correlational study. Human Relations 42 (1989) 561-574
62. Wilder D., and Simon A.F. Affect as a cause of intergroup bias. In: Brown R., and Gaertner S.L. (Eds). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (2001), Blackwell, Malden, MA 153-172
63. Wilson T.D., Lindsey S., and Schooler T.Y. A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review 107 (2000) 101-126
64. Worthy C.B., Gary A.L., and Kahn G.M. Self-disclosure as an exchange process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (1969) 59-63
65. Wright S.C., Aron A., McLaughlin-Volpe T., and Ropp S.A. The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997) 73-90