Social antecedents of children's implicit prejudice: Direct contact, extended contact, explicit and implicit teachers' prejudice

European Journal of Developmental Psychology

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 569-581

  Vezzali, Loris ^a   Giovannini, Dino ^a   Capozza, Dora ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Children's implicit prejudice; Cross group friendship; Explicit and implicit teachers' intergroup attitudes; Extended contact; Intergroup contact

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864648352     PISSN: 17405629     EISSN: 17405610     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2011.631298     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Aberson, C. L. and Haag, S. C. 2007. "Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes, and implicit attitudes". In Group Processes and Intergroup Relations Vol. 10, 179-201.
2. Aberson, C. L., Shoemaker, C. and Tomolillo, C. 2004. Implicit bias and contact: The role of interethnic friendships. Journal of Social Psychology, 144: 335-347.
3. Aboud, F. E. 1988. Children and prejudice, Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4. Allport, G. W. 1954. The nature of prejudice, New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
5. Baron, A. S. and Banaji, M. R. 2006. The development of implicit attitudes: Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science, 17: 53-58.
6. Bigler, R. S. and Liben, L. S. 2007. Developmental intergroup theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16: 162-166.
7. Brown, R. and Hewstone, M. 2005. An integrative theory of intergroup contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37: 255-343.
8. Cameron, L. and Rutland, A. 2006. Extended contact through story reading in school: Reducing children's prejudice toward the disabled. Journal of Social Issues, 62: 469-488.
9. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Hossain, R. and Petley, R. 2011. When and why does extended contact work? The role of high quality direct contact and group norms in the development of positive ethnic intergroup attitudes among children. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14: 193-206.
10. Carter, C. and Rice, C. L. 1997. Acquisition and manifestation of prejudice in children. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 25: 185-194.
11. Castelli, L., De Dea, C. and Nesdale, D. 2008. Learning social attitudes: Children's sensitivity to the nonverbal behaviors of adult models during interracial interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34: 1504-1513.
12. Christ, O., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Wagner, U., Voci, A.Hughes, J. 2010. Cross-sectional and longitudinal impact on out-group attitudes, behavioral intentions, and attitude certainty. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36: 1662-1674.
13. Cristol, D. and Gimbert, B. 2008. Racial perceptions of young children: A review of the literature post-1999. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36: 201-207.
14. D'Angelo, A. M. and Dixey, B. P. 2001. Using multicultural resources for teachers to combat racial prejudice in the classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29: 83-87.
15. Degner, J. and Wentura, D. 2010. Automatic prejudice in childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98: 356-374.
16. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K. and Gaertner, S. L. 2002. Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82: 62-68.
17. Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S. and Banaji, M. R. 2006. From American city to Japanese village: The omnipresence of implicit race attitudes. Child Development, 77: 1268-1281.
18. Fazio, R. H. 1990. "Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behaviour: The MODE model as an integrative framework". In Advances in experimental social psychology, Edited by: Zanna, M. P. Vol. 23, 75-109. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
19. Feddes, A. R., Noack, P. and Rutland, A. 2009. Direct and extended friendship effects on minority and majority children's interethnic attitudes: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 80: 377-390.
20. Feldman, R. S. 1985. Nonverbal behavior, race, and the classroom teacher. Theory into Practice, 24: 45-49.
21. Gawronski, B. and Bodenhausen, G. V. 2006. Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132: 692-731.
22. Gawronski, B. and Bodenhausen, G. V. 2007. Unraveling the processes underlying evaluation: Attitudes from the perspective of the APE model. Social Cognition, 25: 687-717.
23. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. and Banaji, M. R. 2003. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 197-216.
24. Hardin, C. D. and Conley, T. D. A relational approach to cognition: Shared experience and relationship affirmation in social cognition. Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition. Edited by: Moskowitz, G. B. pp.3-17. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
25. McGlothlin, H. and Killen, M. 2006. Intergroup attitudes of European-American children attending ethnically homogeneous schools. Child Development, 77: 1375-1386.
26. McGlothlin, H. and Killen, M. 2010. How social experience is related to children's intergroup attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40: 625-634.
27. Pettigrew, T. F. and Tropp, L. R. 2006. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90: 751-783.
28. Rudman, L. A. 2004. Social justice in our minds, homes, and society: The nature, causes, and consequences of implicit bias. Social Justice Research, 17: 129-142.
29. Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Milne, A. and McGeorge, P. 2005. Social norms and self-presentation: Children's implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Child Development, 76: 451-466.
30. Sinclair, L., Dunn, E. and Lowery, B. S. 2005. The relationship between parental racial attitudes and children's implicit prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41: 283-289.
31. Tropp, L. R. and Prenovost, M. A. 2008. "The role of intergroup contact in predicting children's interethnic attitudes: Evidence from meta-analytic and field studies". In Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood, Edited by: Levy, S. R. and Killen, M. 236-248. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
32. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M. and Voci, A. 2007. Reducing explicit and implicit out-group prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93: 369-388.
33. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Paolini, S. and Christ, O. 2007. Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship. European Review of Social Psychology, 18: 212-255.
34. Vezzali, L., Capozza, D. and Pasin, A. 2009. Effetti del contatto tra normodotati e disabili in contesti di lavoro [Effects of contact between non-disabled and disabled in working contexts]. Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria, 3: 143-160.
35. Vezzali, L. and Giovannini, D. 2010. Reducing explicit and implicit prejudice among infancy and primary school teachers, Unpublished manuscript, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia.
36. Vezzali, L. and Giovannini, D. 2011. Intergroup contact and reduction of explicit and implicit prejudice towards immigrants: A study with Italian businessmen owning small and medium enterprises. Quality and Quantity Vol. 45, 213-222.
37. Vezzali, L., Giovannini, D. and Capozza, D. 2010. Longitudinal effects of contact on intergroup relations: The role of majority and minority group membership and intergroup emotions. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 20: 462-479.
38. Vezzali, L., Stathi, S. and Giovannini, D. Indirect contact through book reading: Improving adolescents' attitudes and behavioral intentions toward immigrants. Psychology in the Schools, in press
39. Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T. and Ropp, S. A. 1997. The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 73-90.