메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 579-593

Clostridium difficile virulence factors: Insights into an anaerobic spore-forming pathogen

Author keywords

Antibiotic; Clostridium; Colitis; Difficile; Infection; Nosocomial; Toxin; Virulence factor

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; CELL MEMBRANE PROTEIN; CELL SURFACE PROTEIN; CHAPERONIN 60; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; CLOSTRIDIUM TOXIN; FIBRONECTIN BINDING PROTEIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR; BACTERIAL TOXIN;

EID: 84922051568     PISSN: 19490976     EISSN: 19490984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.969632     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (116)

References (165)
  • 1
    • 35348962496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile- associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: Clinical and economic consequences
    • PMID:17926270
    • O'Brien JA, Lahue BJ, Caro JJ, Davidson DM. The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile- associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:1219-27; PMID:17926270; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1086/522676
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 1219-1227
    • O'Brien, J.A.1    Lahue, B.J.2    Caro, J.J.3    Davidson, D.M.4
  • 3
    • 42149172381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: Importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes
    • PMID:18397287
    • Rupnik M. Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:541-55; PMID:18397287; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574- 6976.2008.00110.x
    • (2008) FEMS Microbiol Rev , vol.32 , pp. 541-555
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 6
    • 45249087419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone resistance in Clostridium difficile isolates from a prospective study of C. difficile infections in Europe
    • PMID:18480338
    • Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Mastrantonio P, Brazier JS, Barbut F, DelmeeM, KuijperE,Poxton IR. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Clostridium difficile isolates from a prospective study of C. difficile infections in Europe. J MedMicrobiol 2008; 57:784-9; PMID:18480338; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1099/jmm.0.47738-0
    • (2008) J MedMicrobiol , vol.57 , pp. 784-789
    • Spigaglia, P.1    Barbanti, F.2    Mastrantonio, P.3    Brazier, J.S.4    Barbut, F.5    Delmee, M.6    Kuijper, E.7    Poxton, I.R.8
  • 7
    • 42449157632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased sporulation rate of epidemic Clostridium difficile Type 027/NAP1
    • PMID:18287318
    • Akerlund T, Persson I,Unemo M,Noren T, Svenungsson B, Wullt M, Burman LG. Increased sporulation rate of epidemic Clostridium difficile Type 027/NAP1. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1530-3; PMID:18287318; http://dx. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01964-07
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 1530-1533
    • Akerlund, T.1    Persson, I.2    Unemo, M.3    Noren, T.4    Svenungsson, B.5    Wullt, M.6    Burman, L.G.7
  • 8
    • 79952458113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of communityassociated Clostridium difficile infection: No role for proton pump inhibitors
    • PMID:21396512
    • Naggie S, Miller BA, Zuzak KB, Pence BW, Mayo AJ, Nicholson BP, Kutty PK, McDonald LC, Woods CW. A case-control study of communityassociated Clostridium difficile infection: no role for proton pump inhibitors. Am J Med 2011; 124:276 e1-7; PMID:21396512; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.10.013
    • (2011) Am J Med , vol.124 , Issue.276 , pp. e1-e7
    • Naggie, S.1    Miller, B.A.2    Zuzak, K.B.3    Pence, B.W.4    Mayo, A.J.5    Nicholson, B.P.6    Kutty, P.K.7    McDonald, L.C.8    Woods, C.W.9
  • 9
    • 84855510455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toxin A and toxin B in the virulence of Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:22154163
    • Carter GP, Rood JI, Lyras D. The role of toxin A and toxin B in the virulence of Clostridium difficile. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:21-9; PMID:22154163; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.11.003
    • (2012) Trends Microbiol , vol.20 , pp. 21-29
    • Carter, G.P.1    Rood, J.I.2    Lyras, D.3
  • 10
    • 33645761368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters
    • PMID:16544255
    • Geric B, Carman RJ, Rupnik M, Genheimer CW, Sambol SP, Lyerly DM, Gerding DN, Johnson S. Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1143-50; PMID:16544255; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1086/501368
    • (2006) J Infect Dis , vol.193 , pp. 1143-1150
    • Geric, B.1    Carman, R.J.2    Rupnik, M.3    Genheimer, C.W.4    Sambol, S.P.5    Lyerly, D.M.6    Gerding, D.N.7    Johnson, S.8
  • 11
    • 0030605226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:8973304
    • Braun V, Hundsberger T, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, Eichel-Streiber Cv. Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile. Gene 1996; 181:29-38; PMID:8973304; http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00398-8
    • (1996) Gene , vol.181 , pp. 29-38
    • Braun, V.1    Hundsberger, T.2    Leukel, P.3    Sauerborn, M.4    Eichel-Streiber, C.5
  • 12
    • 0035826910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of toxin synthesis in Clostridium difficile by an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor
    • PMID:11320220
    • Mani N, Dupuy B. Regulation of toxin synthesis in Clostridium difficile by an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:5844- 9; PMID:11320220; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.101126598
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.98 , pp. 5844-5849
    • Mani, N.1    Dupuy, B.2
  • 13
  • 14
    • 84864073540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretion of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B requires the holin-like protein TcdE
    • PMID:22685398
    • Govind R, Dupuy B. Secretion of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B requires the holin-like protein TcdE. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002727; PMID:22685398; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002727
    • (2012) PLoS Pathog , vol.8
    • Govind, R.1    Dupuy, B.2
  • 15
    • 34249782307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC
    • PMID:17542920
    • Matamouros S, England P, Dupuy B. Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64:1274-88; PMID:17542920; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2958.2007.05739.x
    • (2007) Mol Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1274-1288
    • Matamouros, S.1    England, P.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 16
    • 84863792386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precise manipulation of the Clostridium difficile chromosome reveals a lack of association between the tcdC genotype and toxin production
    • PMID:22522680
    • Cartman ST, Kelly ML, Heeg D, Heap JT, Minton NP. Precise manipulation of the Clostridium difficile chromosome reveals a lack of association between the tcdC genotype and toxin production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4683-90; PMID:22522680; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00249-12
    • (2012) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.78 , pp. 4683-4690
    • Cartman, S.T.1    Kelly, M.L.2    Heeg, D.3    Heap, J.T.4    Minton, N.P.5
  • 17
    • 84865074510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TcdC does not significantly repress toxin expression in Clostridium difficile 630DeltaErm
    • PMID:22912837
    • Bakker D, Smits WK, Kuijper EJ, Corver J. TcdC does not significantly repress toxin expression in Clostridium difficile 630DeltaErm. PLoS One 2012; 7: e43247; PMID:22912837; http://dx.doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0043247
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7
    • Bakker, D.1    Smits, W.K.2    Kuijper, E.J.3    Corver, J.4
  • 18
    • 84859902559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Release of TcdA and TcdB from Clostridium difficile cdi 630 is not affected by functional inactivation of the tcdE gene
    • PMID:22107906
    • Olling A, Seehase S, Minton NP, Tatge H, Schroter S, Kohlscheen S, Pich A, Just I, Gerhard R. Release of TcdA and TcdB from Clostridium difficile cdi 630 is not affected by functional inactivation of the tcdE gene. Microb Pathog 2012; 52:92-100; PMID:22107906; http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.micpath.2011.10.009
    • (2012) Microb Pathog , vol.52 , pp. 92-100
    • Olling, A.1    Seehase, S.2    Minton, N.P.3    Tatge, H.4    Schroter, S.5    Kohlscheen, S.6    Pich, A.7    Just, I.8    Gerhard, R.9
  • 19
    • 84886255455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horizontal gene transfer converts non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains into toxin producers
    • PMID:24131955
    • BrouwerMS, Roberts AP, Hussain H,Williams RJ, Allan E, Mullany P. Horizontal gene transfer converts non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains into toxin producers. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2601; PMID:24131955; http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/ncomms3601
    • (2013) Nat Commun , vol.4 , pp. 2601
    • Brouwer, M.S.1    Roberts, A.P.2    Hussain, H.3    Williams, R.J.4    Allan, E.5    Mullany, P.6
  • 21
    • 42749095602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and mode of action of clostridial glucosylating toxins: The ABCD model
    • PMID:18394902
    • Jank T, Aktories K. Structure and mode of action of clostridial glucosylating toxins: the ABCD model. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:222-9; PMID:18394902; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.011
    • (2008) Trends Microbiol , vol.16 , pp. 222-229
    • Jank, T.1    Aktories, K.2
  • 22
    • 79959213985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial protein toxins that modify host regulatory GTPases
    • PMID:21677684
    • Aktories K. Bacterial protein toxins that modify host regulatory GTPases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 9:487- 98; PMID:21677684; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ nrmicro2592
    • (2011) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.9 , pp. 487-498
    • Aktories, K.1
  • 23
    • 77956461530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridial glucosylating toxins enter cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis
    • PMID:20498856
    • Papatheodorou P, Zamboglou C, Genisyuerek S, Guttenberg G, Aktories K. Clostridial glucosylating toxins enter cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10673; PMID:20498856; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010673
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5
    • Papatheodorou, P.1    Zamboglou, C.2    Genisyuerek, S.3    Guttenberg, G.4    Aktories, K.5
  • 24
    • 77955782233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural organization of the functional domains of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B
    • PMID:20624955
    • Pruitt RN, Chambers MG, Ng KK, Ohi MD, Lacy DB. Structural organization of the functional domains of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13467-72; PMID:20624955; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002199107
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.107 , pp. 13467-13472
    • Pruitt, R.N.1    Chambers, M.G.2    Ng, K.K.3    Ohi, M.D.4    Lacy, D.B.5
  • 25
    • 63649106579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autocatalytic processing of Clostridium difficile toxin B. Binding of inositol hexakisphosphate
    • PMID:19047051
    • Egerer M, Giesemann T, Herrmann C, Aktories K. Autocatalytic processing of Clostridium difficile toxin B. Binding of inositol hexakisphosphate. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:3389-95; PMID:19047051; http://dx.doi. org/10.1074/jbc.M806002200
    • (2009) J Biol Chem , vol.284 , pp. 3389-3395
    • Egerer, M.1    Giesemann, T.2    Herrmann, C.3    Aktories, K.4
  • 26
    • 69249090956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-function analysis of inositol hexakisphosphate- induced autoprocessing in Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • PMID:19553670
    • Pruitt RN, Chagot B, Cover M, Chazin WJ, Spiller B, Lacy DB. Structure-function analysis of inositol hexakisphosphate- induced autoprocessing in Clostridium difficile toxin A. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21934-40; PMID:19553670; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc. M109.018929
    • (2009) J Biol Chem , vol.284 , pp. 21934-21940
    • Pruitt, R.N.1    Chagot, B.2    Cover, M.3    Chazin, W.J.4    Spiller, B.5    Lacy, D.B.6
  • 27
    • 33947260554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rho-glucosylating Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: New insights into structure and function
    • PMID:17237138
    • Jank T, Giesemann T, Aktories K. Rho-glucosylating Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: new insights into structure and function. Glycobiology 2007; 17:15R- 22R; PMID:17237138; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ glycob/cwm004
    • (2007) Glycobiology , vol.17 , pp. 15R-22R
    • Jank, T.1    Giesemann, T.2    Aktories, K.3
  • 28
    • 45249093628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucosylation of Rho GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells
    • PMID:18480335
    • Gerhard R, Nottrott S, Schoentaube J, Tatge H, Olling A, Just I. Glucosylation of Rho GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:765-70; PMID:18480335; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1099/jmm.0.47769-0
    • (2008) J Med Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 765-770
    • Gerhard, R.1    Nottrott, S.2    Schoentaube, J.3    Tatge, H.4    Olling, A.5    Just, I.6
  • 30
    • 84868203487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection
    • PMID:23084763
    • Madan R, Petri Jr WA. Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:658-66; PMID:23084763; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.005
    • (2012) Trends Mol Med , vol.18 , pp. 658-666
    • Madan, R.1    Petri, W.A.2
  • 31
    • 0032390474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerves and intestinal mast cells modulate responses to enterotoxins
    • PMID:11390763
    • Pothoulakis C, Castagliuolo I, LaMont JT. Nerves and intestinal mast cells modulate responses to enterotoxins. News Physiol Sci 1998; 13:58-63; PMID:11390763
    • (1998) News Physiol Sci , vol.13 , pp. 58-63
    • Pothoulakis, C.1    Castagliuolo, I.2    LaMont, J.T.3
  • 32
    • 77958132074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:20808849
    • Lanis JM, Barua S, Ballard JD. Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6; PMID:20808849; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. ppat.1001061
    • (2010) PLoS Pathog , vol.6
    • Lanis, J.M.1    Barua, S.2    Ballard, J.D.3
  • 33
    • 84883438006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile 027/BI/NAP1 encodes a hypertoxic and antigenically variable form of TcdB
    • PMID:23935501
    • Lanis JM, Heinlen LD, James JA, Ballard JD. Clostridium difficile 027/BI/NAP1 encodes a hypertoxic and antigenically variable form of TcdB. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003523; PMID:23935501; http://dx.doi. org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003523
    • (2013) PLoS Pathog , vol.9
    • Lanis, J.M.1    Heinlen, L.D.2    James, J.A.3    Ballard, J.D.4
  • 34
    • 0021995801 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals
    • PMID:3917975
    • Lyerly DM, Saum KE, MacDonald DK, Wilkins TD. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals. Infect Immun 1985; 47:349-52; PMID:3917975
    • (1985) Infect Immun , vol.47 , pp. 349-352
    • Lyerly, D.M.1    Saum, K.E.2    McDonald, D.K.3    Wilkins, T.D.4
  • 35
    • 0022646133 scopus 로고
    • Effect of toxin A and B of Clostridium difficile on rabbit ileum and colon
    • PMID:3949240
    • Mitchell TJ, Ketley JM, Haslam SC, Stephen J, Burdon DW, Candy DC, Daniel R. Effect of toxin A and B of Clostridium difficile on rabbit ileum and colon. Gut 1986; 27:78-85; PMID:3949240; http://dx.doi. org/10.1136/gut.27.1.78
    • (1986) Gut , vol.27 , pp. 78-85
    • Mitchell, T.J.1    Ketley, J.M.2    Haslam, S.C.3    Stephen, J.4    Burdon, D.W.5    Candy, D.C.6    Daniel, R.7
  • 36
    • 0023503051 scopus 로고
    • Immunization of adult hamsters against Clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters
    • PMID:3679541
    • Kim PH, Iaconis JP, Rolfe RD. Immunization of adult hamsters against Clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters. Infect Immun 1987; 55:2984-92; PMID:3679541
    • (1987) Infect Immun , vol.55 , pp. 2984-2992
    • Kim, P.H.1    Iaconis, J.P.2    Rolfe, R.D.3
  • 37
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • PMID:11213096
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet 2001; 357:189-93; PMID:11213096; http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03592-3
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 38
    • 33845580482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:16857405
    • Drudy D, Fanning S, Kyne L. Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11:5-10; PMID:16857405; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijid.2006.04.003
    • (2007) Int J Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 5-10
    • Drudy, D.1    Fanning, S.2    Kyne, L.3
  • 39
    • 0043167963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin B is an inflammatory enterotoxin in human intestine
    • PMID:12891543
    • Savidge TC, Pan WH, Newman P, O'Brien M, Anton PM, Pothoulakis C. Clostridium difficile toxin B is an inflammatory enterotoxin in human intestine. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:413-20; PMID:12891543; http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00902-8
    • (2003) Gastroenterology , vol.125 , pp. 413-420
    • Savidge, T.C.1    Pan, W.H.2    Newman, P.3    O'Brien, M.4    Anton, P.M.5    Pothoulakis, C.6
  • 40
    • 33749023005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of Clostridium difficile toxin B cardiotoxicity using a zebrafish embryo model of intoxication
    • PMID:16966605
    • Hamm EE, Voth DE, Ballard JD. Identification of Clostridium difficile toxin B cardiotoxicity using a zebrafish embryo model of intoxication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14176-81; PMID:16966605; http://dx.doi. org/10.1073/pnas.0604725103
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.103 , pp. 14176-14181
    • Hamm, E.E.1    Voth, D.E.2    Ballard, J.D.3
  • 41
    • 84871775506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody against TcdB, but not TcdA, prevents development of gastrointestinal and systemic Clostridium difficile disease
    • PMID:23125448
    • Steele J, Mukherjee J, Parry N, Tzipori S. Antibody against TcdB, but not TcdA, prevents development of gastrointestinal and systemic Clostridium difficile disease. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:323-30; PMID:23125448; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/ jis669
    • (2013) J Infect Dis , vol.207 , pp. 323-330
    • Steele, J.1    Mukherjee, J.2    Parry, N.3    Tzipori, S.4
  • 43
    • 77957988127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection
    • PMID:20844489
    • Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kelly ML, Cockayne A, Minton NP. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 2010; 467:711-3; PMID:20844489; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/nature09397
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 711-713
    • Kuehne, S.A.1    Cartman, S.T.2    Heap, J.T.3    Kelly, M.L.4    Cockayne, A.5    Minton, N.P.6
  • 44
    • 84891353755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of Toxin A, Toxin B, and CDT in Virulence of an Epidemic Clostridium difficile Strain
    • PMID:23935202
    • Kuehne SA, Collery MM, Kelly ML, Cartman ST, Cockayne A, Minton NP. Importance of Toxin A, Toxin B, and CDT in Virulence of an Epidemic Clostridium difficile Strain. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:83-6; PMID:23935202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/ jit426
    • (2013) J Infect Dis , vol.209 , pp. 83-86
    • Kuehne, S.A.1    Collery, M.M.2    Kelly, M.L.3    Cartman, S.T.4    Cockayne, A.5    Minton, N.P.6
  • 46
    • 84857180090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and evaluation of an ovine antibody-based platform for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • PMID:22144483
    • Roberts A,McGlashan J, Al-Abdulla I, Ling R, Denton H, Green S, Coxon R, Landon J, Shone C.Development and evaluation of an ovine antibody-based platform for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Immun 2012; 80:875-82; PMID:22144483; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/IAI.05684-11
    • (2012) Infect Immun , vol.80 , pp. 875-882
    • Roberts, A.1    McGlashan, J.2    Al-Abdulla, I.3    Ling, R.4    Denton, H.5    Green, S.6    Coxon, R.7    Landon, J.8    Shone, C.9
  • 47
    • 84880899231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperimmune bovine colostrum for treatment of GI infections: A review and update on Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:23435084
    • Steele J, Sponseller J, Schmidt D, Cohen O, Tzipori S. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum for treatment of GI infections: a review and update on Clostridium difficile. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1565-8; PMID:23435084; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.24078
    • (2013) Hum Vaccin Immunother , vol.9 , pp. 1565-1568
    • Steele, J.1    Sponseller, J.2    Schmidt, D.3    Cohen, O.4    Tzipori, S.5
  • 48
    • 84857793535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase I dose finding studies of an adjuvanted Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine
    • PMID:22306375
    • Greenberg RN, Marbury TC, Foglia G, Warny M. Phase I dose finding studies of an adjuvanted Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:2245-9; PMID:22306375; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.065
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.30 , pp. 2245-2249
    • Greenberg, R.N.1    Marbury, T.C.2    Foglia, G.3    Warny, M.4
  • 49
    • 84874742257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective antibody responses against Clostridium difficile elicited by a DNA vaccine expressing the enzymatic domain of toxin B
    • PMID:23143772
    • Jin K, Wang S, Zhang C, Xiao Y, Lu S, Huang Z. Protective antibody responses against Clostridium difficile elicited by a DNA vaccine expressing the enzymatic domain of toxin B. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:63-73; PMID:23143772; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4161/hv.22434
    • (2013) Hum Vaccin Immunother , vol.9 , pp. 63-73
    • Jin, K.1    Wang, S.2    Zhang, C.3    Xiao, Y.4    Lu, S.5    Huang, Z.6
  • 50
    • 79959449569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization with Bacillus spores expressing toxin A peptide repeats protects against infection with Clostridium difficile strains producing toxins A and B
    • PMID:21482682
    • Permpoonpattana P, Hong HA, Phetcharaburanin J, Huang JM, Cook J, Fairweather NF, Cutting SM. Immunization with Bacillus spores expressing toxin A peptide repeats protects against infection with Clostridium difficile strains producing toxins A and B. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2295-302; PMID:21482682; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00130-11
    • (2011) Infect Immun , vol.79 , pp. 2295-2302
    • Permpoonpattana, P.1    Hong, H.A.2    Phetcharaburanin, J.3    Huang, J.M.4    Cook, J.5    Fairweather, N.F.6    Cutting, S.M.7
  • 51
    • 84856570281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenovirus-based vaccination against Clostridium difficile toxin A allows for rapid humoral immunity and complete protection from toxin A lethal challenge in mice
    • PMID:22200503
    • Seregin SS, Aldhamen YA, Rastall DP, Godbehere S, Amalfitano A. Adenovirus-based vaccination against Clostridium difficile toxin A allows for rapid humoral immunity and complete protection from toxin A lethal challenge in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:1492-501; PMID:22200503; http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.064
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.30 , pp. 1492-1501
    • Seregin, S.S.1    Aldhamen, Y.A.2    Rastall, D.P.3    Godbehere, S.4    Amalfitano, A.5
  • 52
    • 84864821779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chimeric toxin vaccine protects against primary and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • PMID:22615245
    • Wang H, Sun X, Zhang Y, Li S, Chen K, Shi L, Nie W, Kumar R, Tzipori S, Wang J, et al. A chimeric toxin vaccine protects against primary and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2678-88; PMID:22615245; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/IAI.00215-12
    • (2012) Infect Immun , vol.80 , pp. 2678-2688
    • Wang, H.1    Sun, X.2    Zhang, Y.3    Li, S.4    Chen, K.5    Shi, L.6    Nie, W.7    Kumar, R.8    Tzipori, S.9    Wang, J.10
  • 53
    • 84861661669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel fusion protein containing the receptor binding domains of C. difficile toxin A and toxin B elicits protective immunity against lethal toxin and spore challenge in preclinical efficacy models
    • PMID:22537987
    • Tian JH, Fuhrmann SR, Kluepfel-Stahl S, Carman RJ, Ellingsworth L, Flyer DC. A novel fusion protein containing the receptor binding domains of C. difficile toxin A and toxin B elicits protective immunity against lethal toxin and spore challenge in preclinical efficacy models. Vaccine 2012; 30:4249-58; PMID:22537987; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.045
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.30 , pp. 4249-4258
    • Tian, J.H.1    Fuhrmann, S.R.2    Kluepfel-Stahl, S.3    Carman, R.J.4    Ellingsworth, L.5    Flyer, D.C.6
  • 54
    • 73449097193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria
    • PMID:19834554
    • Schwan C, Stecher B, Tzivelekidis T, van Ham M, Rohde M, Hardt WD, Wehland J, Aktories K. Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000626; PMID:19834554; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. ppat.1000626
    • (2009) PLoS Pathog , vol.5
    • Schwan, C.1    Stecher, B.2    Tzivelekidis, T.3    van Ham, M.4    Rohde, M.5    Hardt, W.D.6    Wehland, J.7    Aktories, K.8
  • 55
    • 84893871106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin CDT hijacks microtubule organization and reroutes vesicle traffic to increase pathogen adherence
    • PMID:24469807
    • Schwan C, Kruppke AS, Nolke T, Schumacher L, Koch-Nolte F, Kudryashev M, Stahlberg H, Aktories K. Clostridium difficile toxin CDT hijacks microtubule organization and reroutes vesicle traffic to increase pathogen adherence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2313-8; PMID:24469807; http://dx. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311589111
    • (2014) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.111 , pp. 2313-2318
    • Schwan, C.1    Kruppke, A.S.2    Nolke, T.3    Schumacher, L.4    Koch-Nolte, F.5    Kudryashev, M.6    Stahlberg, H.7    Aktories, K.8
  • 56
    • 0034607782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:10802189
    • Stubbs S, Rupnik M, Gibert M, Brazier J, Duerden B, Popoff M. Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 186:307-12; PMID:10802189; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574- 6968.2000.tb09122.x
    • (2000) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.186 , pp. 307-312
    • Stubbs, S.1    Rupnik, M.2    Gibert, M.3    Brazier, J.4    Duerden, B.5    Popoff, M.6
  • 57
    • 79957640579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin and death after Clostridium difficile infection
    • PMID:21749757
    • Bacci S,Molbak K, KjeldsenMK, Olsen KE. Binary toxin and death after Clostridium difficile infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:976-82; PMID:21749757; http://dx.doi. org/10.3201/eid/1706.101483
    • (2011) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 976-982
    • Bacci, S.1    Molbak, K.2    Kjeldsen, M.K.3    Olsen, K.E.4
  • 58
    • 0023747353 scopus 로고
    • Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain
    • PMID:3137166
    • Popoff MR, Rubin EJ, Gill DM, Boquet P. Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain. Infect Immun 1988; 56:2299-306; PMID:3137166
    • (1988) Infect Immun , vol.56 , pp. 2299-2306
    • Popoff, M.R.1    Rubin, E.J.2    Gill, D.M.3    Boquet, P.4
  • 59
    • 4544264417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary bacterial toxins: Biochemistry, biology, and applications of common Clostridium and Bacillus proteins
    • PMID:15353562
    • Barth H, Aktories K, PopoffMR, Stiles BG. Binary bacterial toxins: biochemistry, biology, and applications of common Clostridium and Bacillus proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004; 68:373-402; PMID:15353562; http://dx. doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.68.3.373-402.2004
    • (2004) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev , vol.68 , pp. 373-402
    • Barth, H.1    Aktories, K.2    Popoff, M.R.3    Stiles, B.G.4
  • 60
    • 0031004306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196
    • PMID:9119480
    • Perelle S, Gibert M, Bourlioux P, Corthier G, Popoff M. Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1402-7; PMID:9119480
    • (1997) Infect Immun , vol.65 , pp. 1402-1407
    • Perelle, S.1    Gibert, M.2    Bourlioux, P.3    Corthier, G.4    Popoff, M.5
  • 61
    • 35048868078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin production in Clostridium difficile is regulated by CdtR, a LytTR family response regulator
    • PMID:17693517
    • Carter GP, Lyras D, Allen DL, Mackin KE, Howarth PM, O'Connor JR, Rood JI. Binary toxin production in Clostridium difficile is regulated by CdtR, a LytTR family response regulator. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:7290-301; PMID:17693517; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/JB.00731-07
    • (2007) J Bacteriol , vol.189 , pp. 7290-7301
    • Carter, G.P.1    Lyras, D.2    Allen, D.L.3    McKin, K.E.4    Howarth, P.M.5    O'Connor, J.R.6    Rood, J.I.7
  • 62
    • 0031016925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunological and functional comparison between Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, C. spiroforme toxin, and anthrax toxins
    • PMID:8997715
    • Perelle S, Scalzo S, Kochi S, Mock M, Popoff MR. Immunological and functional comparison between Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, C. spiroforme toxin, and anthrax toxins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 146:117-21; PMID:8997715; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10180.x
    • (1997) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.146 , pp. 117-121
    • Perelle, S.1    Scalzo, S.2    Kochi, S.3    Mock, M.4    Popoff, M.R.5
  • 63
    • 80053636077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipolysis- stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is the host receptor for the binary toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT)
    • PMID:21930894
    • Papatheodorou P, Carette JE, Bell GW, Schwan C, Guttenberg G, Brummelkamp TR, Aktories K. Lipolysis- stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is the host receptor for the binary toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16422-7; PMID:21930894; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1073/pnas.1109772108
    • (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.108 , pp. 16422-16427
    • Papatheodorou, P.1    Carette, J.E.2    Bell, G.W.3    Schwan, C.4    Guttenberg, G.5    Brummelkamp, T.R.6    Aktories, K.7
  • 64
    • 3242876555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of the lipolysis stimulated receptor in adult and embryonic murine tissues and lethality of LSR-/- embryos at 12.5 to 14.5 days of gestation
    • PMID:15265030
    • Mesli S, Javorschi S, Berard AM, Landry M, Priddle H, Kivlichan D, Smith AJ, Yen FT, Bihain BE, Darmon M. Distribution of the lipolysis stimulated receptor in adult and embryonic murine tissues and lethality of LSR-/- embryos at 12.5 to 14.5 days of gestation. Eur J Biochem 2004; 271:3103-14; PMID:15265030; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432- 1033.2004.04223.x
    • (2004) Eur J Biochem , vol.271 , pp. 3103-3114
    • Mesli, S.1    Javorschi, S.2    Berard, A.M.3    Landry, M.4    Priddle, H.5    Kivlichan, D.6    Smith, A.J.7    Yen, F.T.8    Bihain, B.E.9    Darmon, M.10
  • 65
    • 2542583975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding and internalization of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin in lipid rafts
    • PMID:15155629
    • Nagahama M, Yamaguchi A, Hagiyama T, Ohkubo N, Kobayashi K, Sakurai J. Binding and internalization of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin in lipid rafts. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3267-75; PMID:15155629; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.6.3267-3275.2004
    • (2004) Infect Immun , vol.72 , pp. 3267-3275
    • Nagahama, M.1    Yamaguchi, A.2    Hagiyama, T.3    Ohkubo, N.4    Kobayashi, K.5    Sakurai, J.6
  • 66
    • 0035063194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular uptake of the Clostridium perfringens binary iota-toxin
    • PMID:11292715
    • Blocker D, Behlke J, Aktories K, Barth H. Cellular uptake of the Clostridium perfringens binary iota-toxin. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2980-7; PMID:11292715; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.5.2980-2987.2001
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 2980-2987
    • Blocker, D.1    Behlke, J.2    Aktories, K.3    Barth, H.4
  • 67
    • 0034819726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the enzymatic component of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin CDTa from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:11553537
    • Gülke I, Pfeifer G, Liese J, Fritz M, Hofmann F, Aktories K, Barth H. Characterization of the enzymatic component of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin CDTa from Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6004-11; PMID:11553537; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/IAI.69.10.6004-6011.2001
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 6004-6011
    • Gülke, I.1    Pfeifer, G.2    Liese, J.3    Fritz, M.4    Hofmann, F.5    Aktories, K.6    Barth, H.7
  • 68
    • 80051693604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins
    • PMID:21466657
    • Aktories K, Lang AE, Schwan C, Mannherz HG. Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins. Febs J 2011; 278:4526-43; PMID:21466657; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08113.x
    • (2011) Febs J , vol.278 , pp. 4526-4543
    • Aktories, K.1    Lang, A.E.2    Schwan, C.3    Mannherz, H.G.4
  • 69
    • 33847737469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: Results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004
    • PMID:17265393
    • Barbut F, Gariazzo B, Bonne L, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Luiuz R, Petit JC. Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:131-9; PMID:17265393; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1086/511794
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 131-139
    • Barbut, F.1    Gariazzo, B.2    Bonne, L.3    Lalande, V.4    Burghoffer, B.5    Luiuz, R.6    Petit, J.C.7
  • 70
    • 79956067927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of association of tcdC type and binary toxin status with disease severity and outcome in toxigenic Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:21396957
    • Goldenberg SD, French GL. Lack of association of tcdC type and binary toxin status with disease severity and outcome in toxigenic Clostridium difficile. J Infect 2011; 62:355-62; PMID:21396957; http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jinf.2011.03.001
    • (2011) J Infect , vol.62 , pp. 355-362
    • Goldenberg, S.D.1    French, G.L.2
  • 71
    • 20144363690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actinspecfic ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains
    • PMID:15673514
    • Barbut F, Decré D, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Nousssair L, Gigandon A, Espinasse F, Raskine L, Robert J, Mangeol A, et al. Clinical features of Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actinspecfic ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:181-5; PMID:15673514; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45804-0
    • (2005) J Med Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 181-185
    • Barbut, F.1    Decré, D.2    Lalande, V.3    Burghoffer, B.4    Nousssair, L.5    Gigandon, A.6    Espinasse, F.7    Raskine, L.8    Robert, J.9    Mangeol, A.10
  • 72
    • 34147093284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease?
    • PMID:17331126
    • Rupnik M. Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:457-9; PMID:17331126; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01687.x
    • (2007) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.13 , pp. 457-459
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 73
    • 77955821357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: A new foodborne pathogen?
    • PMID:20642351
    • Gould LH, Limbago B. Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: a new foodborne pathogen? Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:577-82; PMID:20642351; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655692
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.51 , pp. 577-582
    • Gould, L.H.1    Limbago, B.2
  • 74
    • 84891773348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: Mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance
    • PMID:24253566
    • Gerding DN, Johnson S, Rupnik M, Aktories K. Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: Mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:15-27; PMID:24253566; http://dx. doi.org/10.4161/gmic.26854
    • (2014) Gut Microbes , vol.5 , pp. 15-27
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Johnson, S.2    Rupnik, M.3    Aktories, K.4
  • 77
    • 79951854001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate resistance to sporicides and potential failure to decontaminate
    • PMID:20850897
    • Maillard JY. Innate resistance to sporicides and potential failure to decontaminate. J Hosp Infect 2011; 77:204-9; PMID:20850897; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.06.028
    • (2011) J Hosp Infect , vol.77 , pp. 204-209
    • Maillard, J.Y.1
  • 78
    • 77952994819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: Norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species
    • PMID:20569853
    • Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Miller MB, Huslage K, Sickbert- Bennett E. Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species. Am J Infect Control 2010; 38:S25-33; PMID:20569853; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic. 2010.04.196
    • (2010) Am J Infect Control , vol.38 , pp. S25-S33
    • Weber, D.J.1    Rutala, W.A.2    Miller, M.B.3    Huslage, K.4    Sickbert-Bennett, E.5
  • 79
    • 69049108796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment of Clostridium difficile carrier mice triggers a supershedder state, spore-mediated transmission, and severe disease in immunocompromised hosts
    • PMID:19564382
    • Lawley TD, Clare S, Walker AW, Goulding D, Stabler RA, Croucher N, Mastroeni P, Scott P, Raisen C, Mottram L, et al. Antibiotic treatment of Clostridium difficile carrier mice triggers a supershedder state, spore-mediated transmission, and severe disease in immunocompromised hosts. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3661-9; PMID:19564382; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/IAI.00558-09
    • (2009) Infect Immun , vol.77 , pp. 3661-3669
    • Lawley, T.D.1    Clare, S.2    Walker, A.W.3    Goulding, D.4    Stabler, R.A.5    Croucher, N.6    Mastroeni, P.7    Scott, P.8    Raisen, C.9    Mottram, L.10
  • 80
    • 80053572983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sporulation studies in Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:21864584
    • Burns DA, Minton NP. Sporulation studies in Clostridium difficile. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:133- 8; PMID:21864584; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. mimet.2011.07.017
    • (2011) J Microbiol Methods , vol.87 , pp. 133-138
    • Burns, D.A.1    Minton, N.P.2
  • 81
    • 34547640042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers
    • PMID:18035610
    • Henriques AO, Moran CP, Jr. Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers. Annu Rev Microbiol 2007; 61:555-88; PMID:18035610; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706. 093224
    • (2007) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.61 , pp. 555-588
    • Henriques, A.O.1    Moran, C.P.2
  • 82
    • 0030463418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muramic lactam in peptidoglycan of Bacillus subtilis spores is required for spore outgrowth but not for spore dehydration or heat resistance
    • PMID:8986824
    • Popham DL, Helin J, Costello CE, Setlow P. Muramic lactam in peptidoglycan of Bacillus subtilis spores is required for spore outgrowth but not for spore dehydration or heat resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:15405-10; PMID:8986824; http://dx. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.26.15405
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 15405-15410
    • Popham, D.L.1    Helin, J.2    Costello, C.E.3    Setlow, P.4
  • 84
    • 70449339233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and classification of bcl genes and proteins of Bacillus cereus group organisms and their application in Bacillus anthracis detection and fingerprinting
    • PMID: 19767469
    • Leski TA, Caswell CC, Pawlowski M, Klinke DJ, Bujnicki JM, Hart SJ, Lukomski S. Identification and classification of bcl genes and proteins of Bacillus cereus group organisms and their application in Bacillus anthracis detection and fingerprinting. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7163-72; PMID: 19767469; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01069-09
    • (2009) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.75 , pp. 7163-7172
    • Leski, T.A.1    Caswell, C.C.2    Pawlowski, M.3    Klinke, D.J.4    Bujnicki, J.M.5    Hart, S.J.6    Lukomski, S.7
  • 85
    • 0014084005 scopus 로고
    • The morphology and ultrastructure of the spore and exosporium of some Clostridium species
    • PMID:6045662
    • Hodgkiss W, Ordal ZJ, Cann DC. The morphology and ultrastructure of the spore and exosporium of some Clostridium species. J Gen Microbiol 1967; 47:213-25; PMID:6045662; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1099/00221287-47-2-213
    • (1967) J Gen Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 213-225
    • Hodgkiss, W.1    Ordal, Z.J.2    Cann, D.C.3
  • 87
    • 0036042515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A collagen-like surface glycoprotein is a structural component of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium
    • PMID:12100557
    • Sylvestre P, Couture-Tosi E, Mock M. A collagen-like surface glycoprotein is a structural component of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium. Mol Microbiol 2002; 45:169-78; PMID:12100557; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.03000.x
    • (2002) Mol Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 169-178
    • Sylvestre, P.1    Couture-Tosi, E.2    Mock, M.3
  • 88
    • 35649024217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacillus anthracis exosporium protein BclA affects spore germination, interaction with extracellular matrix proteins, and hydrophobicity
    • PMID:17709408
    • Brahmbhatt TN, Janes BK, Stibitz ES, Darnell SC, Sanz P, Rasmussen SB, O'Brien AD. Bacillus anthracis exosporium protein BclA affects spore germination, interaction with extracellular matrix proteins, and hydrophobicity. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5233-9; PMID:17709408; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00660-07
    • (2007) Infect Immun , vol.75 , pp. 5233-5239
    • Brahmbhatt, T.N.1    Janes, B.K.2    Stibitz, E.S.3    Darnell, S.C.4    Sanz, P.5    Rasmussen, S.B.6    O'Brien, A.D.7
  • 89
    • 34548486969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacillus anthracis spores of the bclA mutant exhibit increased adherence to epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells but not to macrophages
    • PMID:17606596
    • Bozue J, Moody KL, Cote CK, Stiles BG, Friedlander AM,Welkos SL, Hale ML. Bacillus anthracis spores of the bclA mutant exhibit increased adherence to epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells but not to macrophages. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4498-505; PMID:17606596; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00434-07
    • (2007) Infect Immun , vol.75 , pp. 4498-4505
    • Bozue, J.1    Moody, K.L.2    Cote, C.K.3    Stiles, B.G.4    Friedlander, A.M.5    Welkos, S.L.6    Hale, M.L.7
  • 91
    • 84874406124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteases and sonication specifically remove the exosporium layer of spores of Clostridium difficile strain 630
    • PMID:23384826
    • Escobar-Cortes K, Barra-Carrasco J, Paredes-Sabja D. Proteases and sonication specifically remove the exosporium layer of spores of Clostridium difficile strain 630. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 93:25-31; PMID:23384826; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2013.01.016
    • (2013) J Microbiol Methods , vol.93 , pp. 25-31
    • Escobar-Cortes, K.1    Barra-Carrasco, J.2    Paredes-Sabja, D.3
  • 92
    • 84865170905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adherence of Clostridium difficile spores to Caco-2 cells in culture
    • PMID:22595914
    • Paredes-Sabja D, Sarker MR. Adherence of Clostridium difficile spores to Caco-2 cells in culture. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1208-18; PMID:22595914; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.043687-0
    • (2012) J Med Microbiol , vol.61 , pp. 1208-1218
    • Paredes-Sabja, D.1    Sarker, M.R.2
  • 96
    • 84878518519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bile acid recognition by the Clostridium difficile germinant receptor, CspC, is important for establishing infection
    • PMID:23675301
    • FrancisMB, Allen CA, Shrestha R, Sorg JA. Bile acid recognition by the Clostridium difficile germinant receptor, CspC, is important for establishing infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003356; PMID:23675301; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003356
    • (2013) PLoS Pathog , vol.9
    • Francis, M.B.1    Allen, C.A.2    Shrestha, R.3    Sorg, J.A.4
  • 97
    • 84874693324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SpoIVA and SipL are Clostridiumdifficile sporemorphogenetic proteins
    • PMID:23292781
    • PutnamEE, Nock AM, Lawley TD, Shen A. SpoIVA and SipL are Clostridiumdifficile sporemorphogenetic proteins. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1214-25; PMID:23292781; http://dx. doi.org/10.1128/JB.02181-12
    • (2013) J Bacteriol , vol.195 , pp. 1214-1225
    • Putnam, E.E.1    Nock, A.M.2    Lawley, T.D.3    Shen, A.4
  • 99
    • 34548124567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ClosTron: A universal gene knockout system for the genus Clostridium
    • PMID:17658189
    • Heap JT, Pennington OJ, Cartman ST, Carter GP, Minton NP. The ClosTron: a universal gene knockout system for the genus Clostridium. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 70:452-64; PMID:17658189; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2007.05.021
    • (2007) J Microbiol Methods , vol.70 , pp. 452-464
    • Heap, J.T.1    Pennington, O.J.2    Cartman, S.T.3    Carter, G.P.4    Minton, N.P.5
  • 101
    • 77951865062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing transmission of Clostridium difficile: Is the answer blowing in the wind?
    • PMID:20415566
    • Donskey CJ. Preventing transmission of Clostridium difficile: is the answer blowing in the wind? Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:1458-61; PMID:20415566; http://dx. doi.org/10.1086/652649
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50 , pp. 1458-1461
    • Donskey, C.J.1
  • 102
    • 84868611293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of spores to the ability of Clostridium difficile to adhere to surfaces
    • PMID:22923404
    • Joshi LT, Phillips DS, Williams CF, Alyousef A, Baillie L. Contribution of spores to the ability of Clostridium difficile to adhere to surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7671-9; PMID:22923404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01862-12
    • (2012) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.78 , pp. 7671-7679
    • Joshi, L.T.1    Phillips, D.S.2    Williams, C.F.3    Alyousef, A.4    Baillie, L.5
  • 103
    • 0035174416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of environmental contamination by Clostridium difficile in isolation side rooms
    • PMID:11716638
    • Verity P, Wilcox MH, Fawley W, Parnell P. Prospective evaluation of environmental contamination by Clostridium difficile in isolation side rooms. J Hosp Infect 2001; 49:204-9; PMID:11716638; http://dx. doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2001.1078
    • (2001) J Hosp Infect , vol.49 , pp. 204-209
    • Verity, P.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Fawley, W.3    Parnell, P.4
  • 104
    • 0027537914 scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of adhesive factors of Clostridium difficile involved in adhesion to human colonic enterocyte-like Caco-2 and mucus-secreting HT29 cells in culture
    • PMID:8459765
    • Eveillard M, Fourel V, Barc M-C, Kerneis S, Coconnier MH, Karjalainen T, Bourlioux P, Servin A. Identification and characterization of adhesive factors of Clostridium difficile involved in adhesion to human colonic enterocyte-like Caco-2 and mucus-secreting HT29 cells in culture. Mol Microbiol 1993; 7:371- 81; PMID:8459765; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2958.1993.tb01129.x
    • (1993) Mol Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 371-381
    • Eveillard, M.1    Fourel, V.2    Barc, M.-C.3    Kerneis, S.4    Coconnier, M.H.5    Karjalainen, T.6    Bourlioux, P.7    Servin, A.8
  • 105
    • 41549142775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficile spores
    • PMID:18245298
    • Sorg JA, Sonenshein AL. Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficile spores. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:2505-12; PMID:18245298; http://dx. doi.org/10.1128/JB.01765-07
    • (2008) J Bacteriol , vol.190 , pp. 2505-2512
    • Sorg, J.A.1    Sonenshein, A.L.2
  • 106
    • 84883621976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muricholic acids inhibit Clostridium difficile spore germination and growth
    • Francis MB, Allen CA, Sorg JA. Muricholic acids inhibit Clostridium difficile spore germination and growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73653; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/annotation/1e464689-3c86-4399-b229- 1e00d65593a5
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8
    • Francis, M.B.1    Allen, C.A.2    Sorg, J.A.3
  • 107
    • 77957337708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibiting the initiation of Clostridium difficile spore germination using analogs of chenodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid
    • PMID:20675492
    • Sorg JA, Sonenshein AL. Inhibiting the initiation of Clostridium difficile spore germination using analogs of chenodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:4983-90; PMID:20675492; http://dx.doi. org/10.1128/JB.00610-10
    • (2010) J Bacteriol , vol.192 , pp. 4983-4990
    • Sorg, J.A.1    Sonenshein, A.L.2
  • 108
    • 72449194859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of skin contamination and environmental shedding of Clostridium difficile during and after treatment of C. difficile infection
    • PMID:19929371
    • Sethi AK, Al-Nassir WN, Nerandzic MM, Bobulsky GS, Donskey CJ. Persistence of skin contamination and environmental shedding of Clostridium difficile during and after treatment of C. difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:21-7; PMID:19929371; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649016
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 21-27
    • Sethi, A.K.1    Al-Nassir, W.N.2    Nerandzic, M.M.3    Bobulsky, G.S.4    Donskey, C.J.5
  • 109
    • 34848846245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among longterm care facility residents
    • PMID:17879913
    • Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF, Eckstein EC, Jump RL, Donskey CJ. Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among longterm care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:992-8; PMID:17879913; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1086/521854
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 992-998
    • Riggs, M.M.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Zabarsky, T.F.3    Eckstein, E.C.4    Jump, R.L.5    Donskey, C.J.6
  • 110
    • 84891929627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spo0A differentially regulates toxin production in evolutionarily diverse strains of Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:24236153
    • Mackin KE, Carter GP, Howarth P, Rood JI, Lyras D. Spo0A differentially regulates toxin production in evolutionarily diverse strains of Clostridium difficile. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79666; PMID:24236153; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079666
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8
    • McKin, K.E.1    Carter, G.P.2    Howarth, P.3    Rood, J.I.4    Lyras, D.5
  • 111
    • 0036427575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of signalling in the sporulation phosphorelay
    • PMID:12406209
    • Stephenson K, Hoch JA. Evolution of signalling in the sporulation phosphorelay. Mol Microbiol 2002; 46:297-304; PMID:12406209; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03186.x
    • (2002) Mol Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 297-304
    • Stephenson, K.1    Hoch, J.A.2
  • 113
  • 115
    • 0033984760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S-Layer proteins
    • PMID:10648507
    • Sara M, Sleytr UB. S-Layer proteins. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:859-68; PMID:10648507; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/JB.182.4.859-868.2000
    • (2000) J Bacteriol , vol.182 , pp. 859-868
    • Sara, M.1    Sleytr, U.B.2
  • 117
    • 0036302998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of sequence conservation in the S-Layer proteins and related sequences in Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:12081960
    • Calabi E, Fairweather N. Patterns of sequence conservation in the S-Layer proteins and related sequences in Clostridium difficile. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:3886- 97; PMID:12081960; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ JB.184.14.3886-3897.2002
    • (2002) J Bacteriol , vol.184 , pp. 3886-3897
    • Calabi, E.1    Fairweather, N.2
  • 118
    • 60649099858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural insights into the molecular organization of the S-layer from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:19183279
    • Fagan RP, Albesa-Jove D, Qazi O, Svergun DI, Brown KA, Fairweather NF. Structural insights into the molecular organization of the S-layer from Clostridium difficile. Mol Microbiol 2009; 71:1308-22; PMID:19183279; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2958.2009.06603.x
    • (2009) Mol Microbiol , vol.71 , pp. 1308-1322
    • Fagan, R.P.1    Albesa-Jove, D.2    Qazi, O.3    Svergun, D.I.4    Brown, K.A.5    Fairweather, N.F.6
  • 119
    • 0036785598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding of Clostridium difficile surface layer proteins to gastrointestinal tissues
    • PMID:12228307
    • Calabi E, Calabi F, Phillips AD, Fairweather NF. Binding of Clostridium difficile surface layer proteins to gastrointestinal tissues. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5770-8; PMID:12228307; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/IAI.70.10.5770-5778.2002
    • (2002) Infect Immun , vol.70 , pp. 5770-5778
    • Calabi, E.1    Calabi, F.2    Phillips, A.D.3    Fairweather, N.F.4
  • 122
    • 79960425190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory activities of surface-layer proteins obtained from epidemic and hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains
    • PMID:21349985
    • Bianco M, Fedele G, Quattrini A, Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Mastrantonio P, Ausiello CM. Immunomodulatory activities of surface-layer proteins obtained from epidemic and hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1162-7; PMID:21349985; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm. 0.029694-0
    • (2011) J Med Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1162-1167
    • Bianco, M.1    Fedele, G.2    Quattrini, A.3    Spigaglia, P.4    Barbanti, F.5    Mastrantonio, P.6    Ausiello, C.M.7
  • 123
    • 34347395377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes
    • PMID:17519437
    • Sebaihia M, Peck MW, Minton NP, Thomson NR, HoldenMT,MitchellWJ, Carter AT, Bentley SD,Mason DR, Crossman L, et al. Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes. Genome Res 2007; 17:1082-92; PMID:17519437; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1101/gr.6282807
    • (2007) Genome Res , vol.17 , pp. 1082-1092
    • Sebaihia, M.1    Peck, M.W.2    Minton, N.P.3    Thomson, N.R.4    Holden, M.T.5    Mitchell, W.J.6    Carter, A.T.7    Bentley, S.D.8    Mason, D.R.9    Crossman, L.10
  • 124
    • 70350415883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface structures of C. difficile and other clostridia
    • Bruggemann H, Gottschalk G. ed. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press
    • Emerson JE, Fairweather N. Surface structures of C. difficile and other clostridia. In: Bruggemann H, Gottschalk G. ed. Clostridia - Molecular Biology in the Post-genomic Era. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press, 2009:157-67.
    • (2009) Clostridia - Molecular Biology in the Post-genomic Era. , pp. 157-167
    • Emerson, J.E.1    Fairweather, N.2
  • 125
    • 0035055364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and genomic analysis of genes encoding surface-anchored proteins from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:11292772
    • Karjalainen T, Waligora-Dupriet AJ, Cerquetti M, Spigaglia P, Maggioni A, Mauri P, Mastrantonio P. Molecular and genomic analysis of genes encoding surface-anchored proteins from Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3442-6; PMID:11292772; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.5.3442-3446.2001
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 3442-3446
    • Karjalainen, T.1    Waligora-Dupriet, A.J.2    Cerquetti, M.3    Spigaglia, P.4    Maggioni, A.5    Mauri, P.6    Mastrantonio, P.7
  • 126
    • 84876072545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinational switching of the Clostridium difficile S-layer and a novel glycosylation gene cluster revealed by large-scale whole-genome sequencing
    • PMID:23204167
    • Dingle KE, Didelot X, Ansari MA, Eyre DW, Vaughan A, Griffiths D, Ip CL, Batty EM, Golubchik T, Bowden R, et al. Recombinational switching of the Clostridium difficile S-layer and a novel glycosylation gene cluster revealed by large-scale whole-genome sequencing. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:675-86; PMID:23204167; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/ jis734
    • (2013) J Infect Dis , vol.207 , pp. 675-686
    • Dingle, K.E.1    Didelot, X.2    Ansari, M.A.3    Eyre, D.W.4    Vaughan, A.5    Griffiths, D.6    Ip, C.L.7    Batty, E.M.8    Golubchik, T.9    Bowden, R.10
  • 128
    • 20644450358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteomic analysis of cell surface proteins from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:15887182
    • Wright A, Wait R, Begum S, Crossett B, Nagy J, Brown K, Fairweather N. Proteomic analysis of cell surface proteins from Clostridium difficile. Proteomics 2005; 5:2443-52; PMID:15887182; http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/pmic.200401179
    • (2005) Proteomics , vol.5 , pp. 2443-2452
    • Wright, A.1    Wait, R.2    Begum, S.3    Crossett, B.4    Nagy, J.5    Brown, K.6    Fairweather, N.7
  • 129
    • 45249104579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microarray analysis of the transcriptional responses of Clostridium difficile to environmental and antibiotic stress
    • PMID:18480334
    • Emerson JE, Stabler RA, Wren BW, Fairweather NF. Microarray analysis of the transcriptional responses of Clostridium difficile to environmental and antibiotic stress. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:757-64; PMID:18480334; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47657-0
    • (2008) J Med Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 757-764
    • Emerson, J.E.1    Stabler, R.A.2    Wren, B.W.3    Fairweather, N.F.4
  • 130
    • 45249092259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoreactive cell wall proteins of Clostridium difficile identified by human sera
    • PMID:18480333
    • Wright A, Drudy D, Kyne L, Brown K, Fairweather NF. Immunoreactive cell wall proteins of Clostridium difficile identified by human sera. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:750-6; PMID:18480333; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1099/jmm.0.47532-0
    • (2008) J Med Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 750-756
    • Wright, A.1    Drudy, D.2    Kyne, L.3    Brown, K.4    Fairweather, N.F.5
  • 131
    • 79959365481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of cysteine proteases Cwp84 and Cwp13 in biogenesis of the cell wall of Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:21531808
    • de la Riva L, Willing SE, Tate EW, Fairweather NF. Roles of cysteine proteases Cwp84 and Cwp13 in biogenesis of the cell wall of Clostridium difficile. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3276-85; PMID:21531808; http://dx. doi.org/10.1128/JB.00248-11
    • (2011) J Bacteriol , vol.193 , pp. 3276-3285
    • de la Riva, L.1    Willing, S.E.2    Tate, E.W.3    Fairweather, N.F.4
  • 132
    • 35048837277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cwp84, a surface-associated protein of Clostridium difficile, is a cysteine protease with degrading activity on extracellular matrix proteins
    • PMID:17693508
    • Janoir C, Pechine S, Grosdidier C, Collignon A. Cwp84, a surface-associated protein of Clostridium difficile, is a cysteine protease with degrading activity on extracellular matrix proteins. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:7174-80; PMID:17693508; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/JB.00578-07
    • (2007) J Bacteriol , vol.189 , pp. 7174-7180
    • Janoir, C.1    Pechine, S.2    Grosdidier, C.3    Collignon, A.4
  • 133
    • 80053617700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of the Clostridium difficile cysteine protease Cwp84 and insights into itsmaturation process
    • PMID:21784932
    • ChapetonMontes D, Candela T, Collignon A, Janoir C. Localization of the Clostridium difficile cysteine protease Cwp84 and insights into itsmaturation process. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5314-21; PMID:21784932; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1128/JB.00326-11
    • (2011) J Bacteriol , vol.193 , pp. 5314-5321
    • ChapetonMontes, D.1    Candela, T.2    Collignon, A.3    Janoir, C.4
  • 134
    • 0035077376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a cell surface protein of Clostridium difficile with adhesive properties
    • PMID: 11254569
    • Waligora AJ, Hennequin C, Mullany P, Bourlioux P, Collignon A, Karjalainen T. Characterization of a cell surface protein of Clostridium difficile with adhesive properties. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2144-53; PMID: 11254569; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.4.2144- 2153.2001
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 2144-2153
    • Waligora, A.J.1    Hennequin, C.2    Mullany, P.3    Bourlioux, P.4    Collignon, A.5    Karjalainen, T.6
  • 135
    • 70350376366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel genetic switch controls phase variable expression of CwpV, a Clostridium difficile cell wall protein
    • PMID:19656296
    • Emerson JE, Reynolds CB, Fagan RP, Shaw HA, Goulding D, Fairweather NF. A novel genetic switch controls phase variable expression of CwpV, a Clostridium difficile cell wall protein. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:541-56; PMID:19656296; http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06812.x
    • (2009) Mol Microbiol , vol.74 , pp. 541-556
    • Emerson, J.E.1    Reynolds, C.B.2    Fagan, R.P.3    Shaw, H.A.4    Goulding, D.5    Fairweather, N.F.6
  • 136
    • 79955766239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Clostridium difficile cell wall protein CwpV is antigenically variable between strains, but exhibits conserved aggregation-promoting function
    • PMID:21533071
    • Reynolds CB, Emerson JE, de la Riva L, Fagan RP, Fairweather NF. The Clostridium difficile cell wall protein CwpV is antigenically variable between strains, but exhibits conserved aggregation-promoting function. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002024; PMID:21533071; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. ppat.1002024
    • (2011) PLoS Pathog , vol.7
    • Reynolds, C.B.1    Emerson, J.E.2    de la Riva, L.3    Fagan, R.P.4    Fairweather, N.F.5
  • 138
    • 84880347916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycan arrays containing synthetic Clostridium difficile lipoteichoic acid oligomers as tools toward a carbohydrate vaccine
    • PMID:23836132
    • Martin CE, Broecker F, Eller S,OberliMA, Anish C, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Glycan arrays containing synthetic Clostridium difficile lipoteichoic acid oligomers as tools toward a carbohydrate vaccine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7159-61; PMID:23836132; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1039/c3cc43545h
    • (2013) Chem Commun (Camb) , vol.49 , pp. 7159-7161
    • Martin, C.E.1    Broecker, F.2    Eller, S.3    Oberli, M.A.4    Anish, C.5    Pereira, C.L.6    Seeberger, P.H.7
  • 139
    • 79957532830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A possible oligosaccharideconjugate vaccine candidate for Clostridium difficile is antigenic and immunogenic
    • PMID:21609839
    • Oberli MA, Hecht ML, Bindschadler P, Adibekian A, Adam T, Seeberger PH. A possible oligosaccharideconjugate vaccine candidate for Clostridium difficile is antigenic and immunogenic. Chem Biol 2011; 18:580-8; PMID:21609839; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.03.009
    • (2011) Chem Biol , vol.18 , pp. 580-588
    • Oberli, M.A.1    Hecht, M.L.2    Bindschadler, P.3    Adibekian, A.4    Adam, T.5    Seeberger, P.H.6
  • 140
    • 84899640117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin fragments as carrier protein for PSII surface polysaccharide preserve their neutralizing activity
    • PMID:24759173
    • Romano MR, Leuzzi R, Cappelletti E, Tontini M, Nilo A, Proietti D, Berti F, Costantino P, Adamo R, Scarselli M. Recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin fragments as carrier protein for PSII surface polysaccharide preserve their neutralizing activity. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1385-96; PMID:24759173; http:// dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6041385
    • (2014) Toxins (Basel) , vol.6 , pp. 1385-1396
    • Romano, M.R.1    Leuzzi, R.2    Cappelletti, E.3    Tontini, M.4    Nilo, A.5    Proietti, D.6    Berti, F.7    Costantino, P.8    Adamo, R.9    Scarselli, M.10
  • 141
    • 0023928416 scopus 로고
    • Detection of fimbriae amongst strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Borriello S P, Davies HA, Barclay FE. Detection of fimbriae amongst strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988; 49:65-7; http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02683.x
    • (1988) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.49 , pp. 65-67
    • Borriello, S.P.1    Davies, H.A.2    Barclay, F.E.3
  • 142
    • 33947166231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by and adhesive properties of Clostridium difficile isolated from humans and horses with antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • PMID:17239950
    • Taha S, Johansson O, Rivera Jonsson S, Heimer D, Krovacek K. Toxin production by and adhesive properties of Clostridium difficile isolated from humans and horses with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:163-74; PMID:17239950; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cimid.2006.11.006
    • (2007) Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 163-174
    • Taha, S.1    Johansson, O.2    Rivera Jonsson, S.3    Heimer, D.4    Krovacek, K.5
  • 143
    • 84884520507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type IV pili in Gram-positive bacteria
    • PMID:24006467
    • Melville S, Craig L. Type IV pili in Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:323-41; PMID:24006467; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR. 00063-12
    • (2013) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev , vol.77 , pp. 323-341
    • Melville, S.1    Craig, L.2
  • 144
    • 84905702476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification, immunogenicity, and cross-reactivity of type IV pilin and pilin-like proteins from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:24550179
    • Maldarelli GA, De Masi L, von Rosenvinge EC, Carter M, Donnenberg MS. Identification, immunogenicity, and cross-reactivity of type IV pilin and pilin-like proteins from Clostridium difficile. Pathog Dis 2014; PMID:24550179
    • (2014) Pathog Dis
    • Maldarelli, G.A.1    De Masi, L.2    von Rosenvinge, E.C.3    Carter, M.4    Donnenberg, M.S.5
  • 145
    • 0036489882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variable flagella expression among clonal toxin A¡/BC Clostridium difficile strains with highly homogeneous flagellin genes
    • PMID:12010175
    • Pituch H, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, van den Braak N, van Belkum A, Kujawa M, Luczak M, Meisel-Mikolajczyk F. Variable flagella expression among clonal toxin A¡/BC Clostridium difficile strains with highly homogeneous flagellin genes. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8:187-8; PMID:12010175; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00394.x
    • (2002) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.8 , pp. 187-188
    • Pituch, H.1    Obuch-Woszczatynski, P.2    van den Braak, N.3    van Belkum, A.4    Kujawa, M.5    Luczak, M.6    Meisel-Mikolajczyk, F.7
  • 146
    • 0033831622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the flagellin gene (fliC) among Clostridium difficile isolates from different serogroups
    • PMID:10970353
    • Tasteyre A, Karjalainen T, Avesani V, Delmeé M, Collignon A, Bourlioux P, Barc M-C. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the flagellin gene (fliC) among Clostridium difficile isolates from different serogroups. J ClinMicrobiol 2000; 38:3179-86;PMID:10970353
    • (2000) J ClinMicrobiol , vol.38 , pp. 3179-3186
    • Tasteyre, A.1    Karjalainen, T.2    Avesani, V.3    Delmeé, M.4    Collignon, A.5    Bourlioux, P.6    Barc, M.-C.7
  • 147
    • 0035098129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of fliD gene encoding flagellar cap and its expression among Clostridium difficile isolates from different serogroups
    • PMID:11230454
    • Tasteyre A, Karjalainen T, Avesani V, Delmee M, Collignon A, Bourlioux P, Barc MC. Molecular characterization of fliD gene encoding flagellar cap and its expression among Clostridium difficile isolates from different serogroups. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1178- 83; PMID:11230454; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ JCM.39.3.1178-1183.2001
    • (2001) J Clin Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 1178-1183
    • Tasteyre, A.1    Karjalainen, T.2    Avesani, V.3    Delmee, M.4    Collignon, A.5    Bourlioux, P.6    Barc, M.C.7
  • 148
    • 80855136607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutagenic analysis of the Clostridium difficile flagellar proteins, FliC and FliD, and their contribution to virulence in hamsters
    • PMID:21788384
    • Dingle TC,MulveyGL, ArmstrongGD.Mutagenic analysis of the Clostridium difficile flagellar proteins, FliC and FliD, and their contribution to virulence in hamsters. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4061-7; PMID:21788384; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.05305-11
    • (2011) Infect Immun , vol.79 , pp. 4061-4067
    • Dingle, T.C.1    Mulvey, G.L.2    Armstrong, G.D.3
  • 149
    • 84884539507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Role of Flagella in Clostridium difficile Pathogenesis: Comparison between a Non-Epidemic and an Epidemic Strain
    • PMID:24086268
    • Baban ST, Kuehne SA, Barketi-Klai A, Cartman ST, Kelly ML, Hardie KR, Kansau I, Collignon A, Minton NP. The Role of Flagella in Clostridium difficile Pathogenesis: Comparison between a Non-Epidemic and an Epidemic Strain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73026; PMID:24086268; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0073026
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8
    • Baban, S.T.1    Kuehne, S.A.2    Barketi-Klai, A.3    Cartman, S.T.4    Kelly, M.L.5    Hardie, K.R.6    Kansau, I.7    Collignon, A.8    Minton, N.P.9
  • 152
    • 0037128131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding of Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 epithelial cell line and to extracellular matrix proteins
    • Cerquetti M, Serafino A, Sebastianelli A, Mastrantonio P. Binding of Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 epithelial cell line and to extracellular matrix proteins. Fed Euro Microbiol Soc Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 32:211-8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574- 695X.2002.tb00556.x
    • (2002) Fed Euro Microbiol Soc Immunol Med Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 211-218
    • Cerquetti, M.1    Serafino, A.2    Sebastianelli, A.3    Mastrantonio, P.4
  • 153
    • 0142011076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of a fibronectin-binding protein from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:14523111
    • Hennequin C, Janoir C, Barc MC, Collignon A, Karjalainen T. Identification and characterization of a fibronectin-binding protein from Clostridium difficile. Microbiology 2003; 149:2779-87; PMID:14523111; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26145-0
    • (2003) Microbiology , vol.149 , pp. 2779-2787
    • Hennequin, C.1    Janoir, C.2    Barc, M.C.3    Collignon, A.4    Karjalainen, T.5
  • 154
    • 79952797072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manganese binds to Clostridium difficile Fbp68 and is essential for fibronectin binding
    • PMID:21062746
    • Lin YP, Kuo CJ, Koleci X, McDonough SP, Chang YF. Manganese binds to Clostridium difficile Fbp68 and is essential for fibronectin binding. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3957-69; PMID:21062746; http://dx.doi. org/10.1074/jbc.M110.184523
    • (2011) J Biol Chem , vol.286 , pp. 3957-3969
    • Lin, Y.P.1    Kuo, C.J.2    Koleci, X.3    McDonough, S.P.4    Chang, Y.F.5
  • 155
    • 79960400886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of fibronectin-binding protein A in Clostridium difficile intestinal colonization
    • PMID:21349990
    • Barketi-Klai A, Hoys S, Lambert-Bordes S, Collignon A, Kansau I. Role of fibronectin-binding protein A in Clostridium difficile intestinal colonization. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1155-61; PMID:21349990; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.029553-0
    • (2011) J Med Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1155-1161
    • Barketi-Klai, A.1    Hoys, S.2    Lambert-Bordes, S.3    Collignon, A.4    Kansau, I.5
  • 159
    • 0035178627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of expression of GroEL (Hsp60) of Clostridium difficile in response to stress
    • PMID:11710845
    • Hennequin C, Collignon A, Karjalainen T. Analysis of expression of GroEL (Hsp60) of Clostridium difficile in response to stress. Microbial Pathogenesis 2001; 31:255-60; PMID:11710845; http://dx.doi. org/10.1006/mpat.2001.0468
    • (2001) Microbial Pathogenesis , vol.31 , pp. 255-260
    • Hennequin, C.1    Collignon, A.2    Karjalainen, T.3
  • 161
    • 84896729137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization Using GroEL Decreases Clostridium difficile Intestinal Colonization
    • PMID:24303034
    • Pechine S, Hennequin C, Boursier C, Hoys S, Collignon A. Immunization Using GroEL Decreases Clostridium difficile Intestinal Colonization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81112; PMID:24303034; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0081112
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8
    • Pechine, S.1    Hennequin, C.2    Boursier, C.3    Hoys, S.4    Collignon, A.5
  • 162
    • 84922045805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013
    • Prevention CDC
    • Prevention CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Threat Report 2013:50-2.
    • (2013) Threat Report , pp. 50-52
  • 163
    • 85172621731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modern Trends in Infection Control Practices in Intensive Care Units
    • PMID:23753240
    • Gandra S, Ellison RT, 3rd. Modern Trends in Infection Control Practices in Intensive Care Units. J Intensive Care Med 2013; PMID:23753240
    • (2013) J Intensive Care Med
    • Gandra, S.1    Ellison, R.T.2
  • 164
    • 84876544830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new strategy for the prevention of Clostridium difficile infection
    • PMID:23420906
    • Howerton A, Patra M, Abel-Santos E. A new strategy for the prevention of Clostridium difficile infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1498-504; PMID:23420906; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit068
    • (2013) J Infect Dis , vol.207 , pp. 1498-1504
    • Howerton, A.1    Patra, M.2    Abel-Santos, E.3
  • 165
    • 84897028931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small animal models for the study of Clostridium difficile disease pathogenesis
    • PMID:24372713
    • Hutton ML, Mackin KE, Chakravorty A, Lyras D. Small animal models for the study of Clostridium difficile disease pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 352:140-9; PMID:24372713; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/1574-6968.12367
    • (2013) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.352 , pp. 140-149
    • Hutton, M.L.1    McKin, K.E.2    Chakravorty, A.3    Lyras, D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.