메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 15-27

Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: Mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance

Author keywords

Binary toxin; CDT; Clostridium difficile infection; Disease severity; Mechanism; Mortality; PCR ribotyping; Toxinotyping

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; BACTERIAL TOXIN; BINARY TOXIN; BINARY TOXIN A; BINARY TOXIN B; CLINDAMYCIN; FIDAXOMICIN; LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN; ACTIN-SPECIFIC ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE, CLOSTRIDIUM; BACTERIAL PROTEIN;

EID: 84891773348     PISSN: 19490976     EISSN: 19490984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/gmic.26854     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (332)

References (118)
  • 2
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • PMID:16322602
    • Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, Michaud S, Bourgault AM, Nguyen T, Frenette C, Kelly M, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2442-9; PMID:16322602; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa051639
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3    Oughton, M.4    Libman, M.D.5    Michaud, S.6    Bourgault, A.M.7    Nguyen, T.8    Frenette, C.9    Kelly, M.10
  • 4
    • 42149172381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: Importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes
    • PMID:18397287
    • Rupnik M. Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:541-55; PMID:18397287; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00110.x
    • (2008) FEMS Microbiol Rev , vol.32 , pp. 541-555
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 5
    • 58549107018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans
    • PMID:19196280
    • Debast SB, van Leengoed LA, Goorhuis A, Harmanus C, Kuijper EJ, Bergwerff AA. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:505-11; PMID:19196280; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01790.x
    • (2009) Environ Microbiol , vol.11 , pp. 505-511
    • Debast, S.B.1    van Leengoed, L.A.2    Goorhuis, A.3    Harmanus, C.4    Kuijper, E.J.5    Bergwerff, A.A.6
  • 6
    • 84870192904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Editorial commentary: 027, 078, and others: Going beyond the numbers (and away from the hypervirulence)
    • PMID:22972865
    • Barbut F, Rupnik M. Editorial commentary: 027, 078, and others: going beyond the numbers (and away from the hypervirulence). Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1669-72; PMID:22972865; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis790
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. 1669-1672
    • Barbut, F.1    Rupnik, M.2
  • 8
    • 0026551601 scopus 로고
    • Clostridial actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins
    • PMID:1628500
    • Aktories K, Wille M, Just I. Clostridial actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 175:97-113; PMID:1628500; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76966-5_5
    • (1992) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol , vol.175 , pp. 97-113
    • Aktories, K.1    Wille, M.2    Just, I.3
  • 9
    • 0023942902 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium spiroforme toxin is a binary toxin which ADP-ribosylates cellular actin
    • PMID:2897847
    • Popoff MR, Boquet P. Clostridium spiroforme toxin is a binary toxin which ADP-ribosylates cellular actin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 152:1361-8; PMID:2897847; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80435-2
    • (1988) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.152 , pp. 1361-1368
    • Popoff, M.R.1    Boquet, P.2
  • 10
    • 0023747353 scopus 로고
    • Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain
    • PMID:3137166
    • Popoff MR, Rubin EJ, Gill DM, Boquet P. Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain. Infect Immun 1988; 56:2299-306; PMID:3137166
    • (1988) Infect Immun , vol.56 , pp. 2299-2306
    • Popoff, M.R.1    Rubin, E.J.2    Gill, D.M.3    Boquet, P.4
  • 11
    • 0031004306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196
    • PMID:9119480
    • Perelle S, Gibert M, Bourlioux P, Corthier G, Popoff MR. Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1402-7; PMID:9119480
    • (1997) Infect Immun , vol.65 , pp. 1402-1407
    • Perelle, S.1    Gibert, M.2    Bourlioux, P.3    Corthier, G.4    Popoff, M.R.5
  • 12
    • 0033965438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin gene (cdtA) and its activity in Clostridium difficile isolates from Equidae
    • PMID:10689161
    • Braun M, Herholz C, Straub R, Choisat B, Frey J, Nicolet J, Kuhnert P. Detection of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin gene (cdtA) and its activity in Clostridium difficile isolates from Equidae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 184:29-33; PMID:10689161; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08985.x
    • (2000) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.184 , pp. 29-33
    • Braun, M.1    Herholz, C.2    Straub, R.3    Choisat, B.4    Frey, J.5    Nicolet, J.6    Kuhnert, P.7
  • 13
    • 0034607782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:10802189
    • Stubbs S, Rupnik M, Gibert M, Brazier J, Duerden B, Popoff M. Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 186:307-12; PMID:10802189; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09122.x
    • (2000) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.186 , pp. 307-312
    • Stubbs, S.1    Rupnik, M.2    Gibert, M.3    Brazier, J.4    Duerden, B.5    Popoff, M.6
  • 14
    • 35048868078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin production in Clostridium difficile is regulated by CdtR, a LytTR family response regulator
    • PMID:17693517
    • Carter GP, Lyras D, Allen DL, Mackin KE, Howarth PM, O'Connor JR, Rood JI. Binary toxin production in Clostridium difficile is regulated by CdtR, a LytTR family response regulator. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:7290-301; PMID:17693517; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00731-07
    • (2007) J Bacteriol , vol.189 , pp. 7290-7301
    • Carter, G.P.1    Lyras, D.2    Allen, D.L.3    Mackin, K.E.4    Howarth, P.M.5    O'Connor, J.R.6    Rood, J.I.7
  • 15
    • 33847622057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variant forms of the binary toxin CDT locus and tcdC gene in Clostridium difficile strains
    • PMID:17314362
    • Stare BG, Delmée M, Rupnik M. Variant forms of the binary toxin CDT locus and tcdC gene in Clostridium difficile strains. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:329-35; PMID:17314362; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46931-0
    • (2007) J Med Microbiol , vol.56 , pp. 329-335
    • Stare, B.G.1    Delmée, M.2    Rupnik, M.3
  • 16
    • 11844280954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal spread of a Clostridium difficile strain with a complete set of toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxin genes among Polish patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • PMID:15635019
    • Pituch H, Kreft D, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Wultanska D, Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Luczak M, van Belkum A. Clonal spread of a Clostridium difficile strain with a complete set of toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxin genes among Polish patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:472-5; PMID:15635019; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.1.472-475.2005
    • (2005) J Clin Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 472-475
    • Pituch, H.1    Kreft, D.2    Obuch-Woszczatynski, P.3    Wultanska, D.4    Meisel-Mikolajczyk, F.5    Luczak, M.6    van Belkum, A.7
  • 17
    • 55849145460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic relatedness of Clostridium difficile isolates from various origins determined by triple-locus sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdC, tcdR, and cdtR
    • PMID:18832125
    • Bouvet PJ, Popoff MR. Genetic relatedness of Clostridium difficile isolates from various origins determined by triple-locus sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdC, tcdR, and cdtR. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3703-13; PMID:18832125; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00866-08
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 3703-3713
    • Bouvet, P.J.1    Popoff, M.R.2
  • 18
    • 79960416769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin locus analysis in Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:21459907
    • Metcalf DS, Weese JS. Binary toxin locus analysis in Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1137-45; PMID:21459907; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.028498-0
    • (2011) J Med Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1137-1145
    • Metcalf, D.S.1    Weese, J.S.2
  • 19
    • 4544264417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary bacterial toxins: Biochemistry, biology, and applications of common Clostridium and Bacillus proteins
    • [table.] PMID:15353562
    • Barth H, Aktories K, Popoff MR, Stiles BG. Binary bacterial toxins: biochemistry, biology, and applications of common Clostridium and Bacillus proteins. [table.]. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004; 68:373-402; PMID:15353562; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.68.3.373-402.2004
    • (2004) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev , vol.68 , pp. 373-402
    • Barth, H.1    Aktories, K.2    Popoff, M.R.3    Stiles, B.G.4
  • 20
    • 0035206185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ADP-ribosylating binary toxin genes of Clostridium difficile strain CCUG 20309
    • PMID:11761709
    • Chang SY, Song KP. ADP-ribosylating binary toxin genes of Clostridium difficile strain CCUG 20309. DNA Seq 2001; 12:115-20; PMID:11761709
    • (2001) DNA Seq , vol.12 , pp. 115-120
    • Chang, S.Y.1    Song, K.P.2
  • 21
    • 70350351266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural basis for substrate recognition in the enzymatic component of ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin CDTa from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:19692332
    • Sundriyal A, Roberts AK, Shone CC, Acharya KR. Structural basis for substrate recognition in the enzymatic component of ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin CDTa from Clostridium difficile. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28713-9; PMID:19692332; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.043018
    • (2009) J Biol Chem , vol.284 , pp. 28713-28719
    • Sundriyal, A.1    Roberts, A.K.2    Shone, C.C.3    Acharya, K.R.4
  • 22
    • 0032876380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and mechanism from structures of an ADP-ribosylating toxin and NAD complex
    • PMID:10504727
    • Han S, Craig JA, Putnam CD, Carozzi NB, Tainer JA. Evolution and mechanism from structures of an ADP-ribosylating toxin and NAD complex. Nat Struct Biol 1999; 6:932-6; PMID:10504727; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/13300
    • (1999) Nat Struct Biol , vol.6 , pp. 932-936
    • Han, S.1    Craig, J.A.2    Putnam, C.D.3    Carozzi, N.B.4    Tainer, J.A.5
  • 23
    • 0034819726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the enzymatic component of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin CDTa from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:11553537
    • Gülke I, Pfeifer G, Liese J, Fritz M, Hofmann F, Aktories K, Barth H. Characterization of the enzymatic component of the ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin CDTa from Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6004-11; PMID:11553537; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.10.6004-6011.2001
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 6004-6011
    • Gülke, I.1    Pfeifer, G.2    Liese, J.3    Fritz, M.4    Hofmann, F.5    Aktories, K.6    Barth, H.7
  • 25
    • 34447291354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthrax toxin: Receptor binding, internalization, pore formation, and translocation
    • PMID:17335404
    • Young JA, Collier RJ. Anthrax toxin: receptor binding, internalization, pore formation, and translocation. Annu Rev Biochem 2007; 76:243-65; PMID:17335404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142728
    • (2007) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.76 , pp. 243-265
    • Young, J.A.1    Collier, R.J.2
  • 26
    • 33751070013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and action of the binary C2 toxin from Clostridium botulinum
    • PMID:17027031
    • Schleberger C, Hochmann H, Barth H, Aktories K, Schulz GE. Structure and action of the binary C2 toxin from Clostridium botulinum. J Mol Biol 2006; 364:705-15; PMID:17027031; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.002
    • (2006) J Mol Biol , vol.364 , pp. 705-715
    • Schleberger, C.1    Hochmann, H.2    Barth, H.3    Aktories, K.4    Schulz, G.E.5
  • 27
    • 0031052342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen
    • PMID:9039918
    • Petosa C, Collier RJ, Klimpel KR, Leppla SH, Liddington RC. Crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen. Nature 1997; 385:833-8; PMID:9039918; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/385833a0
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 833-838
    • Petosa, C.1    Collier, R.J.2    Klimpel, K.R.3    Leppla, S.H.4    Liddington, R.C.5
  • 28
    • 0039003839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin requires oligomerization and acidification
    • PMID:10749859
    • Barth H, Blocker D, Behlke J, Bergsma-Schutter W, Brisson A, Benz R, Aktories K. Cellular uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin requires oligomerization and acidification. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18704-11; PMID:10749859; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M000596200
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 18704-18711
    • Barth, H.1    Blocker, D.2    Behlke, J.3    Bergsma-Schutter, W.4    Brisson, A.5    Benz, R.6    Aktories, K.7
  • 30
    • 0035063194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular uptake of the Clostridium perfringens binary iota-toxin
    • PMID:11292715
    • Blöcker D, Behlke J, Aktories K, Barth H. Cellular uptake of the Clostridium perfringens binary iota-toxin. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2980-7; PMID:11292715; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.5.2980-2987.2001
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 2980-2987
    • Blöcker, D.1    Behlke, J.2    Aktories, K.3    Barth, H.4
  • 31
    • 0036130586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding component of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin induces endocytosis in Vero cells
    • PMID:11895954
    • Nagahama M, Nagayasu K, Kobayashi K, Sakurai J. Binding component of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin induces endocytosis in Vero cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1909-14; PMID:11895954; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.70.4.1909-1914.2002
    • (2002) Infect Immun , vol.70 , pp. 1909-1914
    • Nagahama, M.1    Nagayasu, K.2    Kobayashi, K.3    Sakurai, J.4
  • 32
    • 80053636077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is the host receptor for the binary toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT)
    • PMID:21930894
    • Papatheodorou P, Carette JE, Bell GW, Schwan C, Guttenberg G, Brummelkamp TR, Aktories K. Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is the host receptor for the binary toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16422-7; PMID:21930894; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109772108
    • (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.108 , pp. 16422-16427
    • Papatheodorou, P.1    Carette, J.E.2    Bell, G.W.3    Schwan, C.4    Guttenberg, G.5    Brummelkamp, T.R.6    Aktories, K.7
  • 34
    • 3242876555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of the lipolysis stimulated receptor in adult and embryonic murine tissues and lethality of LSR-/-embryos at 12.5 to 14.5 days of gestation
    • PMID:15265030
    • Mesli S, Javorschi S, Bérard AM, Landry M, Priddle H, Kivlichan D, Smith AJ, Yen FT, Bihain BE, Darmon M. Distribution of the lipolysis stimulated receptor in adult and embryonic murine tissues and lethality of LSR-/-embryos at 12.5 to 14.5 days of gestation. Eur J Biochem 2004; 271:3103-14; PMID:15265030; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04223.x
    • (2004) Eur J Biochem , vol.271 , pp. 3103-3114
    • Mesli, S.1    Javorschi, S.2    Bérard, A.M.3    Landry, M.4    Priddle, H.5    Kivlichan, D.6    Smith, A.J.7    Yen, F.T.8    Bihain, B.E.9    Darmon, M.10
  • 36
    • 0028326257 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a lipolysis-stimulated receptor that is distinct from the LDL receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein
    • PMID:7509190
    • Yen FT, Mann CJ, Guermani LM, Hannouche NF, Hubert N, Hornick CA, Bordeau VN, Agnani G, Bihain BE. Identification of a lipolysis-stimulated receptor that is distinct from the LDL receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein. Biochemistry 1994; 33:1172-80; PMID:7509190; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00171a017
    • (1994) Biochemistry , vol.33 , pp. 1172-1180
    • Yen, F.T.1    Mann, C.J.2    Guermani, L.M.3    Hannouche, N.F.4    Hubert, N.5    Hornick, C.A.6    Bordeau, V.N.7    Agnani, G.8    Bihain, B.E.9
  • 37
    • 54449093230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor: A novel molecular link between hyperlipidemia, weight gain, and atherosclerosis in mice
    • PMID:18644789
    • Yen FT, Roitel O, Bonnard L, Notet V, Pratte D, Stenger C, Magueur E, Bihain BE. Lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor: a novel molecular link between hyperlipidemia, weight gain, and atherosclerosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25650-9; PMID:18644789; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M801027200
    • (2008) J Biol Chem , vol.283 , pp. 25650-25659
    • Yen, F.T.1    Roitel, O.2    Bonnard, L.3    Notet, V.4    Pratte, D.5    Stenger, C.6    Magueur, E.7    Bihain, B.E.8
  • 38
    • 0029088393 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of activation and functional significance of the lipolysis-stimulated receptor. Evidence for a role as chylomicron remnant receptor
    • PMID:7654696
    • Mann CJ, Khallou J, Chevreuil O, Troussard AA, Guermani LM, Launay K, Delplanque B, Yen FT, Bihain BE. Mechanism of activation and functional significance of the lipolysis-stimulated receptor. Evidence for a role as chylomicron remnant receptor. Biochemistry 1995; 34:10421-31; PMID:7654696; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00033a014
    • (1995) Biochemistry , vol.34 , pp. 10421-10431
    • Mann, C.J.1    Khallou, J.2    Chevreuil, O.3    Troussard, A.A.4    Guermani, L.M.5    Launay, K.6    Delplanque, B.7    Yen, F.T.8    Bihain, B.E.9
  • 39
    • 79951830550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LSR defines cell corners for tricellular tight junction formation in epithelial cells
    • PMID:21245199
    • Masuda S, Oda Y, Sasaki H, Ikenouchi J, Higashi T, Akashi M, Nishi E, Furuse M. LSR defines cell corners for tricellular tight junction formation in epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:548-55; PMID:21245199; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.072058
    • (2011) J Cell Sci , vol.124 , pp. 548-555
    • Masuda, S.1    Oda, Y.2    Sasaki, H.3    Ikenouchi, J.4    Higashi, T.5    Akashi, M.6    Nishi, E.7    Furuse, M.8
  • 40
    • 29144533473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tricellulin constitutes a novel barrier at tricellular contacts of epithelial cells
    • PMID:16365161
    • Ikenouchi J, Furuse M, Furuse K, Sasaki H, Tsukita S, Tsukita S. Tricellulin constitutes a novel barrier at tricellular contacts of epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 2005; 171:939-45; PMID:16365161; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200510043
    • (2005) J Cell Biol , vol.171 , pp. 939-945
    • Ikenouchi, J.1    Furuse, M.2    Furuse, K.3    Sasaki, H.4    Tsukita, S.5    Tsukita, S.6
  • 41
    • 84883343773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the 'angulin' proteins LSR, ILDR1 and ILDR2--tricellulin recruitment, epithelial barrier function and implication in deafness pathogenesis
    • PMID:23239027
    • Higashi T, Tokuda S, Kitajiri S, Masuda S, Nakamura H, Oda Y, Furuse M. Analysis of the 'angulin' proteins LSR, ILDR1 and ILDR2--tricellulin recruitment, epithelial barrier function and implication in deafness pathogenesis. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:966-77; PMID:23239027; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.116442
    • (2013) J Cell Sci , vol.126 , pp. 966-977
    • Higashi, T.1    Tokuda, S.2    Kitajiri, S.3    Masuda, S.4    Nakamura, H.5    Oda, Y.6    Furuse, M.7
  • 43
    • 0034029903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the enzymatic component of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin
    • PMID:10735850
    • Nagahama M, Sakaguchi Y, Kobayashi K, Ochi S, Sakurai J. Characterization of the enzymatic component of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:2096-103; PMID:10735850; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.182.8.2096-2103.2000
    • (2000) J Bacteriol , vol.182 , pp. 2096-2103
    • Nagahama, M.1    Sakaguchi, Y.2    Kobayashi, K.3    Ochi, S.4    Sakurai, J.5
  • 44
    • 2542583975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding and internalization of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin in lipid rafts
    • PMID:15155629
    • Nagahama M, Yamaguchi A, Hagiyama T, Ohkubo N, Kobayashi K, Sakurai J. Binding and internalization of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin in lipid rafts. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3267-75; PMID:15155629; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.6.3267-3275.2004
    • (2004) Infect Immun , vol.72 , pp. 3267-3275
    • Nagahama, M.1    Yamaguchi, A.2    Hagiyama, T.3    Ohkubo, N.4    Kobayashi, K.5    Sakurai, J.6
  • 45
    • 1842588541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detergent-resistant membrane microdomains facilitate Ib oligomer formation and biological activity of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin
    • PMID:15039342
    • Hale ML, Marvaud JC, Popoff MR, Stiles BG. Detergent-resistant membrane microdomains facilitate Ib oligomer formation and biological activity of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2186-93; PMID:15039342; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.4.2186-2193.2004
    • (2004) Infect Immun , vol.72 , pp. 2186-2193
    • Hale, M.L.1    Marvaud, J.C.2    Popoff, M.R.3    Stiles, B.G.4
  • 46
    • 0035081307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin: Mapping of receptor binding and Ia docking domains on Ib
    • PMID:11254604
    • Marvaud JC, Smith T, Hale ML, Popoff MR, Smith LA, Stiles BG. Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin: mapping of receptor binding and Ia docking domains on Ib. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2435-41; PMID:11254604; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.4.2435-2441.2001
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 2435-2441
    • Marvaud, J.C.1    Smith, T.2    Hale, M.L.3    Popoff, M.R.4    Smith, L.A.5    Stiles, B.G.6
  • 49
    • 7944221639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid-induced unfolding of the amino-terminal domains of the lethal and edema factors of anthrax toxin
    • PMID:15533442
    • Krantz BA, Trivedi AD, Cunningham K, Christensen KA, Collier RJ. Acid-induced unfolding of the amino-terminal domains of the lethal and edema factors of anthrax toxin. J Mol Biol 2004; 344:739-56; PMID:15533442; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.067
    • (2004) J Mol Biol , vol.344 , pp. 739-756
    • Krantz, B.A.1    Trivedi, A.D.2    Cunningham, K.3    Christensen, K.A.4    Collier, R.J.5
  • 50
    • 29444456231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein translocation through the anthrax toxin transmembrane pore is driven by a proton gradient
    • PMID:16343527
    • Krantz BA, Finkelstein A, Collier RJ. Protein translocation through the anthrax toxin transmembrane pore is driven by a proton gradient. J Mol Biol 2006; 355:968-79; PMID:16343527; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.030
    • (2006) J Mol Biol , vol.355 , pp. 968-979
    • Krantz, B.A.1    Finkelstein, A.2    Collier, R.J.3
  • 51
    • 0028286786 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin with lipid bilayer membranes. Formation of cation-selective channels and inhibition of channel function by chloroquine
    • PMID:7515883
    • Schmid A, Benz R, Just I, Aktories K. Interaction of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin with lipid bilayer membranes. Formation of cation-selective channels and inhibition of channel function by chloroquine. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:16706-11; PMID:7515883
    • (1994) J Biol Chem , vol.269 , pp. 16706-16711
    • Schmid, A.1    Benz, R.2    Just, I.3    Aktories, K.4
  • 52
    • 0035404038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin with lipid bilayer membranes and Vero cells: Inhibition of channel function by chloroquine and related compounds in vitro and intoxification in vivo
    • PMID:11427518
    • Bachmeyer C, Benz R, Barth H, Aktories K, Gilbert M, Popoff MR. Interaction of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin with lipid bilayer membranes and Vero cells: inhibition of channel function by chloroquine and related compounds in vitro and intoxification in vivo. FASEB J 2001; 15:1658-60; PMID:11427518
    • (2001) FASEB J , vol.15 , pp. 1658-1660
    • Bachmeyer, C.1    Benz, R.2    Barth, H.3    Aktories, K.4    Gilbert, M.5    Popoff, M.R.6
  • 53
    • 0037881855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Channel formation by the binding component of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin: Glutamate 307 of C2II affects channel properties in vitro and pH-dependent C2I translocation in vivo
    • PMID:12731878
    • Blöcker D, Bachmeyer C, Benz R, Aktories K, Barth H. Channel formation by the binding component of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin: glutamate 307 of C2II affects channel properties in vitro and pH-dependent C2I translocation in vivo. Biochemistry 2003; 42:5368-77; PMID:12731878; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi034199e
    • (2003) Biochemistry , vol.42 , pp. 5368-5377
    • Blöcker, D.1    Bachmeyer, C.2    Benz, R.3    Aktories, K.4    Barth, H.5
  • 54
    • 49449106556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amino acid residues involved in membrane insertion and pore formation of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin
    • PMID:18636745
    • Lang AE, Neumeyer T, Sun J, Collier RJ, Benz R, Aktories K. Amino acid residues involved in membrane insertion and pore formation of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin. Biochemistry 2008; 47:8406-13; PMID:18636745; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi800615g
    • (2008) Biochemistry , vol.47 , pp. 8406-8413
    • Lang, A.E.1    Neumeyer, T.2    Sun, J.3    Collier, R.J.4    Benz, R.5    Aktories, K.6
  • 55
    • 0037155268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin with lipid bilayer membranes. Demonstration of channel formation by the activated binding component Ib and channel block by the enzyme component Ia
    • PMID:11741922
    • Knapp O, Benz R, Gibert M, Marvaud JC, Popoff MR. Interaction of Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin with lipid bilayer membranes. Demonstration of channel formation by the activated binding component Ib and channel block by the enzyme component Ia. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:6143-52; PMID:11741922; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M103939200
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 6143-6152
    • Knapp, O.1    Benz, R.2    Gibert, M.3    Marvaud, J.C.4    Popoff, M.R.5
  • 56
    • 23044508996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phenylalanine clamp catalyzes protein translocation through the anthrax toxin pore
    • PMID:16051798
    • Krantz BA, Melnyk RA, Zhang S, Juris SJ, Lacy DB, Wu Z, Finkelstein A, Collier RJ. A phenylalanine clamp catalyzes protein translocation through the anthrax toxin pore. Science 2005; 309:777-81; PMID:16051798; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1113380
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 777-781
    • Krantz, B.A.1    Melnyk, R.A.2    Zhang, S.3    Juris, S.J.4    Lacy, D.B.5    Wu, Z.6    Finkelstein, A.7    Collier, R.J.8
  • 57
    • 0346333312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin: Membrane translocation of a fusion toxin requires unfolding of its dihydrofolate reductase domain
    • PMID:14690438
    • Haug G, Wilde C, Leemhuis J, Meyer DK, Aktories K, Barth H. Cellular uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin: membrane translocation of a fusion toxin requires unfolding of its dihydrofolate reductase domain. Biochemistry 2003; 42:15284-91; PMID:14690438; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0354278
    • (2003) Biochemistry , vol.42 , pp. 15284-15291
    • Haug, G.1    Wilde, C.2    Leemhuis, J.3    Meyer, D.K.4    Aktories, K.5    Barth, H.6
  • 58
    • 2142662149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host cell chaperone Hsp90 is necessary for cytotoxic action of the binary iota-like toxins
    • PMID:15102823
    • Haug G, Aktories K, Barth H. The host cell chaperone Hsp90 is necessary for cytotoxic action of the binary iota-like toxins. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3066-8; PMID:15102823; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.5.3066-3068.2004
    • (2004) Infect Immun , vol.72 , pp. 3066-3068
    • Haug, G.1    Aktories, K.2    Barth, H.3
  • 59
    • 0041856090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host cell chaperone Hsp90 is essential for translocation of the binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin into the cytosol
    • PMID:12805360
    • Haug G, Leemhuis J, Tiemann D, Meyer DK, Aktories K, Barth H. The host cell chaperone Hsp90 is essential for translocation of the binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin into the cytosol. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:32266-74; PMID:12805360; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M303980200
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 32266-32274
    • Haug, G.1    Leemhuis, J.2    Tiemann, D.3    Meyer, D.K.4    Aktories, K.5    Barth, H.6
  • 60
    • 80855141250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Membrane translocation of binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins from Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens is facilitated by cyclophilin A and Hsp90
    • PMID:21768281
    • Kaiser E, Kroll C, Ernst K, Schwan C, Popoff M, Fischer G, Buchner J, Aktories K, Barth H. Membrane translocation of binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins from Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens is facilitated by cyclophilin A and Hsp90. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3913-21; PMID:21768281; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.05372-11
    • (2011) Infect Immun , vol.79 , pp. 3913-3921
    • Kaiser, E.1    Kroll, C.2    Ernst, K.3    Schwan, C.4    Popoff, M.5    Fischer, G.6    Buchner, J.7    Aktories, K.8    Barth, H.9
  • 61
    • 84863992806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FK506-binding protein 51 interacts with Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and FK506 inhibits membrane translocation of the toxin in mammalian cells
    • PMID:22420783
    • Kaiser E, Böhm N, Ernst K, Langer S, Schwan C, Aktories K, Popoff M, Fischer G, Barth H. FK506-binding protein 51 interacts with Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and FK506 inhibits membrane translocation of the toxin in mammalian cells. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1193-205; PMID:22420783; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01788.x
    • (2012) Cell Microbiol , vol.14 , pp. 1193-1205
    • Kaiser, E.1    Böhm, N.2    Ernst, K.3    Langer, S.4    Schwan, C.5    Aktories, K.6    Popoff, M.7    Fischer, G.8    Barth, H.9
  • 62
    • 70849098888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actin, a central player in cell shape and movement
    • PMID:19965462
    • Pollard TD, Cooper JA. Actin, a central player in cell shape and movement. Science 2009; 326:1208-12; PMID:19965462; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175862
    • (2009) Science , vol.326 , pp. 1208-1212
    • Pollard, T.D.1    Cooper, J.A.2
  • 63
    • 79955859521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actin structure and function
    • PMID:21314430
    • Dominguez R, Holmes KC. Actin structure and function. Annu Rev Biophys 2011; 40:169-86; PMID:21314430; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biophys-042910-155359
    • (2011) Annu Rev Biophys , vol.40 , pp. 169-186
    • Dominguez, R.1    Holmes, K.C.2
  • 64
    • 34547959158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actin in membrane trafficking
    • PMID:17616384
    • Lanzetti L. Actin in membrane trafficking. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19:453-8; PMID:17616384; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2007.04.017
    • (2007) Curr Opin Cell Biol , vol.19 , pp. 453-458
    • Lanzetti, L.1
  • 65
    • 18544379580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actin polymerization machinery: The finish line of signaling networks, the starting point of cellular movement
    • PMID:15868099
    • Disanza A, Steffen A, Hertzog M, Frittoli E, Rottner K, Scita G. Actin polymerization machinery: the finish line of signaling networks, the starting point of cellular movement. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:955-70; PMID:15868099; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-004-4472-6
    • (2005) Cell Mol Life Sci , vol.62 , pp. 955-970
    • Disanza, A.1    Steffen, A.2    Hertzog, M.3    Frittoli, E.4    Rottner, K.5    Scita, G.6
  • 66
    • 0023612455 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium perfringens iota toxin ADP-ribosylates skeletal muscle actin in Arg-177
    • PMID:2891567
    • Vandekerckhove J, Schering B, Bärmann M, Aktories K. Clostridium perfringens iota toxin ADP-ribosylates skeletal muscle actin in Arg-177. FEBS Lett 1987; 225:48-52; PMID:2891567; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(87)81129-8
    • (1987) FEBS Lett , vol.225 , pp. 48-52
    • Vandekerckhove, J.1    Schering, B.2    Bärmann, M.3    Aktories, K.4
  • 67
    • 0023848539 scopus 로고
    • Botulinum C2 toxin ADP-ribosylates cytoplasmic beta/gamma-actin in arginine 177
    • PMID:3335520
    • Vandekerckhove J, Schering B, Bärmann M, Aktories K. Botulinum C2 toxin ADP-ribosylates cytoplasmic beta/gamma-actin in arginine 177. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:696-700; PMID:3335520
    • (1988) J Biol Chem , vol.263 , pp. 696-700
    • Vandekerckhove, J.1    Schering, B.2    Bärmann, M.3    Aktories, K.4
  • 68
    • 80051693604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins
    • PMID:21466657
    • Aktories K, Lang AE, Schwan C, Mannherz HG. Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins. FEBS J 2011; 278:4526-43; PMID:21466657; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08113.x
    • (2011) FEBS J , vol.278 , pp. 4526-4543
    • Aktories, K.1    Lang, A.E.2    Schwan, C.3    Mannherz, H.G.4
  • 69
    • 77951600828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photox, a novel actin-targeting mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase from Photorhabdus luminescens
    • PMID:20181945
    • Visschedyk DD, Perieteanu AA, Turgeon ZJ, Fieldhouse RJ, Dawson JF, Merrill AR. Photox, a novel actin-targeting mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase from Photorhabdus luminescens. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13525-34; PMID:20181945; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.077339
    • (2010) J Biol Chem , vol.285 , pp. 13525-13534
    • Visschedyk, D.D.1    Perieteanu, A.A.2    Turgeon, Z.J.3    Fieldhouse, R.J.4    Dawson, J.F.5    Merrill, A.R.6
  • 70
    • 0036208813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of an ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin (AexT) from Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida
    • PMID:11889090
    • Braun M, Stuber K, Schlatter Y, Wahli T, Kuhnert P, Frey J. Characterization of an ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin (AexT) from Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:1851-8; PMID:11889090; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.184.7.1851-1858.2002
    • (2002) J Bacteriol , vol.184 , pp. 1851-1858
    • Braun, M.1    Stuber, K.2    Schlatter, Y.3    Wahli, T.4    Kuhnert, P.5    Frey, J.6
  • 71
    • 31544444417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salmonella enterica SpvB ADP-ribosylates actin at position arginine-177-characterization of the catalytic domain within the SpvB protein and a comparison to binary clostridial actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins
    • PMID:16430223
    • Hochmann H, Pust S, von Figura G, Aktories K, Barth H. Salmonella enterica SpvB ADP-ribosylates actin at position arginine-177-characterization of the catalytic domain within the SpvB protein and a comparison to binary clostridial actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins. Biochemistry 2006; 45:1271-7; PMID:16430223; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi051810w
    • (2006) Biochemistry , vol.45 , pp. 1271-1277
    • Hochmann, H.1    Pust, S.2    von Figura, G.3    Aktories, K.4    Barth, H.5
  • 72
    • 0023708116 scopus 로고
    • ADP-ribosylated actin caps the barbed ends of actin filaments
    • PMID:2901417
    • Wegner A, Aktories K. ADP-ribosylated actin caps the barbed ends of actin filaments. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:13739-42; PMID:2901417
    • (1988) J Biol Chem , vol.263 , pp. 13739-13742
    • Wegner, A.1    Aktories, K.2
  • 73
    • 0026584952 scopus 로고
    • ADP-ribosylation of gelsolin-actin complexes by clostridial toxins
    • PMID:1309748
    • Wille M, Just I, Wegner A, Aktories K. ADP-ribosylation of gelsolin-actin complexes by clostridial toxins. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:50-5; PMID:1309748
    • (1992) J Biol Chem , vol.267 , pp. 50-55
    • Wille, M.1    Just, I.2    Wegner, A.3    Aktories, K.4
  • 74
    • 0024424942 scopus 로고
    • ADP-ribosylation of actin by clostridial toxins
    • PMID:2677017
    • Aktories K, Wegner A. ADP-ribosylation of actin by clostridial toxins. J Cell Biol 1989; 109:1385-7; PMID:2677017; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.4.1385
    • (1989) J Cell Biol , vol.109 , pp. 1385-1387
    • Aktories, K.1    Wegner, A.2
  • 75
    • 73449097193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria
    • PMID:19834554
    • Schwan C, Stecher B, Tzivelekidis T, van Ham M, Rohde M, Hardt WD, Wehland J, Aktories K. Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000626; PMID:19834554; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000626
    • (2009) PLoS Pathog , vol.5
    • Schwan, C.1    Stecher, B.2    Tzivelekidis, T.3    van Ham, M.4    Rohde, M.5    Hardt, W.D.6    Wehland, J.7    Aktories, K.8
  • 76
    • 33745848829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microtubule plus end: A hub of cellular activities
    • PMID:16643273
    • Lansbergen G, Akhmanova A. Microtubule plus end: a hub of cellular activities. Traffic 2006; 7:499-507; PMID:16643273; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00400.x
    • (2006) Traffic , vol.7 , pp. 499-507
    • Lansbergen, G.1    Akhmanova, A.2
  • 77
    • 33947142869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microtubule-induced cortical cell polarity
    • PMID:17344411
    • Siegrist SE, Doe CQ. Microtubule-induced cortical cell polarity. Genes Dev 2007; 21:483-96; PMID:17344411; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1511207
    • (2007) Genes Dev , vol.21 , pp. 483-496
    • Siegrist, S.E.1    Doe, C.Q.2
  • 78
    • 0242509106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of binary toxin genes among Clostridium difficile strains that do not produce large clostridial toxins
    • PMID:14605169
    • Geric B, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Grabnar M, Rupnik M. Frequency of binary toxin genes among Clostridium difficile strains that do not produce large clostridial toxins. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:5227-32; PMID:14605169; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.11.5227-5232.2003
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 5227-5232
    • Geric, B.1    Johnson, S.2    Gerding, D.N.3    Grabnar, M.4    Rupnik, M.5
  • 79
    • 0023747353 scopus 로고
    • Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain
    • PMID:3137166
    • Popoff MR, Rubin EJ, Gill DM, Boquet P. Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain. Infect Immun 1988; 56:2299-306; PMID:3137166
    • (1988) Infect Immun , vol.56 , pp. 2299-2306
    • Popoff, M.R.1    Rubin, E.J.2    Gill, D.M.3    Boquet, P.4
  • 80
    • 0344492211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New types of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strains among Clostridium difficile isolates from Asia
    • PMID:12624039
    • Rupnik M, Kato N, Grabnar M, Kato H. New types of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strains among Clostridium difficile isolates from Asia. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1118-25; PMID:12624039; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.3.1118-1125.2003
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 1118-1125
    • Rupnik, M.1    Kato, N.2    Grabnar, M.3    Kato, H.4
  • 81
    • 2442420091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:15131151
    • Gonçalves C, Decré D, Barbut F, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1933-9; PMID:15131151; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.5.1933-1939.2004
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 1933-1939
    • Gonçalves, C.1    Decré, D.2    Barbut, F.3    Burghoffer, B.4    Petit, J.C.5
  • 82
    • 4644249440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired Clostridium difficile diarrhea caused by binary toxin, toxin A, and toxin B gene-positive isolates in Hungary
    • PMID:15365032
    • Terhes G, Urbán E, Sóki J, Hamid KA, Nagy E. Community-acquired Clostridium difficile diarrhea caused by binary toxin, toxin A, and toxin B gene-positive isolates in Hungary. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4316-8; PMID:15365032; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.9.4316-4318.2004
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 4316-4318
    • Terhes, G.1    Urbán, E.2    Sóki, J.3    Hamid, K.A.4    Nagy, E.5
  • 83
    • 15544388831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of binary-toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB) among Clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) in Poland
    • PMID:15673507
    • Pituch H, Rupnik M, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Grubesic A, Meisel-Mikołajczyk F, Luczak M. Detection of binary-toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB) among Clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) in Poland. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:143-7; PMID:15673507; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45799-0
    • (2005) J Med Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 143-147
    • Pituch, H.1    Rupnik, M.2    Obuch-Woszczatynski, P.3    Grubesic, A.4    Meisel-Mikołajczyk, F.5    Luczak, M.6
  • 84
    • 15544390819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxigenic status of Clostridium difficile in a large Spanish teaching hospital
    • PMID:15673510
    • Alonso R, Martín A, Peláez T, Marín M, Rodríguez-Creixéms M, Bouza E. Toxigenic status of Clostridium difficile in a large Spanish teaching hospital. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:159-62; PMID:15673510; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45809-0
    • (2005) J Med Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 159-162
    • Alonso, R.1    Martín, A.2    Peláez, T.3    Marín, M.4    Rodríguez-Creixéms, M.5    Bouza, E.6
  • 85
    • 4544379887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital
    • PMID:15314196
    • Geric B, Rupnik M, Gerding DN, Grabnar M, Johnson S. Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:887-94; PMID:15314196; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45610-0
    • (2004) J Med Microbiol , vol.53 , pp. 887-894
    • Geric, B.1    Rupnik, M.2    Gerding, D.N.3    Grabnar, M.4    Johnson, S.5
  • 86
    • 0036192008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant Clostridium difficile: An underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications
    • PMID:11882758
    • Dallal RM, Harbrecht BG, Boujoukas AJ, Sirio CA, Farkas LM, Lee KK, Simmons RL. Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg 2002; 235:363-72; PMID:11882758; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200203000-00008
    • (2002) Ann Surg , vol.235 , pp. 363-372
    • Dallal, R.M.1    Harbrecht, B.G.2    Boujoukas, A.J.3    Sirio, C.A.4    Farkas, L.M.5    Lee, K.K.6    Simmons, R.L.7
  • 88
    • 33748563622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe
    • ESCMID Study Group for Clostridium difficile; EU Member States; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, PMID:16965399
    • Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tüll P; ESCMID Study Group for Clostridium difficile; EU Member States; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12(Suppl 6):2-18; PMID:16965399; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01580.x
    • (2006) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.12 , Issue.6 SUPPL. , pp. 2-18
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Coignard, B.2    Tüll, P.3
  • 89
    • 11144220934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates belonging to different genetic lineages and time periods
    • PMID:15496392
    • Spigaglia P, Mastrantonio P. Comparative analysis of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates belonging to different genetic lineages and time periods. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:1129-36; PMID:15496392; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45682-0
    • (2004) J Med Microbiol , vol.53 , pp. 1129-1136
    • Spigaglia, P.1    Mastrantonio, P.2
  • 90
    • 35048865459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates
    • European Study Group on Clostridium difficile (ESGCD), PMID:17850341
    • Barbut F, Mastrantonio P, Delmée M, Brazier J, Kuijper E, Poxton I; European Study Group on Clostridium difficile (ESGCD). Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:1048-57; PMID:17850341; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01824.x
    • (2007) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.13 , pp. 1048-1057
    • Barbut, F.1    Mastrantonio, P.2    Delmée, M.3    Brazier, J.4    Kuijper, E.5    Poxton, I.6
  • 92
    • 34147093284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease?
    • PMID:17331126
    • Rupnik M. Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:457-9; PMID:17331126; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01687.x
    • (2007) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.13 , pp. 457-459
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 93
    • 34250660545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs, calves, and other species
    • PMID:17428945
    • Keel K, Brazier JS, Post KW, Weese S, Songer JG. Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs, calves, and other species. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1963-4; PMID:17428945; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00224-07
    • (2007) J Clin Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 1963-1964
    • Keel, K.1    Brazier, J.S.2    Post, K.W.3    Weese, S.4    Songer, J.G.5
  • 95
    • 33847374776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat, Canada
    • PMID:17552108
    • Rodriguez-Palacios A, Staempfli HR, Duffield T, Weese JS. Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:485-7; PMID:17552108; http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1303.060988
    • (2007) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 485-487
    • Rodriguez-Palacios, A.1    Staempfli, H.R.2    Duffield, T.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 96
    • 67650252214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equine colitis X associated with infection by Clostridium difficile NAP1/027
    • PMID:19407094
    • Songer JG, Trinh HT, Dial SM, Brazier JS, Glock RD. Equine colitis X associated with infection by Clostridium difficile NAP1/027. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:377-80; PMID:19407094; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870902100314
    • (2009) J Vet Diagn Invest , vol.21 , pp. 377-380
    • Songer, J.G.1    Trinh, H.T.2    Dial, S.M.3    Brazier, J.S.4    Glock, R.D.5
  • 97
    • 84862605837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in the community: A zoonotic disease?
    • European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Clostridium difficile (ESGCD), PMID:22536816
    • Hensgens MP, Keessen EC, Squire MM, Riley TV, Koene MG, de Boer E, Lipman LJ, Kuijper EJ; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Clostridium difficile (ESGCD). Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:635-45; PMID:22536816; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03853.x
    • (2012) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.18 , pp. 635-645
    • Hensgens, M.P.1    Keessen, E.C.2    Squire, M.M.3    Riley, T.V.4    Koene, M.G.5    de Boer, E.6    Lipman, L.J.7    Kuijper, E.J.8
  • 98
    • 77955821357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: A new foodborne pathogen?
    • PMID:20642351
    • Gould LH, Limbago B. Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: a new foodborne pathogen? Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:577-82; PMID:20642351; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655692
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.51 , pp. 577-582
    • Gould, L.H.1    Limbago, B.2
  • 99
    • 20144363690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains
    • PMID:15673514
    • Barbut F, Decré D, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Noussair L, Gigandon A, Espinasse F, Raskine L, Robert J, Mangeol A, et al. Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:181-5; PMID:15673514; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45804-0
    • (2005) J Med Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 181-185
    • Barbut, F.1    Decré, D.2    Lalande, V.3    Burghoffer, B.4    Noussair, L.5    Gigandon, A.6    Espinasse, F.7    Raskine, L.8    Robert, J.9    Mangeol, A.10
  • 101
    • 67949102239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile strain NAP-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting
    • PMID:19465153
    • Cloud J, Noddin L, Pressman A, Hu M, Kelly C. Clostridium difficile strain NAP-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7:868-73, e2; PMID:19465153; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.05.018
    • (2009) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.7
    • Cloud, J.1    Noddin, L.2    Pressman, A.3    Hu, M.4    Kelly, C.5
  • 102
    • 77953002541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of death after Clostridium difficile infection: A report on 128 strain-typed cases from a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom
    • PMID:20450417
    • Wilson V, Cheek L, Satta G, Walker-Bone K, Cubbon M, Citron D, Gerding DN, Llewelyn MJ. Predictors of death after Clostridium difficile infection: a report on 128 strain-typed cases from a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:e77-81; PMID:20450417; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/653012
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50
    • Wilson, V.1    Cheek, L.2    Satta, G.3    Walker-Bone, K.4    Cubbon, M.5    Citron, D.6    Gerding, D.N.7    Llewelyn, M.J.8
  • 103
    • 46349087809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical severity of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027: A case-case study
    • PMID:18350149
    • Morgan OW, Rodrigues B, Elston T, Verlander NQ, Brown DF, Brazier J, Reacher M. Clinical severity of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027: a case-case study. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1812; PMID:18350149; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001812
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3
    • Morgan, O.W.1    Rodrigues, B.2    Elston, T.3    Verlander, N.Q.4    Brown, D.F.5    Brazier, J.6    Reacher, M.7
  • 104
    • 84863923754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased cure and increased recurrence rates for Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic C. difficile BI strain
    • PMID:22523271
    • Petrella LA, Sambol SP, Cheknis A, Nagaro K, Kean Y, Sears PS, Babakhani F, Johnson S, Gerding DN. Decreased cure and increased recurrence rates for Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic C. difficile BI strain. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:351-7; PMID:22523271; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis430
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. 351-357
    • Petrella, L.A.1    Sambol, S.P.2    Cheknis, A.3    Nagaro, K.4    Kean, Y.5    Sears, P.S.6    Babakhani, F.7    Johnson, S.8    Gerding, D.N.9
  • 105
    • 73649139991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health care-associated Clostridium difficile infection in Canada: Patient age and infecting strain type are highly predictive of severe outcome and mortality
    • PMID:20025526
    • Miller M, Gravel D, Mulvey M, Taylor G, Boyd D, Simor A, Gardam M, McGeer A, Hutchinson J, Moore D, et al. Health care-associated Clostridium difficile infection in Canada: patient age and infecting strain type are highly predictive of severe outcome and mortality. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:194-201; PMID:20025526; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649213
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50 , pp. 194-201
    • Miller, M.1    Gravel, D.2    Mulvey, M.3    Taylor, G.4    Boyd, D.5    Simor, A.6    Gardam, M.7    McGeer, A.8    Hutchinson, J.9    Moore, D.10
  • 106
    • 79956067927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of association of tcdC type and binary toxin status with disease severity and outcome in toxigenic Clostridium difficile
    • PMID:21396957
    • Goldenberg SD, French GL. Lack of association of tcdC type and binary toxin status with disease severity and outcome in toxigenic Clostridium difficile. J Infect 2011; 62:355-62; PMID:21396957; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2011.03.001
    • (2011) J Infect , vol.62 , pp. 355-362
    • Goldenberg, S.D.1    French, G.L.2
  • 107
    • 79957640579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin and death after Clostridium difficile infection
    • PMID:21749757
    • Bacci S, Mølbak K, Kjeldsen MK, Olsen KE. Binary toxin and death after Clostridium difficile infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:976-82; PMID:21749757
    • (2011) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 976-982
    • Bacci, S.1    Mølbak, K.2    Kjeldsen, M.K.3    Olsen, K.E.4
  • 108
    • 33847737469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: Results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004
    • PMID:17265393
    • Barbut F, Gariazzo B, Bonné L, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Luiuz R, Petit JC. Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:131-9; PMID:17265393; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/511794
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 131-139
    • Barbut, F.1    Gariazzo, B.2    Bonné, L.3    Lalande, V.4    Burghoffer, B.5    Luiuz, R.6    Petit, J.C.7
  • 109
    • 84871951172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting recurrence of C. difficile colitis using bacterial virulence factors: Binary toxin is the key
    • discussion 124-5, PMID:23086451
    • Stewart DB, Berg A, Hegarty J. Predicting recurrence of C. difficile colitis using bacterial virulence factors: binary toxin is the key. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17:118-24, discussion 124-5; PMID:23086451; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11605-012-2056-6
    • (2013) J Gastrointest Surg , vol.17 , pp. 118-124
    • Stewart, D.B.1    Berg, A.2    Hegarty, J.3
  • 110
    • 84877306933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infections in Oxfordshire Research Database. Relationship between bacterial strain type, host biomarkers, and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection
    • PMID:23463640
    • Walker AS, Eyre DW, Wyllie DH, Dingle KE, Griffiths D, Shine B, Oakley S, O'Connor L, Finney J, Vaughan A, et al.; Infections in Oxfordshire Research Database. Relationship between bacterial strain type, host biomarkers, and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1589-600; PMID:23463640; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit127
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , pp. 1589-1600
    • Walker, A.S.1    Eyre, D.W.2    Wyllie, D.H.3    Dingle, K.E.4    Griffiths, D.5    Shine, B.6    Oakley, S.7    O'Connor, L.8    Finney, J.9    Vaughan, A.10
  • 111
    • 33645761368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters
    • PMID:16544255
    • Geric B, Carman RJ, Rupnik M, Genheimer CW, Sambol SP, Lyerly DM, Gerding DN, Johnson S. Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1143-50; PMID:16544255; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501368
    • (2006) J Infect Dis , vol.193 , pp. 1143-1150
    • Geric, B.1    Carman, R.J.2    Rupnik, M.3    Genheimer, C.W.4    Sambol, S.P.5    Lyerly, D.M.6    Gerding, D.N.7    Johnson, S.8
  • 112
    • 84891353755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of toxin A, toxin B and CDT in virulence of an epidemic Clostridium difficile strain
    • [Epub ahead of print], PMID:23935202
    • Kuehne SA, Collery MM, Kelly ML, Cartman ST, Cockayne A, Minton NP. The importance of toxin A, toxin B and CDT in virulence of an epidemic Clostridium difficile strain. [Epub ahead of print]. J Infect Dis 2013; PMID:23935202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit426
    • (2013) J Infect Dis
    • Kuehne, S.A.1    Collery, M.M.2    Kelly, M.L.3    Cartman, S.T.4    Cockayne, A.5    Minton, N.P.6
  • 116
    • 0036445526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The uptake machinery of clostridial actin ADP-ribosylating toxins-a cell delivery system for fusion proteins and polypeptide drugs
    • PMID:12444490
    • Barth H, Blöcker D, Aktories K. The uptake machinery of clostridial actin ADP-ribosylating toxins-a cell delivery system for fusion proteins and polypeptide drugs. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2002; 366:501-12; PMID:12444490; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-002-0626-y
    • (2002) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol , vol.366 , pp. 501-512
    • Barth, H.1    Blöcker, D.2    Aktories, K.3
  • 117
    • 41549129885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins and their use as molecular Trojan horses for drug delivery into eukaryotic cells
    • PMID:18289001
    • Barth H, Stiles BG. Binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins and their use as molecular Trojan horses for drug delivery into eukaryotic cells. Curr Med Chem 2008; 15:459-69; PMID:18289001; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986708783503195
    • (2008) Curr Med Chem , vol.15 , pp. 459-469
    • Barth, H.1    Stiles, B.G.2
  • 118
    • 79960383931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New types of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strains among clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile in Australia
    • PMID:21393460
    • Elliott B, Squire MM, Thean S, Chang BJ, Brazier JS, Rupnik M, Riley TV. New types of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strains among clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile in Australia. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1108-11; PMID:21393460; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.031062-0
    • (2011) J Med Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1108-1111
    • Elliott, B.1    Squire, M.M.2    Thean, S.3    Chang, B.J.4    Brazier, J.S.5    Rupnik, M.6    Riley, T.V.7


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.