메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 658-666

Immune responses to Clostridium difficile infection

Author keywords

Antibiotic associated diarrhea; Chemokines; Immune response; Neutrophils; Pseudomembranous colitis; Toxic megacolon

Indexed keywords

2 BENZHYDRYL 3 (2 METHOXYBENZYLAMINO) 1 AZABICYCLO[2.2.2]OCTANE; ADHESIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL TOXIN; CALCITONIN; CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 4; FIBRONECTIN BINDING PROTEIN; FIDAXOMICIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; HEME OXYGENASE 1; I KAPPA B; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 23; INTERLEUKIN 8; LEPTIN; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 2; MECLINERTANT; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; RANTES; RHO FACTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 5; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

EID: 84868203487     PISSN: 14714914     EISSN: 1471499X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.09.005     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (73)

References (92)
  • 1
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in new-born infants: with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall I.C., O'Toole E. Intestinal flora in new-born infants: with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1935, 49:390-402.
    • (1935) Am. J. Dis. Child. , vol.49 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 2
    • 0017801430 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia
    • Bartlett J.G., et al. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1978, 298:531-534.
    • (1978) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.298 , pp. 531-534
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 3
    • 0018075343 scopus 로고
    • Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Bartlett J.G., et al. Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology 1978, 75:778-782.
    • (1978) Gastroenterology , vol.75 , pp. 778-782
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 4
    • 33644523410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003
    • McDonald L.C., et al. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12:409-415.
    • (2006) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.12 , pp. 409-415
    • McDonald, L.C.1
  • 5
    • 79952585695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare facility-associated Clostridium difficile infection and of healthcare-associated infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals
    • Miller B.A., et al. Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare facility-associated Clostridium difficile infection and of healthcare-associated infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2011, 32:387-390.
    • (2011) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.32 , pp. 387-390
    • Miller, B.A.1
  • 6
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M., et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005, 366:1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1
  • 7
    • 28844494086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile
    • McDonald L.C., et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353:2433-2441.
    • (2005) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.353 , pp. 2433-2441
    • McDonald, L.C.1
  • 8
    • 79960555026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of and risk factors for community-associated Clostridium difficile infection: a nested case-control study
    • Kuntz J.L., et al. Incidence of and risk factors for community-associated Clostridium difficile infection: a nested case-control study. BMC Infect. Dis. 2011, 11:194.
    • (2011) BMC Infect. Dis. , vol.11 , pp. 194
    • Kuntz, J.L.1
  • 9
    • 84855422347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study
    • Khanna S., et al. The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2012, 107:89-95.
    • (2012) Am. J. Gastroenterol. , vol.107 , pp. 89-95
    • Khanna, S.1
  • 10
    • 62249099118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New trends in Clostridium difficile virulence and pathogenesis
    • Deneve C., et al. New trends in Clostridium difficile virulence and pathogenesis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2009, 33(Suppl. 1):S24-S28.
    • (2009) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Deneve, C.1
  • 11
    • 0026177727 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during a hospital outbreak
    • Thibault A., et al. Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during a hospital outbreak. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1991, 12:345-348.
    • (1991) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.12 , pp. 345-348
    • Thibault, A.1
  • 12
    • 39749120072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Owens R.C., et al. Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46(Suppl. 1):S19-S31.
    • (2008) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Owens, R.C.1
  • 13
    • 77952196958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Linsky A., et al. Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010, 170:772-778.
    • (2010) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.170 , pp. 772-778
    • Linsky, A.1
  • 14
    • 0025161604 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C. difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients
    • McFarland L.V., et al. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C. difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients. J. Infect. Dis. 1990, 162:678-684.
    • (1990) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.162 , pp. 678-684
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 15
    • 80455173556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization
    • Loo V.G., et al. Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 365:1693-1703.
    • (2011) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.365 , pp. 1693-1703
    • Loo, V.G.1
  • 16
    • 0032535407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding
    • Bliss D.Z., et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding. Ann. Intern. Med. 1998, 129:1012-1019.
    • (1998) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.129 , pp. 1012-1019
    • Bliss, D.Z.1
  • 17
    • 0036845101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Kyne L., et al. Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2002, 23:653-659.
    • (2002) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.23 , pp. 653-659
    • Kyne, L.1
  • 18
    • 67949102239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile strain NAP-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting
    • 868-873.e2
    • Cloud J., et al. Clostridium difficile strain NAP-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009, 7. 868-873.e2.
    • (2009) Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. , vol.7
    • Cloud, J.1
  • 19
    • 20144386999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use
    • Muto C.A., et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2005, 26:273-280.
    • (2005) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.26 , pp. 273-280
    • Muto, C.A.1
  • 20
    • 77954581650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Freeman J., et al. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2010, 23:529-549.
    • (2010) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.23 , pp. 529-549
    • Freeman, J.1
  • 21
    • 0033761207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukocytosis as a harbinger and surrogate marker of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea
    • Bulusu M., et al. Leukocytosis as a harbinger and surrogate marker of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000, 95:3137-3141.
    • (2000) Am. J. Gastroenterol. , vol.95 , pp. 3137-3141
    • Bulusu, M.1
  • 22
    • 79952424105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of clinical severity score indices for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Fujitani S., et al. Comparison of clinical severity score indices for Clostridium difficile infection. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2011, 32:220-228.
    • (2011) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.32 , pp. 220-228
    • Fujitani, S.1
  • 23
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Louie T.J., et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 364:422-431.
    • (2011) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.364 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1
  • 24
    • 84857057604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic options
    • Lo Vecchio A., Zacur G.M. Clostridium difficile infection: an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic options. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2012, 28:1-9.
    • (2012) Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. , vol.28 , pp. 1-9
    • Lo Vecchio, A.1    Zacur, G.M.2
  • 25
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • Loo V.G., et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353:2442-2449.
    • (2005) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.353 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1
  • 26
    • 27544511378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec
    • Pepin J., et al. Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ 2005, 173:1037-1042.
    • (2005) CMAJ , vol.173 , pp. 1037-1042
    • Pepin, J.1
  • 27
    • 19344363493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing risk of relapse after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada
    • Pepin J., et al. Increasing risk of relapse after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 40:1591-1597.
    • (2005) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.40 , pp. 1591-1597
    • Pepin, J.1
  • 28
    • 36549073638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1/027
    • Pepin J., et al. Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1/027. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2007, 102:2781-2788.
    • (2007) Am. J. Gastroenterol. , vol.102 , pp. 2781-2788
    • Pepin, J.1
  • 29
    • 0027464842 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of Clostridium difficile isolates from infants
    • Collignon A., et al. Heterogeneity of Clostridium difficile isolates from infants. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1993, 152:319-322.
    • (1993) Eur. J. Pediatr. , vol.152 , pp. 319-322
    • Collignon, A.1
  • 30
    • 79952350240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colonization in early infancy is accompanied by changes in intestinal microbiota composition
    • Rousseau C., et al. Clostridium difficile colonization in early infancy is accompanied by changes in intestinal microbiota composition. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011, 49:858-865.
    • (2011) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.49 , pp. 858-865
    • Rousseau, C.1
  • 31
    • 0019859594 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two toxins produced by Clostridium difficile
    • Taylor N.S., et al. Comparison of two toxins produced by Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 1981, 34:1036-1043.
    • (1981) Infect. Immun. , vol.34 , pp. 1036-1043
    • Taylor, N.S.1
  • 32
    • 0019828972 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Chang T.W., et al. Clostridium difficile toxin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1981, 13:441-452.
    • (1981) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.13 , pp. 441-452
    • Chang, T.W.1
  • 33
    • 0028316383 scopus 로고
    • Neutrophil recruitment in Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in the rabbit
    • Kelly C.P., et al. Neutrophil recruitment in Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in the rabbit. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93:1257-1265.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.93 , pp. 1257-1265
    • Kelly, C.P.1
  • 34
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease
    • Voth D.E., Ballard J.D. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2005, 18:247-263.
    • (2005) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.18 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 35
    • 79960420811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host immune response to Clostridium difficile
    • Kelly C.P., Kyne L. The host immune response to Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Microbiol. 2011, 60:1070-1079.
    • (2011) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.60 , pp. 1070-1079
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Kyne, L.2
  • 36
    • 0032913592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participation of reactive oxygen metabolites in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in rats
    • Qiu B., et al. Participation of reactive oxygen metabolites in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 276:G485-G490.
    • (1999) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.276
    • Qiu, B.1
  • 37
    • 0026655261 scopus 로고
    • Comparative sequence analysis of the Clostridium difficile toxins A and B
    • von Eichel-Streiber C., et al. Comparative sequence analysis of the Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1992, 233:260-268.
    • (1992) Mol. Gen. Genet. , vol.233 , pp. 260-268
    • von Eichel-Streiber, C.1
  • 38
    • 79959828804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for TLR4 in Clostridium difficile infection and the recognition of surface layer proteins
    • Ryan A., et al. A role for TLR4 in Clostridium difficile infection and the recognition of surface layer proteins. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7:e1002076.
    • (2011) PLoS Pathog. , vol.7
    • Ryan, A.1
  • 39
    • 79953300500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor 5 stimulation protects mice from acute Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Jarchum I., et al. Toll-like receptor 5 stimulation protects mice from acute Clostridium difficile colitis. Infect. Immun. 2011, 79:1498-1503.
    • (2011) Infect. Immun. , vol.79 , pp. 1498-1503
    • Jarchum, I.1
  • 40
    • 79955048935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 mediates recognition of Clostridium difficile and induces neutrophil recruitment and protection against the pathogen
    • Hasegawa M., et al. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 mediates recognition of Clostridium difficile and induces neutrophil recruitment and protection against the pathogen. J. Immunol. 2011, 186:4872-4880.
    • (2011) J. Immunol. , vol.186 , pp. 4872-4880
    • Hasegawa, M.1
  • 41
    • 77955482224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin-induced inflammation and intestinal injury are mediated by the inflammasome
    • 552.e1-e3
    • Ng J., et al. Clostridium difficile toxin-induced inflammation and intestinal injury are mediated by the inflammasome. Gastroenterology 2010, 139:542-552. 552.e1-e3.
    • (2010) Gastroenterology , vol.139 , pp. 542-552
    • Ng, J.1
  • 42
    • 0021995801 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals
    • Lyerly D.M., et al. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals. Infect. Immun. 1985, 47:349-352.
    • (1985) Infect. Immun. , vol.47 , pp. 349-352
    • Lyerly, D.M.1
  • 43
    • 67349114409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile
    • Lyras D., et al. Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile. Nature 2009, 458:1176-1179.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.458 , pp. 1176-1179
    • Lyras, D.1
  • 44
    • 77957988127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kuehne S.A., et al. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 2010, 467:711-713.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 711-713
    • Kuehne, S.A.1
  • 45
    • 79952424082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TcdB or not TcdB: a tale of two Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Carter G.P., et al. TcdB or not TcdB: a tale of two Clostridium difficile toxins. Future Microbiol. 2011, 6:121-123.
    • (2011) Future Microbiol. , vol.6 , pp. 121-123
    • Carter, G.P.1
  • 46
    • 84855510455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toxin A and toxin B in the virulence of Clostridium difficile
    • Carter G.P., et al. The role of toxin A and toxin B in the virulence of Clostridium difficile. Trends Microbiol. 2012, 20:21-29.
    • (2012) Trends Microbiol. , vol.20 , pp. 21-29
    • Carter, G.P.1
  • 47
    • 33845580482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile
    • Drudy D., et al. Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 11:5-10.
    • (2007) Int. J. Infect. Dis. , vol.11 , pp. 5-10
    • Drudy, D.1
  • 48
    • 80055072760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile
    • Carter G.P., et al. The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7:e1002317.
    • (2011) PLoS Pathog. , vol.7
    • Carter, G.P.1
  • 49
    • 73449097193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria
    • Schwan C., et al. Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5:e1000626.
    • (2009) PLoS Pathog. , vol.5
    • Schwan, C.1
  • 50
    • 33645761368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters
    • Geric B., et al. Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 193:1143-1150.
    • (2006) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.193 , pp. 1143-1150
    • Geric, B.1
  • 51
    • 79960425190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory activities of surface-layer proteins obtained from epidemic and hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains
    • Bianco M., et al. Immunomodulatory activities of surface-layer proteins obtained from epidemic and hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains. J. Med. Microbiol. 2011, 60:1162-1167.
    • (2011) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.60 , pp. 1162-1167
    • Bianco, M.1
  • 52
    • 0034971793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of the surface layer proteins from Clostridium difficile
    • Calabi E., et al. Molecular characterization of the surface layer proteins from Clostridium difficile. Mol. Microbiol. 2001, 40:1187-1199.
    • (2001) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.40 , pp. 1187-1199
    • Calabi, E.1
  • 53
    • 0036785598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding of Clostridium difficile surface layer proteins to gastrointestinal tissues
    • Calabi E., et al. Binding of Clostridium difficile surface layer proteins to gastrointestinal tissues. Infect. Immun. 2002, 70:5770-5778.
    • (2002) Infect. Immun. , vol.70 , pp. 5770-5778
    • Calabi, E.1
  • 54
    • 15544386802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunological properties of surface proteins of Clostridium difficile
    • Pechine S., et al. Immunological properties of surface proteins of Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Microbiol. 2005, 54:193-196.
    • (2005) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.54 , pp. 193-196
    • Pechine, S.1
  • 55
    • 45249096230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic antibody response to Clostridium difficile in colonized patients with and without symptoms and matched controls
    • Sanchez-Hurtado K., et al. Systemic antibody response to Clostridium difficile in colonized patients with and without symptoms and matched controls. J. Med. Microbiol. 2008, 57:717-724.
    • (2008) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.57 , pp. 717-724
    • Sanchez-Hurtado, K.1
  • 56
    • 0035189181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of FliC and FliD flagellar proteins of Clostridium difficile in adherence and gut colonization
    • Tasteyre A., et al. Role of FliC and FliD flagellar proteins of Clostridium difficile in adherence and gut colonization. Infect. Immun. 2001, 69:7937-7940.
    • (2001) Infect. Immun. , vol.69 , pp. 7937-7940
    • Tasteyre, A.1
  • 57
    • 0029868433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment
    • Mahida Y.R., et al. Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment. Gut 1996, 38:337-347.
    • (1996) Gut , vol.38 , pp. 337-347
    • Mahida, Y.R.1
  • 58
    • 0036207579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers human colonocyte IL-8 release via mitochondrial oxygen radical generation
    • He D., et al. Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers human colonocyte IL-8 release via mitochondrial oxygen radical generation. Gastroenterology 2002, 122:1048-1057.
    • (2002) Gastroenterology , vol.122 , pp. 1048-1057
    • He, D.1
  • 59
    • 0035992642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential expression and polarized secretion of CXC and CC chemokines by human intestinal epithelial cancer cell lines in response to Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Kim J.M., et al. Differential expression and polarized secretion of CXC and CC chemokines by human intestinal epithelial cancer cell lines in response to Clostridium difficile toxin A. Microbiol. Immunol. 2002, 46:333-342.
    • (2002) Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.46 , pp. 333-342
    • Kim, J.M.1
  • 60
    • 0030909985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early functional effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human colonocytes
    • Branka J.E., et al. Early functional effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human colonocytes. Gastroenterology 1997, 112:1887-1894.
    • (1997) Gastroenterology , vol.112 , pp. 1887-1894
    • Branka, J.E.1
  • 61
    • 0032425435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human colonic lamina propria cells: early loss of macrophages followed by T cell apoptosis
    • Mahida Y.R., et al. Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human colonic lamina propria cells: early loss of macrophages followed by T cell apoptosis. Infect. Immun. 1998, 66:5462-5469.
    • (1998) Infect. Immun. , vol.66 , pp. 5462-5469
    • Mahida, Y.R.1
  • 62
    • 0023250940 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the phagocytosis of Clostridium difficile by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
    • Dailey D.C., et al. Factors influencing the phagocytosis of Clostridium difficile by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect. Immun. 1987, 55:1541-1546.
    • (1987) Infect. Immun. , vol.55 , pp. 1541-1546
    • Dailey, D.C.1
  • 63
    • 0037371715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin mediates Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in mice
    • Mykoniatis A., et al. Leptin mediates Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in mice. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:683-691.
    • (2003) Gastroenterology , vol.124 , pp. 683-691
    • Mykoniatis, A.1
  • 64
    • 1342345853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential involvement of IFN-γ in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis
    • Ishida Y., et al. Essential involvement of IFN-γ in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. J. Immunol. 2004, 172:3018-3025.
    • (2004) J. Immunol. , vol.172 , pp. 3018-3025
    • Ishida, Y.1
  • 65
    • 0032526918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin A stimulates macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 production in rat intestinal epithelial cells
    • Castagliuolo I., et al. Clostridium difficile toxin A stimulates macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 production in rat intestinal epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 1998, 160:6039-6045.
    • (1998) J. Immunol. , vol.160 , pp. 6039-6045
    • Castagliuolo, I.1
  • 66
    • 0036181036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor CCR1 protects against acute Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in mice
    • Morteau O., et al. Genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor CCR1 protects against acute Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in mice. Gastroenterology 2002, 122:725-733.
    • (2002) Gastroenterology , vol.122 , pp. 725-733
    • Morteau, O.1
  • 67
    • 78649835299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A common polymorphism in the interleukin-8 gene promoter is associated with an increased risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey K.W., et al. A common polymorphism in the interleukin-8 gene promoter is associated with an increased risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 51:1406-1410.
    • (2010) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.51 , pp. 1406-1410
    • Garey, K.W.1
  • 68
    • 79251569234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective roles of CX3CR1-mediated signals in toxin A-induced enteritis through the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression
    • Inui M., et al. Protective roles of CX3CR1-mediated signals in toxin A-induced enteritis through the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression. J. Immunol. 2011, 186:423-431.
    • (2011) J. Immunol. , vol.186 , pp. 423-431
    • Inui, M.1
  • 69
    • 34547626991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins A and B directly stimulate human mast cells
    • Meyer G.K., et al. Clostridium difficile toxins A and B directly stimulate human mast cells. Infect. Immun. 2007, 75:3868-3876.
    • (2007) Infect. Immun. , vol.75 , pp. 3868-3876
    • Meyer, G.K.1
  • 70
    • 0027943207 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced microvascular dysfunction. Role of histamine
    • Kurose I., et al. Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced microvascular dysfunction. Role of histamine. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 94:1919-1926.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.94 , pp. 1919-1926
    • Kurose, I.1
  • 71
    • 0031967123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct evidence of mast cell involvement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in mice
    • Wershil B.K., et al. Direct evidence of mast cell involvement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in mice. Gastroenterology 1998, 114:956-964.
    • (1998) Gastroenterology , vol.114 , pp. 956-964
    • Wershil, B.K.1
  • 72
    • 67349220680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential role of the glucosyltransferase activity in Clostridium difficile toxin-induced secretion of TNF-α by macrophages
    • Sun X., et al. Essential role of the glucosyltransferase activity in Clostridium difficile toxin-induced secretion of TNF-α by macrophages. Microb. Pathog. 2009, 46:298-305.
    • (2009) Microb. Pathog. , vol.46 , pp. 298-305
    • Sun, X.1
  • 73
    • 0034049140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P38 MAP kinase activation by Clostridium difficile toxin A mediates monocyte necrosis, IL-8 production, and enteritis
    • Warny M., et al. p38 MAP kinase activation by Clostridium difficile toxin A mediates monocyte necrosis, IL-8 production, and enteritis. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 105:1147-1156.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.105 , pp. 1147-1156
    • Warny, M.1
  • 74
    • 0033571379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of intracellular calcium and NF-κB in the Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced up-regulation and secretion of IL-8 from human monocytes
    • Jefferson K.K., et al. Roles of intracellular calcium and NF-κB in the Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced up-regulation and secretion of IL-8 from human monocytes. J. Immunol. 1999, 163:5183-5191.
    • (1999) J. Immunol. , vol.163 , pp. 5183-5191
    • Jefferson, K.K.1
  • 75
    • 0033559347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotensin is a proinflammatory neuropeptide in colonic inflammation
    • Castagliuolo I., et al. Neurotensin is a proinflammatory neuropeptide in colonic inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 103:843-849.
    • (1999) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.103 , pp. 843-849
    • Castagliuolo, I.1
  • 76
    • 2942595862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) requirement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-mediated intestinal inflammation
    • Anton P.M., et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) requirement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-mediated intestinal inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:8503-8508.
    • (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.101 , pp. 8503-8508
    • Anton, P.M.1
  • 77
    • 58249094056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) modulates C difficile toxin A-mediated enteritis in mice
    • Kokkotou E., et al. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) modulates C difficile toxin A-mediated enteritis in mice. Gut 2009, 58:34-40.
    • (2009) Gut , vol.58 , pp. 34-40
    • Kokkotou, E.1
  • 78
    • 0028129331 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal involvement in the intestinal effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin in rat ileum
    • Castagliuolo I., et al. Neuronal involvement in the intestinal effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin in rat ileum. Gastroenterology 1994, 107:657-665.
    • (1994) Gastroenterology , vol.107 , pp. 657-665
    • Castagliuolo, I.1
  • 79
    • 0020551089 scopus 로고
    • Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile
    • Viscidi R., et al. Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. J. Infect. Dis. 1983, 148:93-100.
    • (1983) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.148 , pp. 93-100
    • Viscidi, R.1
  • 80
    • 0032962874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum antitoxin antibodies mediate systemic and mucosal protection from Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters
    • Giannasca P.J., et al. Serum antitoxin antibodies mediate systemic and mucosal protection from Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67:527-538.
    • (1999) Infect. Immun. , vol.67 , pp. 527-538
    • Giannasca, P.J.1
  • 81
    • 0025804091 scopus 로고
    • Passive immunization of hamsters against disease caused by Clostridium difficile by use of bovine immunoglobulin G concentrate
    • Lyerly D.M., et al. Passive immunization of hamsters against disease caused by Clostridium difficile by use of bovine immunoglobulin G concentrate. Infect. Immun. 1991, 59:2215-2218.
    • (1991) Infect. Immun. , vol.59 , pp. 2215-2218
    • Lyerly, D.M.1
  • 82
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • Kyne L., et al. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342:390-397.
    • (2000) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.342 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1
  • 83
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Kyne L., et al. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet 2001, 357:189-193.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1
  • 84
    • 74249096590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • Leav B.A., et al. Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Vaccine 2010, 28:965-969.
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , pp. 965-969
    • Leav, B.A.1
  • 85
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I., et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 362:197-205.
    • (2010) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.362 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1
  • 86
    • 33750493617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins A and B prevent Clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters
    • Babcock G.J., et al. Human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins A and B prevent Clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters. Infect. Immun. 2006, 74:6339-6347.
    • (2006) Infect. Immun. , vol.74 , pp. 6339-6347
    • Babcock, G.J.1
  • 87
    • 80052576075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization of hamsters against Clostridium difficile infection using the Cwp84 protease as an antigen
    • Pechine S., et al. Immunization of hamsters against Clostridium difficile infection using the Cwp84 protease as an antigen. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2011, 63:73-81.
    • (2011) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. , vol.63 , pp. 73-81
    • Pechine, S.1
  • 88
    • 84857067037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profound alterations of intestinal microbiota following a single dose of clindamycin results in sustained susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-induced colitis
    • Buffie C.G., et al. Profound alterations of intestinal microbiota following a single dose of clindamycin results in sustained susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-induced colitis. Infect. Immun. 2012, 80:62-73.
    • (2012) Infect. Immun. , vol.80 , pp. 62-73
    • Buffie, C.G.1
  • 89
    • 80051717743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interplay between microbiome dynamics and pathogen dynamics in a murine model of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Reeves A.E., et al. The interplay between microbiome dynamics and pathogen dynamics in a murine model of Clostridium difficile infection. Gut Microbes 2011, 2:145-158.
    • (2011) Gut Microbes , vol.2 , pp. 145-158
    • Reeves, A.E.1
  • 90
    • 77957337708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibiting the initiation of Clostridium difficile spore germination using analogs of chenodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid
    • Sorg J.A., Sonenshein A.L. Inhibiting the initiation of Clostridium difficile spore germination using analogs of chenodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid. J. Bacteriol. 2010, 192:4983-4990.
    • (2010) J. Bacteriol. , vol.192 , pp. 4983-4990
    • Sorg, J.A.1    Sonenshein, A.L.2
  • 91
    • 77649282955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of bile salts in mice influences spore germination in Clostridium difficile
    • Giel J.L., et al. Metabolism of bile salts in mice influences spore germination in Clostridium difficile. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e8740.
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5
    • Giel, J.L.1
  • 92
    • 80054736926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gough E., et al. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 53:994-1002.
    • (2011) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.53 , pp. 994-1002
    • Gough, E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.