Spillover of interpersonal conflicts from work into nonwork: A daily diary study

Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 326-337

  Martinez Corts, Inés ^a   Demerouti, Evangelia ^b   Bakker, Arnold B ^c   Boz, Marina ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLE   (Spain)

^b EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^c ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^d ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diary study; Interpersonal conflict; Personal resources; Spillover; Work nonwork conflict

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONFLICT; COPING BEHAVIOR; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; EMPLOYEE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; HYPOTHESIS; JOB PERFORMANCE; JOB STRESS; LIFE STRESS; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; OPTIMISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF CONCEPT; TASK PERFORMANCE; EMPLOYMENT; INDUSTRY; MENTAL STRESS; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; SPAIN; STATISTICAL MODEL; STUDENT; UNIVERSITY; WORK;

CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); EMPLOYMENT; HUMANS; INDUSTRY; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; LINEAR MODELS; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; OPTIMISM; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SPAIN; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; STUDENTS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; UNIVERSITIES; WORK;

EID: 84921460346     PISSN: 10768998     EISSN: 19391307     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0038661     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Almeida, D. M. (2005). Resilience and vulnerability to daily stressors assessed via diary methods. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 64-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00336.x
2. Amason, A. C. (1996). Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management groups. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 123- 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256633
3. Amason, A. C., & Schweiger, D. (1997). The effect of conflict on strategic decision making effectiveness and organizational performance. In C. K. W. De Dreu & E. Van de Vliert (Eds.), Using conflict in organizations (pp. 101-115). London, UK: Sage.
4. Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417-436. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.417
5. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
6. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13, 209-223. http://dx.doi .org/10.1108/13620430810870476
7. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands-resources theory. In C. Cooper & P. Chen (Eds.), Wellbeing: A complete reference guide (pp. 37-64). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
8. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Dollard, M. (2008). How job demands influence partners' experience of exhaustion: Integrating work-family conflict and crossover theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 901- 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.901
9. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 170-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998 .10.2.170
10. Bakker, A. B., & Geurts, S. (2004). Toward a dual-process model of work-home interference. Work & Occupations, 31, 345-366. http://dx .doi.org/10.1177/0730888404266349
11. Bakker, A. B., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2013). Weekly work engagement and flourishing: The role of hindrance and challenge job demands. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83, 397-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb .2013.06.008
12. Bakker, A. B., Ten Brummelhuis, L., Prins, J. T., & Van der Heijden, F. M. M. A. (2011). Applying the Job Demands-Resources Model to the work-home interface: A study among medical residents and their partners. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 170-180. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.004
13. Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing live as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579-616. http://dx.doi .org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145030
14. Boz, M., Martínez-Corts, I., & Munduate, L. (2009). Breaking negative consequences of relationship conflicts at work: The moderating role of work family enrichment and supervisor support. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 25, 113-121. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4321/S1576-59622009000200002
15. Butler, A. B., Grzywacz, J. G., Bass, B. L., & Linney, K. D. (2005). Extending the demands-control model: A daily diary study of job characteristics, work-family conflict and work-family facilitation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 155-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317905X40097
16. Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, M. K., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249-276. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713
17. Dana, K., & Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25, 357-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500305
18. De Dreu, C. K. W., & Beersma, B. (2005). Conflict in organizations: Beyond effectiveness and performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 105-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 13594320444000227
19. De Dreu, C. K. W., & Van de Vliert, E. (1997). Using conflict in organizations. London, UK: Sage.
20. De Dreu, C. K. W., Van Dierendonck, D., & Best-Walhober, M. (2003). In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Conflict at work and individual well-being: The handbook of work & health psychology (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1108/eb022905
21. De Dreu, C. K. W., & van Knippenberg, D. (2005). The possessive self as a barrier to conflict resolution: Effects of mere ownership, process accountability, and self-concept clarity on competitive cognitions and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 345-357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.345
22. De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team member satisfaction, and team effectiveness: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 741-749. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.741
23. Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The Job Demands-Resources model: Challenges for future research. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974
24. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Bulters, A. (2004). The loss spiral of work pressure, work-home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relationships in a three-wave study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 131- 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00030-7
25. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands-Resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.3 .499
26. Demerouti, E., & Rispens, S. (2014). Improving the image of studentrecruited samples: a commentary. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87, 34-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joop.12048
27. De Wit, F. R. C., Greer, L. L., & Jehn, K. A. (2012). The paradox of intragroup conflict: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 360-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024844
28. Dierdorff, E. C., & Ellington, J. K. (2008). It's the nature of the work: Examining behavior-based sources of work-family conflict across occupations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 883-892. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.883
29. Dijkstra, M. T. M., Van Dierendonck, D., & Evers, A. (2005). Responding to conflict at work and individual well-being: The mediating role of flight behaviour and feelings of helplessness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 119-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 13594320444000254
30. Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25, 178 -199. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5465/AMR.2000.2791609
31. Forsyth, D. R. (1983). An introduction to group dynamics. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
32. Friedman, R. A., Tidd, S. T., Currall, S. C., & Tsai, J. C. (2000). What goes around comes around: The impact of personal conflict style on work group conflict and stress. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11, 32-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb022834
33. Frone, M. R. (2000). Interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes: Testing a model among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 246-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//1076- 89985.2.246
34. Gamero, N., González-Romá, V., & Peiró, J. M. (2008). The influence of intra-team conflict on work teams' affective climate: A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, 47-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317907X180441
35. Glavin, P., & Schieman, S. (2010). Interpersonal context at work and the frequency, appraisal, and consequences of boundary-spanning demands. The Sociological Quarterly, 51, 205-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j .1533-8525.2010.01169.x
36. Grandey, A. A., Cordeiro, B. L., & Crouter, A. C. (2005). A longitudinal and multi-source test of the work-family conflict and job satisfaction relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317905X26769
37. Green, A. S., Rafaeli, E., Bolger, N., Shrout, P. E., & Reis, H. T. (2006). Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries. Psychological Methods, 11, 87-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082- 989X.11.1.87
38. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88. http:// dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1985.4277352
39. Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20159186
40. Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work- family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//I076- 8998.5.1.11I
41. Guerra, J. M., Martínez, I., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2005). A contingence perspective on the study of consequences of conflict types: The role of organizational culture. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 157-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 13594320444000245
42. Hargis, M. B., Kortba, L. M., Zhandova, L. S., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). What is really important: Examining the relative importance of antecedents to work-family conflict. Journal of Managerial Issues, 23, 386- 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t06070-000
43. Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21, 967-988. http://dx.doi .org/10.1177/014920639502100509
44. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
45. Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632-643. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632
46. Hofmann, D. A., & Gavin, M. B. (1998). Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 23, 723-744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 014920639802400504
47. Ilies, R., Johnson, M., Judge, T., & Keeney, J. (2011). A within-individual study of interpersonal conflict as a work stressor: Dispositional and situational moderators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 44-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.677
48. Ito, J. K., & Brotheridge, C. M. (2012). Work-family and interpersonal conflict as levers in the resource/demand- outcome relationship. Career Development International, 17, 392- 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ 13620431211269676
49. Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393638
50. Jehn, K. A. (1997). A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530- 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393737
51. Jehn, K. A., & Bendersky, C. (2003). Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 187-242. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/S0191-3085(03)25005-X
52. Jehn, K. A., & Chatman, J. A. (2000). The influence of proportional and perceptual conflict composition on team performance. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11, 56-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ eb022835
53. Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 238-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/ 3069453
54. Judge, T. A., & Ilies, R. (2004). Affect and job satisfaction: A study of their relationship at work and at home. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 661-673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.661
55. Larson, M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Potential added value of psychological capital in predicting work attitudes. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13, 44 - 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 10717919070130010701
56. Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695-706. http://dx .doi.org/10.1002/job.165
57. Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological capital development: Toward a microintervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 387-393. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.373
58. Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2006). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Leadership Institute Faculty Publications. Paper 11. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/leadershipfacpub/11
59. Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Walumbwa, F., & Li, W. (2005). The psychological capital of Chinese workers: Exploring the relationship with performance. Management and Organization Review, 1, 247-269. http://dx .doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2005.00011.x
60. Luthans, F., Volgegesang, G. R., & Lester, P. B. (2006). Developing the psychological capital of resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5, 25-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534484305285335
61. Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33, 321-349. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/0149206307300814
62. Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
63. Maas, C. J. M., & Hox, J. J. (2004). Robustness issues in multilevel regression analysis. Statistica Neerlandica, 58, 127-137. http://dx.doi .org/10.1046/j.0039-0402.2003.00252.x
64. Mäkikangas, A., & Kinnunen, U. (2003). Psychosocial work stressors and well-being: Self-esteem and optimism as moderators in a one-year longitudinal sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 537- 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00217-9
65. McLarnon, M. J. W., & Rothstein, M. G. (2013). Development and initial validation of the workplace resilience inventory. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 12, 63-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000084
66. Medina, F. J., Munduate, L., Dorado, M. A., Martinez, I., & Guerra, J. M. (2005). Types of intragroup conflict and affective reactions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20, 219 -230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ 02683940510589019
67. Meier, L. L., Spector, P. E., Gross, S., & Semmer, N. K. (2013). Relationship and task conflict at work: Interactive short-term effects on angry mood and somatic complaints. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 144-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032090
68. Nunnaly, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
69. Ohly, S., Sonnentag, S., Niessen, C., & Zapf, D. (2010). Diary studies in organizational research: An introduction and some practical recommendations. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9, 79-93. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1027/1866-5888/a000009
70. Pennebaker, J. W. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
71. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hetland, J. (2012). Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 1120-1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.1783
72. Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modelling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986031004437
73. Rashbash, J., Browne, W., Healy, M., Cameron, B., & Charlton, C. (2005). MlwiN (Version2.02): Interactive software for multilevel analysis. Multilevel Models Project, Institute of Education. London, UK: University of London.
74. Repetti, R. L., Wang, S., & Saxbe, D. (2009). Bringing it all back home: How outside stressors shape families' everyday lives. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 106-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1467-8721.2009.01618.x
75. Sacket, P. R., & Larson, J. R. (1990). Research strategies and tactics in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 419-489). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
76. Sanz-Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., Moreno-Jiménez, B., & Mayo, M. (2010). Work-family balance and energy: A day-level study on recovery conditions. Journal of Vocational Psychology, 76, 118-130. http://dx .doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.07.001
77. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4 .3.219
78. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201-228. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/BF01173489
79. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and selfesteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.67.6.1063
80. Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modelling (2nd ed.). London, UK: Sage Publishers.
81. Sonnentag, S., Kuttle, I., & Fritz, C. (2010). Job stressors, emotional exhaustion, and need for recovery: A multi-source study on the benefits of psychological detachment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 355- 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.06.005
82. Story, L. B., & Repetti, R. (2006). Daily occupational stressors and marital behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 690-700. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/0893-3200.20.4.690
83. Taylor, S. E., & Stanton, A. L. (2007). Coping resources, coping processes, and mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 377-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091520
84. Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320-333. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
85. Van Daalen, G., Willemsen, T. M., & Sanders, K. (2006). Reducing work-family conflict through different sources of social support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 426-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .jvb.2006.07.005
86. Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Personal resources and work engagement in the face of change. In J. Houdmont & S. Leka (Eds.), Contemporary occupational health psychology: Global perspectives on research and practice (pp. 124- 150). Chichester, UK: Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470661550 .ch7
87. Van Erp, K. J. P. M., Gevers, J. M. P., Rispens, S., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Handen af van onze hulpverleners:De impact van omstanderconflict op werknemers in de hulp-en dienstverlenende sector. Gedrag & Organisatie, 26, 133-155. Retrieved from Handen af van onze hulpverleners: De impact van omstanderconflict op werknemers in de hulp-en dienstverlenende sector.
88. Voydanoff, P. (2007). Work, family and community: Exploring interconnections. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
89. Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165-178. Retrieved from http://www.sapibg.org/attachments/article/ 1054/wagnild_1993_resilience:scale_2.pdf
90. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the Job Demands-Resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 121-141. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
91. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 235-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.003
92. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). A diary study on the happy worker: How job resources relate to positive emotions and personal resources. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21, 489-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 1359432X.2011.584386
93. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Heuven, E., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Working in the sky: A diary study on work engagement among flight attendants. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 345-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.4.345
94. Yang, J., & Massholder, K. W. (2004). Decoupling task and relationship conflict: The role of intragroup emotional processing. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 589-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.258
95. Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resiliency. Journal of Management, 33, 774 - 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0149206307305562