Emerging positive organizational behavior

Journal of Management

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 321-349

  Luthans, Fred ^a   Youssef, Carolyn M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

^b BELLEVUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Efficacy; Hope; Optimism; Positive organizational behavior; Positive organizational scholarship; Psychological capital; Resilience

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248677559     PISSN: 01492063     EISSN: 15571211     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0149206307300814     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Adams, V.H., Snyder, C.R., Rand, K.L., King, E.A., Sigmon, D.R., & Pulvers, K.M. 2002. Hope in the workplace. In R. Giacolone & C. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance: 367-377. New York: Sharpe.
2. Adler, P.S., & Kwon, S. 2002. Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27: 17-40.
3. Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. 2006. Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group & Organization Management, 31: 100-123.
4. Antonovsky, A. 1979. Health, stress, and coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
5. Aspinwall, L., & Staudinger, U. (Eds.). 2003. A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
6. Avolio, B.J., Bass, B., & Jung, D. 1999. Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multi factor leadership questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72: 441-462.
7. Avolio, B.J., & Luthans, F. 2006. The high impact leader: Moments matter in accelerating authentic leadership development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
8. Bagozzi, R.P. 2003. Positive and negative emotions in organizations. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 176-193. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
9. Bakker, A.B., van der Zee, K.I., Lewig, K.A., & Dollard, M.F. 2006. The relationship between the Big Five personality factors and burnout: A study among volunteer counselors. Journal of Social Psychology, 146 (1): 31-50.
10. Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
11. Bandura, A. 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
12. Bandura, A. 2000. Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. In E. Locke (Ed.), Handbook of principles of organizational behavior: 120-136. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
13. Bandura, A. 2001. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52: 1-26.
14. Bandura, A., & Locke, E. 2003. Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 87-99.
15. Barrick, M.R., & Mount, M.K. 1991. The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44: 1-26
16. Best, R.G., Stapleton, L.M., & Downey, R.G. 2005. Core self-evaluations and job burnout: The test of alternative models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10: 441-451.
17. Block, J., & Kremen, A.M. 1996. IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 349-361.
18. Bonanno, G.A. 2004. Loss, trauma and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59: 20-28.
19. Bonanno, G.A. 2005. Clarifying and extending the construct of adult resilience. American Psychologist, 60: 265-267.
20. Boyd, N.G., & Vozikis, G.S. 1994. The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18: 63-77.
21. Brief, A.P., & Motowidlo, S.J. 1986. Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11: 710-725.
22. Bryant, F.B., & Cvengros, J.A. 2004. Distinguishing hope and optimism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23: 273-302.
23. Buckingham, M., & Clifton, D. 2001. Now, discover your strengths. New York: Free Press.
24. Buckingham, M., & Coffman, C. 1999. First, break all the rules: What the world's greatest managers do differently. New York: Simon & Schuster.
25. Cameron, K.S., Bright, D., & Caza, A. 2004. Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47: 766-790.
26. Cameron, K.S., & Caza, A. 2004. Contributions to the discipline of positive organizational scholarship. American Behavioral Scientist, 47: 731-739.
27. Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J., & Quinn, R. (Eds.). 2003. Positive organizational scholarship. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
28. Carifio, J., & Rhodes, L. 2002. Construct validities and the empirical relationships between optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and locus of control. Work, 19: 125-136.
29. Carr, A. 2004. Positive psychology. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
30. Carver, C., & Scheier, M. 2002. Optimism. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology: 231-243. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
31. Chakravarthy, B.S. 1986. Measuring strategic performance. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 437-458.
32. Chandler, G.N., & Jansen, E. 1997. Founder self-efficacy and venture performance: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Proceedings: 98-102.
33. Chemers, M.M., Watson, C.B., & May, S.T. 2000. Dispositional affect and leadership effectiveness: A comparison of self-esteem, optimism, and efficacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26: 267-277.
34. Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. 1998. Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13: 295-316.
35. Chen, G., Gully, S.M., Whiteman, J.A., & Kilcullen, R.N. 2000. Examination of relationships among trait-like individual differences, state-like individual differences, and learning performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 835-847.
36. Coleman, J.S. 1988. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
37. Compton, W.C. 2005. Introduction to positive psychology. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth.
38. Conley, J.J. 1984. The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality, and self-opinion. Personality and Individual Differences, 5: 11-25.
39. Conner, D. 1993. Managing at the speed of change: How resilient managers succeed and prosper where others fail. New York: Villard.
40. Cooperrider, D., & Srivastva, S. 1987. Appreciative inquiry in organizational life. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 1: 129-169.
41. Coutu, D.L. 2002. How resilience works. Harvard Business Review, 80 (5): 46-55.
42. Cowan, P.A., Cowan, C.P., & Schulz, M.S. 1996. Thinking about risk and resilience in families. In E. M. Hetherington & E. A. Blechman (Eds.), Stress, coping, and resiliency in children and families: 1-38. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
43. Cozzarelli, C. 1993. Personality and self-efficacy as predictors of coping with abortion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 1224-1237.
44. Curry, L.A., Snyder, C.R., Cook, D.I., Ruby, B.C., & Rehm, M. 1997. The role of hope in student-athlete academic and sport achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 1257-1267.
45. Dess, G.G., & Robinson, R.B., Jr. 1984. Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5: 265-273.
46. Dudley, N.M., Orvis, K.A., Lebiecki, J.E., & Cortina, J.M. 2006. A meta-analytic investigation of conscientiousness in the prediction of job performance: Examining the intercorrelations and the incremental validity of narrow traits. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 40-57.
47. Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L.A. 1993. Resilience as a process. Development and Psychopathology, 5: 517-528.
48. Erez, A., & Judge, T.A. 2001. Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 1270-1279.
49. Fineman, S. 2006. On being positive: Concerns and counterpoints. Academy of Management Review, 31: 270-291.
50. Fredrickson, B.L. 2001. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56: 218-226.
51. Fredrickson, B.L. 2003 a. Positive emotions and upward spirals in organizations. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 163-175. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
52. Fredrickson, B.L. 2003 b. The value of positive emotions. American Scientist, 91: 330-335.
53. Friedman, T.L. 2005. The world is flat. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
54. Gardner, W.L., Avolio, B.J., Luthans, F., May, D.R., & Walumbwa, F.O. 2005. " Can you see the real me?" A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. Leadership Quarterly, 16: 343-372.
55. George, J.M. 1991. State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 299-307.
56. Giacalone, R. A., Jurkiewicz, C., & Dunn, C. (Eds.). 2005. Positive psychology in business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
57. Harland, L., Harrison, W., Jones, J., & Reiter-Palmon, R. 2005. Leadership behaviors and subordinate resilience. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11: 2-14.
58. Harter, J., Schmidt, F., & Hayes, T. 2002. Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 268-279.
59. Harter, J., Schmidt, F., & Keyes, C. 2003. Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies. In C. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived: 205 - 224. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
60. Hobfoll, S. 2002. Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6: 307-324.
61. Huey, S.J., Jr., & Weisz, J.R. 1997. Ego control, ego resiliency, and the five-factor model as predictors of behavioral and emotional problems in clinic-referred children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106: 404-415.
62. Hunter, A.J., & Chandler, G.E. 1999. Adolescent resilience. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31: 243-247.
63. Hunter, J.E., & Hunter, R.R. 1984. Validity and utility of alternate predictors of job performance. Psychological Bulletin, 96: 72-98.
64. Huselid, M.A. 1995. The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 635-672.
65. Ilies, R., Scott, B.A., & Judge, T.A. 2006. The interactive effects of personal traits and experienced states on intraindividual patterns of citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 49: 561-575.
66. Jensen, S.M., & Luthans, F. 2002. The impact of hope in the entrepreneurial process: Exploratory research findings. Decision Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings, San Diego, CA.
67. Jensen, S.M., & Luthans, F. 2006. Relationship between entrepreneurs' psychological capital and their authentic leadership. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18: 254-273.
68. Johnson, K., Bryant, D., Collins, D., Noe, T., Strader, T., & Berbaum, M. 1998. Preventing and reducing alcohol and other drug use among high-risk youths by increasing family resilience. Social Work, 43: 297-308.
69. Judge, T.A., & Bono, J.E. 2001. Relationship of core self-evaluations traits-self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability-with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 80-92.
70. Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E., Erez, A., & Locke, E.A. 2005. Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 257-268.
71. Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E., & Locke, E.A. 2000. Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 237-249.
72. Judge, T.A., Colbert, J.E., & Ilies, R. 2004. Intelligence and leadership: A quantitative review and test of theoretical propositions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89: 542-552.
73. Judge, T.A., Locke, E.A., Durham, C.C., & Kluger, A.N. 1998. Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 17-34.
74. Judge, T.A., Van Vianen, A.E.M., & De Pater, I.E. 2004. Emotional stability, core self-evaluations, and job outcomes: A review of the evidence and an agenda for future research. Human Performance, 17: 325-346.
75. Kanov, J.M., Maitlis, S., Worline, M.C., Dutton, J.E., Frost, P.J., & Liltus, J.M. 2004. Compassion in organizational life. American Behavioral Scientist, 47: 808-827.
76. Kanter, R.M. 2004. Confidence. New York: Crown.
77. Keyes, C., & Haidt, J. (Eds.). 2003. Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
78. Kilduff, M. 2006. Editor's comments: Publishing theory. Academy of Management Review, 31: 252-255.
79. Kirby, L., & Fraser, M. 1997. Risk and resilience in childhood. In M. Fraser (Ed.), Risk and resilience in childhood: 10-33. Washington, DC: NASW Press.
80. Klein, K. J., & Kozlowski, S. W. (Eds.). 2000. Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
81. Kobasa, S. 1979. Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37: 1-11.
82. Kwon, P. 2000. Hope and dysphoria: The moderating role of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 68: 199-223.
83. Lam, S., Chen, X., & Schaubroeck, J. 2002. Participative decision making and employee performance in different cultures: The moderating effects of allocentrism/idiocentrism and efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 905-914.
84. LaMarch, J. 1997. The resilient worker: Employees who can cope with change. Hospital Material Management Quarterly, 19 (2): 54-58.
85. Larson, M., & Luthans, F. 2006. The potential added value of psychological capital in predicting work attitudes. Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 13: 44-61.
86. Law, K.S., Wong, C., & Mobley, W.H. 1998. Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs. Academy of Management Review, 23: 741-755.
87. LeBreton, J.M., James, L.R., & Lindell, M.K. 2005. Recent issues regarding rWG, r*WG, rWG(J), r*WG(J). Organizational Research Methods, 8: 128-138.
88. Lee, K., & Allen, N.J. 2002. Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 18: 131-142.
89. LePine, J.A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D.E. 2002. The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 52-65.
90. Linley, P., & Joseph, S. (Eds.). 2004. Positive psychology in practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
91. Lopez, S., & Snyder, C. R. (Eds.). 2003. Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
92. Luthans, F. 2002 a. The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23: 695-706.
93. Luthans, F. 2002 b. Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16 (1): 57-72.
94. Luthans, F. 2003. Positive organizational behavior (POB): Implications for leadership and HR development and motivation. In R. M. Steers, L. W. Porter, & G. A. Begley (Eds.), Motivation and leadership at work: 187-195. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
95. Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., & Avolio, B.J. 2007. The impact of psychological capital interventions on performance outcomes. Working paper, Gallup Leadership Institute, University of Nebraska.
96. Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Avolio, B.J., Norman, S.M., & Combs, G.J. 2006. Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 387-393.
97. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. 2003. Authentic leadership: A positive development approach. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 241-258. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
98. Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Avey, J., & Norman, S. (in press). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology.
99. Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O., & Li, W. 2005. The psychological capital of Chinese workers: Exploring the relationship with performance. Management and Organization Review, 1: 247-269.
100. Luthans, F., & Ibrayeva, E.S. 2006. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy in Central Asian transition economies: Quantitative and qualitative analyses. Journal of International Business Studies, 37: 92-110.
101. Luthans, F., & Jensen, S.M. 2002. Hope: A new positive strength for human resource development. Human Resource Development Review, 1: 304-322.
102. Luthans, F., Luthans, K., Hodgetts, R., & Luthans, B. 2001. Positive approach to leadership (PAL): Implications for today's organizations. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8 (2): 3-20.
103. Luthans, F., Luthans, K., & Luthans, B. 2004. Positive psychological capital: Going beyond human and social capital. Business Horizons, 47 (1): 45-50.
104. Luthans, F., Norman, S.M., & Hughes, L. 2006. Authentic leadership. In R. Burke & C. Cooper (Eds.), Inspiring leaders: 84-104. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
105. Luthans, F., Van Wyk, R., & Walumbwa, F.O. 2004. Recognition and development of hope for South African organizational leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25: 512-527.
106. Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G.R., & Lester, P.B. 2006. Developing the psychological capital of resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5 (1): 25-44.
107. Luthans, F., & Youssef, C.M. 2004. Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33: 143-160.
108. Luthans, F., Youssef, C.M., & Avolio, B.J. 2007 a. Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
109. Luthans, F., Youssef, C.M., & Avolio, B.J. 2007 b. Psychological capital: Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. In D. Nelson & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Positive organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work: 9-24. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
110. Luthans, F., Zhu, W., & Avolio, B.J. 2006. The impact of efficacy on work attitudes across cultures. Journal of World Business, 41: 121-132.
111. Maddux, J.E. 2002. Self-efficacy: The power of believing you can. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology: 257-276. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
112. Magaletta, P.R., & Oliver, J.M. 1999. The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with efficacy, optimism, and general well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55: 539-551.
113. Masten, A.S. 2001. Ordinary magic: Resilience process in development. American Psychologist, 56: 227-239.
114. Masten, A.S., & Reed, M.J. 2002. Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology: 74-88. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
115. Maurer, T.J., & Pierce, H.R. 1998. A comparison of Likert scale and traditional measures of self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 324-329.
116. May, D., Chan, A., Hodges, T., & Avolio, B. 2003. Developing the moral component of authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 32: 247-260.
117. Miceli, M., & Near, J. 2005. Whistle-blowing and positive psychology. In R. A. Giacalone, C. Jurkiewicz, & C. Dunn (Eds.), Positive psychology in business ethics and corporate social responsibility: 85-102. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
118. Michie, S., & Gooty, J. 2005. Values, emotions, and authenticity: Will the real leader please stand up? Leadership Quarterly, 16: 441-457.
119. Moorman, R.H., Blakely, G.L., & Niehoff, B.P. 1998. Does perceived organizational support mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organizational citizenship behavior? Academy of Management Journal, 41: 351-357.
120. Mount, M.K., & Barrick, M.R. 1995. The Big Five personality dimensions: Implications for research and practice in human resources management. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 13: 152-200.
121. Neck, C.P., Neck, H.M., Manz, C.C., & Godwin, J. 1999. " I think I can; I think I can": A self leadership perspective toward enhancing entrepreneurial thought patterns, self-efficacy, and performance. Journal of Management Psychology, 14: 477-501.
122. Nelson, D., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.). 2007. Positive organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
123. Nilsson, J., Schmidt, C., & Meek, W. 2002. Reliability generalization: An examination of the career decision-making self-efficacy scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62: 647-658.
124. Norman, S.E., Avolio, B.J., & Luthans, F. 2007. Trusting the leader: The role of transparency and positivity. Working paper, Gallup Leadership Institute, University of Nebraska.
125. Onwuegbuzie, A.J., & Snyder, C.R. 2000. Relations between hope and graduate students' coping strategies for studying and examination taking. Psychological Reports, 86: 803-806.
126. Organ, D.W. 1988. Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
127. Organ, D.W., & Ryan, K. 1995. A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48: 775-802.
128. Ozer, D.J., & Benet-Martínez, V. 2006. Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57: 401-421.
129. Parker, S. 1998. Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6: 835-852.
130. Peeters, M.A., Rutte, C.G., van Tuijl, H.F., & Reymen, I.M. 2006. The Big Five personality traits and individual satisfaction with the team. Small Group Research, 37: 187-211.
131. Peterson, C. 1999. Personal control and well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology: 288-301. New York: Russell Sage.
132. Peterson, C. 2000. The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55: 44-55.
133. Peterson, C. 2006. A primer in positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
134. Peterson, C., & Barrett, L. 1987. Explanatory style and academic performance among university freshmen. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53: 603-607.
135. Peterson, C., & Chang, E. 2002. Optimism and flourishing. In C. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived: 55-79. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
136. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. 1984. Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91: 347-374.
137. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. 2004. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
138. Peterson, C., Seligman, M., & Vaillant, G. 1988. Pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for physical illness: A thirty-five year longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55: 23-27.
139. Peterson, C., & Steen, T. 2002. Optimistic explanatory style. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology: 244-256. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
140. Peterson, S.J., & Luthans, F. 2003. The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24: 26-31.
141. Pfeffer, J. 1998. The human equation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
142. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.C., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N.P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 879-903.
143. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.C., Moorman, R.H., & Fetter, R. 1990. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1: 107-142.
144. Prola, M., & Stern, D. 1984. Optimism about college life and academic performance in college. Psychological Reports, 55: 347-350.
145. Quick, J.C., & Quick, J.D. 2004. Healthy, happy, productive work: A leadership challenge. Organizational Dynamics, 33: 329-337.
146. Ramakrishna, H. 2002. The moderating role of updating climate perceptions in the relationship between goal orientation, self-efficacy, and job performance. Human Performance, 15: 275-297.
147. Range, L., & Pentin, S. 1994. Hope, hopelessness and suicidality in college students. Psychological Reports, 75: 456-458.
148. Reivich, K., & Shatte, A. 2002. The resilience factor: 7 essential skills for overcoming life's inevitable obstacles. New York: Random House.
149. Richardson, G. 2002. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58: 307-321.
150. Rini, C.K., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Wadhwa, P.D., & Sandman, C.A. 1999. Psychological adaptation and birth outcomes: The role of personal resources, stress, and socio-cultural context in pregnancy. Health Psychology, 18: 333-345.
151. Roberts, L.M. 2006. Shifting the lens on organizational life: The added value of positive scholarship. Academy of Management Review, 31: 292-305.
152. Ryff, C., & Singer, B. 2003. Flourishing under fire: Resilience as a prototype of challenged thriving. In C. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived: 15-36. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
153. Sandau-Beckler, P., Devall, E., & de la Rosa, I. 2002. Strengthening family resilience: Prevention and treatment for high-risk substance-affected families. Journal of Individual Psychology, 58: 305-327.
154. Scheier, M., & Carver, C. 1985. Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4: 219-247.
155. Scheier, M., & Carver, C. 1987. Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55: 169-210.
156. Scheier, M., & Carver, C. 1992. Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16: 201-228.
157. Scheier, M., Matthews, K., Owen, J., Magovern, G., Lefebvre, R. Abbott, R., & Carver, C. 1989. Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: The beneficial effects of physical and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57: 1024-1040.
158. Schmidt, F.L., & Hunter, J.E. 2000. Select on intelligence. In E. Locke (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of principles of organizational behavior: 3-14. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
159. Schmidt, F.L., Hunter, J.E., & Pearlman, K. 1981. Task differences and validity of aptitude tests in selection: A red herring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66: 165-185.
160. Schneider, S.L. 2001. In search of realistic optimism. American Psychologist, 56: 250-263.
161. Schulman, P. 1999. Applying learned optimism to increase sales productivity. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 19: 31-37.
162. Scioli, A., Chamberlin, C., Samor, C.M., LaPointe, A.B., Campbell, T.L., MacLeod, A.R., & McLenon, J.A. 1997. A prospective study of hope, optimism, and health. Psychological Reports, 81: 723-733.
163. Seligman, M.E.P. 1998. Learned optimism. New York: Pocket Books.
164. Seligman, M.E.P. 2002. Authentic happiness. New York: Free Press.
165. Seligman, M.E.P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. 2000. Positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55: 5-14.
166. Seligman, M.E.P., & Schulman, P. 1986. Explanatory style as a predictor of productivity and quitting among life insurance sales agents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50: 832-838.
167. Shamir, B., & Eilam, G. 2005. What's your story? A life-stories approach to authentic leadership development. Leadership Quarterly, 16: 395-417.
168. Smith, C., & Carlson, B. 1997. Stress, coping, and resilience in children and youth. Social Service Review, 71: 231-256.
169. Snyder, C.R. 1993. Hope for the journey. In A. P. Turnbull, J. M. Patterson, S. K. Behr, D. L. Murphy, J. G. Marquis, & M. J. Blue-Banning (Eds.), Cognitive coping, families, and disability: 271-286. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks.
170. Snyder, C.R. 1994. Hope and optimism. Encyclopedia of human behavior, vol. 2: 535-542. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
171. Snyder, C.R. 1995 a. Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73: 355-360.
172. Snyder, C.R. 1995 b. Managing for high hope. R & D Innovator, 4 (6): 6-7.
173. Snyder, C.R. 2000. Handbook of hope. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
174. Snyder, C.R. 2002. Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13: 249-275.
175. Snyder, C.R., Harris, C., Anderson, J.R., Holleran, S.A., Irving, L.M., Sigmon, S.T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. 1991. The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60: 570-585.
176. Snyder, C.R., Ilardi, S., Michael, S.T., & Cheavens, J. 2000. Hope theory: Updating a common process for psychological change. In C. R. Snyder & R. E. Ingram (Eds.), Handbook of psychological change: Psychotherapy processes and practices for the 21st century: 128-153. New York: John Wiley.
177. Snyder, C.R., Irving, L., & Anderson, J. 1991. Hope and health: Measuring the will and the ways. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology: 285-305. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
178. Snyder, C. R., &; Lopez, S. (Eds.). 2002. Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
179. Snyder, C.R., Rand, K.L., & Sigmon, D.R. 2002. Hope theory. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology: 257-276. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
180. Snyder, C.R., Sympson, S.C., Ybasco, F.C., Borders, T.F., Babyak, M.A., & Higgins, R.L. 1996. Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 321-335.
181. Snyder, C.R., Tran, T., Schroeder, L.L., Pulvers, K.M., Adam, V., III, & Laub, L. 2000. Teaching the hope recipe: Setting goals, finding pathways to those goals, and getting motivated. National Educational Service, Summer: 46-50.
182. Sparrowe, R.T. 2005. Authentic leadership and the narrative self. Leadership Quarterly, 16: 419-439.
183. Spreitzer, G.M. 1995. Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 1442-1465.
184. Spreitzer, G.M., & Sonenshein, S. 2004. Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47: 828-847.
185. Stajkovic, A.D. 2006. Development of a core confidence-higher order construct. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 1208-1224.
186. Stajkovic, A.D., & Luthans, F. 1998 a. Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124: 240-261.
187. Stajkovic, A.D., & Luthans, F. 1998 b. Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Going beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics, 26: 62-74.
188. Stewart, G.L., & Nandkeolyar, A.K. 2006. Adaptation and intraindividual variation in sales outcomes: Exploring the interactive effects of personality and environmental opportunity. Personnel Psychology, 59: 307-332.
189. Stewart, M., Reid, G., & Mangham, C. 1997. Fostering children's resilience. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12: 21-31.
190. Sutcliffe, K.M., & Vogus, T. 2003. Organizing for resilience. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 94-110. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
191. Tedeschi, R., Park, C., & Calhoun L. (Eds.). 1998. Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
192. Thatchenkery, T., & Metzker, C. 2006. Appreciative intelligence. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
193. Thoits, P. 1994. Stressors and problem solving: The individual as a psychological activist. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35: 143-160.
194. Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. 2002. Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 1137-1148.
195. Vancouver, J., Thompson, C., Tischner, E., & Putka, D. 2002. Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 506-516.
196. Vancouver, J., Thompson, C., & Williams, A. 2001. The changing signs in the relationship between self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 605-620.
197. Veninga, R.L. 2000. Managing hope in the workplace: Five simple strategies can help transform organizations. Health Progress, 81: 22-24.
198. Vickers, M.H., & Kouzmin, A. 2001. Resilience in organizational actors and rearticulating voice. Public Management Review, 3 (1): 95-119.
199. Wagner, R., & Harter, J.K. 2006. 12: The elements of great managing. New York: Gallup Press.
200. Wagnild, G., & Young, H. 1993. Development and psychometric evaluation of the resiliency scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1 (2): 165-178.
201. Waite, P., & Richardson, G. 2004. Determining the efficacy of resiliency training in the work site. Journal of Allied Health, 33: 178-183.
202. Waterman, R.H., Waterman, J.A., & Collard, B.A. 1994. Toward a career-resilient workforce. Harvard Business Review, 72 (4): 87-95.
203. Weick, K.E. 1993. The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 628-652.
204. Wolin, S., & Wolin, S. 2006. Project resilience. http://www.projectresilience.com. Accessed Aug. 1, 2006.
205. Wooten, L.P., & Crane, P. 2004. Generating dynamic capabilities through a humanistic work ideology. American Behavioral Scientist, 47: 848-866.
206. Worline, M., & Quinn, R. 2003. Courageous principled action. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 138-157. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
207. Wright, R.M., & Snell, S.A. 1999. Social capital and strategic HRM: It's who you know. Human Resource Planning, 22: 62-65.
208. Wright, T.A. 1997. Time revisited in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18: 201-204.
209. Wright, T.A. 2003. Positive organizational behavior: An idea whose time has truly come. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24: 437-442.
210. Wright, T.A. 2005. The role of "happiness" in organizational research: Past, present and future directions. In P. L. Perrewe & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being, vol. 4: 221-264. Amsterdam: JAI.
211. Wright, T.A. 2006. To be or not to be (happy): The role of employee well-being. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20: 118-120.
212. Wright, T.A. 2007. A look at two methodological challenges for scholars interested in positive organizational behavior. In D. Nelson & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Positive organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work: 177-190. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
213. Wright, T.A., & Bonett, D.G. in press. Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as non-additive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management.
214. Wright, T.A., & Cropanzano, R. 2000. Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5: 84-94.
215. Wright, T.A., & Cropanzano, R. 2004. The role of psychological well-being in job performance. Organizational Dynamics, 33: 338-351.
216. Wright, T.A., Cropanzano, R., & Bonett, D.G. in press. The moderating role of employee positive well-being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.
217. Wunderley, L.J., Reddy, W.P., & Dember, W.N. 1998. Optimism and pessimism in business leaders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28: 751-760.
218. Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F. 2003. Immigrant psychological capital: Contribution to the war for talent and competitive advantage. Singapore Nanyang Business Review, 2 (2): 1-14.
219. Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F. 2005 a. A positive organizational behavior approach to ethical performance. In R. A. Giacalone, C. Jurkiewicz, & C. Dunn (Eds.). Positive psychology in business ethics and corporate social responsibility: 1-22. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
220. Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F. 2005 b. Resiliency development of organizations, leaders and employees: Multi-level theory building for sustained performance. In W. Gardner, B. Avolio, & F. Walumbwa (Eds.), Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects and development: 303-343. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
221. Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F. 2006. Time for positivity in the Middle East: Developing hopeful Egyptian organizational leaders. In W. Mobley & E. Weldon (Eds.), Advances in global leadership, vol. 4: 283-297. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science/JAI.
222. Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F. (in press). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management.
223. Zhao, H., & Seibert, S.E. 2006. The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 259-271.
224. Zunz, S. 1998. Resiliency and burnout: Protective factors for human service managers. Administration in Social Work, 22 (3): 39-54.