Reprint of: Coronavirus reverse genetic systems: Infectious clones and replicons

Virus Research

Volumn 194, Issue , 2014, Pages 67-75

  Almazán, Fernando ^a   Sola, Isabel ^a   Zuñiga, Sonia ^a   Marquez Jurado, Silvia ^a   Morales, Lucia ^a   Becares, Martina ^a   Enjuanes, Luis ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Coronavirus; Infectious clones; Replicons; Reverse genetics

Indexed keywords

COMPLEMENTARY DNA; POXVIRUS VECTOR; VIRUS RNA;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME; CLONE; CORONAVIRUS; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; NONHUMAN; REPLICON; REVERSE GENETICS; SARS CORONAVIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME;

ANIMALIA; CORONAVIRUS; RNA VIRUSES; SARS CORONAVIRUS;

EID: 84920611851     PISSN: 01681702     EISSN: 18727492     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.006     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Adedeji A.O., Singh K., Calcaterra N.E., DeDiego M.L., Enjuanes L., Weiss S., Sarafianos S.G. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication inhibitor that interferes with the nucleic acid unwinding of the viral helicase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2012, 56:4718-4728.
2. Adler H., Messerle M., Koszinowski U.H. Cloning of herpesviral genomes as bacterial artificial chromosomes. Rev. Med. Virol. 2003, 13:111-121.
3. Ahn D.G., Lee W., Choi J.K., Kim S.J., Plant E.P., Almazan F., Taylor D.R., Enjuanes L., Oh J.W. Interference of ribosomal frameshifting by antisense peptide nucleic acids suppresses SARS coronavirus replication. Antiviral Res. 2011, 91:1-10.
4. Almazan F., DeDiego M.L., Galan C., Escors D., Alvarez E., Ortego J., Sola I., Zuñiga S., Alonso S., Moreno J.L., Nogales A., Capiscol C., Enjuanes L. Construction of a SARS-CoV infectious cDNA clone and a replicon to study coronavirus RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 2006, 80:10900-10906.
5. Almazan F., DeDiego M.L., Sola I., Zuniga S., Nieto-Torres J.L., Marquez-Jurado S., Andres G., Enjuanes L. Engineering a replication-competent, propagation-defective Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus as a vaccine candidate. mBio 2013, 4. e00650-13.
6. Almazan F., Galan C., Enjuanes L. The nucleoprotein is required for efficient coronavirus genome replication. J. Virol. 2004, 78:12683-12688.
7. Almazan F., Gonzalez J.M., Penzes Z., Izeta A., Calvo E., Plana-Duran J., Enjuanes L. Engineering the largest RNA virus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97:5516-5521.
8. Armesto M., Casais R., Cavanagh D., Britton P. Transient dominant selection for the modification and generation of recombinant infectious bronchitis coronaviruses. Methods Mol. Biol. 2008, 454:255-273.
9. Balint A., Farsang A., Zadori Z., Hornyak A., Dencso L., Almazan F., Enjuanes L., Belak S. Molecular characterization of feline infectious peritonitis virus Strain DF-2 and studies of the role of ORF3abc in viral cell tropism. J. Virol. 2012, 86:6258-6267.
10. Ball L.A. High-frequency homologous recombination in vaccinia virus DNA. J. Virol. 1987, 61:1788-1795.
11. Baric R.S., Fu K.S., Schaad M.C., Stohlman S.A. Establishing a genetic recombination map for MHV-A59 complementation groups. Virology 1990, 177:646-656.
12. Baric R.S., Sims A.C. Development of mouse hepatitis virus and SARS-CoV infectious cDNA constructs. Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2005, vol. 287:229-252. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.
13. Barnard D.L., Kumaki Y. Recent developments in anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus chemotherapy. Future Virol. 2011, 6:615-631.
14. Bartenschlager R. Hepatitis C virus replicons: potential role for drug development. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2002, 1:911-916.
15. Becker M.M., Graham R.L., Donaldson E.F., Rockx B., Sims A.C., Sheahan T., Pickles R.J., Corti D., Johnston R.E., Baric R.S., Denison M.R. Synthetic recombinant bat SARS-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:19944-19949.
16. Brass V., Moradpour D., Blum H.E. Hepatitis C virus infection: in vivo and in vitro models. J. Viral Hepat. 2007, 14(Suppl. 1):64-67.
17. Britton P., Evans S., Dove B., Davies M., Casais R., Cavanagh D. Generation of a recombinant avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus using transient dominant selection. J. Virol. Methods 2005, 123:203-211.
18. Britton P.P.G., Kottier S., Mawditt K.L., Penzes Z., Cavanagh D., Skinner M.A. Expression of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in avian and mammalian cells by a recombinant fowlpox virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1996, 77:963-967.
19. Casais R., Davies M., Cavanagh D., Britton P. Gene 5 of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus is not essential for replication. J. Virol. 2005, 79:8065-8078.
20. Casais R., Thiel V., Siddell S.G., Cavanagh D., Britton P. Reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. J. Virol. 2001, 75:12359-12369.
21. Chang G.H., Dividson A., Lin L., Wilson M., Siddell S.G., Zhu Q.Y. Establishment of the eukaryotic cell lines for inducible control of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid gene expression. Virol. Sin. 2010, 25:361-368.
22. Chen L., Gui C., Luo X., Yang Q., Gunther S., Scandella E., Drosten C., Bai D., He X., Ludewig B., Chen J., Luo H., Yang Y., Zou J., Thiel V., Chen K., Shen J., Shen X., Jiang H. Cinanserin is an inhibitor of the 3C-like proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and strongly reduces virus replication in vitro. J. Virol. 2005, 79:7095-7103.
23. Chen Y., Cai H., Pan J., Xiang N., Tien P., Ahola T., Guo D. Functional screen reveals SARS coronavirus nonstructural protein nsp14 as a novel cap N7 methyltransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:3484-3489.
24. Coley S.E., Lavi E., Sawicki S.G., Fu L., Schelle B., Karl N., Siddell S.G., Thiel V. Recombinant mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 from cloned, full-length cDNA replicates to high titers in vitro and is fully pathogenic in vivo. J. Virol. 2005, 79:3097-3106.
25. Curtis K.M., Yount B., Baric R.S. Heterologous gene expression from transmissible gastroenteritis virus replicon particles. J. Virol. 2002, 76:1422-1434.
26. de Groot R.J., Baker S.C., Baric R., Enjuanes L., Gorbalenya A.E., Holmes K.V., Perlman S., Poon L., Rottier P.J.M., Talbot P.J., Woo P.C.Y., Ziebuhr J. Coronaviridae. Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2012, 774-796. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego. A.M.Q. King, M.J. Adams, E.B. Carstens, E.J. Lefkowitz (Eds.).
27. DeDiego M.L., Alvarez E., Almazan F., Rejas M.T., Lamirande E., Roberts A., Shieh W.J., Zaki S.R., Subbarao K., Enjuanes L. A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 2007, 81:1701-1713.
28. Deming D., Sheahan T., Heise M., Yount B., Davis N., Sims A., Suthar M., Harkema J., Whitmore A., Pickles R., West A., Donaldson E., Curtis K., Johnston R., Baric R. Vaccine efficacy in senescent mice challenged with recombinant SARS-CoV bearing epidemic and zoonotic spike variants. PLoS Med. 2006, 3:2359-2375.
29. Donaldson E.F., Graham R.L., Sims A.C., Denison M.R., Baric R.S. Analysis of murine hepatitis virus strain A59 temperature-sensitive mutant TS-LA6 suggests that nsp10 plays a critical role in polyprotein processing. J. Virol. 2007, 81:7086-7098.
30. Donaldson E.F., Yount B., Sims A.C., Burkett S., Pickles R.J., Baric R.S. Systematic assembly of a full-length infectious clone of human coronavirus NL63. J. Virol. 2008, 82:11948-11957.
31. Dubensky T.W., Driver D.A., Polo J.M., Belli B.A., Latham E.M., Ibanez C.E., Chada S., Brumm D., Banks T.A., Mento S.J., Jolly D.J., Chang S.M.W. Sindbis virus DNA-based expression vectors: utility for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. J. Virol. 1996, 70:508-519.
32. Enjuanes L., Almazan F., Sola I., Zuniga S. Biochemical aspects of coronavirus replication and virus-host interaction. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2006, 60:211-230.
33. Enjuanes L., DeDiego M.L., Alvarez E., Deming D., Sheahan T., Baric R. Vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced disease. Virus Res. 2008, 133:45-62.
34. Eriksson K.K., Makia D., Thiel V. Generation of recombinant coronaviruses using vaccinia virus as the cloning vector and stable cell lines containing coronaviral replicon RNAs. Methods Mol. Biol. 2008, 454:237-254.
35. Falkner F.G., Moss B. Escherichia coli gpt gene provides dominant selection for vaccinia virus open reading frame expression vectors. J. Virol. 1988, 62:1849-1854.
36. Falkner F.G., Moss B. Transient dominant selection of recombinant vaccinia viruses. J. Virol. 1990, 64:3108-3111.
37. Fang S., Chen B., Tay F.P., Ng B.S., Liu D.X. An arginine-to-proline mutation in a domain with undefined functions within the helicase protein (Nsp13) is lethal to the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in cultured cells. Virology 2007, 358:136-147.
38. Fett C., DeDiego M.L., Regla-Nava J.A., Enjuanes L., Perlman S. Complete protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-mediated lethal respiratory disease in aged mice by immunization with a mouse-adapted virus lacking E protein. J. Virol. 2013, 87:6551-6559.
39. Frolov I., Hoffman T.A., Prágai B.M., Dryga S.A., Huang H.V., Schlesinger S., Rice C.M. Alphavirus-based expression vectors: strategies and applications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93:11371-11377.
40. Fu K., Baric R.S. Map locations of mouse hepatitis virus temperature-sensitive mutants: confirmation of variable rates of recombination. J. Virol. 1994, 68:7458-7466.
41. Fu K.S., Baric R.S. Evidence for variable rates of recombination in the MHV genome. Virology 1992, 189:88-102.
42. Galan C., Sola I., Nogales A., Thomas B., Akoulitchev A., Enjuanes L., Almazan F. Host cell proteins interacting with the 3' end of TGEV coronavirus genome influence virus replication. Virology 2009, 391:304-314.
43. Ge F., Luo Y., Liew P.X., Hung E. Derivation of a novel SARS-coronavirus replicon cell line and its application for anti-SARS drug screening. Virology 2007, 360:150-158.
44. Ge F., Xiong S., Lin F.S., Zhang Z.P., Zhang X.E. High-throughput assay using a GFP-expressing replicon for SARS-CoV drug discovery. Antiviral Res. 2008, 80:107-113.
45. Gonzalez J.M., Penzes Z., Almazan F., Calvo E., Enjuanes L. Stabilization of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus by insertion of an intron. J. Virol. 2002, 76:4655-4661.
46. Hertzig T., Scandella E., Schelle B., Ziebuhr J., Siddell S.G., Ludewig B., Thiel V. Rapid identification of coronavirus replicase inhibitors using a selectable replicon RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 2004, 85:1717-1725.
47. Izeta A., Smerdou C., Alonso S., Penzes Z., Mendez A., Plana-Duran J., Enjuanes L. Replication and packaging of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus-derived synthetic minigenomes. J. Virol. 1999, 73:1535-1545.
48. Jamsai D., Orford M., Nefedov M., Fucharoen S., Williamson R., Ioannou P.A. Targeted modification of a human beta-globin locus BAC clone using GET Recombination and an I-Scei counterselection cassette. Genomics 2003, 82:68-77.
49. Kerr S.M., Smith G.L. Vaccinia virus DNA ligase is nonessential for virus replication: recovery of plasmids from virus-infected cells. Virology 1991, 180:625-632.
50. Khromykh A.A. Replicon-based vectors of positive strand RNA viruses. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 2000, 2:555-569.
51. Kilianski A., Baker S.C. Cell-based antiviral screening against coronaviruses: developing virus-specific and broad-spectrum inhibitors. Antiviral Res. 2014, 101:105-112.
52. Kusters J.G., Jager E.J., Niesters H.G., Van der Zeijst B.A. Sequence evidence for RNA recombination in field isolates of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Vaccine 1990, 8:605-608.
53. Lai M.M.C., Cavanagh D. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 1997, 48:1-100.
54. Lai M.M.C., Perlman S., Anderson L. Coronaviridae. Fields Virology 2007, vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 5th ed.
55. Lamirande E.W., DeDiego M.L., Roberts A., Jackson J.P., Alvarez E., Sheahan T., Shieh W.J., Zaki S.R., Baric R., Enjuanes L., Subbarao K. A live attenuated SARS coronavirus is immunogenic and efficacious in golden Syrian hamsters. J. Virol. 2008, 82:7721-7724.
56. Lee E.C., Yu D., Martinez de Velasco J., Tessarollo L., Swing D.A., Court D.L., Jenkins N.A., Copeland N.G. A highly efficient Escherichia coli-based chromosome engineering system adapted for recombinogenic targeting and subcloning of BAC DNA. Genomics 2001, 73:56-65.
57. Lei L., Ying S., Baojun L., Yi Y., Xiang H., Wenli S., Zounan S., Deyin G., Qingyu Z., Jingmei L., Guohui C. Attenuation of mouse hepatitis virus by deletion of the LLRKxGxKG region of Nsp1. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e61166.
58. Makino S., Keck J.G., Stohlman S.A., Lai M.M.C. High-frequency RNA recombination of murine coronaviruses. J. Virol. 1986, 57:729-737.
59. Masters P.S. Reverse genetics of the largest RNA viruses. Adv. Virus Res. 1999, 53:245-264.
60. Masters P.S. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 2006, 66:193-292.
61. Masters P.S., Rottier P.J. Coronavirus reverse genetics by targeted RNA recombination. Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2005, vol. 287:133-159. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.
62. Merchlinsky M., Moss B. Introduction of foreign DNA into the vaccinia virus genome by in vitro ligation: recombination-independent selectable cloning vectors. Virology 1992, 190:522-526.
63. Moreno J.L., Zuniga S., Enjuanes L., Sola I. Identification of a coronavirus transcription enhancer. J. Virol. 2008, 82:3882-3893.
64. Nakamura M., Saito H., Hibi T. Advances in genomic research on hepatitis C virus with a useful tool, replicon system. Keio J. Med. 2008, 57:75-83.
65. Narayanan K., Makino S. Cooperation of an RNA packaging signal and a viral envelope protein in coronavirus RNA packaging. J. Virol. 2001, 75:9059-9067.
66. Netland J., DeDiego M.L., Zhao J., Fett C., Alvarez E., Nieto-Torres J.L., Enjuanes L., Perlman S. Immunization with an attenuated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus deleted in E protein protects against lethal respiratory disease. Virology 2010, 399:120-128.
67. Ortego J., Escors D., Laude H., Enjuanes L. Generation of a replication-competent, propagation-deficient virus vector based on the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus genome. J. Virol. 2002, 76:11518-11529.
68. Pan J., Peng X., Gao Y., Li Z., Lu X., Chen Y., Ishaq M., Liu D., DeDiego M.L., Enjuanes L., Guo D. Genome-wide analysis of protein-protein interactions and involvement of viral proteins in SARS-CoV replication. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e3299.
69. Pfefferle S., Krahling V., Ditt V., Grywna K., Muhlberger E., Drosten C. Reverse genetic characterization of the natural genomic deletion in SARS-coronavirus strain Frankfurt-1 open reading frame 7b reveals an attenuating function of the 7b protein in-vitro and in-vivo. Virol. J. 2009, 6:131.
70. Repass J.F., Makino S. Importance of the positive-strand RNA secondary structure of a murine coronavirus defective interfering RNA internal replication signal in positive-strand RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 1998, 72:7926-7933.
71. Roth-Cross J.K., Stokes H., Chang G., Chua M.M., Thiel V., Weiss S.R., Gorbalenya A.E., Siddell S.G. Organ-specific attenuation of murine hepatitis virus strain A59 by replacement of catalytic residues in the putative viral cyclic phosphodiesterase ns2. J. Virol. 2009, 83:3743-3753.
72. Schaad M., Baric R.S. Genetics of mouse hepatitis virus transcription: evidence that subgenomic negative strands are functional templates. J. Virol. 1994, 68:8169-8179.
73. Scheiflinger F., Dorner F., Falkner F.G. Construction of chimeric vaccinia viruses by molecular cloning and packaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89:9977-9981.
74. Schelle B., Karl N., Ludewig B., Siddell S.G., Thiel V. Selective replication of coronavirus genomes that express nucleocapsid protein. J. Virol. 2005, 79:6620-6630.
75. Scobey T., Yount B.L., Sims A.C., Donaldson E.F., Agnihothram S.S., Menachery V.D., Graham R.L., Swanstrom J., Bove P.F., Kim J.D., Grego S., Randell S.H., Baric R.S. Reverse genetics with a full-length infectious cDNA of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110:16157-16162.
76. Shizuya H., Birren B., Kim U.J., Mancino V., Slepak T., Tachiiri Y., Simon M. Cloning and stable maintenance of 300-kilobase-pair fragments of human DNA in Escherichia coli using an F-factor-based vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89:8794-8797.
77. Smith G.L., Moss B. Infectious poxvirus vectors have capacity for at least 25000 base pairs of foreign DNA. Gene 1983, 25:21-28.
78. St-Jean J.R., Desforges M., Almazan F., Jacomy H., Enjuanes L., Talbot P.J. Recovery of a neurovirulent human coronavirus OC43 from an infectious cDNA clone. J. Virol. 2006, 80:3670-3674.
79. Stadler K., Masignani V., Eickmann M., Becker S., Abrignani S., Klenk H.D., Rappuoli R. SARS-beginning to understand a new virus. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2003, 1:209-218.
80. Stalcup R.P., Baric R.S., Leibowitz J.L. Genetic complementation among three panels of mouse hepatitis virus gene 1 mutants. Virology 1998, 241:112-121.
81. Stokes H.L., Baliji S., Hui C.G., Sawicki S.G., Baker S.C., Siddell S.G. A new cistron in the murine hepatitis virus replicase gene. J. Virol. 2010, 84:10148-10158.
82. Tan Y.W., Fang S., Fan H., Lescar J., Liu D.X. Amino acid residues critical for RNA-binding in the N-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid protein are essential determinants for the infectivity of coronavirus in cultured cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34:4816-4825.
83. Tanaka T., Kamitani W., DeDiego M.L., Enjuanes L., Matsuura Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 facilitates efficient propagation in cells through a specific translational shutoff of host mRNA. J. Virol. 2012, 86:11128-11137.
84. Tekes G., Hofmann-Lehmann R., Stallkamp I., Thiel V., Thiel H.J. Genome organization and reverse genetic analysis of a type I feline coronavirus. J. Virol. 2008, 82:1851-1859.
85. Tekes G., Spies D., Bank-Wolf B., Thiel V., Thiel H.J. A reverse genetics approach to study feline infectious peritonitis. J. Virol. 2012, 86:6994-6998.
86. Thiel V., Herold J., Schelle B., Siddell S. Infectious RNA transcribed in vitro from a cDNA copy of the human coronavirus genome cloned in vaccinia virus. J. Gen. Virol. 2001, 82:1273-1281.
87. Thiel V., Herold J., Schelle B., Siddell S.G. Viral replicase gene products suffice for coronavirus discontinuous transcription. J. Virol. 2001, 75:6676-6681.
88. Thiel V., Siddell S.G. Reverse genetics of coronaviruses using vaccinia virus vectors. Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2005, vol. 287:199-227. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.
89. Tischer B.K., von Einem J., Kaufer B., Osterrieder N. Two-step red-mediated recombination for versatile high-efficiency markerless DNA manipulation in Escherichia coli. Biotechniques 2006, 40:191-197.
90. Tylor S., Andonov A., Cutts T., Cao J., Grudesky E., Van Domselaar G., Li X., He R. The SR-rich motif in SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein is important for virus replication. Can. J. Microbiol. 2009, 55:254-260.
91. van den Worm S.H., Eriksson K.K., Zevenhoven J.C., Weber F., Zust R., Kuri T., Dijkman R., Chang G., Siddell S.G., Snijder E.J., Thiel V., Davidson A.D. Reverse genetics of SARS-related coronavirus using vaccinia virus-based recombination. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e32857.
92. van der Hoek L., Pyrc K., Jebbink M.F., Vermeulen-Oost W., Berkhout R.J., Wolthers K.C., Wertheim-van Dillen P.M., Kaandorp J., Spaargaren J., Berkhout B. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat. Med. 2004, 10:368-373.
93. Wang J.M., Wang L.F., Shi Z.L. Construction of a non-infectious SARS coronavirus replicon for application in drug screening and analysis of viral protein function. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 374:138-142.
94. Wang K., Boysen C., Shizuya H., Simon M.I., Hood L. Complete nucleotide sequence of two generations of a bacterial artificial chromosome cloning vector. Biotechniques 1997, 23:992-994.
95. Williams G.D., Chang R.Y., Brian D.A. A phylogenetically conserved hairpin-type 3' untranslated region pseudoknot functions in coronavirus RNA replication. J. Virol. 1999, 73:8349-8355.
96. Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Chu C.M., Chan K.H., Tsoi H.W., Huang Y., Wong B.H., Poon R.W., Cai J.J., Luk W.K., Poon L.L., Wong S.S., Guan Y., Peiris J.S., Yuen K.Y. Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J. Virol. 2005, 79:884-895.
97. Youn S., Leibowitz J.L., Collisson E.W. In vitro assembled, recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses demonstrate that the 5a open reading frame is not essential for replication. Virology 2005, 332:206-215.
98. Yount B., Curtis K.M., Baric R.S. Strategy for systematic assembly of large RNA and DNA genomes: the transmissible gastroenteritis virus model. J. Virol. 2000, 74:10600-10611.
99. Yount B., Curtis K.M., Fritz E.A., Hensley L.E., Jahrling P.B., Prentice E., Denison M.R., Geisbert T.W., Baric R.S. Reverse genetics with a full-length infectious cDNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100:12995-13000.
100. Yount B., Denison M.R., Weiss S.R., Baric R.S. Systematic assembly of a full-length infectious cDNA of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59. J. Virol. 2002, 76:11065-11078.
101. Yount B., Roberts R.S., Lindesmith L., Baric R.S. Rewiring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transcription circuit: engineering a recombination-resistant genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103:12546-12551.
102. Zaki A.M., van Boheemen S., Bestebroer T.M., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367:1814-1820.
103. Zhang L., Zhang Z.P., Zhang X.E., Lin F.S., Ge F. Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals BAG3 as a potential target to suppress severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication. J. Virol. 2010, 84:6050-6059.
104. Zhang Y., Buchholz F., Muyrers J.P.P., Stewart A.F. A new logic for DNA engineering using recombination in Escherichia coli. Nat. Genet. 1998, 20:123-128.
105. Ziebuhr J. The coronavirus replicase. Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2005, vol. 287:57-94. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.
106. Zimmer G. RNA replicons: a new approach for influenza virus immunoprophylaxis. Viruses 2010, 2:413-434.
107. Zuñiga S., Cruz J.L., Sola I., Mateos-Gomez P.A., Palacio L., Enjuanes L. Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein facilitates template switching and is required for efficient transcription. J. Virol. 2010, 84:2169-2175.