Vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced disease

Virus Research

Volumn 133, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 45-62

  Enjuanes, Luis ^a   DeDiego, Marta L ^a   Álvarez, Enrique ^a   Deming, Damon ^b   Sheahan, Tim ^b   Baric, Ralph ^b  

^a CENTRO NACIONAL DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Coronaviruses; RNA viruses; SARS coronavirus; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE; CD8 ANTIGEN; DNA VACCINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINE; INTERLEUKIN 2; M PROTEIN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; N ACETYLMURAMYLALANYL DEXTRO ISOGLUTAMINYLALANYL DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; PROPIOLACTONE; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VACCINE; SUBUNIT VACCINE; VIRUS SPIKE PROTEIN; VITRONECTIN;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ANTIBODY DETECTION; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY TITER; ARTICLE; BIOSAFETY; C57BL 6 MOUSE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; DNA IMMUNIZATION; DNA VECTOR; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; OPEN READING FRAME; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS; PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RHABDOVIRUS; SARS CORONAVIRUS; SEROTYPE; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VACCINATION; VACCINE PRODUCTION; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ALPHAVIRUS; VIRAL GENETICS; VIRUS ASSEMBLY; VIRUS ATTENUATION; VIRUS EXPRESSION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INACTIVATION; VIRUS LIKE AGENT; VIRUS TYPING;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, VIRAL; CACO-2 CELLS; CELL LINE; CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS; CRICETINAE; GENOME, VIRAL; HUMANS; MICE; SARS VIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; VACCINES, DNA; VERO CELLS; VIRAL VACCINES;

ANIMALIA; RNA VIRUSES; SARS CORONAVIRUS;

EID: 40749108947     PISSN: 01681702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.021     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Akerstrom S., Tan Y.J., and Mirazimi A. Amino acids 15-28 in the ectodomain of SARS coronavirus 3a protein induces neutralizing antibodies. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 3799-3803
2. Anton I.M., Sune C., Meloen R.H., Borras-Cuesta F., and Enjuanes L. A transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus nucleoprotein epitope elicits T helper cells that collaborate in the in vitro antibody synthesis to the three major structural viral proteins. Virology 212 (1995) 746-751
3. Anton I.M., Gonzalez S., Bullido M.J., Corsin M., Risco C., Langeveld J.P., and Enjuanes L. Cooperation between transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) structural proteins in the in vitro induction of virus-specific antibodies. Virus Res. 46 (1996) 111-124
4. Bae J.L., Lee J.G., Kang T.J., Jang H.S., Jang Y.S., and Yang M.S. Induction of antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses by feeding animals transgenic plants expressing the antigen. Vaccine 21 (2003) 4052-4058
5. Ball L.A., Pringle C.R., Flanagan B., Perepelitsa V.P., and Wertz G.W. Phenotypic consequences of rearranging the P, M, and, G genes of vesicular stomatitis virus. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 4705-4712
6. Baric R.S., Sheahan T., Deming D., Donaldson E., Yount B., Sims A.C., Roberts R.S., Frieman M., and Rockx B. SARS coronavirus vaccine development. In: Perlman S., and Holmes K. (Eds). The Nidovirus: Towards Control of SARS and other Nidovirus Diseases vol. 581 (2006), Springer, New York 553-560
7. Berry J.D., Jones S., Drebot M.A., Andonov A., Sabara M., Yuan X.Y., Weingartl H., Fernando L., Marszal P., Gren J., Nicolas B., Andonova M., Ranada F., Gubbins M.J., Ball T.B., Kitching P., Li Y., Kabani A., and Plummer F. Development and characterization of neutralising monoclonal antibody to the SARS-coronavirus. J. Virol. Methods 120 (2004) 87-96
8. Bisht H., Roberts A., Vogel L., Bukreyev A., Collins P.L., Murphy B.R., Subbarao K., and Moss B. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 6641-6646
9. Bisht H., Roberts A., Vogel L., Subbarao K., and Moss B. Neutralizing antibody and protective immunity to SARS coronavirus infection of mice induced by a soluble recombinant polypeptide containing an N-terminal segment of the spike glycoprotein. Virology 334 (2005) 160-165
10. Bradbury J. Custom-made vaccines at speed. Drug. Discov. Today 8 (2003) 518-519
11. Brockway S.M., and Denison M.R. Mutagenesis of the murine hepatitis virus nsp1-coding region identifies residues important for protein processing, viral RNA synthesis, and viral replication. Virology 340 (2005) 209-223
12. Buchholz U.J., Bukreyev A., Yang L., Lamirande E.W., Murphy B.R., Subbarao K., and Collins P.L. Contributions of the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to protective immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 9804-9809
13. Bukreyev A., Lamirande E.W., Buchholz U.J., Vogel L.N., Elkins W.R., St Claire M., Murphy B.R., Subbarao K., and Collins P.L. Mucosal immunization of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) with an attenuated parainfluenza virus expressing the SARS coronavirus spike protein for the prevention of SARS. Lancet 363 (2004) 2122-2127
14. Castro R.F., and Perlman S. CD8+ T-cell epitopes within the surface glycoprotein of a neurotropic coronavirus and correlation with pathogenicity. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 8127-8131
15. Cavanagh D. Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus. Avian Pathol. 32 (2003) 567-582
16. Chen Z., Zhang L., Qin C., Ba L., Yi C.E., Zhang E., Wei Q., He T., Yu W., Yu J., Gao H., Tu X., Gettie A., Farzan M., Yuen K.Y., and Ho D.D. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces protective neutralizing antibodies primarily targeting the receptor binding region. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 2678-2688
17. Chinese-Consortium S.M.E. Molecular evolution of the SARS coronavirus during the course of the SARS epidemic in China. Science 303 (2004) 1666-1669
18. Chu C.M., Poon L.L., Cheng V.C., Chan K.S., Hung I.F., Wong M.M., Chan K.H., Leung W.S., Tang B.S., Chan V.L., Ng W.L., Sim T.C., Ng P.W., Law K.I., Tse D.M., Peiris J.S., and Yuen K.Y. Initial viral load and the outcomes of SARS. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 171 (2004) 1349-1352
19. Corapi W.V., Olsen C.W., and Scott F.W. Monoclonal antibody analysis of neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus. J. Virol. 66 (1992) 6695-6705
20. Corapi W.V., Darteil R.J., Audonnet J.-C., and Chappuis G.E. Localization of antigenic sites of the S glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis virus involved in neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 2858-2862
21. Curtis K.M., Yount B., and Baric R.S. Heterologous gene expression from transmissible gastroenteritis virus replicon particles. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 1422-1434
22. Czub M., Weingartl H., Czub S., He R., and Cao J. Evaluation of modified vaccinia virus Ankara based recombinant SARS vaccine in ferrets. Vaccine 23 (2005) 2273-2279
23. de Haan C.A.M., Masters P.S., Shen S., Weiss S., and Rottier P.J.M. The group-specific murine coronavirus genes are not essential, but their deletion, by reverse genetics, is attenuating in the natural host. Virology 296 (2002) 177-189
24. de Haan C.A.M., Volders H., Koetzner C.A., Masters P.S., and Rottier P.J.M. Coronavirus maintain viability despite dramatic rearrangements of the strictly conserved genome organization. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 12491-12502
25. De Swart R.L., Kuiken T., Timmerman H.H., van Amerongen G., Van Den Hoogen B.G., Vos H.W., Neijens H.J., Andeweg A.C., and Osterhaus A.D. Immunization of macaques with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induces interleukin-13-associated hypersensitivity to subsequent RSV infection. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 11561-11569
26. DeDiego M.L., Alvarez E., Almazan F., Rejas M.T., Lamirande E., Roberts A., Shieh W.J., Saki S., Subbarao K., and Enjuanes L. A SARS coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 81 (2007) 1701-1713
27. Delmas B., Gelfi J., and Laude H. Antigenic structure of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. II. Domains in the peplomer glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 67 (1986) 1405-1418
28. Deming D., Sheahan T., Yount B., Heise M., Davis N., Sims A., Suthar M., Pickles R., Harkema J., Wihitmore A., West A., Donaldson E., Curtis K., Johnton R., and Baric R.S. Vaccine efficacy in senescent mice challenged with recombinant SARS-CoV bearing epidemic and zoonotic spike variants. PLoS med. 3 (2006) 2359-2374
29. Enjuanes, L., Ed., 2005, Coronavirus replication and reverse genetics. vol. 287. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. Berlin: Springer.
30. Enjuanes L., Smerdou C., Castilla J., Anton I.M., Torres J.M., Sola I., Golvano J., Sanchez J.M., and Pintado B. Development of protection against coronavirus induced diseases. A review. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 380 (1995) 197-211
31. Enjuanes L., Sola I., Alonso S., Escors D., and Zuniga S. Coronavirus reverse genetics and development of vectors for gene expression. In: Enjuanes L. (Ed). Coronavirus Replication and Reverse Genetics vol. 287 (2005), Springer 161-197
32. Faber M., Lamirande E.W., Roberts A., Rice A.B., Koprowski H., Dietzschold B., and Schnell M.J. A single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S protein results in the production of high levels of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies. J. Gen. Virol. 86 (2005) 1435-1440
33. Frasca D., Riley R.L., and Blomberg B.B. Humoral immune response and B-cell functions including immunoglobulin class switch are downregulated in aged mice and humans. Semin. Immunol. 17 (2005) 378-384
34. Frech S.A., Kenney R.T., Spyr C.A., Lazar H., Viret J.F., Herzog C., Gluck R., and Glenn G.M. Improved immune responses to influenza vaccination in the elderly using an immunostimulant patch. Vaccine 23 (2005) 946-950
35. Gao W., Tamin A., Soloff A., D'Aiuto L., Nwanegbo E., Robbins P.D., Bellini W.J., Barratt-Boyes S., and Gambotto A. Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys. Lancet 362 (2003) 1895-1896
36. Glass W.G., Subbarao K., Murphy B., and Murphy P.M. Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice. J. Immunol. 173 (2004) 4030-4039
37. Graham R.L., Sims A.C., Brockway S.M., Baric R.S., and Denison M.R. The nsp2 replicase proteins of murine hepatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are dispensable for viral replication. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 13399-13411
38. Guan Y., Zheng B.J., He Y.Q., Liu X.L., Zhuang Z.X., Cheung C.L., Luo S.W., Li P.H., Zhang L.J., Guan Y.J., Butt K.M., Wong K.L., Chan K.W., Lim W., Shortridge K.F., Yuen K.Y., Peiris J.S., and Poon L.L. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science 302 (2003) 276-278
39. Gupta V., Tabiin T.M., Sun K., Chandrasekaran A., Anwar A., Yang K., Chikhlikar P., Salmon J., Brusic V., Marques E.T., Kellathur S.N., and August T.J. SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid immunodominant T-cell epitope cluster is common to both exogenous recombinant and endogenous DNA-encoded immunogens. Virology 347 (2006) 127-139
40. Haijema B.J., Volders H., and Rottier P.J. Live, attenuated coronavirus vaccines through the directed deletion of group-specific genes provide protection against feline infectious peritonitis. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 3863-3871
41. Hancock G.E., Speelman D.J., Heers K., Bortell E., Smith J., and Cosco C. Generation of atypical pulmonary inflammatory responses in BALB/c mice after immunization with the native attachment (G) glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Virol. 70 (1996) 7783-7791
42. He Y., Li J., Li W., Lustigman S., Farzan M., and Jiang S. Cross-neutralization of human and palm civet severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses by antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain of spike protein. J. Immunol. 176 (2006) 6085-6092
43. Ho Y., Lin P.H., Liu C.Y., Lee S.P., and Chao Y.C. Assembly of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like particles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 318 (2004) 833-838
44. Hogan R.J., Gao G., Rowe T., Bell P., Flieder D., Paragas J., Kobinger G.P., Wivel N.A., Crystal R.G., Boyer J., Feldmann H., Voss T.G., and Wilson J.M. Resolution of primary severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection requires Stat1. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 11416-11421
45. Huang Y., Yang Z.Y., Kong W.P., and Nabel G.J. Generation of synthetic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pseudoparticles: implications for assembly and vaccine production. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 12557-12565
46. Huang C., Ito N., Tseng C.T., and Makino S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 7a accessory protein is a viral structural protein. J. Virol. 80 (2006) 7287-7294
47. Hung I.F., Cheng V.C., Wu A.K., Tang B.S., Chan K.H., Chu C.M., Wong M.M., Hui W.T., Poon L.L., Tse D.M., Chan K.S., Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Peiris J.S., and Yuen K.Y. Viral loads in clinical specimens and SARS manifestations. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10 (2004) 1550-1557
48. Ito N., Mossel E.C., Narayanan K., Popov V.L., Huang C., Inoue T., Peters C.J., and Makino S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein is a viral structural protein. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 3182-3186
49. Jiang S., He Y., and Liu S. SARS vaccine development. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11 (2005) 1016-1020
50. Jin H., Xiao C., Chen Z., Kang Y., Ma Y., Zhu K., Xie Q., Tu Y., Yu Y., and Wang B. Induction of Th1 type response by DNA vaccinations with N, M, and E genes against SARS-CoV in mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 328 (2005) 979-986
51. Kamitani W., Narayanan K., Huang C., Lokugamage K., Ikegami T., Ito N., Kubo H., and Makino S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 protein suppresses host gene expression by promoting host mRNA degradation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 12885-12890
52. Kan B., Wang M., Jing H., Xu H., Jiang X., Yan M., Liang W., Zheng H., Wan K., Liu Q., Cui B., Xu Y., Zhang E., Wang H., Ye J., Li G., Li M., Cui Z., Qi X., Chen K., Du L., Gao K., Zhao Y.T., Zou X.Z., Feng Y.J., Gao Y.F., Hai R., Yu D., Guan Y., and Xu J. Molecular evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and on farms. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 11892-11900
53. Kapadia S.U., Rose J.K., Lamirande E., Vogel L., Subbarao K., and Roberts A. Long-term protection from SARS coronavirus infection conferred by a single immunization with an attenuated VSV-based vaccine. Virology 340 (2005) 174-182
54. Kim H.W., Canchola J.G., Brandt C.D., Pyles G., Chanock R.M., Jensen K., and Parrott R.H. Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol. 89 (1969) 422-434
55. Kim T.W., Lee J.H., Hung C.F., Peng S., Roden R., Wang M.C., Viscidi R., Tsai Y.C., He L., Chen P.J., Boyd D.A., and Wu T.C. Generation and characterization of DNA vaccines targeting the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 4638-4645
56. Kong W.P., Xu L., Stadler K., Ulmer J.B., Abrignani S., Rappuoli R., and Nabel G.J. Modulation of the immune response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome spike glycoprotein by gene-based and inactivated virus immunization. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 13915-13923
57. Ksiazek T.G., Erdman D., Goldsmith C., Zaki S., Peret T., Emery S., Tong S., Urbani C., Comer J.A., Lim W., Rollin P.E., Dowell S., Ling A.-E., Humphrey C., Shieh W.-J., Guarner J., Paddock C.D., Rota P., Fields B., DeRisi J., Yang J.-Y., Cox N., Hughes J., LeDuc J.W., Bellini W.J., and Anderson L.J. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (2003) 1953-1966
58. Kuo L., and Masters P.S. The small envelope protein E is not essential for murine coronavirus replication. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 4597-4608
59. Lamphear B.J., Jilka J.M., Kesl L., Welter M., Howard J.A., and Streatfield S.J. A corn-based delivery system for animal vaccines: an oral transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccine boosts lactogenic immunity in swine. Vaccine 22 (2004) 2420-2424
60. Lau S.K., Woo P.C., Li K.S., Huang Y., Tsoi H.W., Wong B.H., Wong S.S., Leung S.Y., Chan K.H., and Yuen K.Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 14040-14045
61. Li W., Shi Z., Yu M., Ren W., Smith C., Epstein J.H., Wang H., Crameri G., Hu Z., Zhang H., Zhang J., McEachern J., Field H., Daszak P., Eaton B.T., Zhang S., and Wang L.F. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310 (2005) 676-679
62. Liu I.J., Hsueh P.R., Lin C.T., Chiu C.Y., Kao C.L., Liao M.Y., and Wu H.C. Disease-specific B Cell epitopes for serum antibodies from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and serologic detection of SARS antibodies by epitope-based peptide antigens. J. Infect. Dis. 190 (2004) 797-809
63. Liu R.Y., Wu L.Z., Huang B.J., Huang J.L., Zhang Y.L., Ke M.L., Wang J.M., Tan W.P., Zhang R.H., Chen H.K., Zeng Y.X., and Huang W. Adenoviral expression of a truncated S1 subunit of SARS-CoV spike protein results in specific humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV in rats. Virus Res. 112 (2005) 24-31
64. Liu S.J., Leng C.H., Lien S.P., Chi H.Y., Huang C.Y., Lin C.L., Lian W.C., Chen C.J., Hsieh S.L., and Chong P. Immunological characterizations of the nucleocapsid protein based SARS vaccine candidates. Vaccine 24 (2006) 3100-3108
65. Marra M.A., Jones S.J.M., Astell C.R., Holt R.A., Brooks-Wilson A., Butterfield Y.S.N., Khattra J., Asano J.K., Barber S.A., Chan S.Y., Cloutier A., Coughlin S.M., Freeman D., Girn N., Griffith O.L., Leach S.R., Mayo M., McDonald H., Montgomery S.B., Pandoh P.K., Petrescu A.S., Robertson A.G., Schein J.E., Siddiqui A., Smailus D.E., Stott J.M., Yang G.S., Plummer F., Andonov A., Artsob H., Bastien N., Bernard K., Booth T.F., Bowness D., Czub M., Drebot M., Fernando L., Flick R., Garbutt M., Gray M., Grolla A., Jones S., Feldmann H., Meyers A., Kabani A., Li Y., Normand S., Stroher U., Tipples G.A., Tyler S., Vogrig R., Ward D., Watson B., Brunham R.C., Krajden M., Petric M., Skowronski D.M., Upton C., and Roper R.L. The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science 300 (2003) 1399-1404
66. Marshall E., and Enserink M. Medicine. Caution urged on SARS vaccines. Science 303 (2004) 944-946
67. Martina B.E., Haagmans B.L., Kuiken T., Fouchier R.A., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Van Amerongen G., Peiris J.S., Lim W., and Osterhaus A.D. SARS virus infection of cats and ferrets. Nature 425 (2003) 915
68. McAuliffe J., Vogel L., Roberts A., Fahle G., Fischer S., Shieh W.J., Butler E., Zaki S., St Claire M., Murphy B., and Subbarao K. Replication of SARS coronavirus administered into the respiratory tract of African Green, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Virology 330 (2004) 8-15
69. McElhaney J.E. The unmet need in the elderly: designing new influenza vaccines for older adults. Vaccine 23 Suppl. 1 (2005) 10-25
70. Montagnon B.J. Polio and rabies vaccines produced in continuous cell lines: a reality for Vero cell line. Dev. Biol. Stand. 70 (1989) 27-47
71. Mortola E., and Roy P. Efficient assembly and release of SARS coronavirus-like particles by a heterologous expression system. FEBS Lett. 576 (2004) 174-178
72. Ng P.C., Leung C.W., Chiu W.K., Wong S.F., and Hon E.K. SARS in newborns and children. Biol. Neonate 85 (2004) 293-298
73. O'Connor A., Martin S.W., Nagy E., Menzies P., and Harland R. The relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to bovine coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus in 3 Ontario feedlots. Can. J. Vet. Res. 65 (2001) 137-142
74. Olsen C.W., Corapi W.V., Ngichabe C.K., Baines J.D., and Scott F.W. Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages. J. Virol. 66 (1992) 956-965
75. Olsen C.W., Corapi W.V., Jacobson R.H., Simkins R.A., Saif L.J., and Scott F.W. Identification of antigenic sites mediating antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infectivity. J. Gen. Virol. 74 (1993) 745-749
76. Ortego J., Escors D., Laude H., and Enjuanes L. Generation of a replication-competent, propagation-deficient virus vector based on the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus genome. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 11518-11529
77. Ortego J., Sola I., Almazan F., Ceriani J.E., Riquelme C., Balasch M., Plana-Durán J., and Enjuanes L. Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus gene 7 is not essential but influences in vivo virus replication and virulence. Virology 308 (2003) 13-22
78. Pang H., Liu Y., Han X., Xu Y., Jiang F., Wu D., Kong X., Bartlam M., and Rao Z. Protective humoral responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus: implications for the design of an effective protein-based vaccine. J. Gen. Virol. 85 (2004) 3109-3113
79. Pedersen N.C., Boyle J.F., Floyd K., Fudge A., and Barker J. An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 (1981) 368-377
80. Peiris J.S., Yuen K.Y., Osterhaus A.D., and Stohr K. The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (2003) 2431-2441
81. Peiris J.S., Guan Y., and Yuen K.Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat. Med. 10 (2004) S88-S97
82. Pogrebnyak N., Golovkin M., Andrianov V., Spitsin S., Smirnov Y., Egolf R., and Koprowski H. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) S protein production in plants: development of recombinant vaccine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 9062-9067
83. Poon L.L., Chu D.K., Chan K.H., Wong O.K., Ellis T.M., Leung Y.H., Lau S.K., Woo P.C., Suen K.Y., Yuen K.Y., Guan Y., and Peiris J.S. Identification of a novel coronavirus in bats. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 2001-2009
84. Porterfield J.S. Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infectivity. Adv. Virus Res. 31 (1986) 335-355
85. Qin E., Shi H., Tang L., Wang C., Chang G., Ding Z., Zhao K., Wang J., Chen Z., Yu M., Si B., Liu J., Wu D., Cheng X., Yang B., Peng W., Meng Q., Liu B., Han W., Yin X., Duan H., Zhan D., Tian L., Li S., Wu J., Tan G., Li Y., Liu Y., Liu H., Lv F., Zhang Y., Kong X., Fan B., Jiang T., Xu S., Wang X., Li C., Wu X., Deng Y., Zhao M., and Zhu Q. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated Vero-cell SARS vaccine. Vaccine 24 (2006) 1028-1034
86. Qiu M., Shi Y., Guo Z., Chen Z., He R., Chen R., Zhou D., Dai E., Wang X., Si B., Song Y., Li J., Yang L., Wang J., Wang H., Pang X., Zhai J., Du Z., Liu Y., Zhang Y., Li L., Sun B., and Yang R. Antibody responses to individual proteins of SARS coronavirus and their neutralization activities. Microbes Infect. 7 (2005) 882-889
87. Qu D., Zheng B., Yao X., Guan Y., Yuan Z.H., Zhong N.S., Lu L.W., Xie J.P., and Wen Y.M. Intranasal immunization with inactivated SARS-CoV (SARS-associated coronavirus) induced local and serum antibodies in mice. Vaccine 23 (2005) 924-931
88. Risco C., Antón I.M., Suñé C., Pedregosa A.M., Martín-Alonso J.M., Parra F., Carrascosa J.L., and Enjuanes L. Membrane protein molecules of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus also expose the carboxy-terminal region on the external surface of the virion. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 5269-5277
89. Roberts A., Paddock C., Vogel L., Butler E., Zaki S., and Subbarao K. Aged BALB/c mice as a model for increased severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome in elderly humans. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 5833-5838
90. Roberts A., Vogel L., Guarner J., Hayes N., Murphy B., Zaki S., and Subbarao K. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of golden Syrian hamsters. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 503-511
91. Rota P.A., Oberste M.S., Monroe S.S., Nix W.A., Campganoli R., Icenogle J.P., Peñaranda S., Bankamp B., Maher K., Chen M.-H., Tong S., Tamin A., Lowe L., Frace M., DeRisi J.L., Chen Q., Wang D., Erdman D.d., Peret T.C.T., Burns C., Ksiazek T.G., Rollin P.E., Sanchez A., Liffick S., Holloway B., Limor J., McCaustland K., Olsen-Rassmussen M., Fouchier R., Gunther S., Osterhaus A.D.M.E., Drosten C., Pallansch M.A., Anderson L.J., and Bellini W.J. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 300 (2003) 1394-1399
92. Saif L.J. Animal coronavirus vaccines: lessons for SARS. Dev. Biol. (Basel) 119 (2004) 129-140
93. Schaecher, S. R., and Pekosz, A. (2006). The SARS-CoV accessory protein ORF 7B is a Golgi localized transmenbrane protein, translated via a ribosomal leaky scanning mechanism, and is packaged into viral particles. In "The American Society for Virology 25th Annual Meeting", pp. 89, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
94. See R.H., Zakhartchouk A.N., Petric M., Lawrence D.J., Mok C.P., Hogan R.J., Rowe T., Zitzow L.A., Karunakaran K.P., Hitt M.M., Graham F.L., Prevec L., Mahony J.B., Sharon C., Auperin T.C., Rini J.M., Tingle A.J., Scheifele D.W., Skowronski D.M., Patrick D.M., Voss T.G., Babiuk L.A., Gauldie J., Roper R.L., Brunham R.C., and Finlay B.B. Comparative evaluation of two severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) vaccine candidates in mice challenged with SARS coronavirus. J. Gen. Virol. 87 (2006) 641-650
95. Shen S., Lin P.S., Chao Y.C., Zhang A., Yang X., Lim S.G., Hong W., and Tan Y.J. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a is a novel structural protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 330 (2005) 286-292
96. Song H., Price P.W., and Cerny J. Age-related changes in antibody repertoire: contribution from T cells. Immunol. Rev. 160 (1997) 55-62
97. Song H.C., Seo M.Y., Stadler K., Yoo B.J., Choo Q.L., Coates S.R., Uematsu Y., Harada T., Greer C.E., Polo J.M., Pileri P., Eickmann M., Rappuoli R., Abrignani S., Houghton M., and Han J.H. Synthesis and characterization of a native, oligomeric form of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 10328-10335
98. Sperry S.M., Kazi L., Graham R.L., Baric R.S., Weiss S.R., and Denison M.R. Single-amino-acid substitutions in open reading frame (ORF) 1b-nsp14 and ORF 2a proteins of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus are attenuating in mice. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 3391-3400
99. Spruth M., Kistner O., Savidis-Dacho H., Hitter E., Crowe B., Gerencer M., Bruhl P., Grillberger L., Reiter M., Tauer C., Mundt W., and Barrett P.N. A double-inactivated whole virus candidate SARS coronavirus vaccine stimulates neutralising and protective antibody responses. Vaccine 24 (2006) 652-661
100. Subbarao K., McAuliffe J., Vogel L., Fahle G., Fischer S., Tatti K., Packard M., Shieh W.J., Zaki S., and Murphy B. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the respiratory tract of mice. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 3572-3577
101. Tan Y.J., Goh P.Y., Fielding B.C., Shen S., Chou C.F., Fu J.L., Leong H.N., Leo Y.S., Ooi E.E., Ling A.E., Lim S.G., and Hong W. Profiles of antibody responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus recombinant proteins and their potential use as diagnostic markers. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 11 (2004) 362-371
102. Tan Y.J., Teng E., Shen S., Tan T.H.P., Goh P.Y., Fielding B.C., Ooi E.E., Tan H.C., Lim S.G., and Hong W. A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus protein, U274, is transported to the cell surface and undergoes endocytosis. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 6723-6734
103. ter Meulen J., Bakker A.B., van den Brink E.N., Weverling G.J., Martina B.E., Haagmans B.L., Kuiken T., de Kruif J., Preiser W., Spaan W., Gelderblom H.R., Goudsmit J., and Osterhaus A.D. Human monoclonal antibody as prophylaxis for SARS coronavirus infection in ferrets. Lancet 363 (2004) 2139-2141
104. Traggiai E., Becker S., Subbarao K., Kolesnikova L., Uematsu Y., Gismondo M.R., Murphy B.R., Rappuoli R., and Lanzavecchia A. An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus. Nat. Med. 10 (2004) 871-875
105. Tuboly T., Yu W., Bailey A., Degrandis S., Du S., Erickson L., and Nagy E. Immunogenicity of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus spike protein expressed in plants. Vaccine 18 (2000) 2023-2028
106. Vennema H., de Groot R.J., Harbour D.A., Dalderup M., Gruffydd-Jones T., Horzinek M.C., and Spaan W.J. Early death after feline infectious peritonitis virus challenge due to recombinant vaccinia virus immunization. J. Virol. 64 (1990) 1407-1409
107. Wang Z., Yuan Z., Matsumoto M., Hengge U.R., and Chang Y.F. Immune responses with DNA vaccines encoded different gene fragments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in BALB/c mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 327 (2005) 130-135
108. Weingartl H., Czub M., Czub S., Neufeld J., Marszal P., Gren J., Smith G., Jones S., Proulx R., Deschambault Y., Grudeski E., Andonov A., He R., Li Y., Copps J., Grolla A., Dick D., Berry J., Ganske S., Manning L., and Cao J. Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 12672-12676
109. Weiss S.R., and Navas-Martin S. Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69 (2005) 635-664
110. Weiss R.C., and Scott F.W. Antibody-mediated enhancement of disease in feline infectious peritonitis: comparisons with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 4 (1981) 175-189
111. Weiss R.C., Dodds W.J., and Scott F.W. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41 (1980) 663-671
112. Wong S.K., Li W., Moore M.J., Choe H., and Farzan M. A 193-amino acid fragment of the SARS coronavirus S protein efficiently binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 3197-3201
113. Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Tsoi H.W., Chen Z.W., Wong B.H., Zhang L., Chan J.K., Wong L.P., He W., Ma C., Chan K.H., Ho D.D., and Yuen K.Y. SARS coronavirus spike polypeptide DNA vaccine priming with recombinant spike polypeptide from Escherichia coli as booster induces high titer of neutralizing antibody against SARS coronavirus. Vaccine 23 (2005) 4959-4968
114. Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Li K.S., Poon R.W., Wong B.H., Tsoi H.W., Yip B.C., Huang Y., Chan K.H., and Yuen K.Y. Molecular diversity of coronaviruses in bats. Virology 351 (2006) 180-187
115. Woods R.D., Wesley R.D., and Kapke P.A. Complement-dependent neutralization of transmissible gastroenteritis virus by monoclonal antibodies. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 218 (1987) 493-500
116. Wu G.F., Dandekar A.A., Pewe L., and Perlman S. The role of CD4 and CD8 T cells in MHV-JHM-induced demyelination. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 494 (2001) 341-347
117. Yang Z.Y., Kong W.P., Huang Y., Roberts A., Murphy B.R., Subbarao K., and Nabel G.J. A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice. Nature 428 (2004) 561-564
118. Yang Z.Y., Werner H.C., Kong W.P., Leung K., Traggiai E., Lanzavecchia A., and Nabel G.J. Evasion of antibody neutralization in emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 797-801
119. Yount B., Roberts R.S., Sims A.C., Deming D., Frieman M.B., Sparks J., Denison M.R., Davis N., and Baric R.S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus group-specific open reading frames encode nonessential functions for replication in cell cultures and mice. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 14909-14922
120. Yount B., Roberts R.S., Lindesmith L., and Baric R.S. Rewiring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transcription circuit: engineering a recombination-resistant genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 12546-12551
121. Zakhartchouk A.N., Liu Q., Petric M., and Babiuk L.A. Augmentation of immune responses to SARS coronavirus by a combination of DNA and whole killed virus vaccines. Vaccine 23 (2005) 4385-4391
122. Zakhartchouk A.N., Viswanathan S., Mahony J.B., Gauldie J., and Babiuk L.A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein expressed by an adenovirus vector is phosphorylated and immunogenic in mice. J. Gen. Virol. 86 (2005) 211-215
123. Zeng R., Chow K.Y., Hon C.C., Law K.M., Yip C.W., Chan K.H., Peiris J.S., and Leung F.C. Characterization of humoral responses in mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding SARS-CoV spike gene fragments. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315 (2004) 1134-1139
124. Zhang H., Wang G., Li J., Nie Y., Shi X., Lian G., Wang W., Yin X., Zhao Y., Qu X., Ding M., and Deng H. Identification of an antigenic determinant on the S2 domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 6938-6945
125. Zhao P., Cao J., Zhao L.J., Qin Z.L., Ke J.S., Pan W., Ren H., Yu J.G., and Qi Z.T. Immune responses against SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein induced by DNA vaccine. Virology 331 (2005) 128-135
126. Zheng B., Han S., Takahashi Y., and Kelsoe G. Immunosenescence and germinal center reaction. Immunol. Rev. 160 (1997) 63-77
127. Zheng B.J., Wong K.H., Zhou J., Wong K.L., Young B.W., Lu L.W., and Lee S.S. SARS-related virus predating SARS outbreak, Hong Kong. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10 (2004) 176-178
128. Zhong X., Yang H., Guo Z.F., Sin W.Y., Chen W., Xu J., Fu L., Wu J., Mak C.K., Cheng C.S., Yang Y., Cao S., Wong T.Y., Lai S.T., Xie Y., and Guo Z. B-cell responses in patients who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome target a dominant site in the S2 domain of the surface spike glycoprotein. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 3401-3408
129. Zhong X., Guo Z., Yang H., Peng L., Xie Y., Wong T.Y., and Lai S.T. Amino terminus of the SARS coronavirus protein 3a elicits strong, potentially protective humoral responses in infected patients. J. Gen. Virol. 87 (2006) 369-373
130. Zhou J.Y., Wu J.X., Cheng L.Q., Zheng X.J., Gong H., Shang S.B., and Zhou E.M. Expression of immunogenic S1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus in transgenic potatoes. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 9090-9093
131. Zhou J., Wang W., Zhong Q., Hou W., Yang Z., Xiao S.Y., Zhu R., Tang Z., Wang Y., Xian Q., Tang H., and Wen L. Immunogenicity, safety, and protective efficacy of an inactivated SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 23 (2005) 3202-3209
132. Zhu M.S., Pan Y., Chen H.Q., Shen Y., Wang X.C., Sun Y.J., and Tao K.H. Induction of SARS-nucleoprotein-specific immune response by use of DNA vaccine. Immunol. Lett. 92 (2004) 237-243