Cancers of the Colon and Rectum

Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Giovannucci, Edward ^a   Wu, Kana ^a  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Adenocarcinoma; Cancer epidemiology; Cancer prevention; Cancer risk; Colorectal cancer

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920437602     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0042     Document Type: Chapter

References (318)

1. Albanes D, Jones DY, Schatzkin A, et al. 1998. Adult stature and risk of cancer. Cancer Res 48:1658-1662.
2. Alberts DS, Martinez ME, Roe DJ, et al. 2000. Lack of effect of a high-fiber cereal supplement on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Phoenix Colon Cancer Prevention Physicians' Network. N Engl J Med 342:1156-1162.
3. Alexandrov K, Rojas M, Kadlubar FF, et al. 1996. Evidence of antibenzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adduct formation in human colon mucosa. Carcinogenesis 17:2081-2083.
4. Armstrong B, Doll R. 1975. Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 15:617-631.
5. Bagnardi V, Blangiardo M, Vecchia CL, et al. 2001. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 85(11):1700-1705.
6. Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Tuma DJ, et al. 1987. Effects of prolonged ethanol feeding on methionine metabolism in rat liver. Biochem Cell Biology 65:230-233.
7. Bari D, Gridley G, Ron E, et al. 2002. Acromegaly and cancer risk: A cohort study in Sweden and Denmark. Cancer Causes Control 13:395-400.
8. Barnes CJ, Lee M. 1998. Chemoprevention of spontaneous intestinal adenomas in the adenomatous polyposis coli Min mouse model with aspirin. Gastroenterology 114:873-877.
9. Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, et al. 1999. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 340:101-107.
10. Baron JA, Cole BF, Sandler RS, et al. 2003. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:891-899.
11. Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, et al. 1998. Folate intake, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of colorectal adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:57-62.
12. Barzilay J, Heatley G, Cushing G. 1991. Benign and malignant tumors in patients with acromegaly. Arch Intern Med 151:1629-1632.
13. Bayerdorffer E, Mannes GA, Richter WO, et al. 1993a. Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased low-density cholesterol levels in patients with colorectal adenomas. Ann Inter Med 118:481-487.
14. Bayerdorffer E, Mannes GA, Richter WO, et al. 1993b. Increased serum deoxycholic acid levels in men with colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 104:141-151.
15. Benito E, Cabeza E, Moreno V, et al. 1993. Diet and colorectal adenomas: A case-control study in Majorca. Int J Cancer 55:213-219.
16. Benito E, Stiggelbout A, Bosch FX, et al. 1991. Nutritional factors in colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study in Majorca. Int J Cancer 49:161-167.
17. Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R, et al. 2003. Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): An observational study. Lancet 361(9368):1496-1501.
18. Bird CL, Ingles SA, Frankl HD, et al. 1996. Serum lipids and adenomas of the left colon and rectum. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:607-612.
19. Bird CL, Swendseid ME, Witte JS, et al. 1995. Red cell and plasma folate, folate consumption, and the risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4:709-714.
20. Bisgaard ML, Fenger K, Bulow S, et al. 1994. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): Frequency, penetrance, and mutation rate. Hum Mutat 3:121-125.
21. Bjelke E, 1980. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer, with emphasis on diet. In: Davis W, Harrup KR, Stathopoulos G, eds. Human Cancer. Its Characterization and Treatment. Amsterdam, Congress Series No. 484: Exerpta Medica, Int. pp. 158-174.
22. Bonithon-Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, et al. 2000. Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: A randomized intervention trial. Lancet 356:1300-1306.
23. Bostick RM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, et al. 1994. Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 5:38-52.
24. Boutron-Ruault M-C, Senesse P, Faivre J, et al. 1996. Folate and alcohol intakes: Related or independent roles in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence? Nutr Cancer 26:337-346.
25. Breivik J, Lothe RA, Meling GI, et al. 1997. Different genetic pathways to proximal and distal colorectal cancer influenced by sex-related factors. Int J Cancer 74:664-669.
26. Brentnall TA, Crispin DA, Rabinovitch PS, et al. 1994. Mutations in the p53 gene: An early marker of neoplastic progression in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 107:369-378.
27. Brockton N, Little J, Sharp L, et al. 2000. N-acetyltransferase polymorphisms and colorectal cancer: A HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 151:846-861.
28. Brunner J, Johnson C, Zafar S, et al. 1990. Colon cancer and polyps in acromegaly: Increased risk associated with family history of colon cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 32:65-71.
29. Buermeyer AB, Deschenes SM, Baker SM, et al. 1999. Mammalian DNA mismatch repair. Annu Rev Genet 33:533-564.
30. Bufill JA. 1990. Colorectal cancer: Evidence for distinct genetic categories based on proximal or distal tumor location. Ann Intern Med 113:779-788.
31. Burkitt DP. 1971. Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 28:3-13.
32. Byers T, Levin B, Rothenberger JD, et al. 1997. American Cancer Society guidelines for screening and surveillance for early detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: Update 1997. CA Cancer J Clin 47:154-167.
33. Cats A, Dullaart R, Kleibeuker J, et al. 1996. Increased epithelial cell proliferation in the colon of patients with acromegaly. Cancer Res 56:523-526.
34. Chao A, Thun MJ, Jacobs EJ, et al. 2000. Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1888-1896.
35. Chen J, Giovannucci E, Hankinson SE, et al. 1998. A prospective study of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase gene polymorphisms, and risk of colorectal adenoma. Carcinogenesis 19:2129-2132.
36. Chen J, Giovannucci E, Kelsey K, et al. 1996. A methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 56:4862-4864.
37. Cheung NW, Boyages SC. 1997. Increased incidence of neoplasia in females with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 47:323-327.
38. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Hunter DJ. 2002. Alcohol and colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of cohort studies [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 155(11):S106.
39. Chute CG, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. 1991a. A prospective study of body mass, height, and smoking on the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Causes Control 2:117-124.
40. Chute CG, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. 1991b. A prospective study of reproductive history and exogenous estrogens on the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Epidemiology 2:201-207.
41. Chyou P-H, Nomura AMY, Stemmermann GN. 1996. A prospective study of colon and rectal cancer among Hawaii Japanese men. Ann Epidemiol 6:276-282.
42. Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr., Turnbull BW, et al. 1996. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 276:1957-1963.
43. Colditz G, Cannuscio C, Frazier A. 1997. Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention. Cancer Causes Control 8:649-667.
44. Cotton S, Sharp L, Little J. 1996. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence and prospects for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia. Crit Rev Oncog 7:293-342.
45. Cotton SC, Sharp L, Little J, et al. 2000. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and colorectal cancer: A HuGE review [comment]. Am J Epidemiol 151:7-32.
46. de Jong MM, Nolte IM, te Meerman GJ, et al. 2002. Low-penetrance genes and their involvement in colorectal cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1332-1352.
47. Debinski HS, Love S, Spigelman AD, et al. 1996. Colorectal polyp counts and cancer risk in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 110:1028-1030.
48. DeFronzo RA, Bonadonna RC, Ferrannini E. 1992. Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced overview. Diabetes Care 15:318-368.
49. Delattre O, Olschwang S, Law DJ, et al. 1989. Multiple genetic alterations in distal and proximal colorectal cancer. Lancet 2(8659):353-356.
50. Doll R, Gray R, Hafner B, et al. 1980. Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. Br Med J 280:967-971.
51. Doll R, Peto R. 1976. Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 2:1525-1536.
52. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, et al. 1994. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 309:901-911.
53. Dornschneider G, Izbicki JR, Wilker DK, et al. 1990. The effects of sex steroids on colon carcinogenesis. Anticancer Drugs 1:15-21.
54. Dowse GK, Zimmet PZ, Gareeboo H, et al. 1991. Abdominal obesity and physical inactivity as risk factors for NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance in Indian, Creole, and Chinese Mauritians. Diabetes Care 14:271-282.
55. Duff EK, Clarke AR. 1998. Smad4 (DPC4)-a potent tumour suppressor? Br J Cancer 78:1615-1619.
56. Earnest DL, Hixon LJ, Alberts DS. 1992. Piroxicam and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors: Potential for cancer chemoprevention. J Cell Biochem Suppl 161:156-166.
57. Earnest DL, Holubec H, Wali RK, et al. 1994. Chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced colonic carcinogenesis by supplemental dietary ursodeoxycholic acid. Cancer Res 54:5071-5074.
58. Faivre J, Bonithon-Kopp C. 1999. A randomized trial of calcium and fiber supplementation in the prevention of recurrence of colorectal adenomas. American Gastroenterological Association, Orlando, FL.
59. Fearnhead NS, Britton MP, Bodmer WF. 2001. The ABC of APC. Hum Mol Genet 10:721-733.
60. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. 1990. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759-767.
61. Federowski T, Salen G, Tint GS, et al. 1979. Transformation of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid by human intestinal bacteria. Gastroenterology 77:1068-1073.
62. Ferraroni M, La Vecchia C, D'Avanzo B, et al. 1994. Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 70:1150-1155.
63. Finkelstein JD, Cello JP, Kyle WE. 1974. Ethanol-induced changes in methionine metabolism in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 61:525-531.
64. Flood DM, Weiss NS, Cook LS, et al. 2000. Colorectal cancer incidence in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants. Cancer Causes Control 11:403-411.
65. Fogt F, Brien T, Brown CA, et al. 2002. Genetic alterations in serrated adenomas: comparison to conventional adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. Hum Pathol 33:87-91.
66. Ford ES. 1999. Body mass index and colon cancer in a national sample of adult US men and women. Am J Epidemiol 150:390-399.
67. Freedman AN, Michalek AM, Weiss HA, et al. 1998. Aspirin use and p53 expression in colorectal cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 22:213-218.
68. Freudenheim JL, Graham S, Marshall JR, et al. 1991. Folate intake and carcinogenesis of the colon and rectum. Int J Epidemiol 20:368-374.
69. Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R, et al. 1995. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: A common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [letter]. Nature Genetics 10:111-113.
70. Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. 1999. Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. New Engl J Med 340:169-176.
71. Gann PH, Manson JE, Glynn RJ, et al. 1993. Low-dose aspirin and incidence of colorectal tumors in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1220-1224.
72. Gapstur SM, Potter JD, Folsom AR. 1994. Alcohol consumption and colon and rectal cancer in postmenopausal women. Int J Epidemiol 23:50-57.
73. Garland C, Shekelle RB, Barrett-Conner E, et al. 1985. Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: A 19-year prospective study in men. Lancet 1:307-309.
74. Gerhardsson de Verdier M, Hagman U, Peters RK, et al. 1991. Meat, cooking methods and colorectal cancer: A case-referent study in Stockholm. Int J Cancer 49:520-525.
75. Gerhardsson M, Floderus B, Norell SE. 1988. Physical activity and colon cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol 17:743-746.
76. Gertig DM, Hunter DJ. 1998. Genes and environment in the etiology of colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 8:285-298.
77. Ghadirian P, Maisonneuve P, Perret C, et al. 1998. Epidemiology of sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, medical history, and colon cancer: A case-control study among French Canadians in Montreal. Cancer Detect Prev 22:396-404.
78. Giovannucci E. 1995. Insulin and colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control 6:164-179.
79. Giovannucci E. 2001a. Insulin, insulin-like growth factors and colon cancer: A review of the evidence. J Nutr 131:3109S-3120S.
80. Giovannucci E. 2001b. An updated review of the epidemiological evidence that cigarette smoking increases risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:725-731.
81. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. 1995b. Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med 122:327-334.
82. Giovannucci E, Chen J, Smith-Warner SA, et al. 2003. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, alcohol dehydrogenase, diet and risk of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:970-999.
83. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ. 1993a. A meta-analysis of cholecystectomy and risk of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 105:130-141.
84. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. 1994a. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:192-199.
85. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. 1996. Physical activity, obesity, and risk of colorectal adenoma in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 7:253-263.
86. Giovannucci E, Egan KM, Hunter DJ, et al. 1995c. Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. N Engl J Med 333:609-614.
87. Giovannucci E, Pollak MN, Platz EA, et al. 2000. A prospective study of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and binding protein-3 and risk of colorectal neoplasia in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:345-349.
88. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, et al. 1995d. Alcohol, low-methioninelow-folate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:265-273.
89. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. 1994b. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. men. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:183-191.
90. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. 1994c. Aspirin use and the risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma in male health professionals. Ann Intern Med 121:241-246.
91. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. 1994d. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res 54:2390-2397.
92. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. 1998. Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study. Ann Intern Med 129:517-524.
93. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. 1993b. Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:875-884.
94. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. 1992. Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:91-98.
95. Glynn SA, Albanes D, Pietinen P, et al. 1996. Colorectal cancer and folate status: A nested case-control study among male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:487-494.
96. Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, van't Veer P, et al. 1994. A prospective cohort study on the relation between meat consumption and the risk of colon cancer. Cancer Res 54:718-723.
97. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Tosteson TD, et al. 1994. A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. N Engl J Med 331:141-147.
98. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, et al. 1994. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res 54:4855-4878.
99. Grodstein F, Newcomb PA, Stampfer MJ. 1999. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: A review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 106:574-582.
100. Grubben MJ, Nagengast FM, Katan MB, et al. 2001. The glutathione biotransformation system and colorectal cancer risk in humans. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 234:68-76.
101. Haenszel W, Kurihara M. 1968. Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 40:43-68.
102. Hamilton SR, Liu B, Parsons RE, et al. 1995. The molecular basis of Turcot's syndrome. N Engl J Med 332:839-847.
103. Hammond CE, Horn D. 1966. Smoking in relation to the death rates of one million men and women. In: Haenszel W, ed. National Cancer Institute Monograph 19. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, pp. 127-204.
104. Hammond EC, Horn D. 1958. Smoking and death rates: Report on forty-four months of followup of 187,783 men. II. Death rates by causality. JAMA 166:1294-1308.
105. Haubrich WS. 1995. Anatomy of the colon. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, Berk J, eds. Bockus Gastroenterology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp. 1744-1772.
106. He TC, Sparks AB, Rago C, et al. 1998. Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 281(5382):1509-1512.
107. Hebert PR, Ajani U, Cook NR, et al. 1997. Adult height and incidence of cancer in male physicians (United States). Cancer Causes Control 8:591-597.
108. Hein DW. 2000. N-Acetyltransferase genetics and their role in predisposition to aromatic and heterocyclic amine-induced carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 112-113:349-356.
109. Heineman EF, Zahm SH, McLaughlin JK, et al. 1994. Increased risk of colorectal cancer among smokers: Results of a 26-year follow-up of US veterans and a review. Int J Cancer 59:728-738.
110. Herman JG, Umar A, Polyak K, et al. 1998. Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:6870-6875.
111. Hirayama T. 1986. A large-scale study on cancer risks by diet-with special reference to the risk reducing effects of green-yellow vegetable consumption. In: Hayashi Y, Magao M, Sugimura T, et al., eds. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press, pp. 41-53.
112. Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I. 1997. The changing cigarette, 1950-1995. J Toxicol Environ Health 50:307-364.
113. Houlston R, Crabtree M, Phillips R, et al. 2001. Explaining differences in the severity of familial adenomatous polyposis and the search for modifier genes. Gut 48:1-5.
114. Howe GR. Meeting Presentation. Advances in the biology and therapy of colorectal cancer. 1993. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
115. Howe GR, Benito E, Castelleto R, et al. 1992. Dietary intake of fiber and decreased risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: Evidence from the combined analysis of 13 case-control studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1887-1896.
116. Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Chow W-H, et al. 1998. Risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective study among U.S. white men. Int J Cancer 77:549-553.
117. Hu FB, Manson JE, Liu S, et al. 1999. Prospective study of adult onset diabetes mellitus (Type 2) and risk of colorectal cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:542-547.
118. iARC Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. 1986. Tobacco smoking. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 397 p.
119. Iino H, Jass JR, Simms LA, et al. 1999. DNA microsatellite instability in hyperplasic polyps, serrated adenomas, and mixed polyps: A mild mutator pathway for colorectal cancer? J Clin Pathol 52:5-9.
120. Inoue M, Tajima K, Hirose K, et al. 1995. Subsite-specific risk factors for colorectal cancer: A hospital-based case-control study in Japan. Cancer Causes Control 6:14-22.
121. Ituarte E, Petrini J, Hershman J. 1984. Acromegaly and colon cancer. Ann Intern Med 101:627-628.
122. Jass JR, Do KA, Simms LA, et al. 1998. Morphology of sporadic colorectal cancer with DNA replication errors. Gut 42:673-679.
123. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, et al. 2003. Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 53:5-26.
124. Jenkins P, Fairclough P, Richards T, et al. 1997. Acromegaly, colonic polyps and carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 47:17-22.
125. Jenkins PJ. 2000. Acromegaly and Colon Cancer. Growth Horm IFG Res 10 Suppl 1A:S35-36.
126. Jessup JM, Menck MR, Fremgen A, et al. 1997. Diagnosing colorectal carcinoma: Clinical and molecular approaches. CA Cancer J Clin 47:70-92.
127. Johns LE, Houlston RS. 2001. A systematic review and meta-analysis of familial colorectal cancer risk. Am J Gastroenterol 96:2992-3003.
128. Juul A, Bang P, Hertel NT, et al. 1994. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I in 1030 healthy children, adolescents, and adults: Relation to age, sex, stage of puberty, testicular size, and body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:744-752.
129. Kaaks R, Toniolo P, Akhmedkhanov A, et al. 2000. Serum C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-binding proteins, and colorectal cancer risk in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(19):1592-1600.
130. Kahn HA. 1966. The Dorn study of smoking and mortality among US Veterans on 8 years of observation. In: Haenszel W, ed. National Cancer Institute Monograph 19. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, pp. 1-125.
131. Kanazawa K, Konishi F, Mitsuoka T, et al. 1996. Factors influencing the development of sigmoid colon cancer. Bacteriologic and biochemical studies. Cancer 77(8 Suppl):1701-1706.
132. Kang S-S, Wong PWK, Malinow MR. 1992. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia as a risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. Annu Rev Nutr 12:279-298.
133. Kato I, Dnistrian AM, Schwartz M, et al. 1999. Serum folate, homocysteine and colorectal cancer risk in women: A nested case-control study. Br J Cancer 79:1917-1921.
134. Kato I, Tominaga S, Matsuura A, et al. 1990. A comparative case-control study of colorectal cancer and adenoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 81:1101-1108.
135. Kawamori T, Rao CV, Seibert K, et al. 1998. Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, against colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 58:409-412.
136. Kim DH, Smith-Warner SA, Hunter DJ. 2001. Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on folate and colorectal cancer. Pooling Project of Diet and Cancer Investigators [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol Suppl 153(11):S118.
137. King H, Li JY, Locke FB, et al. 1985. Patterns of site-specific displacement in cancer mortality among migrants: The Chinese in the United States. Am J Public Health 75:237-242.
138. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD, et al. 1988. The relations of alcoholic beverage use to colon and rectal cancer. Am J Epidemiol 128:1007-1015.
139. Klein I, Parveen G, Gavaler J, et al. 1982. Colonic polyps in patients with acromegaly. Ann Intern Med 97:27-30.
140. Knekt P, Hakulinen T, Leino A, et al. 2000. Serum albumin and colorectal cancer risk. Eur J Clin Nutr 54:460-462.
141. Kono S, Honjo S, Todoroki I, et al. 1998. Glucose intolerance and adenomas of the sigmoid colon in Japanese men (Japan). Cancer Causes Control 9:441-446.
142. Kono S, Shinchi K, Ikeda N, et al. 1991. Physical activity, dietary habits and adenomatous polyps of the sigmoid colon: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. J Clin Epidemiol 44(11):1255-1261.
143. Kuismanen SA, Holmberg MT, Salovaara R, et al. 2000. Genetic and epigenetic modification of MLH1 accounts for a major share of microsatelliteunstable colorectal cancers. Am J Pathol 156:1773-1779.
144. Kune GA, Kune S, Vitetta L, et al. 1992a. Smoking and colorectal cancer risk: data from the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study and brief review of literature. Int J Cancer 50:369-372.
145. Kune GA, Kune S, Watson LF. 1988. Colorectal cancer risk, chronic illnesses, operations, and medications: Case control results from the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study. Cancer Res 48:4399-4404.
146. Kune GA, Vitetta L. 1992b. Alcohol consumption and the etiology of colorectal cancer: A review of the scientific evidence from 1957 to 1991. Nutr Cancer 18:97-111.
147. La Vecchia C, D'Avanzo B, Negri E, et al. 1991. History of selected diseases and the risk of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 27:582-586.
148. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, et al. 1997. Aspirin and colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 76:675-677.
149. Lampe JW, Fredstrom SB, Slavin JL, et al. 1993. Sex differences in colonic function: A randomised trial. Gut 34:531-536.
150. Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, et al. 1999. Cancer Statistics, 1999. CA Cancer J Clin 49:8-31.
151. Lapre JA, Van der Meer R. 1992. Diet induced increase in colonic bile acids stimulates lytic activity in fecal water and proliferation of colonic cells. Carcinogenesis 13:41-44.
152. Le Marchand L, Donlon T, Hankin JH, et al. 2002. B-vitamin intake, metabolic genes, and colorectal cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control 13(3):239-248.
153. Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, et al. 1997. Associations of sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes with the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 57:4787-4794.
154. Le Marchand L, Wilkins LR, Mi MP. 1992. Obesity in youth and middle age and risk of colorectal cancer in men. Cancer Causes Control 3:349-354.
155. Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW, et al. 1989. Colorectal cancer and diet in an Asian population-A case-control study among Singapore Chinese. Int J Cancer 43:1007-1016.
156. Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS, Jr., Hsieh CC. 1991. Physical activity and risk of developing colorectal cancer among college alumni. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:1324-1329.
157. Lee RG. 1995. Benign tumors of the colon. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, Berk J, eds. Bockus Gastroenterology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp. 1715-1730.
158. Leslie A, Carey FA, Pratt NR, et al. 2002. The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Br J Surg 89:845-860.
159. Lev R. 1990. Adenomatous Polyps of the Colon. New York: Springer-Verlag, 61 p.
160. Levin B, Raijman I. 1995. Malignant tumors of the colon and rectum. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, Berk J, eds. Bockus Gastroenterology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp. 1744-1772.
161. Levine AJ, Siegmund KD, Ervin CM, et al. 2000. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C → T polymorphism and distal colorectal adenoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:657-663.
162. Lew EA, Garfinkel L. 1979. Variations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women. J Chronic Dis 32:563-576.
163. Lilienfeld AM, Levin ML, Kessler II. 1972a. Mortality among the foreign born and their countries of origin. Cancer in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 233-278.
164. Lilienfeld AM, Levin ML, Kessler II. 1972b. Summary of mortality data for selected sites. Cancer in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 279-297.
165. Lindgarde F, Saltin B. 1981. Daily physical activity, work capacity and glucose tolerance in lean and obese normoglycaemic middle-aged men. Diabetologia 20:134-138.
166. Lipkin M, Newmark H. 1985. Effect of added dietary calcium on colonic epithelial-cell proliferation in subjects at high risk for familial colonic cancer. N Engl J Med 313:1381-1384.
167. Little J, Logan RF, Hawtin PG, et al. 1993. Colorectal adenomas and energy intake, body size and physical activity: A case-control study of subjects participating in the Nottingham faecal occult blood screening programme. Br J Cancer 67(1):172-176.
168. Lleonart ME, Garcia-Foncillas J, Sanchez-Prieto R, et al. 1998. Microsatellite instability and p53 mutations in sporadic right and left colon carcinoma: different clinical and molecular implications. Cancer 83:889-895.
169. Locke FB, King H. 1980. Cancer mortality risk among Japanese in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 65:1149-1156.
170. Longacre TA, Fenoglio-Preiser CM. 1990. Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas. A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 14:524-537.
171. Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. 1999. Genetic susceptibility to non-polyposis colorectal cancer. J Med Genet 36:801-818.
172. Lynch HT, Smyrk T. 1996. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). An updated review. Cancer 78:1149-1167.
173. Lynch HT, Smyrk T. 1998. An update on Lynch syndrome. Curr Opin Oncol 10:349-356.
174. Lynch PM. 1995. Polyposis syndromes. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, Berk J, eds. Bockus Gastroenterology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp. 1731-1743.
175. Ma J, Giovannucci E, Pollak M, et al. 2001. Milk intake, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of colorectal cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1330-1336.
176. Ma J, Pollak MN, Giovannucci E, et al. 1999. Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-binding protein-3. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:620-625.
177. Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. 1997. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, dietary interactions, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 57:1098-1102.
178. Mackillop WJ, Zhang-Salomons J, Boyd CJ, et al. 2000. Associations between community income and cancer incidence in Canada and the United States. Cancer 89:901-912.
179. MacLennan R, Macrae F, Bain C, et al. 1995. Randomized trial of intake of fat, fiber, and beta carotene to prevent colorectal adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1760-1766.
180. Manabe S, Tohyama K, Wada O, et al. 1991. Detection of a carcinogen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), in cigarette smoke condensate. Carcinogenesis 12:1945-1947.
181. Manousos O, Souglakos J, Bosetti C, et al. 1999. IGF-I and IGF-II in relation to colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 83:15-17.
182. Manus B, Adang RP, Ambergen AW, et al. 1997. The risk factor profile of rectosigmoid adenomas: A prospective screening study of 665 patients in a clinical rehabilitation centre. Eur J Cancer Prev 6:38-43.
183. Markowitz AJ, Winawer SJ. 1997. Management of colorectal polyps. CA Cancer J Clin 47:93-112.
184. Markowitz S, Wang J, Myeroff L, et al. 1995. Inactivation of the type II TGFbeta receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instability. Science 268(5215):1336-1338.
185. Martinez ME, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, et al. 1997. Leisure-time physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women. Nurses' Health Study Research Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:948-955.
186. Martinez ME, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, et al. 1996. Physical activity, body size, and colorectal cancer in women (abstract). Am J Epidemiol 143:S73.
187. Martinez ME, Willett WC. 1998. Calcium, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:163-168.
188. Marugame T, Tsuji E, Inoue H, et al. 2000. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and risk of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Lett 151:181-186.
189. May P, May E. 1999. Twenty years of p53 research: structural and functional aspects of the p53 protein. Oncogene 18:7621-7636.
190. McCredie M, Williams S, Coates M. 1999. Cancer mortality in migrants from the British Isles and continental Europe to New South Wales, Australia, 1975-1995. Int J Cancer 83:179-185.
191. McMichael AJ, Potter JD. 1985. Host factors in carcinogenesis: certain bile-acid metabolic profiles that selectively increase the risk of proximal colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 75:185-191.
192. Meyer F, White E. 1993. Alcohol and nutrients in relation to colon cancer in middle-aged adults. Am J Epidemiol 138:225-226.
193. Michels KB, Giovannucci E, Joshipura KJ, et al. 2000. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1740-1752.
194. Minchin RF, Kadlubar FF, Ilett KF. 1993. Role of acetylation in colorectal cancer. Mutat Res 290:35-42.
195. Mitchell RJ, Farrington SM, Dunlop MG, et al. 2002. Mismatch repair genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 and colorectal cancer: A HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 156:885-902.
196. Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, et al. 1997. Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC. Science 275(5307):1787-1790.
197. Morson BC. 1974. Evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 34(suppl):845-849.
198. Morson BC. 1984. The evolution of colorectal carcinoma. Clin Radiol 35:425-431.
199. Muir C, Waterhouse J, Mack T, et al. 1987. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol. V. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications, no. 88.
200. Murthy S, Flanigan A, Clearfield H. 2002. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: Molecular and clinical features. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 31:551-564.
201. Muscat JE, Stellman SD, Wynder EL. 1994. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and colorectal cancer. Cancer 74:1847-1854.
202. Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, et al. 1992. Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med 327:1350-1355.
203. Narisawa T, Sato M, Tani M, et al. 1981. Inhibition of development of methylnitrosourea-induced rat colon tumors by indomethacin treatment. Cancer Res 41:1945-1957.
204. Neugut AI, Garbowski GC, Lee WC, et al. 1993. Dietary risk factors for the incedence and recurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps: A case-control study. Ann Int Med 118:91-95.
205. Neugut AI, Terry MB, Hocking G, et al. 1996. Leisure and occupational physical activity and risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Int J Cancer 68:744-748.
206. Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Marcus PM. 1995. Cigarette smoking in relation to risk of large bowel cancer in women. Cancer Res 55:4906-4909.
207. Newmark HL, Wargovich MJ, Bruce WR. 1984. Colon cancer and dietary fat, phosphate, and calcium: A hypothesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 72:1323-1325.
208. Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ. 2001. Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk and physical activity, diabetes, blood glucose and BMI: Exploring the hyperinsulinaemia hypothesis. Br J Cancer 84(3):417-422.
209. Norat T, Lukanova A, Ferrari P, et al. 2002. Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: Dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 98:241-256.
210. Nyrén O, Bergström R, Nyström L, et al. 1996. Smoking and colorectal cancer: A 20-Year follow-up study of Swedish construction workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:1302-1307.
211. Olschwang S, Hamelin R, Laurent-Puig P, et al. 1997. Alternative genetic pathways in colorectal carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:12122-12127.
212. Orme SM, McNally RJ, Cartwright RA, et al. 1998. Mortality and cancer incidence in acromegaly: A retrospective cohort study. United Kingdom Acromegaly Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2730-2734.
213. Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, et al. 1996. Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell 87:803-809.
214. Otori K, Oda Y, Sugiyama K, et al. 1997. High frequency of K-ras mutations in human colorectal hyperplastic polyps. Gut 40:660-663.
215. Paganelli GM, Biasco G, Brandi G, et al. 1992. Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:47-51.
216. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. 2001. Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer 94:153-156.
217. Parkin DM, Muir CS, Whelan SL, et al. 1992. Cancer Incedence in Five Continents. Vol. VI. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications, no. 120.
218. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, et al. 1997. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol. VII. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications, no. 143.
219. Paspatis GA, Kalafatis E, Oros L, et al. 1995. Folate status and adenomatous colonic polyps. A colonoscopically controlled study. Dis Colon Rectum 38:64-68.
220. Peleg II, Maibach HT, Brown SH, et al. 1994. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of subsequent colorectal cancer. Arch Intern Med 154:394-399.
221. Peltomaki P. 2001. Deficient DNA mismatch repair: A Common etiologic factor for colon cancer. Hum Mol Genet 10:735-740.
222. Pennisi E. 1998. Building a better aspirin. Science 280:1191-1192.
223. Phillips RL, Snowdon DA. 1983. Association of meat and coffee use with cancers of the large bowel, breast, and prostate among Seventh-Day Adventists: Preliminary results. Cancer Res 43(suppl):2403S-2408S.
224. Phillips RL, Snowdon DA. 1985. Dietary relationships with fatal colorectal cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. J Natl Cancer Inst 74:307-317.
225. Pierce JP, Fiore MC, Novotny TE, et al. 1989. Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. Projections to the year 2000. JAMA 261:61-65.
226. Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, et al. 1999. Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control 10:387-396.
227. Pines A, Rozen P, Ron E, et al. 1985. Gastrointestinal tumors in acromegalic patients. Am J Gastroenterol 80:266-269.
228. Pisani P, Mitton N. 2002. Cooking methods, metabolic polymorphisms and colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 11:75-84.
229. Platz EA, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. 2000. Proportion of colon cancer risk that might be preventable in a cohort of middle-aged US men. Cancer Causes Control 11:579-588.
230. Podolsky DK. 2002. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 347:417-429.
231. Pollard M, Luckert PH. 1980. Indomethacin teatment of rats with dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 64:1323-1327.
232. Pollard M, Luckert PH. 1981a. Effect of indomethacin on intestinal tumors induced in rats by the acetate derivative of dimethylnitrosamine. Science 214:558-559.
233. Pollard M, Luckert PH. 1981b. Treatment of chemically-induced intestinal cancers with indomethacin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 167:161-164.
234. Ponz de Leon M, Sacchetti C, Sassatelli R, et al. 1990. Evidence for the existence of different types of large bowel tumor: Suggestions from the clinical data of a population-based registry. J Surg Oncol 44:35-43.
235. Posaci C, Altunyurt S, Islekel H, et al. 2001. Effects of HRT on serum levels of IGF-I in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 40:69-74.
236. Potter JD. 1999. Colorectal cancer: Molecules and populations [comment]. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:916-932.
237. Rafter JJ, Child P, Anderson AM, et al. 1987. Cellular toxicity of fecal water depends on diet. Am J Clin Nutr 45:559-563.
238. Rampino N, Yamamoto H, Ionov Y, et al. 1997. Somatic frameshift mutations in the BAX gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Science 275(5302):967-969.
239. Reddy BS, Rao CV, Seibert K. 1996. Evaluation of cyclooxygenase inhibitor for potential chemopreventive properties in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 56:4566-4569.
240. Regensteiner JG, Mayer EJ, Shetterly SM, et al. 1991. Relationship between habitual physical activity and insulin levels among nondiabetic men and women. San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 14:1066-1074.
241. Renehan AG, Painter JE, Atkin WS, et al. 2001. High-risk colorectal adenomas and serum insulin-like growth factors. Br J Surg 88:107-113.
242. Ries LA, Wingo PA, Miller DS, et al. 2000. The annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1997, with a special section on colorectal cancer. Cancer 88:2398-2424.
243. Ritter M, Richter W, Schwandt P. 1987. Acromegaly and colon cancer. Ann Intern Med 106:636-637.
244. Robsahm TE, Tretli S. 1999. Height, weight and gastrointestinal cancer: A follow-up study in Norway. Eur J Cancer Prev 8:105-113.
245. Rogot E, Murray JL. 1980. Smoking and causes of death among US Veterans: 16 years of observation. Public Health Rep 95:213-322.
246. Ron E, Gridley G, Hrubec Z, et al. 1991. Acromegaly and gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer 68:1673-1677.
247. Rosenberg L, Palmer J, Zauber A, et al. 1991. A hypothesis: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the incidence of large-bowel cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:355-358.
248. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. 2002. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(3):321-333.
249. Sandhu MS, White IR, McPherson K. 2001. Systematic review of the prospective cohort studies on meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analytic approach. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:439-446.
250. Sandler RS, Halabi S, Baron JA, et al. 2003. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:883-890.
251. Sandler RS, Lyles CM, Peipins LA, et al. 1993. Diet and risk of colorectal adenomas: Macronutrients, cholesterol and fiber. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:884-891.
252. Sandler RS, Sandler DP, Comstock GW, et al. 1988. Cigarette smoking and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:1329-1333.
253. Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, et al. 2000. Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 342:1149-1155.
254. Schoen RE, Tangen CM, Kuller LH, et al. 1999. Increased blood glucose and insulin, body size, and incident colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1147-1154.
255. Schreinemachers D, Everson R. 1994. Aspirin use and lung, colon, and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology 5:138-146.
256. Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Herbert V, et al. 1989. Cleavage of folates during ethanol metabolism: Role of acetaldehyde/xanthine oxidase-generated superoxide. Biochem J 257:277-280.
257. Singh GK, Miller BA, Hankey BF. 2002a. Changing area socioeconomic patterns in U.S. cancer mortality, 1950-1998: Part II-lung and colorectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:916-925.
258. Singh GK, Miller BA, Hankey BF, et al. 2002b. Changing area socioeconomic patterns in U.S. cancer mortality, 1950-1998: Part I-all cancers among men. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:904-915.
259. Slattery ML, Potter J, Caan B, et al. 1997a. Energy balance and colon cancer-beyond physical activity. Cancer Res 57:75-80.
260. Slattery ML, Potter JD, Curtin K, et al. 2001. Estogens reduce and withdrawal of estrogens increase risk of microsatellite instability-positive colon cancer. Cancer Res 61:126-130.
261. Slattery ML, Potter JD, Friedman GD, et al. 1997b. Tobacco use and colon cancer. Int J Cancer 70:259-264.
262. Slattery ML, Potter JD, Samowitz W, et al. 1999. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, diet, and risk of colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:513-518.
263. Slattery ML, Schaffer D, Edwards SL, et al. 1997c. Are dietary factors involved in DNA methylation associated with colon cancer? Nutr Cancer 28:52-62.
264. Slattery ML, West DW, Robison LM, et al. 1990. Tobacco, alcohol, coffee, and caffeine as risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Epidemiology 1:141-145.
265. Soong R, Powell B, Elsaleh H, et al. 2000. Prognostic significance of TP53 gene mutation in 995 cases of colorectal carcinoma. Influence of tumour site, stage, adjuvant chemotherapy and type of mutation. Eur J Cancer 36:2053-2060.
266. Spirio L, Olschwang S, Groden J, et al. 1993. Alleles of the APC gene: An attenuated form of familial polyposis. Cell 75:951-957.
267. Stadler J, Yeung KS, Furrer R, et al. 1988. Proliferative activity of rectal mucosa and soluble fecal bile acids in patients with normal colons and in patients with colonic polyps or cancer. Cancer Lett 38:315-320.
268. Stemmermann GN, Nomura AM, Heilbrun LK. 1984. Dietary fat and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 44:4633-4637.
269. Stürmer T, Glynn RJ, Lee I-M, et al. 2000. Lifetime cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer incidence in the Physicians' Health Study I. JNCI 92:1178-1181.
270. Su LJ, Arab L. 2001. Nutritional status of folate and colon cancer risk: Evidence from NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Ann Epidemiol 11:65-72.
271. Sugimura T. 1985. Carcinogenicity of mutagenic heterocyclic amines formed during the cooking process. Mutation Res 150:33-41.
272. Sugimura T, Sato S. 1983. Mutagens-carcinogens in foods. Cancer Res 43:2415S-2421S.
273. Suh O, Mettlin C, Petrelli NJ. 1993. Aspirin use, cancer, and polyps of the large bowel. Cancer 72:1171-1177.
274. Terry P, Giovannucci E, Bergkvist L, et al. 2001. Body weight and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women: Relation varies by age and cancer site. Br J Cancer 85:346-349.
275. Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, et al. 2002a. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Int J Cancer 97:864-867.
276. Terry PD, Miller AB, Rohan TE. 2002b. Obesity and colorectal cancer in women. Gut 51:191-194.
277. Terzolo M, Tappero G, Borretta G, et al. 1994. High prevalence of colonic polyps in patients with acromegaly. Influence of sex and age. Arch Intern Med 154:1272-1276.
278. The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. 1994. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 330:1029-1035.
279. Thiagalingam S, Lengauer C, Leach FS, et al. 1996. Evaluation of candidate tumour suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers. Nat Genet 13:343-346.
280. Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. 1993. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 260(5109):816-819.
281. Thun MJ, Calle EE, Namboodiri MM, et al. 1992. Risk factors for fatal colon cancer in a large prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1491-1500.
282. Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Heath CW, Jr. 1991. Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N Engl J Med 325:1593-1596.
283. Thune I, Furberg AS. 2001. Physical activity and cancer risk: Dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33(6 Suppl):S530-S550.
284. Tobey TA, Greenfield M, Kraemer F, et al. 1981. Relationship between insulin resistance, insulin secretion, very low density lipoprotein kinetics, and plasma triglyceride levels in normotriglyceridemic man. Metabolism 30:165-171.
285. Todoroki I, Friedman GD, Slattery ML, et al. 1999. Cholecystectomy and the risk of colon cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 94:41-46.
286. Topping DL, Mayes PA. 1972. The immediate effects of insulin and fructose on the metabolism of the perfused liver. Changes in lipoprotein secretion, fatty acid oxidation and esterification, lipogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Biochem J 126:295-311.
287. Torlakovic E, Skovlund E, Snover DC, et al. 2003. Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 27:65-81.
288. Trock B, Lanza E, Greenwald P. 1990. Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: critical review and meta-analyses of the epidemiologic evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:650-661.
289. Tseng M, Murray SC, Kupper LL, et al. 1996. Micronutrients and the risk of colorectal adenomas. Am J Epidemiol 144:1005-1014.
290. Tuomilehto J, Knowler WC, Zimmet P. 1992. Primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 8:339-353.
291. Ulrich CM, Kampman E, Bigler J, et al. 1999. Colorectal adenomas and the C677T MTHFR polymorphism: evidence for gene-environment interaction? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:659-668.
292. Ulvik A, Evensen ET, Lien EA, et al. 2001. Smoking, folate and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase status as interactive determinants of adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps of colorectum. Am J Med Genet 101:246-254.
293. van der Meer R, de Vries HT. 1985. Differential binding of glycine-and taurineconjugated bile acids to insoluble calcium phosphate. Biochem J 229:265-268.
294. Vasen HF, van Erpecum KJ, Roelfsema F, et al. 1994. Increased prevalence of colonic adenomas in patients with acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 131:235-237.
295. Vasen HF, Watson P, Mecklin JP, et al. 1999. New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative group on HNPCC. Gastroenterology 116:1453-1456.
296. Waaler HT. 1984. Height, weight and mortality. The Norwegian experience. Acta Med Scand Suppl 679:1-56.
297. Wakabayashi K, Nagao M, Esumi H, et al. 1992. Food-derived mutagens and carcinogens. Cancer Res 52:2092s-2098s.
298. Wang JT, Ho LT, Tang KT, et al. 1989. Effect of habitual physical activity on age-related glucose intolerance. J Am Geriatr Soc 37:203-209.
299. Watatani M, Yoshida T, Kuroda K, et al. 1996. Allelic loss of chromosome 17p, mutation of the p53 gene, and microsatellite instability in right-and left-sided colorectal cancer. Cancer 77(8 Suppl):1688-1693.
300. Waterhouse J, Muir C, Shanmugaratnam K, et al. 1982. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol. IV. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications, no. 42.
301. Weir JM, Dunn JE, Jr. 1970. Smoking and mortality: A prospective study. Cancer 25:105-112.
302. Wheeler JM, Bodmer WF, Mortensen NJ. 2000a. DNA mismatch repair genes and colorectal cancer. Gut 47:148-153.
303. Wheeler JM, Loukola A, Aaltonen LA, et al. 2000b. The role of hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter region in HNPCC versus MSI+ sporadic colorectal cancers. J Med Genet 37:588-592.
304. White E, Shannon JS, Patterson RE. 1997. Relationship between vitamin and calcium supplement use and colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:769-774.
305. Will JC, Galuska DA, Vinicor F, et al. 1998. Colorectal cancer: another complication of diabetes mellitus? Am J Epidemiol 147:816-825.
306. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. 1989. Relation of meat, fat and fiber intake to colon cancer risk in a prospective study among women [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 130:820.
307. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. 1990. Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med 323:1664-1672.
308. Wong NA, Harrison DJ. 2001. Colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis-recent advances. Histopathology 39:221-234.
309. Wu AH, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, et al. 1987. Alcohol, physical activity and other risk factors for colorectal cancer: A prospective study. Br J Cancer 55:687-694.
310. Wu K, Willett WC, Fuchs CS, et al. 2002. Calcium intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:437-446.
311. Wu XC, Chen VW, Steele B, et al. 2001. Subsite-specific incidence rate and stage of disease in colorectal cancer by race, gender, and age group in the United States, 1992-1997. Cancer 92:2547-2554.
312. Wynder EL, Fujita Y, Harris RE, et al. 1991. Comparative epidemiology of cancer between the United States and Japan. A second look. Cancer 67:746-763.
313. Yamada K, Araki S, Tamura M, et al. 1998. Relation of serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose to colorectal carcinoma in situ. Int J Epidemiol 27:794-798.
314. Yamasaki E, Ames BN. 1977. Concentration of mutagens from urine by absorption with the nonpolar resin XAD-2: Cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74:3555-3559.
315. Yokoyama A, Muramatsu T, Ohmori T, et al. 1998. Alcohol-related cancers and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in Japanese alcoholics. Carcinogenesis 19:1383-1387.
316. Yoo KY, Tajima K, Inoue M, et al. 1999. Reproductive factors related to the risk of colorectal cancer by subsite: A case-control analysis. Br J Cancer 79:1901-1906.
317. Ziegler RG, Devesa SS, Fraumeni JFJ. 1986. Epidemiologic patterns of colorectal cancer. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Important Advances in Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lppincott, pp. 209-232
318. Ziel F, Peters A. 1988. Acromegaly and gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Ann Intern Med 109:514-515.