The importance of nanoparticle shape in cancer drug delivery

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 129-142

  Truong, Nghia P ^a   Whittaker, Michael R ^a   Mak, Catherine W ^a   Davis, Thomas P ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cancer nanomedicine; Nanoparticle morphology; Non spherical; Therapeutic index

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CAMPTOTHECIN; CARBON NANOTUBE; FILOMICELLE; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; GOLD NANOROD; LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE NANOROD; MACROGOL; MAGNETIC NANOROD; MESOPOROUS SILICA NANOPARTICLE; NANOCARRIER; NANOROD; PEGYLATED CARBON NANOTUBE; PEGYLATED TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS; POLYCAPROLACTONE; POLYETHYLENE; POLYSTYRENE; POLYSTYRENE ELLIPSOID; POLYSTYRENE NANODISK; POLYSTYRENE NANONEEDLE; POLYSTYRENE NANOROD; QUANTUM DOT; QUANTUM DOT NANOROD; SILICA NANOROD; SILICA PLATELOID; SILICON DIOXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DRUG CARRIER; MICELLE; NANOPARTICLE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CIRCULATION TIME; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TRANSPORT; DRUG TUMOR LEVEL; DRUG UPTAKE; INTERNALIZATION; MICELLE; NANOPARTICLE SHAPE; NANOPHARMACEUTICS; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; REVIEW; SURFACE PROPERTY; CHEMISTRY; NEOPLASMS; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; DRUG CARRIERS; MICELLES; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 84919458331     PISSN: 17425247     EISSN: 17447593     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.950564     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Lasic DD, Papahadjopoulos D. Liposomes revisited. Science 1995;267(5202):1275-6
2. Lammers T, Kiessling F, Hennink WE, Storm G. Drug targeting to tumors: principles, pitfalls and (pre-) clinical progress. J Controll Release 2012;161(2):175-87
3. Han L, Tang C, Yin CH. Effect of binding affinity for siRNA on the in vivo antitumor efficacy of polyplexes. Biomaterials 2013;34(21):5317-27
4. Mitragotri S. In drug delivery, shape does matter. Pharm Res 2009;26(1):232-4
5. Alexis F, Pridgen E, Molnar LK, Farokhzad OC. Factors affecting the clearance and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2008;5(4):505-15
6. Gref R, Minamitake Y, Peracchia MT, et al. Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres. Science 1994;263(5153):1600-3
7. Vllasaliu D, Fowler R, Stolnik S. PEGylated nanomedicines: recent progress and remaining concerns. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014;11(1):139-54
8. Pasqualini R, Ruoslahti E. Organ targeting in vivo using phage display peptide libraries. Nature 1996;380(6572):364-6
9. Champion JA, Katare YK, Mitragotri S. Particle shape: a new design parameter for micro- and nanoscale drug delivery carriers. J Control Release 2007;121:3-9
10. Venkataraman S, Hedrick JL, Ong ZY, et al. The effects of polymeric nanostructure shape on drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011;63:1228-46
11. Simone EA, Dziubla TD, Muzykantov VR. Polymeric carriers: role of geometry in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008;5(12):1283-300
12. Doshi N, Mitragotri S. Macrophages recognize size and shape of their targets. PLoS One 2010;5:e10051
13. Justice SS, Hunstad DA, Cegelski L, Hultgren SJ. Morphological plasticity as a bacterial survival strategy. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008;6(2):162-8
14. Brakhage AA, Bruns S, Thywissen A, et al. Interaction of phagocytes with filamentous fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010;13(4):409-15
15. Lee SE, Bairstow SF, Werling JO, et al. Paclitaxel nanosuspensions for targeted chemotherapy - nanosuspension preparation, characterization, and use. Pharm Dev Technol 2014;19(4):438-53
16. Bouzas V, Haller T, Hobi N, et al. Nontoxic impact of PEG-coated gold nanospheres on functional pulmonary surfactant-secreting alveolar type II cells. Nanotoxicology 2014;8(8):813-23
17. Christian DA, Cai S, Garbuzenko OB, et al. Flexible filaments for in vivo imaging and delivery: persistent circulation of filomicelles opens the dosage window for sustained tumor. Mol Pharm 2009;6(5):1343-52.
18. Geng Y, Dalhaimer P, Cai S, et al. Shape effects of filaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery. Nat Nanotechnol 2007;2:249-55.
19. Gabizon A, Shmeeda H, Barenholz Y. Pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin - review of animal and human studies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42(5):419-36
20. Dalhaimer P, Engler AJ, Parthasarathy R, Discher DE. Targeted worm micelles. Biomacromolecules 2004;5:1714-19
21. Gentile F, Chiappini C, Fine D, et al. The effect of shape on the margination dynamics of non-neutrally buoyant particles in two-dimensional shear flows. J Biomech 2008;41:2312-18
22. Lee SY, Ferrari M, Decuzzi P. Shaping nano-/micro-particles for enhanced vascular interaction in laminar flows. Nanotechnology 2009;20(49):495101
23. Macdonald IC, Schmidt EE, Groom AC. The high splenic hematocrit - a rheological consequence of red-cell flow through the reticular meshwork. Microvasc Res 1991;42(1):60-76
24. Vivo B, Huang X, Li L, et al. The shape effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles on biodistribution, clearance, and biocompatibility in vivo. ACS Nano 2011;5(7):5390-9
25. Muro S, Dziubla T, Qiu WN, et al. Endothelial targeting of high-affinity multivalent polymer nanocarriers directed to intercellular adhesion molecule 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;317(3):1161-9
26. Muro S, Wiewrodt R, Thomas A, et al. A novel endocytic pathway induced by clustering endothelial ICAM-1 or PECAM-1. J Cell Sci 2003;116(8):1599-609
27. Murciano JC, Muro S, Koniaris L, et al. ICAM-directed vascular immunotargeting of antithrombotic agents to the endothelial luminal surface. Blood 2003;101(10):3977-84
28. Bruckman MA, Randolph LN, VanMeter A, et al. Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and blood compatibility of native and PEGylated tobacco mosaic virus nano-rods and - spheres in mice. Virology 2014;449:163-73.
29. Arnida Janat-Amsbury MM, Ray A, et al. Geometry and surface characteristics of gold nanoparticles influence their biodistribution and uptake by macrophages. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011;77(3):417-23
30. Zhou ZX, Ma XP, Jin EL, et al. Linear-dendritic drug conjugates forming long-circulating nanorods for cancer-drug delivery. Biomaterials 2013;34(22):5722-35
31. Dalhaimer P, Bates FS, Discher DE. Single molecule visualization of stable, stiffness-tunable, flow-conforming worm micelles. Macromolecules 2003;36(18):6873-7
32. Dalhaimer P, Bermudez H, Discher DE. Biopolymer mimicry with polymeric worm-like micelles: MW-scaled flexibility, locked-in curvature, and coexisting microphases. Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys 2004;42:168-76
33. Singh R, Pantarotto D, Lacerda L, et al. Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenouslyadministered carbon nanotube radiotracers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:3357-62
34. Park J-H, von Maltzahn G, Zhang L, et al. Magnetic iron oxide nanoworms for tumor targeting and imaging. Adv Mater 2008;20:1630-5
35. Muro S, Garnacho C, Champion JA, et al. Control of endothelial targeting and intracellular delivery of therapeutic enzymes by modulating the size and shape of ICAM-1-targeted carriers. Mol Ther 2008;16:1450-8
36. Hu XL, Hu JM, Tian J, et al. Polyprodrug amphiphiles: hierarchical assemblies for shape-regulated cellular internalization, trafficking, and drug delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2013;135(46):17617-29.
37. Kim Y, Dalhaimer P, Christian DA, Discher DE. Polymeric worm micelles as nano-carriers for drug delivery. Nanotechnology 2005;16(7):S484-S91
38. Lee KL, Hubbard LC, Hern S, et al. Shape matters: the diffusion rates of TMV rods and CPMV icosahedrons in a spheroid model of extracellular matrix are distinct. Biomater Sci 2013;1(6):581-8
39. Shukla S, Wen AM, Ayat NR, et al. Biodistribution and clearance of a filamentous plant virus in healthy and tumor-bearing mice. Nanomed 2014;9(2):221-36
40. Daum N, Tscheka C, Neumeyer A, Schneider M. Novel approaches for drug delivery systems in nanomedicine: effects of particle design and shape. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012;4(1):52-65
41. Caldorera-Moore M, Guimard N, Shi L, Roy K. Designer nanoparticles: incorporating size, shape and triggered release into nanoscale drug carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010;7(4):479-95
42. Fox ME, Szoka FC, Fr-echet JMJ. Soluble polymer carriers for the treatment of cancer: the importance of molecular architecture. Acc Chem Res 2009;42:1141-51
43. Nasongkla N, Chen B, Macaraeg N, et al. Dependence of pharmacokinetics and biodistribution on polymer architecture: effect of cyclic versus linear polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2009;131:3842-3
44. Lee CC, Yoshida M, Frechet JM, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of hydrophilic dendronized linear polymers. Bioconjug Chem 2005;16(3):535-41
45. Uzgiris EE, Cline H, Moasser B, et al. Conformation and structure of polymeric contrast agents for medical imaging. Biomacromolecules 2004;5:54-61
46. Zavaleta C, de la Zerda A, Liu Z, et al. Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy in living mice for evaluation of tumor targeting with carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 2008;8(9):2800-5
47. Liu Z, Cai W, He L, et al. In vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat Nanotechnol 2007;2:47-52.
48. Park JH, Maltzahn GV, Zhang L, et al. Systematic surface engineering of magnetic nanoworms for in vivo tumor targeting. Small 2009;92121(6):694-700
49. Akiyama Y, Mori T, Katayama Y, Niidome T. Conversion of rod-shaped gold nanoparticles to spherical forms and their effect on biodistribution in tumorbearing mice. Nanoscale Res Lett 2012;7(1):565
50. Black KCL, Wang YC, Luehmann HP, et al. Radioactive Au-198-doped nanostructures with different shapes for in vivo analyses of their biodistribution, tumor uptake, and intratumoral distribution. ACS Nano 2014;8(5):4385-94
51. Chauhan VP, Popović Z, Chen O, et al. Fluorescent nanorods and nanospheres for real-time in vivo probing of nanoparticle shape-dependent tumor penetration. Angew Chem 2011;123:11619-22
52. Godin B, Chiappini C, Srinivasan S, et al. Discoidal porous silicon particles: fabrication and biodistribution in breast cancer bearing mice. Adv Funct Mater 2012;22(20):4225-35
53. van de Ven AL, Kim P, Haley O, et al. Rapid tumoritropic accumulation of systemically injected plateloid particles and their biodistribution. J Control Release 2012;158(1):148-55
54. Decuzzi P, Godin B, Tanaka T, et al. Size and shape effects in the biodistribution of intravascularly injected particles. J Control Release 2010;141:320-7
55. Yu T, Hubbard D, Ray A, Ghandehari H. In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of silica nanoparticles as a function of geometry, porosity and surface characteristics. J Control Release 2012;163(1):46-54
56. Xu ZP, Niebert M, Porazik K, et al. Subcellular compartment targeting of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles. J Control Release 2008;130:86-94
57. Patil RR, Gaikwad RV, Samad A, Devarajan PV. Role of lipids in enhancing splenic uptake of polymerlipid (LIPOMER) nanoparticles. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2008;4(3):359-66
58. Moghimi SM. Mechanisms of splenic clearance of blood-cells and particles - towards development of new splenotropic agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1995;17(1):103-15
59. Devarajan PV, Jindal AB, Patil RR, et al. Particle shape : a new design parameter for passive targeting in splenotropic drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2010;99(6):2576-81
60. Lee S-Y, Ferrari M, Decuzzi P. Design of bio-mimetic particles with enhanced vascular interaction. J Biomech 2009;42:1885-90
61. Kolhar P, Anselmo AC, Gupta V, et al. Using shape effects to target antibodycoated nanoparticles to lung and brain endothelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:10753-8
62. Misra A, Ganesh S, Shahiwala A, Shah SP. Drug delivery to the central nervous system: a review. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2003;6(2):252-73
63. Toy R, Peiris PM, Ghaghada KB, Karathanasis E. Shaping cancer nanomedicine: the effect of particle shape on the in vivo journey of nanoparticles. Nanomed 2014;9(1):121-34
64. Champion JA, Mitragotri S. Shape induced inhibition of phagocytosis of polymer particles. Pharm Res 2009;26:244-9.
65. Zhang K, Fang H, Chen Z, et al. Shape effects of nanoparticles conjugated withcell-penetrating peptides (HIV Tat PTD) on CHO cell uptake. Bioconjug Chem 2008;19:1880-7
66. Zhang Y, Tekobo S, Tu Y, et al. Permission to enter cell by shape: nanodisk vs nanosphere. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012;4(8):4099-105
67. Paul D, Achouri S, Yoon YZ, et al. Phagocytosis dynamics depends on target shape. Biophys J 2013;105(5):1143-50
68. Shimoni O, Yan Y, Wang YJ, Caruso F. Shape-dependent cellular processing of polyelectrolyte capsules. ACS Nano 2013;7(1):522-30
69. Florez L, Herrmann C, Cramer JM, et al. How shape influences uptake: interactions of anisotropic polymer nanoparticles and human mesenchymal stem cells. Small 2012;8(14):2222-30
70. Moller J, Luehmann T, Hall H, Vogel V. The race to the pole: how high-aspect ratio shape and heterogeneous environments limit phagocytosis of filamentous Escherichia coli bacteria by macrophages. Nano Lett 2012;12(6):2901-5
71. Sharma G, Valenta DT, Altman Y, et al. Polymer particle shape independently influences binding and internalization by macrophages. J Control Release 2010;147(3):408-12
72. Champion JA, Mitragotri S. Role of target geometry in phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:4930-4
73. Yoo J-W, Doshi N, Mitragotri S. Endocytosis and intracellular distribution of plga particles in endothelial cells: effect of particle geometry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010;31:142-8
74. Qiu Y, Liu Y, Wang L, et al. Surface chemistry and aspect ratio mediated cellular uptake of Au nanorods. Biomaterials 2010;31(30):7606-19
75. Chithrani BD, Chan WC. Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett 2007;7:1542-50
76. Chithrani BD, Ghazani AA, Chan WC. Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett 2006;6:662-8
77. Hutter E, Boridy S, Labrecque S, et al. Microglial response to gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2010;4:2595-606
78. Niikura K, Matsunaga T, Suzuki T, et al. Gold nanoparticles as a vaccine platform: influence of size and shape on immunological responses in vitro and in vivo. ACS Nano 2013;7(5):3926-38
79. Kolhar P, Doshi N, Mitragotri S. Polymer nanoneedle-mediated intracellular drug delivery. Small 2011;7:2094-100.
80. Verma A, Stellacci F. Effect of Surface Properties on Nanoparticle-Cell Interactions. Small 2010;6(1):12-21
81. Jang J, Lim DH, Choi IH. The impact of nanomaterials in immune system. Immune netw 2010;10(3):85-91
82. Kostarelos K, Lacerda L, Pastorin G, et al. Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type. Nat Nanotechnol 2007;2(2):108-13
83. Barua S, Yoo J-W, Kolhar P, et al. Particle shape enhances specificity of antibody-displaying nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110(9):3270-5
84. Chu ZQ, Zhang SL, Zhang BK, et al. Unambiguous observation of shape effects on cellular fate of nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2014;4:4495
85. Agarwal R, Singh V, Jurney P, et al. Mammalian cells preferentially internalize hydrogel nanodiscs over nanorods and use shape-specific uptake mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110(43):17247-52
86. Hao NJ, Li LL, Zhang Q, et al. The shape effect of PEGylated mesoporous silica nanoparticles on cellular uptake pathway in Hela cells. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 2012;162:14-23
87. Gratton SE, Ropp PA, Pohlhaus PD, et al. The effect of particle design on cellular internalization pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:11613-18
88. Kessel S, Truong NP, Jia ZF, Monteiro MJ. Aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerization of thermoresponsive diblock copolymer assemblies: temperature directed morphology transformations. J Polym Sci Part A 2012;50(23):4879-87
89. Jia ZF, Truong NP, Monteiro MJ. Reversible polymer nanostructures by regulating SDS/PNIPAM binding. Polym Chem 2013;4(2):233-6
90. Yang K, Ma YQ. Computer simulation of the translocation of nanoparticles with different shapes across a lipid bilayer. Nat Nanotechnol 2010;5(8):579-83.
91. Vacha R, Martinez-Veracoechea FJ, Frenkel D. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis of Nanoparticles of Various Shapes. Nano Lett 2011;11(12):5391-5
92. Decuzzi P, Lee S, Bhushan B, Ferrari M. A. Theoretical Model for the Margination of Particles within Blood Vessels. Ann Biomed Eng 2005;33:179-90
93. Gao H, Shi W, Freund LB. Mechanics of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:9469-74
94. Decuzzi P, Ferrari M. The adhesive strength of non-spherical particles mediated by specific interactions. Biomaterials 2006;27:5307-14
95. Decuzzi P, Ferrari M. The receptormediated endocytosis of nonspherical particles. Biophys J 2008;94:3790-7
96. Dasgupta S, Auth T, Gompper G. Shape and Orientation Matter for the Cellular Uptake of Nonspherical Particles. Nano Lett 2014;14(2):687-93
97. Oltra NS, Swift J, Mahmud A, et al. Filomicelles in nanomedicine - from flexible, fragmentable, and ligandtargetable drug carrier designs to combination therapy for brain tumors. J Mater Chem B 2013;1(39):5177-85.
98. Chen T, Guo X, Liu X, et al. A Strategy in the design of micellar shape for cancer therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2012;1(2):214-24
99. Karagoz B, Esser L, Duong HT, et al. Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA) - control over the morphology ofnanoparticles for drug delivery applications. Polym Chem 2014;5(2):350-5.
100. Karagoz B, Boyer C, Davis TP. Simultaneous polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) and guest molecule encapsulation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014;35(4):417-21
101. Barua S, Mitragotri S. Synergistic targeting of cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus of cancer cells using rodshaped nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2013;7:9558-70
102. Huang XH, El-Sayed IH, Qian W, El-Sayed MA. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the nearinfrared region by using gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 2006;128(6):2115-20
103. Dickerson EB, Dreaden EC, Huang XH, et al. Gold nanorod assisted near-infrared plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) of squamous cell carcinoma in mice. Cancer Lett 2008;269(1):57-66
104. Hildebrandt B, Wust P, Ahlers O, et al. The cellular and molecular basis of hyperthermia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002;43(1):33-56
105. Huff TB, Tong L, Zhao Y, et al. Hyperthermic effects of gold nanorods on tumor cells. Nanomed 2007;2(1):125-32
106. Chen CC, Lin YP, Wang CW, et al. DNA-gold nanorod conjugates for remote control of localized gene expression by near infrared irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2006;128(11):3709-15
107. Niidome Y, Niidome T, Yamada S, et al. Pulsed-laser induced fragmentation and dissociation of DNA immobilized on gold nanoparticles. Mol Cryst Liquid Cryst 2006;445:201-6
108. Wijaya A, Schaffer SB, Pallares IG, Hamad-Schifferli K. Selective release of multiple DNA oligonucleotides from gold nanorods. ACS Nano 2009;3(1):80-6.
109. Zimmermann TS, Lee ACH, Akinc A, et al. RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates. Nature 2006;441(7089):111-14
110. Diou O, Tsapis N, Fattal E. Targeted nanotheranostics for personalized cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012;9(12):1475-87
111. Soutschek J, Akinc A, Bramlage B, et al. Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs. Nature 2004;432(7014):173-8
112. Chaturvedi K, Ganguly K, Kulkarni AR, et al. Cyclodextrin-based siRNA delivery nanocarriers: a state-of-the-art review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011;8(11):1455-68
113. Nishina K, Mizusawa H, Yokota T. Short interfering RNA and the central nervous system: development of nonviral delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013;10(3):289-92
114. Whitehead KA, Langer R, Anderson DG. Knocking down barriers: advances in siRNA delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009;8(2):129-38
115. Patnaik S, Gupta KC. Novel polyethylenimine-derived nanoparticles for in vivo gene delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013;10(2):215-28
116. Obataya I, Nakamura C, Han S, et al., Nanoscale operation of a living cell using an atomic force microscope with a nanoneedle. Nano Lett 2005;5(1):27-30
117. Tan JL, Tien J, Pirone DM, et al. Cells lying on a bed of microneedles: an approach to isolate mechanical force. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(4):1484-9
118. Truong NP, Jia ZF, Burgess M, et al. Self-catalyzed degradable cationic polymer for release of DNA. Biomacromolecules 2011;12(10):3540-8
119. Gu WY, Jia ZF, Truong NP, et al. Polymer nanocarrier system for endosome escape and timed release of siRNA with complete gene silencing and cell death in cancer cells. Biomacromolecules 2013;14(10):3386-9
120. Truong NP, Gu WY, Prasadam I, et al. An influenza virus-inspired polymer system for the timed release of siRNA. Nat Commun 2013;4:1902
121. Chu KS, Hasan W, Rawal S, et al. Plasma, tumor and tissue pharmacokinetics of Docetaxel delivered via nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes in mice bearing SKOV-3 human ovarian carcinoma xenograft. Nanomedicine 2013;9(5):686-93
122. Oh W-K, Kim S, Yoon H, Jang J. Shape-dependent cytotoxicity and proinflammatory response of poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) nanomaterials. Small 2010;6:872-9.
123. Zhao XX, Ng S, Heng BC, et al. Cytotoxicity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is shape and cell dependent. Arch Toxicol 2013;87(6):1037-52
124. Tsai CP, Hung Y, Chou YH, et al. High-contrast paramagnetic fluorescent mesoporous silica nanorods as a multifunctional cell-imaging probe. Small 2008;4(2):186-91
125. Alkilany AM, Lohse SE, Murphy CJ. The gold standard: gold nanoparticle libraries to understand the nano-bio interface. Acc Chem Res 2013;46(3):650-61