Morphogenesis of streptomyces in submerged cultures

Advances in Applied Microbiology

Volumn 89, Issue , 2014, Pages 1-45

  van Dissel, Dino ^a   Claessen, Dennis ^a   van Wezel, Gilles P ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Actinomycetes; Fermentation; Morphology; Programmed cell death; SsgA; Submerged sporulation

Indexed keywords

FTSZ PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL SPORE; CULTURE MEDIUM; CYTOSKELETON; DRUG MANUFACTURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEREDITY; LIQUID CULTURE; MICROBIAL MORPHOLOGY; MORPHOGENESIS; MYCELIAL GROWTH; NONHUMAN; OXYGENATION; PRODUCTIVITY; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTOPLAST; SPORE GERMINATION; SPOROGENESIS; STREPTOMYCES; STREPTOMYCES GRANATICOLOR; STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS; STREPTOMYCES ROSEOSPORUS; STREPTOMYCES VENEZUELAE; SUBMERGED CELL CULTURE; SUBMERGED FERMENTATION; TAXONOMY;

ACTINOMYCETES; FERMENTATION; MORPHOLOGY; PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH; SSGA; SUBMERGED SPORULATION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BATCH CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; FERMENTATION; MORPHOGENESIS; STREPTOMYCES;

EID: 84905976894     PISSN: 00652164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800259-9.00001-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (240)

1. Amijee F., Allans E.J., Waterhouse R.N., Glover L.A., Paton A.M. Non-pathogenic association of L-form bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) with bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and its potential for biocontrol of halo blight disease. Biocontrol Science and Technology 1992, 2:203-214.
2. Anné J., Vrancken K., Van Mellaert L., Van Impe J., Bernaerts K. Protein secretion biotechnology in Gram-positive bacteria with special emphasis on Streptomyces lividans. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2014 Aug, 1843(8):1750-1761. Epub 2014 Jan 9. 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.12.023.
3. Aoki Y., Matsumoto D., Kawaide H., Natsume M. Physiological role of germicidins in spore germination and hyphal elongation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The Journal of Antibiotics 2011, 64:607-611.
4. Ayazi Shamlou P., Makagiansar H.Y., Ison A.P., Lilly M.D., Thomas C.R. Turbulent breakage of filamentous microorganisms in submerged culture in mechanically stirred bioreactors. Chemical Engineering Science 1994, 49:2621-2631.
5. Bagchi S., Tomenius H., Belova L.M., Ausmees N. Intermediate filament-like proteins in bacteria and a cytoskeletal function in Streptomyces. Molecular Microbiology 2008, 70:1037-1050.
6. Baltz R.H. Antimicrobials from actinomycetes: Back to the future. Microbe 2007, 2:125-131.
7. Baltz R.H. Renaissance in antibacterial discovery from actinomycetes. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2008, 8:557-563.
8. Bartholomew W.H., Karow E.O., Sfat M.R., Wilhelm R.H. Oxygen transfer and agitation in submerged fermentations. Effect of air flow and agitation rates upon fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum and Streptomyces griseus. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 1950, 42:1810-1815.
9. Bartholomew W.H., Karow E.O., Sfat M.R., Wilhelm R.H. Oxygen transfer and agitation in submerged fermentations. Mass transfer of oxygen in submerged fermentation of Streptomyces griseus. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 1950, 42:1801-1809.
10. Bellgardt K.H. Process models for production of β-lactam antibiotics. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 1998, 60:153-194.
11. Belmar-Beiny M.T., Thomas C.R. Morphology and clavulanic acid production of Streptomyces clavuligerus: Effect of stirrer speed in batch fermentations. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1991, 37:456-462.
12. Bewick M.W., Williams S.T., Veltkamp C. Growth and ultrastructure of Streptomyces venezuelae during chloramphenicol production. Microbios 1976, 16:191-199.
13. Bhattacharjee A., Oeemig J.S., Kolodziejczyk R., Meri T., Kajander T., Lehtinen M.J., et al. Structural basis for complement evasion by Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013, 288:18685-18695.
14. Bhosale S.H., Rao M.B., Deshpande V.V. Molecular and industrial aspects of glucose isomerase. Microbiological Reviews 1996, 60:280-300.
15. Bi E.F., Lutkenhaus J. FtsZ ring structure associated with division in Escherichia coli. Nature 1991, 354:161-164.
16. Bibb M.J. Regulation of secondary metabolism in streptomycetes. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2005, 8:208-215.
17. Bibb M.J., Domonkos A., Chandra G., Buttner M.J. Expression of the chaplin and rodlin hydrophobic sheath proteins in Streptomyces venezuelae is controlled by σ(BldN) and a cognate anti-sigma factor, RsbN. Molecular Microbiology 2012, 84:1033-1049.
18. Bibb M.J., Ward J.M., Hopwood D.A. Transformation of plasmid DNA into Streptomyces at high frequency. Nature 1978, 274:398-400.
19. Biró S., Békési I., Vitális S., Szabó G. A substance effecting differentiation in Streptomyces griseus. Purification and properties. European Journal of Biochemistry 1980, 103:359-363.
20. Bokhove M., Claessen D., de Jong W., Dijkhuizen L., Boekema E.J., Oostergetel G.T. Chaplins of Streptomyces coelicolor self-assemble into two distinct functional amyloids. Journal of Structural Biology 2013, 184:301-309.
21. Branda S.S., Vik S., Friedman L., Kolter R. Biofilms: The matrix revisited. Trends in Microbiology 2005, 13:20-26.
22. Braun S., Vecht-Lifshitz S.E. Mycelial morphology and metabolite production. Trends in Biotechnology 1991, 9:63-68.
23. Brünker P., Minas W., Kallio P.T., Bailey J.E. Genetic engineering of an industrial strain of Saccharopolyspora erythraea for stable expression of the Vitreoscilla haemoglobin gene (vhb). Microbiology 1998, 144:2441-2448.
24. Bush M.J., Bibb M.J., Chandra G., Findlay K.C., Buttner M.J. Genes required for aerial growth, cell division, and chromosome segregation are targets of WhiA before sporulation in Streptomyces venezuelae. mBio 2013, 4:e00684-e00713.
25. Bushell M.E. Growth, product formation and fermentation technology. Actinomycetes in biotechnology 1988, 185-217. Academic Press, London. M. Goodfellow (Ed.).
26. Celler K., Koning R.I., Koster A.J., van Wezel G.P. Multidimensional view of the bacterial cytoskeleton. Journal of Bacteriology 2013, 195:1627-1636.
27. Celler K., Picioreanu C., van Loosdrecht M.C., van Wezel G.P. Structured morphological modeling as a framework for rational strain design of Streptomyces species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012, 102:409-423.
28. Celler K., van Wezel G.P., Willemse J. Single particle tracking of dynamically localizing TatA complexes in Streptomyces coelicolor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2013, 438:38-42.
29. Cerri M.O., Badino A.C. Shear conditions in clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus in stirred tank and airlift bioreactors. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 2012, 35:977-984.
30. Chater K.F. A morphological and genetic mapping study of white colony mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of General Microbiology 1972, 72:9-28.
31. Chater K.F., Biro S., Lee K.J., Palmer T., Schrempf H. The complex extracellular biology of Streptomyces. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2010, 34:171-198.
32. Chater K.F., Bruton C.J., Plaskitt K.A., Buttner M.J., Mendez C., Helmann J.D. The developmental fate of S. coelicolor hyphae depends upon a gene product homologous with the motility sigma factor of B. subtilis. Cell 1989, 59:133-143.
33. Chater K.F., Losick R. Mycelial life style of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and its relatives. Bacteria as multicellular organisms 1997, 149-182. Oxford University Press, Inc., New York. J.A. Shapiro, M. Dworkin (Eds.).
34. Claessen D., de Jong W., Dijkhuizen L., Wösten H.A.B. Regulation of Streptomyces development: Reach for the sky!. Trends in Microbiology 2006, 14:313-319.
35. Claessen D., Rink R., de Jong W., Siebring J., de Vreugd P., Boersma F.G., et al. A novel class of secreted hydrophobic proteins is involved in aerial hyphae formation in Streptomyces coelicolor by forming amyloid-like fibrils. Genes & Development 2003, 17:1714-1726.
36. Claessen D., Rozen D.E., Kuipers O.P., Søgaard-Andersen L., van Wezel G.P. Bacterial solutions to multicellularity: A tale of biofilms, filaments and fruiting bodies. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2014, 12:115-124.
37. Claessen D., Stokroos I., Deelstra H.J., Penninga N.A., Bormann C., Salas J.A., et al. The formation of the rodlet layer of streptomycetes is the result of the interplay between rodlins and chaplins. Molecular Microbiology 2004, 53:433-443.
38. Claessen D., Wösten H.A.B., van Keulen G., Faber O.G., Alves A.M., Meijer W.G., et al. Two novel homologous proteins of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces lividans are involved in the formation of the rodlet layer and mediate attachment to a hydrophobic surface. Molecular Microbiology 2002, 44:1483-1492.
39. Colson S., Stephan J., Hertrich T., Saito A., van Wezel G.P., Titgemeyer F., et al. Conserved cis-acting elements upstream of genes composing the chitinolytic system of streptomycetes are DasR-responsive elements. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2007, 12:60-66.
40. Colson S., van Wezel G.P., Craig M., Noens E.E., Nothaft H., Mommaas A.M., et al. The chitobiose-binding protein, DasA, acts as a link between chitin utilization and morphogenesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. Microbiology 2008, 154:373-382.
41. Craig M., Lambert S., Jourdan S., Tenconi E., Colson S., Maciejewska M., et al. Unsuspected control of siderophore production by N-acetylglucosamine in streptomycetes. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2012, 4:512-521.
42. Cui Y.Q., van der Lans R.G., Luyben K.C. Effect of agitation intensities on fungal morphology of submerged fermentation. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1997, 55:715-726.
43. Dalton K.A., Thibessard A., Hunter J.I., Kelemen G.H. A novel compartment, the 'subapical stem' of the aerial hyphae, is the location of a sigN-dependent, developmentally distinct transcription in Streptomyces coelicolor. Molecular Microbiology 2007, 64:719-737.
44. Daniel R.A., Errington J. Control of cell morphogenesis in bacteria: Two distinct ways to make a rod-shaped cell. Cell 2003, 113:767-776.
45. Daza A., Martín J.F., Dominguez A., Gil J.A. Sporulation of several species of Streptomyces in submerged cultures after nutritional downshift. Journal of General Microbiology 1989, 135:2483-2491.
46. de Jong W., Manteca A., Sanchez J., Bucca G., Smith C.P., Dijkhuizen L., et al. NepA is a structural cell wall protein involved in maintenance of spore dormancy in Streptomyces coelicolor. Molecular Microbiology 2009, 71:1591-1603.
47. de Jong W., Wösten H.A.B., Dijkhuizen L., Claessen D. Attachment of Streptomyces coelicolor is mediated by amyloidal fimbriae that are anchored to the cell surface via cellulose. Molecular Microbiology 2009, 73:1128-1140.
48. Delic I., Robbins P., Westpheling J. Direct repeat sequences are implicated in the regulation of two Streptomyces chitinase promoters that are subject to carbon catabolite control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992, 89:1885-1889.
49. Dell'Era S., Buchrieser C., Couve E., Schnell B., Briers Y., Schuppler M., et al. Listeria monocytogenes L-forms respond to cell wall deficiency by modifying gene expression and the mode of division. Molecular Microbiology 2009, 73:306-322.
50. DePas W.H., Hufnagel D.A., Lee J.S., Blanco L.P., Bernstein H.C., Fisher S.T., et al. Iron induces bimodal population development by Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:2629-2634.
51. Derouaux A., Halici S., Nothaft H., Neutelings T., Moutzourelis G., Dusart J., et al. Deletion of a cyclic AMP receptor protein homologue diminishes germination and affects morphological development of Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of Bacteriology 2004, 186:1893-1897.
52. Desveaux D., Allard J., Brisson N., Sygusch J. A new family of plant transcription factors displays a novel ssDNA-binding surface. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 2002, 9:512-517.
53. Ditkowski B., Holmes N., Rydzak J., Donczew M., Bezulska M., Ginda K., et al. Dynamic interplay of ParA with the polarity protein, Scy, coordinates the growth with chromosome segregation in Streptomyces coelicolor. Open Biology 2013, 3:130006.
54. Edwards D.H., Errington J. The Bacillus subtilis DivIVA protein targets to the division septum and controls the site specificity of cell division. Molecular Microbiology 1997, 24:905-915.
55. Ekkers D.M., Claessen D., Galli F., Stamhuis E.J. Surface modification using interfacial assembly of the Streptomyces chaplin proteins. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2014, 98:4491-4501.
56. el-Enshasy H., Hellmuth K., Rinas U. Fungal morphology in submerged cultures and its relation to glucose oxidase excretion by recombinant Aspergillus niger. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 1999, 81:1-11.
57. Elibol M., Mavituna F. A remedy to oxygen limitation problem in antibiotic production: Addition of perfluorocarbon. Biochemical Engineering Journal 1999, 3:1-7.
58. Elliot M.A., Karoonuthaisiri N., Huang J., Bibb M.J., Cohen S.N., Kao C.M., et al. The chaplins: A family of hydrophobic cell-surface proteins involved in aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces coelicolor. Genes & Development 2003, 17:1727-1740.
59. Erikson D. Differentiation of the vegetative and sporogenous phases of the actinomycetes: The lipid nature of the outer wall of the aerial mycelium. Journal of General Microbiology 1947, 1:39-44.
60. Errington J. L-form bacteria, cell walls and the origins of life. Open Biology 2013, 3:120143.
61. Fernandez M., Sanchez J. Nuclease activities and cell death processes associated with the development of surface cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus ETH 7451. Microbiology 2002, 148:405-412.
62. Flärdh K., Buttner M.J. Streptomyces morphogenetics: Dissecting differentiation in a filamentous bacterium. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2009, 7:36-49.
63. Flärdh K., Richards D.M., Hempel A.M., Howard M., Buttner M.J. Regulation of apical growth and hyphal branching in Streptomyces. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2012, 15:737-743.
64. Flärdh K., van Wezel G.P. Cell division during growth and development of Streptomyces. Recent research developments in bacteriology 2003, 71-90. Transworld Research Network, Trivandrum, India. S.G. Pandalai (Ed.).
65. Fuchino K., Bagchi S., Cantlay S., Sandblad L., Wu D., Bergman J., et al. Dynamic gradients of an intermediate filament-like cytoskeleton are recruited by a polarity landmark during apical growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:E1889-E1897.
66. Gao C., Hindra, Mulder D., Yin C., Elliot M.A. Crp is a global regulator of antibiotic production in Streptomyces. mBio 2012, 3:e00407-e00412.
67. Gebbink M.F.B.G., Claessen D., Bouma B., Dijkhuizen L., Wösten H.A.B. Amyloids-A functional coat for microorganisms. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2005, 3:333-341.
68. Girard G., Traag B.A., Sangal V., Mascini N., Hoskisson P.A., Goodfellow M., et al. A novel taxonomic marker that discriminates between morphologically complex actinomycetes. Open Biology 2013, 3:130073.
69. Girard G., Willemse J., Zhu H., Claessen D., Bukarasam K., Goodfellow M., et al. Analysis of novel kitasatosporae reveals significant evolutionary changes in conserved developmental genes between Kitasatospora and Streptomyces. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2014, in press. 10.1007/s10482-014-0209-1.
70. Glazebrook M.A., Doull J.L., Stuttard C., Vining L.C. Sporulation of Streptomyces venezuelae in submerged cultures. Journal of General Microbiology 1990, 136:581-588.
71. Glazebrook M.A., Vining L.C., White R.L. Growth morphology of Streptomyces akiyoshiensis in submerged culture: Influence of pH, inoculum, and nutrients. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1992, 38:98-103.
72. Glover W.A., Yang Y., Zhang Y. Insights into the molecular basis of L-form formation and survival in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2009, 4:e7316.
73. Gottelt M., Kol S., Gomez-Escribano J.P., Bibb M., Takano E. Deletion of a regulatory gene within the cpk gene cluster reveals novel antibacterial activity in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Microbiology 2010, 156:2343-2353.
74. Gramajo H.C., Takano E., Bibb M.J. Stationary-phase production of the antibiotic actinorhodin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is transcriptionally regulated. Molecular Microbiology 1993, 7:837-845.
75. Granozzi C., Billetta R., Passantino R., Sollazzo M., Puglia A.M. A breakdown in macromolecular synthesis preceding differentiation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Journal of General Microbiology 1990, 136:713-716.
76. Gray D.I., Gooday G.W., Prosser J.I. Apical hyphal extension in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Journal of General Microbiology 1990, 136:1077-1084.
77. Grund A.D., Ensign J.C. Properties of the germination inhibitor of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores. Journal of General Microbiology 1985, 131:833-847.
78. Gubbens J., Janus M., Florea B.I., Overkleeft H.S., van Wezel G.P. Identification of glucose kinase-dependent and -independent pathways for carbon control of primary metabolism, development and antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor by quantitative proteomics. Molecular Microbiology 2012, 86:1490-1507.
79. Gueiros-Filho F.J., Losick R. A widely conserved bacterial cell division protein that promotes assembly of the tubulin-like protein FtsZ. Genes & Development 2002, 16:2544-2556.
80. Gumpert J. Growth characteristics and ultrastructure of protoplast type L-forms from streptomycetes. Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 1982, 22:617-627.
81. Gumpert J. Ultrastructural characterization of core structures and paracrystalline inclusion bodies in L-form cells of streptomycetes. Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 1983, 23:625-633.
82. Gust B., Challis G.L., Fowler K., Kieser T., Chater K.F. PCR-targeted Streptomyces gene replacement identifies a protein domain needed for biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene soil odor geosmin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003, 100:1541-1546.
83. Haiser H.J., Yousef M.R., Elliot M.A. Cell wall hydrolases affect germination, vegetative growth, and sporulation in Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of Bacteriology 2009, 191:6501-6512.
84. Hardisson C., Manzanal M.B., Salas J.A., Suárez J.E. Fine structure, physiology and biochemistry of arthrospore germination in Streptomyces antibioticus. Journal of General Microbiology 1978, 105:203-214.
85. Harriott O.T., Bourret A. Improving dispersed growth of Frankia using Carbopol. Plant and Soil 2003, 254:69-74.
86. Hempel A.M., Cantlay S., Molle V., Wang S.B., Naldrett M.J., Parker J.L., et al. The Ser/Thr protein kinase AfsK regulates polar growth and hyphal branching in the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:E2371-E2379.
87. Heydarian S.M., Ison A.P., Lilly M.D., Ayazi Shamlou P.A. Turbulent breakage of filamentous bacteria in mechanically agitated batch culture. Chemical Engineering Science 2000, 55:1775-1784.
88. Heydarian S.M., Mirjalili N., Ison A.P. Effect of shear on morphology and erythromycin production in Saccharopolyspora erythraea fermentations. Bioprocess Engineering 1999, 21:31-39.
89. Hille A., Neu T.R., Hempel D.C., Horn H. Oxygen profiles and biomass distribution in biopellets of Aspergillus niger. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2005, 92:614-623.
90. Hobbs G., Frazer C.M., Gardner D.C.J., Cullum J.A., Oliver S.G. Dispersed growth of Streptomyces in liquid culture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1989, 31:272-277.
91. Hodgson D.A. Primary metabolism and its control in streptomycetes: A most unusual group of bacteria. Advances in Microbial Physiology 2000, 42:47-238.
92. Holmes N.A., Walshaw J., Leggett R.M., Thibessard A., Dalton K.A., Gillespie M.D., et al. Coiled-coil protein Scy is a key component of a multiprotein assembly controlling polarized growth in Streptomyces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:E397-E406.
93. Hopwood D.A. Streptomyces in nature and medicine: The antibiotic makers 2007, Oxford University Press, Inc., New York.
94. Hopwood D.A., Wright H.M., Bibb M.J., Cohen S.N. Genetic recombination through protoplast fusion in Streptomyces. Nature 1977, 268(5616):171-174.
95. Huang J., Lih C.J., Pan K.H., Cohen S.N. Global analysis of growth phase responsive gene expression and regulation of antibiotic biosynthetic pathways in Streptomyces coelicolor using DNA microarrays. Genes & Development 2001, 15:3183-3192.
96. Innes C.M.J., Allan E.J. Induction, growth and antibiotic production of Streptomyces viridifaciens L-form bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2001, 90:301-308.
97. Jakimowicz D., van Wezel G.P. Cell division and DNA segregation in Streptomyces: How to build a septum in the middle of nowhere?. Molecular Microbiology 2012, 85:393-404.
98. Jiang H., Kendrick K.E. Characterization of ssfR and ssgA, two genes involved in sporulation of Streptomyces griseus. Journal of Bacteriology 2000, 182:5521-5529.
99. Jonsbu E., McIntyre M., Nielsen J. The influence of carbon sources and morphology on nystatin production by Streptomyces noursei. Journal of Biotechnology 2002, 95:133-144.
100. Kawamoto S., Ensign J.C. Isolation of mutants of Streptomyces griseus that sporulate in nutrient rich media: Cloning of DNA fragments that suppress the mutations. Actinomycetologica 1995, 9:124-135.
101. Kawamoto S., Watanabe H., Hesketh A., Ensign J.C., Ochi K. Expression analysis of the ssgA gene product, associated with sporulation and cell division in Streptomyces griseus. Microbiology 1997, 143:1077-1086.
102. Kawamoto S., Watanabe M., Saito N., Hesketh A., Vachalova K., Matsubara K., et al. Molecular and functional analyses of the gene (eshA) encoding the 52-kilodalton protein of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) required for antibiotic production. Journal of Bacteriology 2001, 183:6009-6016.
103. Kelemen G.H., Buttner M.J. Initiation of aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces. Current Opinion in Microbiology 1998, 1:656-662.
104. Kelly S., Grimm L.H., Jonas R., Hempel D.C., Krull R. Investigations of the morphogenesis of filamentous microorganisms. Engineering in Life Sciences 2006, 6:475-480.
105. Kendrick K.E., Ensign J.C. Sporulation of Streptomyces griseus in submerged culture. Journal of Bacteriology 1983, 155:357-366.
106. Keijser B.J., Noens E.E., Kraal B., Koerten H.K., van Wezel G.P. The Streptomyces coelicolor ssgB gene is required for early stages of sporulation. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2003, 225:59-67.
107. Kim Y.M., Kim J.H. Formation and dispersion of mycelial pellets of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The Journal of Microbiology 2004, 42:64-67.
108. Koebsch I., Overbeck J., Piepmeyer S., Meschke H., Schrempf H. A molecular key for building hyphae aggregates: The role of the newly identified Streptomyces protein HyaS. Microbial Biotechnology 2009, 2:343-360.
109. Kojima I., Cheng Y.R., Mohan V., Demain A.L. Carbon source nutrition of rapamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Journal of Industrial Microbiology 1995, 14:436-439.
110. Kossen N.W. The morphology of filamentous fungi. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 2000, 70:1-33.
111. Kwak J., Kendrick K.E. Bald mutants of Streptomyces griseus that prematurely undergo key events of sporulation. Journal of Bacteriology 1996, 178:4643-4650.
112. Kwak J., McCue L.A., Trczianka K., Kendrick K.E. Identification and characterization of a developmentally regulated protein, EshA, required for sporogenic hyphal branches in Streptomyces griseus. Journal of Bacteriology 2001, 183:3004-3015.
113. Large K.P., Ison A.P., Williams D.J. The effect of agitation rate on lipid utilisation and clavulanic acid production in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Journal of Biotechnology 1998, 63:111-119.
114. Leaver M., Dominguez-Cuevas P., Coxhead J.M., Daniel R.A., Errington J. Life without a wall or division machine in Bacillus subtilis. Nature 2009, 457:849-853.
115. Liman R., Facey P.D., van Keulen G., Dyson P.J., Del Sol R. A laterally acquired galactose oxidase-like gene is required for aerial development during osmotic stress in Streptomyces coelicolor. PLoS One 2013, 8:e54112.
116. Liu G., Chater K.F., Chandra G., Niu G., Tan H. Molecular regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in streptomyces. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2013, 77:112-143.
117. Liu G., Xing M., Han Q. A population-based morphologically structured model for hyphal growth and product formation in streptomycin fermentation. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2005, 21:1329-1338.
118. Liu L., Yang H., Shin H.D., Li J., Du G., Chen J. Recent advances in recombinant protein expression by Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, and Streptomyces: From transcription and translation regulation to secretion pathway selection. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2013, 97:9597-9608.
119. Low H.H., Moncrieffe M.C., Löwe J. The crystal structure of ZapA and its modulation of FtsZ polymerisation. Journal of Molecular Biology 2004, 341:839-852.
120. Lucero H.A., Kagan H.M. Lysyl oxidase: An oxidative enzyme and effector of cell function. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2006, 63:2304-2316.
121. Manteca A., Alvarez R., Salazar N., Yagüe P., Sanchez J. Mycelium differentiation and antibiotic production in submerged cultures of Streptomyces coelicolor. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2008, 74:3877-3886.
122. Manteca A., Claessen D., Lopez-Iglesias C., Sanchez J. Aerial hyphae in surface cultures of Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor originate from viable segments surviving an early programmed cell death event. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2007, 274:118-125.
123. Manteca A., Fernandez M., Sanchez J. A death round affecting a young compartmentalized mycelium precedes aerial mycelium dismantling in confluent surface cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus. Microbiology 2005, 151:3689-3697.
124. Manteca A., Fernandez M., Sanchez J. Cytological and biochemical evidence for an early cell dismantling event in surface cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus. Research in Microbiology 2006, 157:143-152.
125. Manteca A., Mäder U., Connolly B.A., Sanchez J. A proteomic analysis of Streptomyces coelicolor programmed cell death. Proteomics 2006, 6:6008-6022.
126. Manteca A., Sanchez J., Jung H.R., Schwämmle V., Jensen O.N. Quantitative proteomic analysis of Streptomyces coelicolor development demonstrates that onset of secondary metabolism coincides with hyphae differentiation. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 2010, 9:1423-1436.
127. Manteca A., Ye J., Sanchez J., Jensen O.N. Phosphoproteome analysis of Streptomyces development reveals extensive protein phosphorylation accompanying bacterial differentiation. Journal of Proteome Research 2011, 10:5481-5492.
128. Martin S.M., Bushell M.E. Effect of hyphal micromorphology on bioreactor performance of antibiotic-producing Saccharopolyspora erythraea cultures. Microbiology 1996, 142:1783-1788.
129. McCormick J.R. Cell division is dispensable but not irrelevant in Streptomyces. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2009, 12:689-698.
130. McCormick J.R., Su E.P., Driks A., Losick R. Growth and viability of Streptomyces coelicolor mutant for the cell division gene ftsZ. Molecular Microbiology 1994, 14:243-254.
131. McCrate O.A., Zhou X., Reichhardt C., Cegelski L. Sum of the parts: Composition and architecture of the bacterial extracellular matrix. Journal of Molecular Biology 2013, 425:4286-4294.
132. Mehmood N., Olmos E., Marchal P., Goergen J.L., Delaunay S. Relation between pristinamycins production by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis, power dissipation and volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient, kLa. Process Biochemistry 2010, 45:1779-1786.
133. Mercier R., Kawai Y., Errington J. Excess membrane synthesis drives a primitive mode of cell proliferation. Cell 2013, 152:997-1007.
134. Merrick M.J. A morphological and genetic mapping study of bald colony mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of General Microbiology 1976, 96:299-315.
135. Metz B., Kossen N.W.F. The growth of molds in the form of pellets-A literature review. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1977, 19:781-799.
136. Meyerhoff J., Tiller V., Bellgardt K.-H. Two mathematical models for the development of a single microbial pellet. Bioprocess Engineering 1995, 12:305-313.
137. Mistry B.V., Del Sol R., Wright C., Findlay K., Dyson P. FtsW is a dispensable cell division protein required for Z-ring stabilization during sporulation septation in Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of Bacteriology 2008, 190:5555-5566.
138. Naeimpoor F., Mavituna F. Metabolic flux analysis in Streptomyces coelicolor under various nutrient limitations. Metabolic Engineering 2000, 2:140-148.
139. Nazari B., Kobayashi M., Saito A., Hassaninasab A., Miyashita K., Fujii T. Chitin-induced gene expression in secondary metabolic pathways of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) grown in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2013, 79:707-713.
140. Nielsen J., Villadsen J. Modelling of microbial kinetics. Chemical Engineering Science 1992, 47:4225-4270.
141. Nieminen L., Webb S., Smith M.C.M., Hoskisson P.A. A flexible mathematical model platform for studying branching networks: Experimentally validated using the model actinomycete, Streptomyces coelicolor. PLoS One 2013, 8:e54316.
142. Noens E.E.E., Mersinias V., Traag B.A., Smith C.P., Koerten H.K., van Wezel G.P. SsgA-like proteins determine the fate of peptidoglycan during sporulation of Streptomyces coelicolor. Molecular Microbiology 2005, 58:929-944.
143. Noens E.E.E., Mersinias V., Willemse J., Traag B.A., Laing E., Chater K.F., et al. Loss of the controlled localization of growth stage-specific cell-wall synthesis pleiotropically affects developmental gene expression in an ssgA mutant of Streptomyces coelicolor. Molecular Microbiology 2007, 64:1244-1259.
144. Nothaft H., Dresel D., Willimek A., Mahr K., Niederweis M., Titgemeyer F. The phosphotransferase system of Streptomyces coelicolor is biased for N-acetylglucosamine metabolism. Journal of Bacteriology 2003, 185:7019-7023.
145. Nothaft H., Rigali S., Boomsma B., Swiatek M., McDowall K.J., van Wezel G.P., et al. The permease gene nagE2 is the key to N-acetylglucosamine sensing and utilization in Streptomyces coelicolor and is subject to multi-level control. Molecular Microbiology 2010, 75:1133-1144.
146. O'Cleirigh C., Casey J.T., Walsh P.K., O'Shea D.G. Morphological engineering of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus: Regulation of pellet morphology through manipulation of broth viscosity. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2005, 68:305-310.
147. Ohta N., Park Y.S., Yahiro K., Okabe M. Comparison of neomycin production from Streptomyces fradiae cultivation using soybean oil as the sole carbon source in an air-lift bioreactor and a stirred-tank reactor. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 1995, 79:443-448.
148. Olano C., Méndez C., Salas J.A. Antitumor compounds from marine actinomycetes. Marine Drugs 2009, 7:210-248.
149. Olmos E., Mehmood N., Husein L.H., Goergen J.L., Fick M., Delaunay S. Effects of bioreactor hydrodynamics on the physiology of Streptomyces. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 2013, 36:259-272.
150. Papagianni M. Fungal morphology and metabolite production in submerged mycelial processes. Biotechnology Advances 2004, 22:189-259.
151. Papagianni M., Mattey M., Kristiansen B. Hyphal vacuolation and fragmentation in batch and fed-batch culture of Aspergillus niger and its relation to citric acid production. Process Biochemistry 1999, 35:359-366.
152. Park Y., Tamura S., Koike Y., Toriyama M., Okabe M. Mycelial pellet intrastructure visualization and viability prediction in a culture of Streptomyces fradiae using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 1997, 84:483-486.
153. Paton A.M., Innes C.M.J. Methods for the establishment of intracellular associations of L-forms with higher plants. Journal of Applied Microbiology 1991, 71:59-64.
154. Paul G.C., Kent C.A., Thomas C.R. Hyphal vocuolation and fragmentation in Penicillium chrysogenum. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1994, 44:655-660.
155. Paul G.C., Thomas C.R. Characterisation of mycelial morphology using image analysis. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 1998, 60:1-59.
156. Peterlin P., Arrigler V., Kogej K., Svetina S., Walde P. Growth and shape transformations of giant phospholipid vesicles upon interaction with an aqueous oleic acid suspension. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 2009, 159:67-76.
157. Petrus M.L.C., Claessen D. Pivotal roles for Streptomyces cell surface polymers in morphological differentiation, attachment and mycelial architecture. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014, 106:127-139.
158. Petrus M.L.C., van Veluw G.J., Wösten H.A.B., Claessen D. Sorting of Streptomyces cell pellets using a complex parametric analyzer and sorter. Journal of Visualized Experiments 2014, 84:e51178.
159. Pickup K.M., Bushell M.E. Non-fragmenting variants of Streptomyces hyphae have enhanced activity of an enzyme (phospho-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide translocase) in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 1995, 79:247-251.
160. Piette A., Derouaux A., Gerkens P., Noens E.E., Mazzucchelli G., Vion S., et al. From dormant to germinating spores of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): New perspectives from the crp null mutant. Journal of Proteome Research 2005, 4:1699-1708.
161. Pope M.K., Green B.D., Westpheling J. The bld mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor are defective in the regulation of carbon utilization, morphogenesis and cell-cell signalling. Molecular Microbiology 1996, 19:747-756.
162. Postma P.W., Lengeler J.W., Jacobson G.R. Phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems of bacteria. Microbiological Reviews 1993, 57:543-594.
163. RayChaudhuri D. ZipA is a MAP-Tau homolog and is essential for structural integrity of the cytokinetic FtsZ ring during bacterial cell division. The EMBO Journal 1999, 18:2372-2383.
164. Reichl U., King R., Gilles E.D. Characterization of pellet morphology during submerged growth of Streptomyces tendae by image analysis. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1992, 39:164-170.
165. Richards D.M., Hempel A.M., Flärdh K., Buttner M.J., Howard M. Mechanistic basis of branch-site selection in filamentous bacteria. PLoS Computational Biology 2012, 8:e1002423.
166. Rigali S., Nothaft H., Noens E.E.E., Schlicht M., Colson S., Müller M., et al. The sugar phosphotransferase system of Streptomyces coelicolor is regulated by the GntR-family regulator DasR and links N-acetylglucosamine metabolism to the control of development. Molecular Microbiology 2006, 61:1237-1251.
167. Rigali S., Titgemeyer F., Barends S., Mulder S., Thomae A.W., Hopwood D.A., et al. Feast or famine: The global regulator DasR links nutrient stress to antibiotic production by Streptomyces. EMBO Reports 2008, 9:670-675.
168. Rioseras B., López-García M.T., Yagüe P., Sánchez J., Manteca A. Mycelium differentiation and development of Streptomyces coelicolor in lab-scale bioreactors: Programmed cell death, differentiation, and lysis are closely linked to undecylprodigiosin and actinorhodin production. Bioresource Technology 2013, 151C:191-198.
169. Rocha-Valadez J.A., Albiter V., Caro M.A., Serrano-Carreón L., Galindo E. A fermentation system designed to independently evaluate mixing and/or oxygen tension effects in microbial processes: Development, application and performance. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 2007, 30:115-122.
170. Romero D., Aguilar C., Losick R., Kolter R. Amyloid fibers provide structural integrity to Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:2230-2234.
171. Romero J., Liras P., Martin J.F. Dissociation of cephamycin and clavulanic acid biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1984, 20:318-325.
172. Rosa J.C., Baptista Neto A., Hokka C.O., Badino A.C. Influence of dissolved oxygen and shear conditions on clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 2005, 27:99-104.
173. Roubos J.A., Krabben P., de Laat W.T.A.M., Babuška R., Heijnen J.J. Clavulanic acid degradation in Streptomyces clavuligerus fed-batch cultivations. Biotechnology Progress 2002, 18:451-457.
174. Roubos J.A., Krabben P., Luiten R.G.M., Verbruggen H.B., Heijnen J.J. A quantitative approach to characterizing cell lysis caused by mechanical agitation of Streptomyces clavuligerus. Biotechnology Progress 2001, 17:336-347.
175. Rueda B., Miguélez E.M., Hardisson C., Manzanal M.B. Changes in glycogen and trehalose content of Streptomyces brasiliensis hyphae during growth in liquid cultures under sporulating and non-sporulating conditions. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2001, 194:181-185.
176. Rueda B., Miguélez E.M., Hardisson C., Manzanal M.B. Mycelial differentiation and spore formation by Streptomyces brasiliensis in submerged culture. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 2001, 47:1042-1047.
177. Saito A., Fujii T., Miyashita K. Distribution and evolution of chitinase genes in Streptomyces species: Involvement of gene-duplication and domain-deletion. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2003, 84:7-15.
178. Saito N., Matsubara K., Watanabe M., Kato F., Ochi K. Genetic and biochemical characterization of EshA, a protein that forms large multimers and affects developmental processes in Streptomyces griseus. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003, 278:5902-5911.
179. Saito A., Shinya T., Miyamoto K., Yokoyama T., Kaku H., Minami E., et al. The dasABC gene cluster, adjacent to dasR, encodes a novel ABC transporter for the uptake of N, N'-diacetylchitobiose in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007, 73:3000-3008.
180. Sánchez S., Chávez A., Forero A., García-Huante Y., Romero A., Sánchez M., et al. Carbon source regulation of antibiotic production. The Journal of Antibiotics 2010, 63:442-459.
181. Sarrà M., Casas C., Poch M., Gòdia F. A simple structured model for continuous production of a hybrid antibiotic by Streptomyces lividans pellets in a fluidized-bed bioreactor. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 1999, 80:39-50.
182. Savage G.M., Brook M.J. The fragmentation of the mycelium of Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum by a high-speed blender and the evaluation of blended seed. Journal of Bacteriology 1946, 52:385-391.
183. Scher K., Römling U., Yaron S. Effect of heat, acidification, and chlorination on Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium cells in a biofilm formed at the air-liquid interface. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005, 71:1163-1168.
184. Schlösser A., Jantos J., Hackmann K., Schrempf H. Characterization of the binding protein-dependent cellobiose and cellotriose transport system of the cellulose degrader Streptomyces reticuli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999, 65:2636-2643.
185. Scholtmeijer K., de Vocht M.L., Rink R., Robillard G.T., Wösten H.A.B. Assembly of the fungal SC3 hydrophobin into functional amyloid fibrils depends on its concentration and is promoted by cell wall polysaccharides. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2009, 284:26309-26314.
186. Schrader K.K., Blevins W.T. Effects of carbon source, phosphorus concentration, and several micronutrients on biomass and geosmin production by Streptomyces halstedii. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 2001, 26:241-247.
187. Schumacher M.A., Karamooz E., Zikova A., Trantirek L., Lukes J. Crystal structures of T. brucei MRP1/MRP2 guide-RNA binding complex reveal RNA matchmaking mechanism. Cell 2006, 126:701-711.
188. Schwedock J., McCormick J.R., Angert E.R., Nodwell J.R., Losick R. Assembly of the cell division protein FtsZ into ladder-like structures in the aerial hyphae of Streptomyces coelicolor. Molecular Microbiology 1997, 25:847-858.
189. Seo J.W., Ohnishi Y., Hirata A., Horinouchi S. ATP-binding cassette transport system involved in regulation of morphological differentiation in response to glucose in Streptomyces griseus. Journal of Bacteriology 2002, 184:91-103.
190. Shioya S., Morikawa M., Kajihara Y., Shimizu H. Optimization of agitation and aeration conditions for maximum virginiamycin production. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1999, 51:164-169.
191. Smits W.K., Kuipers O.P., Veening J.W. Phenotypic variation in bacteria: The role of feedback regulation. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2006, 4:259-271.
192. Stocks S.M., Thomas C.R. Strength of mid-logarithmic and stationary phase Saccharopolyspora erythraea hyphae during a batch fermentation in defined nitrate-limited medium. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2001, 73:370-378.
193. Swiatek M.A., Tenconi E., Rigali S., van Wezel G.P. Functional analysis of the N-acetylglucosamine metabolic genes of Streptomyces coelicolor and role in control of development and antibiotic production. Journal of Bacteriology 2012, 194:1136-1144.
194. Takano E., Gramajo H.C., Strauch E., Andres N., White J., Bibb M.J. Transcriptional regulation of the redD transcriptional activator gene accounts for growth-phase-dependent production of the antibiotic undecylprodigiosin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Molecular Microbiology 1992, 6:2797-2804.
195. Tamura S., Park Y., Toriyama M., Okabe M. Change of mycelial morphology in tylosin production by batch culture of Streptomyces fradiae under various shear conditions. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 1997, 83:523-528.
196. Tenconi E., Jourdan S., Motte P., Virolle M.J., Rigali S. Extracellular sugar phosphates are assimilated by Streptomyces in a PhoP-dependent manner. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012, 102:425-433.
197. Thomaides H.B., Freeman M., El Karoui M., Errington J. Division site selection protein DivIVA of Bacillus subtilis has a second distinct function in chromosome segregation during sporulation. Genes & Development 2001, 15:1662-1673.
198. Titgemeyer F., Walkenhorst J., Reizer J., Stuiver M.H., Cui X., Saier M.H.J. Identification and characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate:fructose phosphotransferase systems in three Streptomyces species. Microbiology 1995, 141:51-58.
199. Tokiwa Y., Calabia B.P. Degradation of microbial polyesters. Biotechnology Letters 2004, 26:1181-1189.
200. Tough A.J., Prosser J.I. Experimental verification of a mathematical model for pelleted growth of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) in submerged batch culture. Microbiology 1996, 142:639-648.
201. Traag B.A., van Wezel G.P. The SsgA-like proteins in actinomycetes: Small proteins up to a big task. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2008, 94:85-97.
202. Ueda K., Endo K., Takano H., Nishimoto M., Kido Y., Tomaru Y., et al. Carbon-source-dependent transcriptional control involved in the initiation of cellular differentiation in Streptomyces griseus. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2000, 78:263-268.
203. van't Riet K., Tramper J. Basic bioreactor design 1991, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
204. van Veluw G.J., Petrus M.L.C., Gubbens J., de Graaf R., de Jong I.P., van Wezel G.P., et al. Analysis of two distinct mycelial populations in liquid-grown Streptomyces cultures using a flow cytometry-based proteomics approach. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2012, 96:1301-1312.
205. van Wezel G.P., Krabben P., Traag B.A., Keijser B.J.F., Kerste R., Vijgenboom E., et al. Unlocking Streptomyces spp. for use as sustainable industrial production platforms by morphological engineering. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006, 72:5283-5288.
206. van Wezel G.P., McDowall K.J. The regulation of the secondary metabolism of Streptomyces: New links and experimental advances. Natural Product Reports 2011, 28:1311-1333.
207. van Wezel G.P., McKenzie N.L., Nodwell J.R. Chapter 5. Applying the genetics of secondary metabolism in model actinomycetes to the discovery of new antibiotics. Methods in Enzymology 2009, 458:117-141.
208. van Wezel G.P., van der Meulen J., Kawamoto S., Luiten R.G., Koerten H.K., Kraal B. ssgA is essential for sporulation of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and affects hyphal development by stimulating septum formation. Journal of Bacteriology 2000, 182:5653-5662.
209. van Wezel G.P., White J., Hoogvliet G., Bibb M.J. Application of redD, the transcriptional activator gene of the undecylprodigiosin biosynthetic pathway, as a reporter for transcriptional activity in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces lividans. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2000, 2:551-556.
210. Vecht-Lifshitz S.E., Magdassi S., Braun S. Effects of surface active agents on pellet formation in submerged fermentations of Streptomyces tendae. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 1989, 10:265-275.
211. Vecht-Lifshitz S.E., Magdassi S., Braun S. Pellet formation and cellular aggregation in Streptomyces tendae. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1990, 35:890-896.
212. Vlamakis H., Chai Y., Beauregard P., Losick R., Kolter R. Sticking together: Building a biofilm the Bacillus subtilis way. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2013, 11:157-168.
213. Vrancken K., Anné J. Secretory production of recombinant proteins by Streptomyces. Future Microbiology 2009, 4:181-188.
214. Walker R., Ferguson C.M.J., Booth N.A., Allan E.J. The symbiosis of Bacillus subtilis L-forms with Chinese cabbage seedlings inhibits conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2002, 34:42-45.
215. Wang C.M., Cane D.E. Biochemistry and molecular genetics of the biosynthesis of the earthy odorant methylisoborneol in Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2008, 130:8908-8909.
216. Wardell J.N., Stocks S.M., Thomas C.R., Bushell M.E. Decreasing the hyphal branching rate of Saccharopolyspora erythraea NRRL 2338 leads to increased resistance to breakage and increased antibiotic production. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2002, 78:141-146.
217. Wargenau A., Fleißner A., Bolten C.J., Rohde M., Kampen I., Kwade A. On the origin of the electrostatic surface potential of Aspergillus niger spores in acidic environments. Research in Microbiology 2011, 162:1011-1017.
218. Wargenau A., Kampen I., Kwade A. Linking aggregation of Aspergillus niger spores to surface electrostatics: A theoretical approach. Biointerphases 2013, 8:7.
219. Waterhouse R.N., Buhariwalla H., Bourn D., Rattray E.J., Glover L.A. CCD detection of lux-marked Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola L-forms associated with Chinese cabbage and the resulting disease protection against Xanthomonas campestris. Letters in Applied Microbiology 1996, 22:262-266.
220. White A.P., Gibson D.L., Collinson S.K., Banser P.A., Kay W.W. Extracellular polysaccharides associated with thin aggregative fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Journal of Bacteriology 2003, 185:5398-5407.
221. Wildermuth H. Development and organization of the aerial mycelium in Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of General Microbiology 1970, 60:43-50.
222. Wilking J.N., Zaburdaev V., De Volder M., Losick R., Brenner M.P., Weitz D.A. Liquid transport facilitated by channels in Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:848-852.
223. Willemse J., Borst J.W., de Waal E., Bisseling T., van Wezel G.P. Positive control of cell division: FtsZ is recruited by SsgB during sporulation of Streptomyces. Genes & Development 2011, 25:89-99.
224. Willemse J., Ruban-Ośmialowska B., Widdick D., Celler K., Hutchings M.I., van Wezel G.P., et al. Dynamic localization of Tat protein transport machinery components in Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of Bacteriology 2012, 194:6272-6281.
225. Wimpenny J., Manz W., Szewzyk U. Heterogeneity in biofilms. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2000, 24:661-671.
226. Winter N., Triccas J.A., Rivoire B., Pessolani M.C., Eiglmeier K., Lim E.M., et al. Characterization of the gene encoding the immunodominant 35kDa protein of Mycobacterium leprae. Molecular Microbiology 1995, 16:865-876.
227. Wolánski M., Wali R., Tilley E., Jakimowicz D., Zakrzewska-Czerwinska J., Herron P. Replisome trafficking in growing vegetative hyphae of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Journal of Bacteriology 2011, 193:1273-1275.
228. Wösten H.A.B. Hydrophobins: Multipurpose proteins. Annual Review of Microbiology 2001, 55:625-646.
229. Wösten H.A.B., Willey J.M. Surface-active proteins enable microbial aerial hyphae to grow into the air. Microbiology 2000, 146:767-773.
230. Wu L.J., Errington J. Nucleoid occlusion and bacterial cell division. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2012, 10:8-12.
231. Wucherpfennig T., Kiep K.A., Driouch H., Wittmann C., Krull R. Morphology and rheology in filamentous cultivations. Advances in Applied Microbiology 2010, 72:89-136.
232. Xu H., Chater K.F., Deng Z., Tao M. A cellulose synthase-like protein involved in hyphal tip growth and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces. Journal of Bacteriology 2008, 190:4971-4978.
233. Xu Q., Traag B.A., Willemse J., McMullan D., Miller M.D., Elsliger M.A., et al. Structural and functional characterizations of SsgB, a conserved activator of developmental cell division in morphologically complex actinomycetes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2009, 284:25268-25279.
234. Yagüe P., Rodríguez-García A., López-García M.T., Rioseras B., Martin J.F., Sánchez J., et al. Transcriptomic analysis of liquid non-sporulating Streptomyces coelicolor cultures demonstrates the existence of a complex differentiation comparable to that occurring in solid sporulating cultures. PLoS One 2014, 9:e86296.
235. Yamazaki H., Ohnishi Y., Horinouchi S. Transcriptional switch on of ssgA by A-factor, which is essential for spore septum formation in Streptomyces griseus. Journal of Bacteriology 2003, 185:1273-1283.
236. Yang H., King R., Reichl U., Gilles E.D. Mathematical model for apical growth, septation, and branching of mycelial microorganisms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1992, 39:49-58.
237. Yegneswaran P.K., Gray M.R., Thompson B.G. Effect of dissolved oxygen control on growth and antibiotic production in Streptomyces clavuligerus fermentations. Biotechnology Progress 1991, 7:246-250.
238. Yikmis M., Steinbüchel A. Historical and recent achievements in the field of microbial degradation of natural and synthetic rubber. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2012, 78:4543-4551.
239. Yin P., Wang Y.H., Zhang S.L., Chu J., Zhuang Y.P., Chen N., et al. Effect of mycelial morphology on bioreactor performance and avermectin production of Streptomyces avermitilis in submerged cultivations. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers 2008, 39:609-615.
240. Zogaj X., Bokranz W., Nimtz M., Römling U. Production of cellulose and curli fimbriae by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Infection and Immunity 2003, 71:4151-4158.